Tarihin Isra'ila Tsarin lokaci

appendices

haruffa

bayanin kula

nassoshi


Tarihin Isra'ila
History of Israel ©HistoryMaps

2000 BCE - 2024

Tarihin Isra'ila



Tarihin Isra'ila ya ƙunshi faɗin lokaci mai faɗi, yana farawa da farkon tarihinsa a cikin layin Levantine.Wannan yanki, wanda aka fi sani da Kan'ana, Falasdinu, ko ƙasa mai tsarki, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a farkon hijirar ɗan adam da haɓaka wayewa.Bayyanar al'adun Natufian a kusa da karni na 10 KZ shine farkon babban ci gaban al'adu.Yankin ya shiga zamanin Bronze a kusa da 2000 KZ tare da haɓakar wayewar Kan'aniyawa.Daga baya, ta fada ƙarƙashin ikonMasar a cikin Late Bronze Age.Zamanin ƙarfe ya ga kafa masarautun Isra'ila da Yahuda, mai mahimmanci a cikin ci gaban Yahudawa da mutanen Samariya da asalin al'adun bangaskiyar Ibrahim, gami da Yahudanci , Kiristanci ,Musulunci , da sauransu.[1]A cikin ƙarnuka da yawa, dauloli dabam-dabam sun mamaye yankin, har da Assuriyawa, Babila , da Farisa .Zamanin Hellenistic ya ga ikon Ptolemies da Seleucids, sannan ya biyo bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci na 'yancin kai na Yahudawa a ƙarƙashin daular Hasmonean.A ƙarshe Jamhuriyar Roma ta mamaye yankin, wanda ya kai ga yakin Yahudawa da Romawa a ƙarni na farko da na biyu AZ, wanda ya haifar da ƙaura daga Yahudawa.[2] Yunƙurin Kiristanci, bayan ɗaukarsa da Daular Roma ta yi, ya haifar da sauye-sauyen alƙaluma, inda Kiristoci suka zama mafi rinjaye a ƙarni na 4.Yunkurin Larabawa a karni na 7 ya maye gurbin mulkin Kiristocin Byzantine, kuma yankin daga baya ya zama fagen fama a lokacin yakin Salibiyya .Daga baya ya fada ƙarƙashin mulkin Mongol ,Mamluk , da Ottoman har zuwa farkon karni na 20.A karshen karni na 19 da farkon karni na 20, an ga bullar Zionism, kungiyar kishin kasa ta yahudawa, da kuma karuwar hijirar Yahudawa zuwa yankin.Bayan yakin duniya na daya , yankin da aka fi sani da Falasdinu na wajibi, ya shiga karkashin ikon Burtaniya.Goyon bayan da gwamnatin Birtaniya ta baiwa kasar yahudawa ne ya haifar da karuwar takun saka tsakanin Larabawa da Yahudawa.Sanarwar 'yancin kai ta 1948 ta Isra'ila ta haifar da yakin Larabawa da Isra'ila da gagarumin gudun hijirar Falasdinu.A yau, Isra'ila tana karɓar babban yanki na yawan Yahudawa na duniya.Duk da sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da Masar a 1979 da Jordan a 1994, da ci gaba da yin shawarwari tare da kungiyar 'yantar da Falasdinu, gami da yarjejeniyar Oslo I ta 1993, rikicin Isra'ila da Falasdinu ya kasance wani muhimmin batu.[3]
13000 BCE Jan 1

Tarihin Isra'ila

Levant
Ƙasar Isra'ila ta zamani tana da tarihin rayuwa na farko na ɗan adam tun shekaru miliyan 1.5.Tsofaffin shaidu, da aka samu a Ubeidiya kusa da Tekun Galili, sun haɗa da kayan aikin ƙarfe, wasu daga cikin na farko da aka samu a wajen Afirka.[3] Sauran mahimman abubuwan da aka gano a yankin sun haɗa da kayan tarihi na masana'antar Acheulean mai shekaru miliyan 1.4, ƙungiyar Bizat Ruhama, da kayan aikin Gesher Bnot Yaakov.[4]A cikin yankin Dutsen Karmel, fitattun shafuka irin su el-Tabun da Es Skhul sun samar da ragowar Neanderthals da farkon mutanen zamani.Waɗannan binciken sun nuna ci gaba da kasancewar ɗan adam a cikin yanki sama da shekaru 600,000, wanda ya tashi daga ƙananan Paleolithic zamanin zuwa yau kuma yana wakiltar kusan shekaru miliyan na juyin halittar ɗan adam.[5] Sauran mahimman wuraren Paleolithic a Isra'ila sun haɗa da kogon Qesem da Manot.Skhul da Qafzeh hominids, wasu daga cikin tsoffin burbushin halittu na zamani da aka samu a wajen Afirka, sun rayu a arewacin Isra'ila kimanin shekaru 120,000 da suka wuce.Har ila yau yankin ya kasance gida ga al'adun Natufian a kusa da karni na 10 KZ, wanda aka sani don sauyawa daga salon mafarauta zuwa ayyukan noma na farko.[6]
4500 BCE - 1200 BCE
Kan'anaornament
Zaman Chalcolithic a Kan'ana
Kan'ana na da. ©HistoryMaps
4500 BCE Jan 1 - 3500 BCE

Zaman Chalcolithic a Kan'ana

Levant
Al'adun Ghassulian, wanda ke nuna farkon lokacin Chalcolithic a Kan'ana, ya yi hijira zuwa yankin a kusan 4500 KZ.[7] Sun samo asali ne daga ƙasar da ba a san su ba, sun zo da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun tagulla, waɗanda ake ganin ta fi dacewa a zamaninta, kodayake ƙayyadaddun fasahohinsu da asalinsu na buƙatar ƙarin ambato.Ƙwarewarsu ta ƙunshi kamanceceniya da kayan tarihi daga al'adun Maykop na baya, suna ba da shawarar al'adar aikin ƙarfe.Ghassulians da farko sun haƙa jan ƙarfe daga Rukunin Shale na Cambrian Burj Dolomite, suna fitar da malachite na ma'adinai, galibi a Wadi Feynan.Narkar da wannan jan ƙarfe ya faru a wuraren da ke cikin al'adun Biyersheba.An kuma san su don samar da siffofi masu siffar violin, kamar waɗanda aka samo a cikin al'adun Cycladic da kuma Bark a Arewacin Mesopotamiya , ko da yake ana buƙatar ƙarin cikakkun bayanai game da waɗannan kayan tarihi.Nazarin kwayoyin halitta sun danganta Ghassulians zuwa Haplogroup na Yammacin Asiya T-M184, suna ba da haske game da zuriyarsu.[8] Lokacin Chalcolithic a wannan yanki ya ƙare tare da fitowar 'En Esur, ƙauyen birni a kudancin tekun Bahar Rum, wanda ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a cikin al'adu da ci gaban biranen yankin.[9]
Farkon Zamanin Bronze a Kan'ana
Tsohon birnin Kan'aniyawa na Megiddo, wanda kuma aka sani da Armageddon a cikin Littafin Ru'ya ta Yohanna. ©Balage Balogh
3500 BCE Jan 1 - 2500 BCE

Farkon Zamanin Bronze a Kan'ana

Levant
A lokacin Farkon Bronze Age, haɓakar shafuka daban-daban kamar Ebla, inda ake magana da Eblaite (harshen Semitic na Gabas), ya yi tasiri sosai a yankin.Kusan 2300 KZ, Ebla ta zama wani ɓangare na Daular Akkadiya a ƙarƙashin Sargon Mai Girma da Naram-Sin na Akkad.Tun da farko nassoshi na Sumerian sun ambaci Mar.tu ("mazaunan tanti", daga baya aka fi sani da Amoriyawa) a yankunan yammacin kogin Euphrates, tun daga zamanin Enshakushanna na Uruk.Duk da cewa kwamfutar hannu daya ta tabbatar da Sarkin Sumeria Lugal-Anne-Mundu yana da tasiri a yankin, ana tambayar sahihancin sa.Amoriyawa, waɗanda suke a wurare kamar Hazor da Kadesh, sun yi iyaka da Kan'ana zuwa arewa da arewa maso gabas, tare da ƙungiyoyi kamar Ugarit mai yiwuwa a haɗa su cikin wannan yankin Amoriyawa.[10] Rushewar Daular Akkadiya a shekara ta 2154 KZ ya zo daidai da zuwan mutane masu amfani da Khirbet Kerak ware, wanda ya samo asali daga tsaunin Zagros.Binciken DNA yana nuna ƙaura masu mahimmanci daga Chalcolithic Zagros da Bronze Age Caucasus zuwa Kudancin Levant tsakanin 2500-1000 KZ.[11]Lokacin ya ga haɓakar biranen farko kamar 'En Esur da Meggido', tare da waɗannan "Ka'ananiyawa" suna ci gaba da tuntuɓar yankuna da ke kusa.Duk da haka, lokacin ya ƙare tare da komawa ƙauyuka na noma da kuma salon rayuwar makiyaya, kodayake sana'a na musamman da kasuwanci sun ci gaba.[12] Ugarit ana ɗaukarsa a ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi a matsayin ƙasar Kan'ana ta Late Bronze Age, duk da harshenta baya cikin ƙungiyar Kan'aniyawa.[13]Rushewar zamanin Farkon Bronze a Kan'ana a kusa da 2000 KZ ya zo daidai da manyan canje-canje a cikin tsohuwar Gabas Kusa, gami da ƙarshen Tsohon Mulki aMasar .Wannan lokacin ya kasance alama ce ta rugujewar ƙauyuka a kudancin Levant da haɓaka da faduwar daular Akkad a yankin Upper Euphrates.An yi iƙirarin cewa wannan rugujewar yanki, wanda kuma ya shafi Masar, wataƙila ya samo asali ne sakamakon saurin sauyin yanayi, wanda aka fi sani da lamarin BP 4.2, wanda ke haifar da bushewa da sanyaya.[14]Dangantaka tsakanin raguwar Kan'ana da faduwar Tsohuwar Mulki a Masar ta ta'allaka ne a cikin faffadan yanayin sauyin yanayi da tasirinsa a kan wadannan tsoffin wayewa.Kalubalen muhalli da Masar ta fuskanta, wanda ya haifar da yunwa da rugujewar al'umma, wani bangare ne na babban yanayin yanayin da ya shafi yankin baki daya, ciki har da Kan'ana.Rushewar Tsohuwar Mulkin, babban ikon siyasa da tattalin arziki, [15] zai yi tasiri sosai a ko'ina cikin Gabas ta Tsakiya, yana tasiri kasuwanci, kwanciyar hankali na siyasa, da musayar al'adu.Wannan lokacin tashe-tashen hankula ya kafa matakin samun gagarumin sauye-sauye a fagen siyasa da al'adu na yankin, ciki har da na Kan'ana.
Zamanin Bronze na Tsakiya a Kan'ana
Mayakan Kan'ana ©Angus McBride
2000 BCE Jan 1 - 1550 BCE

Zamanin Bronze na Tsakiya a Kan'ana

Levant
Lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Kan'ana, wacce aka raba tsakanin jihohi daban-daban, tare da fitowar Hazor a matsayin mai mahimmanci.[16] Abubuwan al'adun Kan'ana a wannan lokacin sun nuna tasirin Mesofotamiya mai ƙarfi, kuma yankin yana ƙara haɗawa cikin babbar hanyar sadarwar kasuwanci ta duniya.Yankin, wanda aka fi sani da Amurru, an san shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin "hudu huɗu" da ke kewaye da Akkad a farkon mulkin Naram-Sin na Akkad a kusa da 2240 KZ, tare da Subartu/Assyria, Sumer, da Elam.Daular Amoriyawa sun sami iko a sassan Mesopotamiya, ciki har da Larsa, Isin, da Babila, wanda wani basaraken Amoriyawa, Sumu-abum, ya kafa a matsayin birni mai cin gashin kansa a cikin 1894 KZ.Musamman ma, Hammurabi, Sarkin Amoriyawa na Babila (1792-1750 KZ), ya kafa Daular Babila ta Farko, ko da yake ta wargaje bayan mutuwarsa.Amoriyawa sun ci gaba da mulkin Babila har sai da Hittiyawa suka kore su a shekara ta 1595 K.Z.Kusan 1650 KZ, Kan'aniyawa, waɗanda aka fi sani da Hyksos, suka mamaye kuma suka mamaye yankin Gabashin Nilu aMasar .[17] Kalmar Amar da Amurru (Amoriyawa) a rubuce-rubucen Masar suna magana ne game da yankin tsaunuka da ke gabas da Finisiya, har zuwa Orontes.Shaidun archaeological sun nuna cewa Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Zamanin Bronze lokaci ne na wadata ga Kan'ana, musamman a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Hazor, wanda sau da yawa yakan kasance ga Masar.A arewa, Yamkhad da Qatna sun jagoranci manyan ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa, yayin da Hazor na Littafi Mai-Tsarki mai yiwuwa ita ce babban birnin babbar ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa a kudancin yankin.
Late Bronze Age a Kan'ana
Thutmose III yana tuhumar Ƙofar Magiddo. ©Anonymous
1550 BCE Jan 1 - 1150 BCE

Late Bronze Age a Kan'ana

Levant
A farkon Zamanin Bronze na Marigayi, Kan'ana yana da alaƙa da haɗin kai da ke kewaye da birane kamar Megiddo da Kadesh.Yankin ya kasance ƙarƙashin rinjayar daulolinMasarawa da Hittiyawa.Masarautar Masar, ko da yake na ɗan lokaci, yana da ma'ana sosai don murkushe tawaye na cikin gida da rikice-rikice tsakanin birane, amma bai da ƙarfi don kafa cikakken iko.Arewacin Kan'ana da wasu sassan arewacin Siriya sun kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin Assuriya a wannan lokacin.Thutmose III (1479-1426 KZ) da Amenhotep II (1427-1400 KZ) sun kiyaye ikon Masar a Kan'ana, suna tabbatar da aminci ta wurin kasancewar soja.Duk da haka, sun fuskanci kalubale daga Habiru (ko 'Apiru), masu zaman kansu maimakon kabilanci, wanda ya ƙunshi abubuwa daban-daban da suka hada da Hurrians, Semites, Kassites, da Luwians.Wannan rukunin ya ba da gudummawa ga rashin zaman lafiya a siyasance a lokacin mulkin Amenhotep III.Ci gaban Hittiyawa zuwa Siriya a lokacin mulkin Amenhotep III da kuma ci gaba a ƙarƙashin magajinsa ya nuna gagarumin raguwa a ikon Masar, daidai da ƙaura na Semitic.Tasirin Masar a cikin Levant yana da ƙarfi a lokacin daular Goma sha Takwas amma ya fara karkacewa a daular sha tara da ta ashirin.Ramses II ya ci gaba da iko ta yakin Kadesh a shekara ta 1275 KZ a kan Hittiyawa, amma Hittiyawa daga bisani suka mamaye arewacin Levant.Ramses II ya mayar da hankali kan ayyukan cikin gida da kuma watsi da lamuran Asiya ya haifar da raguwa a hankali a cikin ikon Masar.Bayan Yaƙin Kadesh, dole ne ya yi yaƙi sosai a Kan’ana don ya ci gaba da yin tasiri a Masar, ya kafa sansanin kagara na dindindin a yankin Mowab da Ammon.Ficewar Masar daga kudancin Levant, wanda ya fara a ƙarshen karni na 13 KZ, kuma ya ɗauki kimanin karni guda, ya fi girma saboda rikice-rikicen siyasa na cikin gida a Masar maimakon mamayewa na mutanen Teku, saboda akwai iyakataccen shaida na tasirin da suke da shi a kusa. 1200 KZ.Duk da ra'ayoyin da ke ba da shawarar rugujewar ciniki a bayan-1200 KZ, shaida ta nuna ci gaba da hulɗar kasuwanci a kudancin Levant bayan ƙarshen Late Bronze Age.[18]
1150 BCE - 586 BCE
Isra'ila da Yahuda ta dāornament
Isra'ila da Yahuda na dā
Dauda da Saul. ©Ernst Josephson
1150 BCE Jan 1 00:01 - 586 BCE

Isra'ila da Yahuda na dā

Levant
Tarihin Tsohuwar Isra'ila da Yahuda a yankin Kudancin Levant yana farawa ne a lokacin Marigayi Shekarun Tagulla da Farkon Zamanin ƙarfe.Mafi dadewa sananne game da Isra'ila a matsayin jama'a yana cikin Merneptah Stele dagaMasar , tun daga kusan 1208 KZ.Ilimin kayan tarihi na zamani ya nuna cewa al’adun Isra’ilawa na dā sun samo asali ne daga wayewar Kan’aniyawa.A lokacin Iron Age II, an kafa gwamnatoci biyu na Isra'ila, Masarautar Isra'ila (Samaria) da Masarautar Yahuda a yankin.Bisa ga Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci, “Masarautar Haɗaɗɗen Mulki” ƙarƙashin Saul, Dauda, ​​da Sulemanu ta wanzu a ƙarni na 11 K.Z., wanda daga baya ya rabu zuwa Mulkin arewacin Isra’ila da kuma Kudancin Yahuda, na ƙarshe ya ƙunshi Urushalima da Haikalin Yahudawa.Yayin da ake muhawara game da tarihin wannan Masarautar Ƙasar, an yarda cewa Isra'ila da Yahuda sun kasance ƙungiyoyi daban-daban a kusan 900 KZ [19] da 850 KZ [20] , bi da bi.Masarautar Isra'ila ta fada hannun Daular Neo-Assuriyawa a kusan shekara ta 720 KZ [21] , yayin da Yahuda ta zama wata ƙasa abokin ciniki na Assuriyawa daga baya kuma daular Neo-Babila .Tawayen da aka yi wa Babila sun kai ga halaka Yahuda a shekara ta 586 K.Z. ta wurin Nebuchadnezzar II, har ta kai ga halaka Haikali Sulemanu da kuma bautar Yahudawa zuwa Babila.[22] Wannan lokacin gudun hijira ya nuna gagarumin ci gaba a cikin addinin Isra'ila, yana canzawa zuwa addinin Yahudanci na tauhidi.Ƙushin Yahudawa ya ƙare da faduwar Babila zuwa Daular Farisa a kusan 538 KZ.Dokar Sairus Mai Girma ya ƙyale Yahudawa su koma Yahuda, sun fara komawa Sihiyona da kuma gina Haikali na Biyu, wanda ya fara lokacin Haikali na Biyu.[23]
Isra'ilawa na farko
Ƙauyen Hilltop na Isra'ila na farko. ©HistoryMaps
1150 BCE Jan 1 00:02 - 950 BCE

Isra'ilawa na farko

Levant
A lokacin Iron Age I, yawan jama'a a Kudancin Levant ya fara bayyana kansa a matsayin 'Ba'isra'ile', suna bambanta da makwabta ta hanyar ayyuka na musamman kamar haramcin auratayya, girmamawa ga tarihin iyali da asalinsu, da al'adun addini daban-daban.[24] Yawan ƙauyuka a cikin tsaunuka ya karu sosai daga Late Bronze Age zuwa ƙarshen Iron Age I, daga kusan 25 zuwa sama da 300, tare da yawan jama'a ya ninka daga 20,000 zuwa 40,000.[25] Ko da yake babu wasu siffofi na musamman don ayyana waɗannan ƙauyuka a matsayin na musamman na Isra'ila, an lura da wasu alamomi kamar tsarin ƙauyuka da rashin ƙasusuwan alade a wuraren tsaunuka.Koyaya, waɗannan halayen ba su ke nuni da ainihin Ba'isra'ile ba.[26]Nazarin archaeological, musamman tun 1967, ya ba da haske game da bullar wata al'ada ta daban a tsaunukan yammacin Falasdinu, wanda ya bambanta da al'ummomin Filistiyawa da Kan'aniyawa.Wannan al'ada, wanda aka gano tare da Isra'ilawa na farko, yana nuna rashin ragowar naman alade, tukwane mafi sauƙi, da ayyuka kamar kaciya, yana nuna canji daga al'adun Kan'ana-Filisti maimakon sakamakon Fitowa ko cin nasara.[27] Wannan sauyi da alama juyin juya hali ne na lumana a cikin salon rayuwa a kusa da 1200 KZ, wanda ke nuna kwatsam da kafa al'ummomin kan tudu da yawa a tsakiyar ƙasar Kan'ana.[28] Masana zamani sun fi kallon fitowar Isra'ila a matsayin ci gaban cikin gida a cikin tsaunukan Kan'ana.[29]A ilimin archaeological, farkon Zamanin Ƙarfe al'ummar Isra'ila ta ƙunshi ƙanana, cibiyoyi kamar ƙauye masu ƙarancin albarkatu da girman yawan jama'a.Ƙauyen, waɗanda galibi ana gina su a kan tuddai, suna da gidaje da aka tattara a kusa da tsakar gida, waɗanda aka gina daga tubalin laka tare da harsashi na dutse, wani lokacin kuma na itace na biyu.Isra’ilawa na farko manoma ne da makiyaya, suna aikin gona da kuma kula da gonaki.Yayin da tattalin arziki ya fi dogaro da kansa, akwai kuma musayar tattalin arzikin yanki.An tsara al'umma zuwa sarakunan yanki ko na siyasa, suna ba da tsaro da yuwuwar ƙarƙashin manyan garuruwa.An yi amfani da rubutu, har ma a cikin ƙananan shafuka, don adana rikodi.[30]
Late Iron Age a cikin Levant
Siege na Lakish, 701 KZ. ©Peter Connolly
950 BCE Jan 1 - 587 BCE

Late Iron Age a cikin Levant

Levant
A cikin karni na 10 KZ, wani gagarumin tsarin mulki ya bayyana a tudun Gibeyon-Gibeah a cikin Levant ta Kudu, wanda Shoshenq I, wanda kuma aka sani da Shishak na Littafi Mai Tsarki ya lalata daga baya.[31] Wannan ya haifar da komawa zuwa kananan garuruwa-jahohin yankin.Duk da haka, a tsakanin shekara ta 950 zuwa 900 K.Z., an kafa wata babbar hukuma a tsaunukan arewa, da Tirzah a matsayin babban birninta, kuma daga baya ta zama mafarin Mulkin Isra’ila.[32] Masarautar Isra'ila ta ƙarfafa a matsayin ikon yanki a farkon rabin karni na 9 KZ [31] , amma ta fada cikin Daular Neo-Assuriyawa a cikin 722 KZ.A halin yanzu, Mulkin Yahuda ya fara bunƙasa a rabin na biyu na ƙarni na 9 K.Z..[31]Kyakkyawan yanayi a cikin ƙarni biyu na farkon ƙarni na Iron Age II ya haifar da haɓakar yawan jama'a, faɗaɗa matsuguni, da haɓaka kasuwanci a duk yankin.[33] Wannan ya haifar da haɗewar tsaunukan tsakiya a ƙarƙashin wani masarauta tare da Samariya a matsayin babban birninta [33] , mai yiyuwa zuwa rabin na biyu na karni na 10 KZ, kamar yadda kamfen ɗin Fir'auna Shoshenq I na Masar ya nuna.[34] An kafa Masarautar Isra’ila a fili a farkon rabin farkon karni na 9 KZ, kamar yadda shaida ta Sarkin Assuriya Shalmanesar III ya ambaci “Ahab Ba’isra’ile” a yakin Qarqar a 853 KZ.[31] Mesha Stele, tun daga kusan 830 KZ, yana nuni da sunan Yahweh, wanda ake la'akarin farkon abin da ke cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki game da allahntakar Isra'ila.[35] Majiyoyin Littafi Mai Tsarki da na Assuriya sun bayyana ɗimbin kora daga Isra'ila da maye gurbinsu da mazauna wasu sassan daular a matsayin wani ɓangare na manufofin masarautar Assuriya.[36]Fitowar Yahuda a matsayin masarauta mai aiki ya faru a baya bayan Isra'ila, a cikin rabin na biyu na karni na 9 KZ [31] , amma wannan batu ne na babban gardama.[37] An raba tsaunukan kudanci tsakanin cibiyoyi da yawa a cikin ƙarni na 10 da na 9 KZ, ba tare da wanda ke da bayyanannen fifiko ba.[38] An sami ƙaruwa mai yawa a cikin ikon ƙasar Yahudiya a lokacin mulkin Hezekiya, tsakanin kusan 715 zuwa 686 KZ.[39 <] > Wannan lokacin ya ga an gina fitattun gine-gine irin su Faɗin bango da Ramin Siloam a Urushalima.[39]Masarautar Isra'ila ta sami ci gaba mai yawa a ƙarshen zamanin baƙin ƙarfe, wanda ke nuna ci gaban birane da gina fadoji, manyan shingen sarauta, da kagara.[40] Tattalin arzikin Isra'ila ya bambanta, tare da manyan masana'antun man zaitun da ruwan inabi.[41] Akasin haka, Mulkin Yahuda ba shi da ci gaba, tun farko an iyakance shi ga ƙananan ƙauyuka da ke kewaye da Urushalima.[42] Muhimman ayyukan zama na Urushalima ba a bayyane yake ba har sai karni na 9 KZ, duk da kasancewar tsarin gudanarwa na farko.[43]A ƙarni na 7 KZ, Urushalima ta yi girma sosai, ta sami rinjaye bisa maƙwabtanta.[44] Wataƙila wannan girma ya samo asali ne daga tsari da Assuriyawa don kafa Yahuda a matsayin ƙasa mai ƙwazo da ke sarrafa masana'antar zaitun.[44] Duk da ci gaba a ƙarƙashin mulkin Assuriya, Yahuda ya fuskanci halaka a jerin kamfen tsakanin 597 zuwa 582 KZ saboda rikice-rikice tsakaninMasar da Daular Babila ta Neo-Babila bayan rugujewar Daular Assuriya.[44]
Mulkin Yahuda
Rehobowam shi ne, bisa ga Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci, sarki na farko na Mulkin Yahuda bayan rarrabuwar Masarautar Isra’ila. ©William Brassey Hole
930 BCE Jan 1 - 587 BCE

Mulkin Yahuda

Judean Mountains, Israel
Masarautar Yahuda, daular Semitic a Kudancin Levant a lokacin Iron Age, tana da babban birninta a Urushalima, da ke cikin tsaunukan Yahudiya.[45] Yahudawa suna da suna kuma sun fito ne daga wannan masarauta.[46] A cewar Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci, Yahuda ita ce magaji ga Ƙasar Ingila ta Isra'ila, a ƙarƙashin sarakuna Saul, Dauda, ​​da Sulemanu.Koyaya, a cikin 1980s, wasu masana sun fara yin tambaya game da shaidar archaeological na irin wannan babban masarauta kafin ƙarshen karni na 8 KZ.[47] A cikin ƙarni na 10 da farkon 9th KZ, Yahuda ba ta da yawan jama'a, wanda ya ƙunshi galibin ƙanana, ƙauyuka, da ƙauyuka marasa ƙarfi.[48] ​​Binciken Tel Dan Stele a cikin 1993 ya tabbatar da wanzuwar masarautar a tsakiyar karni na 9 KZ, amma har yanzu ba a san iyakarsa ba.[49] Binciken da aka yi a Khirbet Qeiyafa yana nuna kasancewar daular da ta fi birni da tsari ta karni na 10 KZ.[47]A ƙarni na 7 K.Z., yawan mutanen Yahuda ya ƙaru sosai a ƙarƙashin mulkin Assuriyawa, ko da yake Hezekiya ya tayar wa Sarkin Assuriya Sennakerib.[50] Josiah, yana amfani da damar da aka samu ta hanyar raguwar Assuriya da bayyanar Masar, ya kafa gyare-gyare na addini da ya dace da ƙa'idodin da ke cikin Kubawar Shari'a.Wannan lokacin kuma shine lokacin da wataƙila an rubuta tarihin Deuteronomistic, yana jaddada mahimmancin waɗannan ƙa'idodin.[51] Faɗuwar Daular Neo-Assyrian a cikin 605 KZ ya haifar da gwagwarmayar iko tsakaninMasar da Daular Babila akan Levant, wanda ya haifar da raguwar Yahuda.A farkon ƙarni na 6 KZ, an rushe tawaye da yawa da Masarawa suka goyi bayan Babila.A shekara ta 587 K.Z., Nebuchadnezzar II ya ci Urushalima ya halaka shi kuma ya kawo ƙarshen Mulkin Yahuda.An kai Yahudawa da yawa zaman bauta zuwa Babila, kuma an haɗa yankin a matsayin lardin Babila.[52]
Masarautar Isra&#39;ila
Ziyarar Sarauniyar Saba ga Sarki Sulemanu. ©Sir Edward John Poynter
930 BCE Jan 1 - 720 BCE

Masarautar Isra'ila

Samaria
Mulkin Isra'ila, wanda kuma aka sani da Masarautar Samariya, masarautar Isra'ila ce a Kudancin Levant a lokacin zamanin ƙarfe, mai iko da Samariya, Galili, da sassan Transjordan.A cikin karni na 10 KZ [53] , waɗannan yankuna sun ga karuwar ƙauyuka, tare da Shekem sannan Tirzah a matsayin babban birnin.Daular Omride ce ke mulkin masarautar a ƙarni na 9 KZ, wanda cibiyar siyasa ce birnin Samariya.An rubuta wanzuwar wannan ƙasa ta Isra'ila a arewa a cikin rubuce-rubucen ƙarni na 9.[54] A farkon ambaton shi ne daga Kurkh stela na c.853 KZ, lokacin da Shalmanesar III ya ambaci "Ahab Ba'isra'ile", da ma'anar "ƙasa", da kuma dakarunsa dubu goma.[55] Wannan masarauta da ta ƙunshi wasu sassa na tsaunuka (Shefela), filin Jezreel, ƙasar Galili ta ƙasa da wasu sassa na Transjordan.[55]Shigar sojan Ahab a cikin haɗin gwiwar adawa da Assuriya yana nuna ƙaƙƙarfan al'umman birni tare da haikali, marubuta, 'yan amshin shata, da tsarin gudanarwa, kama da masarautu makwabta kamar Ammon da Mowab.[55] Shaidar archaeological, irin su Mesha Stele daga kusan 840 KZ, sun tabbatar da mu'amalar masarautar da rikice-rikice da yankuna makwabta, gami da Mowab.Masarautar Isra’ila ta yi amfani da iko a kan muhimman wurare a lokacin daular Omride, kamar yadda binciken binciken archaeological, tsoffin rubutun Gabas ta Tsakiya, da rikodin Littafi Mai Tsarki suka tabbatar.[56]A cikin rubutun Assuriya, ana kiran Mulkin Isra'ila a matsayin "Gidan Omri".[55] Shalmanesser III na "Black Obelisk" ya ambaci Jehu, ɗan Omri.[55] Sarkin Assuriya Adad-Nirari III ya yi wani balaguro zuwa cikin Levant a kusa da 803 KZ da aka ambata a cikin Nimrud slab, wanda sharhin da ya je zuwa "Ƙasashen Hatti da Amurru, Taya, Sidon, matin Hu-um-ri ( ƙasar Omri, da Edom, da Filistiyawa, da Suriya (ba Yahuza ba).[55] Rimah Stele, daga wannan sarki ya gabatar da wata hanya ta uku ta magana game da mulkin, kamar Samariya, a cikin jumlar "Joash na Samariya".[57] Yin amfani da sunan Omri don yin nuni ga mulkin har yanzu ya wanzu, kuma Sargon II yayi amfani da shi a cikin jumlar “dukan gidan Omri” wajen kwatanta nasarar da ya yi a birnin Samariya a shekara ta 722 KZ.[58] Yana da mahimmanci cewa Assuriyawa ba su taɓa ambaton Mulkin Yahuda ba har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 8, lokacin da ta kasance Basaraken Assuriya: mai yiyuwa ba su taɓa yin hulɗa da shi ba, ko wataƙila sun ɗauke ta a matsayin ɗan mulkin Isra'ila/Samaria. ko Aram, ko kuma watakila mulkin kudancin ba ya wanzu a wannan lokacin.[59]
Mamayewar Assuriya &amp; Kama
Samariya ta fada hannun Assuriyawa. ©Don Lawrence
732 BCE Jan 1

Mamayewar Assuriya & Kama

Samaria
Tiglath-Pileser III na Assuriya ya mamaye Isra'ila a kusan 732 KZ.[60] Masarautar Isra'ila ta fada hannun Assuriyawa bayan wani dogon zango da suka yi wa babban birnin Samariya a wajen shekara ta 720 KZ.[61] Bayanan Sargon II na Assuriya sun nuna cewa ya kama Samariya kuma ya kori mazaunan 27,290 zuwa Mesofotamiya .[62 <] > Wataƙila Shalmaneser ya ci birnin tun lokacin da tarihin Babila da Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci suka ɗauki faɗuwar Isra'ila a matsayin abin da ya sa hannu a mulkinsa.[63] Zaman zaman talala na Assuriya (ko gudun hijira na Assuriya) shine lokacin da ke cikin tarihin Isra'ila da Yahuda ta d ¯ a lokacin da daular Neo-Assyrian ta tilastawa Isra'ilawa dubu da yawa daga Masarautar Isra'ila.Korar Assuriyawa sun zama tushen ra'ayin Yahudawa na ƙabilu Goma da suka ɓace.Ƙungiyoyin ƙasashen waje Assuriyawa sun zauna a cikin yankunan daular da ta rushe.[64 <>] Samariyawa suna da’awar cewa su zuriyar Isra’ilawa ne na Samariya ta dā waɗanda ba Assuriyawa suka kore su ba.An yi imani cewa 'yan gudun hijira daga halakar Isra'ila sun ƙaura zuwa Yahuda, suna faɗaɗa Urushalima da yawa kuma suka kai ga gina Ramin Siloam a lokacin mulkin Sarki Hezekiya (ya yi sarauta 715-686 KZ).[65] Ramin zai iya ba da ruwa a lokacin da aka kewaye shi kuma an kwatanta gininsa a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki.[66 [66]] Rubutun Siloam, wani allo da aka rubuta da Ibrananci wanda ƙungiyar gine-gine suka bari, an gano shi a cikin rami a cikin 1880s, kuma a yau yana riƙe da Gidan Tarihi na Archaeology na Istanbul.[67]A lokacin sarautar Hezekiya, Sennacherib ɗan Sargon ya yi ƙoƙari ya kama Yahuda amma ya kasa.Bayanan Assuriyawa sun ce Sennakerib ya lalata birane 46 masu garu kuma ya kewaye Urushalima, ya bar shi bayan ya karɓi haraji mai yawa.[68] Sennakerib ya gina kayan agaji na Lakish a Nineba don tunawa da nasara ta biyu a Lakish.An yarda da rubuce-rubucen “annabawa” guda huɗu daga wannan lokacin: Yusha’u da Amos a Isra’ila da Mikah da Ishaya na Yahuda.Waɗannan mutanen galibi ’yan sukar al’umma ne waɗanda suka yi gargaɗi game da barazanar Assuriya kuma suka zama masu magana da yawun addini.Sun kasance da ’yancin yin magana kuma wataƙila sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a zamantakewa da siyasa a Isra’ila da Yahuda.[69 <>] Sun bukaci masu mulki da sauran jama'a da su bi ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a na Allah, suna ganin mamayewar Assuriyawa a matsayin horon Allah na gama gari sakamakon gazawar ɗabi'a.[70]A ƙarƙashin Sarki Josiah (mai sarauta daga 641-619 KZ), an sake gano Littafin Kubawar Shari’a ko kuma an rubuta shi.Littafin Joshuwa da tarihin sarautar Dauda da Sulemanu a cikin littafin Sarakuna an yi imani da marubuci iri ɗaya ne.An san littattafan da Deuteronomist kuma ana ɗaukar su a matsayin babban mataki na bayyanar tauhidi a Yahuda.Sun fito ne a lokacin da Assuriya ta raunana sabili da bullowar Babila kuma maiyuwa ne yin aiki da rubutu na al'adun magana da aka riga aka rubuta.[71]
Talauci na Babila
Zaman bauta na Babila lokaci ne a tarihin Yahudawa lokacin da yawancin Yahudawa daga Masarautar Yahuda ta dā suka kasance bauta a Babila. ©James Tissot
587 BCE Jan 1 - 538 BCE

Talauci na Babila

Babylon, Iraq
A ƙarshen ƙarni na 7 K.Z., Yahuda ta zama ƙasa mai mamaye daular Neo-Babila.A shekara ta 601 K.Z., Jehoiakim na Yahuda ya haɗa kai da babban abokin hamayyar Babila,Masar , duk da ƙwazon da annabi Irmiya ya yi.[72] A matsayin hukunci, Babila sun kewaye Urushalima a 597 KZ, kuma birnin ya mika wuya.[73] Babila ne suka rubuta cin nasara.[74] Nebukadnezzar ya washe Urushalima ya kori sarki Jehoiakin, tare da wasu manyan mutane zuwa Babila;Zadakiya, kawunsa, aka naɗa a matsayin sarki.[75] Bayan ’yan shekaru, Zadakiya ya sake tayar da Babila, kuma aka aika da sojoji su ci Urushalima.[72]Tawayen da Yahuda suka yi wa Babila (601-586 K.Z.) ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce ne daga Mulkin Yahuda don guje wa mamayar daular Neo-Babila.A shekara ta 587 ko 586 KZ, Sarkin Babila Nebukadnezzar na biyu ya ci Urushalima yaƙi, ya lalata Haikalin Sulemanu, ya rusa birnin [72] , ya kammala faɗuwar Yahuda, lamarin da ya nuna farkon bautar Babila, wani lokaci a tarihin Yahudawa. An kori Yahudawa da yawa daga Yahuda da karfi kuma aka sake zama a Mesofotamiya (wanda aka fassara a cikin Littafi Mai-Tsarki kamar “Babila”).Ƙasar ta dā ta Yahuza ta zama lardin Babila mai suna Yehud, cibiyarsa a Mizfa, arewa da Urushalima da aka lalatar.[76] An sami allunan da ke kwatanta abincin sarki Jehoiakin a cikin kufai na Babila.A ƙarshe, Babila suka sake shi.Bisa ga duka Littafi Mai-Tsarki da Talmud, daular Dauda ta ci gaba da zama shugaban Yahudawan Babila, wanda ake kira "Rosh Galut" (mai gudun hijira ko shugaban gudun hijira).Majiyoyin Larabawa da na Yahudawa sun nuna cewa Rosh Galut ya ci gaba da wanzuwa har tsawon shekaru 1,500 a kasar Iraki a yanzu, wanda ya ƙare a karni na sha ɗaya.[77]Wannan lokacin ya ga matsayi na ƙarshe na annabcin Littafi Mai-Tsarki a cikin mutumin Ezekiyel, sannan kuma fitowar babban matsayi na Attaura a rayuwar Yahudawa.A cewar masana tarihi da yawa masu mahimmanci, an sake gyara Attaura a wannan lokacin, kuma an fara ɗaukarsa a matsayin nassi mai iko ga Yahudawa.Wannan lokacin ya ga canjin su zuwa ƙungiyar kabilanci-addini waɗanda za su iya rayuwa ba tare da tsakiyar Haikali ba.[78] Masanin falsafa na Isra'ila kuma masanin Littafi Mai-Tsarki Yehezkel Kaufmann ya ce "Mai hijira ita ce magudanar ruwa. Tare da gudun hijira, addinin Isra'ila ya ƙare kuma addinin Yahudanci ya fara."[79]
Zaman Farisa a cikin Levant
An ce Cyrus Mai Girma a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki ya ’yantar da Yahudawa daga bauta a Babila don su sake tsugunar da Urushalima da kuma sake gina Urushalima, ya ba shi matsayi mai daraja a addinin Yahudanci. ©Anonymous
538 BCE Jan 1 - 332 BCE

Zaman Farisa a cikin Levant

Jerusalem, Israel
A shekara ta 538 K.Z., Cyrus Babba na Daular Achaemenid ya ci Babila, ya haɗa ta cikin daularsa.Ba da shelarsa, Dokar Sairus, ya ba wa waɗanda suke ƙarƙashin mulkin Babila ’yanci na addini.Wannan ya sa Yahudawa da ke zaman bauta a Babila, har da Yahudawa 50,000 da Zerubabel ya jagoranta, su koma Yahuda su sake gina Haikali na Urushalima, da aka kammala kusan shekara ta 515 K.Z..[80] Bugu da ƙari, a cikin 456 KZ, wani rukuni na 5,000, karkashin jagorancin Ezra da Nehemiya, sun dawo;Sarkin Farisa ne ya dora wa na farko aikin aiwatar da dokokin addini, yayin da shi kuma aka nada shi gwamna da aikin maido da katangar birnin.[81] Yahudawa, kamar yadda aka san yankin, ya kasance lardin Achaemenid har zuwa 332 KZ.Rubutun ƙarshe na Attaura, wanda ya yi daidai da litattafai biyar na farko na Littafi Mai-Tsarki, an yi imanin an haɗa shi ne a zamanin Farisa (wajen 450-350 KZ), ta hanyar gyarawa da haɗa rubutun farko.[82] Isra’ilawa da suka dawo sun ɗauki rubutun Aramaic daga Babila, yanzu rubutun Ibrananci na zamani, da kalandar Ibrananci, mai kama da kalandar Babila, wataƙila sun kasance daga wannan lokacin.[83]Littafi Mai Tsarki ya ba da labarin tashin hankali tsakanin waɗanda suka dawo, ƙwararrun Haikali na Farko [84] , da waɗanda suka zauna a Yahuda.[85] Mutanen da suka dawo, mai yiyuwa ne masarautar Farisa ta tallafa musu, sun zama manyan masu mallakar filaye, don cutar da waɗanda suka ci gaba da aikin ƙasar a Yahuda.Adawarsu ga Haikali na Biyu na iya nuna fargabar rasa haƙƙin ƙasa saboda keɓewa daga ƙungiyar asiri.[84] Yahuda da kyau ya zama tsarin mulkin Allah, wanda Manyan Firistoci na gado ke jagoranta [86] da naɗaɗɗen Farisa, sau da yawa Bayahude, gwamna mai alhakin kiyaye tsari da tabbatar da biyan haraji.[87 <>] Mahimmanci, sojojin Farisa ne suka kafa sansanin sojan Yahudiya a tsibirin Elephantine kusa da Aswan aƙasar Masar .
516 BCE - 64
Zaman Haikali Na Biyuornament
Zaman Haikali Na Biyu
Haikali na biyu, wanda kuma aka sani da Haikalin Hirudus. ©Anonymous
516 BCE Jan 1 - 136

Zaman Haikali Na Biyu

Jerusalem, Israel
Zaman Haikali na Biyu a tarihin Yahudawa, wanda ya tashi daga 516 KZ zuwa 70 AD, yana nuna wani muhimmin lokaci da ke da ci gaban addini, al'adu, da siyasa.Bayan da Farisa suka ci Babila a ƙarƙashin Cyrus Babba, wannan zamanin ya fara da dawowar Yahudawa daga zaman bauta a Babila da kuma sake gina Haikali na Biyu a Urushalima, da kafa lardin Yahudawa mai cin gashin kai.Zamanin daga baya ya canza ta hanyar tasirin Ptolemaic (c. 301-200 KZ) da Seleucid (kimanin 200-167 KZ).Haikali na biyu, wanda daga baya aka sani da Haikalin Hirudus, shine Haikali da aka sake ginawa a Urushalima tsakanin c.516 KZ da 70 CE.Ya tsaya a matsayin alama mai mahimmanci na bangaskiyar Yahudawa da ainihi a lokacin Haikali na biyu.Haikali na Biyu ya kasance babban wurin bautar Yahudawa, hadaya na al'ada, da taron gama gari ga Yahudawa, yana jawo mahajjata Yahudawa daga ƙasashe masu nisa a lokacin bukukuwan hajji guda uku: Idin Ƙetarewa, Shavuot da Sukkot.Tawayen Maccabean ga mulkin Seleucid ya kai ga daular Hasmonean (140-37 KZ), wanda ke nuna ikon mallakar Yahudawa na ƙarshe a yankin kafin tsawan lokaci.Nasara da Romawa suka yi a shekara ta 63 K.Z. da kuma mulkin Romawa na gaba ya mayar da Yahudiya zuwa lardin Roma a shekara ta 6 AD.Yaƙin Yahudawa-Romawa na Farko (66-73 AZ), wanda adawa da rinjayen Romawa ya motsa, ya ƙare a cikin halakar Haikali na Biyu da Urushalima, ya ƙare wannan lokacin.Wannan zamanin yana da mahimmanci ga juyin halittar Yahudanci na Haikali na Biyu, wanda aka yi masa alama ta ci gaban Canon Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci, majami'a, da ilimin tarihin Yahudawa.Ya ga ƙarshen annabcin Yahudawa, haɓakar tasirin Hellenism a cikin Yahudanci , da kuma kafa ƙungiyoyi kamar Farisawa, Sadukiyawa, Essenes, Masu Zari, da Kiristanci na farko.Gudunmawar adabi sun haɗa da sassan Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Ibrananci, Apocrypha, da Naɗaɗɗen Tekun Matattu, tare da mahimman tushen tarihi daga Josephus, Philo, da marubutan Romawa.Rushe Haikali na Biyu a shekara ta 70 A.Z. wani muhimmin al’amari ne, wanda ya kai ga canja al’adun Yahudawa.Addinin Yahudanci na Rabbin, wanda ya ta'allaka kan bautar majami'a da nazarin Attaura, ya fito a matsayin babban nau'in addini.A lokaci guda, Kiristanci ya fara rabuwa da Yahudanci.Tawayen Bar-Kokhba (132-135 AZ) da murkushe ta ya ƙara yin tasiri ga al'ummar yahudawa, yana mai da cibiyar alƙaluman jama'a zuwa ƙasar Galili da ƙawayen yahudawa, wanda ya yi tasiri sosai akan tarihi da al'adun Yahudawa.
Zaman Hellenistic a cikin Levant
Alexander The Great ya ketare kogin Granicus. ©Peter Connolly
333 BCE Jan 1 - 64 BCE

Zaman Hellenistic a cikin Levant

Judea and Samaria Area
A cikin 332 KZ, Alexander the Great na Macedon ya ci yankin a matsayin wani ɓangare na yaƙin da ya yi da Daular Farisa .Bayan mutuwarsa a shekara ta 322 K.Z., hakimansa sun raba daular kuma Yahudiya ta zama yanki mai iyaka tsakanin Daular Seleucid da Masarautar Ptolemaic aMasar .Bayan ƙarni na mulkin Ptolemaic, daular Seleucid ta ci Yahudiya a shekara ta 200 KZ a yaƙin Panium.Sarakunan Hellenanci gabaɗaya suna mutunta al'adun Yahudawa kuma suna kiyaye cibiyoyin Yahudawa.[88] Yahudiya tana ƙarƙashin gadon ofishin Babban Firist na Isra'ila a matsayin ɗan Hellenanci.Duk da haka, yankin ya yi wani tsari na Hellenization, wanda ya daɗa tashe-tashen hankula tsakanin Helenawa , Yahudawa masu Hellenanci, da Yahudawa masu lura.Waɗannan tashe-tashen hankula sun ƙaru zuwa faɗan da ya haɗa da gwagwarmayar neman matsayi na babban firist da halin birnin Kudus.[89]Lokacin da Antiochus IV Epiphanes ya keɓe haikalin, ya hana ayyukan Yahudawa, kuma ya tilasta wa Yahudawa ƙa'idodin Hellenanci, ƙarnuka da yawa na haƙuri na addini a ƙarƙashin ikon Hellenanci ya ƙare.A shekara ta 167 K.Z., tawayen Maccabean ya barke bayan Mattathias, wani firist Bayahude na zuriyar Hasmonean, ya kashe Bayahude mai Hellenanci da kuma wani jami’in Seleucid wanda ya yi hadaya ga gumakan Helenawa a Modi’in.Ɗansa Yahuda Maccabeus ya ci Seleucids a yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa, kuma a shekara ta 164 K.Z., ya ci Urushalima kuma ya mai da bautar haikali, taron da bikin Hannukah na Yahudawa ke tunawa da shi.[90]Bayan mutuwar Yahuda, ’yan uwansa Jonathan Apphus da Simon Thassi sun sami damar kafa da kuma kafa wata ƙasa ta Hasmonea a ƙasar Yahudiya, tare da yin amfani da faɗuwar Daular Seleucid sakamakon rashin kwanciyar hankali da yaƙe-yaƙe da ƴan Parthia suka yi, da kuma kulla alaka da masu tasowa. Jamhuriyar Rum.Shugaban Hasmonean John Hyrcanus ya sami ’yancin kai, ya ninka yankunan Yahudiya.Ya mallaki Idumiya, inda ya mai da Edomawa zuwa addinin Yahudanci, ya kai hari Scythopolis da Samariya, inda ya rushe Haikali na Samariya.[91] Hyrcanus kuma shine shugaban Hasmon na farko da ya fara fitar da tsabar kudi.A ƙarƙashin ’ya’yansa, sarakuna Aristobulus na I da Alexander Jannaeus, Hasmon Yahudiya ta zama masarauta, kuma yankunanta sun ci gaba da faɗaɗawa, a yanzu kuma sun mamaye filayen bakin teku, Galili da sassan Transjordan.[92]A ƙarƙashin mulkin Hasmonean, Farisawa, Sadukiyawa da Essene masu sufi sun fito a matsayin manyan ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa na Yahudawa.Bafarisi mai hikima Simeon ben Shetach an yaba shi da kafa makarantu na farko a kusa da gidajen taro.[93] Wannan wani muhimmin mataki ne a cikin bullowar Yahudanci na Rabinical.Bayan gwauruwar Jannaeus, sarauniya Salome Alexandra, ta mutu a shekara ta 67 K.Z., ’ya’yanta Hyrcanus na biyu da Aristobulus na biyu sun shiga yakin basasa na gado.Bangarorin da ke gaba da juna sun nemi taimakon Pompey a madadinsu, wanda ya share hanyar mamaye masarautar Romawa.[94]
Tawayen Maccabe
Tashin hankalin Maccabees a kan Daular Seleucid a lokacin Hellenistic wani bangare ne na labarin Hanukkah. ©HistoryMaps
167 BCE Jan 1 - 141 BCE

Tawayen Maccabe

Judea and Samaria Area
Tawayen Maccabean babbar tawaye ce ta Yahudawa wacce ta faru daga 167-160 KZ akan Daular Seleucid da tasirinta na Hellenanci akan rayuwar Yahudawa.Tawayen ya samo asali ne daga ayyukan zalunci na Sarkin Seleucid Antiochus IV Epiphanes, wanda ya hana ayyukan Yahudawa, ya mamaye Urushalima, kuma ya ƙazantar da Haikali na Biyu.Wannan zalunci ya haifar da bullar Maccabees, ƙungiyar mayaka Yahudawa karkashin jagorancin Yahuda Maccabeus, waɗanda suka nemi ’yancin kai.Tawayen dai ya fara ne a matsayin gungun 'yan tawaye a yankunan Yahudiya, inda Maccabees suka kai farmaki kan garuruwan suna kalubalantar jami'an Girka.Da shigewar lokaci, sun kafa rundunar da ta dace kuma, a shekara ta 164 K.Z., suka ci Urushalima.Wannan nasara ta kawo sauyi, yayin da Maccabee suka tsarkake Haikali kuma suka sake keɓe bagadi, wanda ya haifar da bikin Hanukkah.Ko da yake Seleucids a ƙarshe sun tuba kuma suka ƙyale yin addinin Yahudanci , Maccabees sun ci gaba da yaƙi don samun cikakken 'yancin kai.Mutuwar Yahuda Maccabeus a shekara ta 160 K.Z. ta ɗan ba wa Seleucid damar samun iko na ɗan lokaci, amma Maccabees, ƙarƙashin ja-gorancin ɗan’uwan Yahuda Jonathan Apphus, sun ci gaba da yin tsayayya.Rarrabuwar cikin gida tsakanin Seleucids da taimako daga Jamhuriyar Roma daga ƙarshe ya share wa Maccabee hanya samun ’yancin kai na gaske a shekara ta 141 K.Z., sa’ad da Simon Thassi ya kori Helenawa daga Urushalima.Wannan tawaye ya yi tasiri sosai ga kishin ƙasa na Yahudawa, yana zama misali na nasarar yaƙin neman zaɓe na siyasa da juriya ga zalunci na Yahudawa.
Yaƙin Basasar Hasmon
Pompey ya shiga Haikali na Urushalima. ©Jean Fouquet
67 BCE Jan 1 - 63 BCE Jan

Yaƙin Basasar Hasmon

Judea and Samaria Area
Yaƙin basasa na Hasmon ya kasance wani gagarumin rikici a tarihin Yahudawa wanda ya kai ga asarar ƴancin Yahudawa.Ya fara ne a matsayin gwagwarmayar iko tsakanin ’yan’uwa biyu, Hyrcanus da Aristobulus, waɗanda suka nemi sarautar Yahudawa ta Hasmon.Aristobulus, ƙarami kuma wanda ya fi kowa buri a cikin su biyun, ya yi amfani da haɗin gwiwarsa ya mallaki garuruwa masu garu kuma ya ɗauki hayar sojan haya ya ayyana kansa a matsayin sarki yayin da mahaifiyarsu, Alexandra, tana raye.Wannan matakin ya haifar da arangama tsakanin 'yan'uwan biyu da kuma rikicin cikin gida na tsawon lokaci.Shigar Nabataean ya ƙara dagula rikicin lokacin da Antipater ɗan Idumean ya shawo kan Hyrcanus ya nemi goyon baya daga Aretas III, sarkin Nabataeans.Hyrcanus ya yi yarjejeniya da Aretas, yana ba da damar mayar da birane 12 ga Nabataeans don musanya taimakon soja.Da taimakon sojojin Nabataean, Hyrcanus ya fuskanci Aristobulus, wanda ya kai ga kewaye Urushalima.Shigar Roman a ƙarshe ya ƙayyade sakamakon rikicin.Dukansu Hyrcanus da Aristobulus sun nemi goyon baya daga jami'an Romawa, amma Pompey, wani janar na Romawa, ya goyi bayan Hyrcanus.Ya kai wa Urushalima hari, kuma bayan dogon yaƙi mai tsanani, sojojin Pompey sun yi nasarar karya garkuwar birnin, wanda ya kai ga ƙwace Urushalima.Wannan taron ya kawo ƙarshen ’yancin kai na daular Hasmonean, yayin da Pompey ya maido da Hyrcanus a matsayin Babban Firist amma ya kore shi daga sarautarsa, wanda ya kafa tasirin Romawa a kan Yahudiya.Yahudiya ta kasance mai cin gashin kanta amma dole ne ta ba da haraji kuma ta dogara ga gwamnatin Romawa a Siriya.An ragargaza masarautar;an tilasta masa barin filin bakin teku, ya hana shi shiga Bahar Rum, da kuma wasu sassan Idumea da Samariya.An ba da dama ga garuruwan Hellenistic don samar da Decapolis, wanda ya bar jihar ta ragu sosai.
64 - 636
Tsarin Rum & Rumawaornament
Zamanin Farkon Roman a cikin Levant
Babban macen ita ce Salome tana rawa ga Kind Hirudus II domin a tabbatar da fille kan Yahaya Maibaftisma. ©Edward Armitage
64 Jan 1 - 136

Zamanin Farkon Roman a cikin Levant

Judea and Samaria Area
A shekara ta 64 K.Z., Janar Pompey na Romawa ya ci Siriya kuma ya shiga yaƙin basasa na Hasmon a Urushalima, ya maido da Hyrcanus na II a matsayin Babban Firist kuma ya mai da Yahudiya ta zama masarautar Romawa.A lokacin da aka kewaye birnin Iskandariya a shekara ta 47 K.Z., sojojin Yahudawa 3,000 da Hyrcanus II ya aika kuma Antipater ya ba wa Julius Kaisar da abokinsa Cleopatra ceto ran Julius Kaisar, ya zama sarkin Yahudiya.[95] Daga 37 KZ zuwa 6 AZ, daular Herodiya, sarakunan abokin ciniki na Yahudawa-Romawa na asalin Edom, sun fito ne daga Antipater, suna mulkin Yahudiya.Hirudus Mai Girma ya faɗaɗa haikalin sosai (duba Haikalin Hirudus), yana mai da shi ɗaya daga cikin manyan gine-ginen addini a duniya.A wannan lokacin, Yahudawa sun kasance kusan kashi 10% na al'ummar Daular Rum, tare da manyan al'ummomi a Arewacin Afirka da Larabawa.[96]Augustus ya mai da Yahudiya lardin Roma a shekara ta 6, ya kori sarkin Yahudawa na ƙarshe, Hirudus Archelaus, kuma ya naɗa gwamnan Roma.An yi ƙaramin tawaye a kan harajin Romawa da Yahuda na Galili ya jagoranta kuma a cikin shekaru da yawa masu zuwa rikici ya karu tsakanin mutanen Greco-Romawa da Yahudiya a kan ƙoƙarin sanya hoton sarki Caligula a cikin majami'u da kuma cikin haikalin Yahudawa.[97] A cikin 64 CE, Babban Firist na Haikali Joshua ben Gamla ya gabatar da bukatu na addini ga yara maza Yahudawa su koyi karatu tun suna shekara shida.A cikin ƴan shekaru ɗari masu zuwa wannan buƙatu ta ƙara samun gindin zama a al'adar Yahudawa.[98] Sashe na ƙarshe na lokacin Haikali na Biyu yana da alamar tashin hankali na zamantakewa da hargitsi na addini, kuma tsammanin Almasihu ya cika yanayi.[99]
Yakin Yahudawa-Romawa na Farko
Yakin Yahudawa-Romawa na Farko. ©Anonymous
66 Jan 1 - 74

Yakin Yahudawa-Romawa na Farko

Judea and Samaria Area
Yaƙin Yahudawa-Romawa na farko (66-74 AZ) ya nuna babban rikici tsakanin Yahudawan Yahuda da Daular Roma.Tashin hankali, da mulkin zalunci na Romawa, jayayyar haraji, da fadace-fadacen addini suka taso, sun taso a shekara ta 66 A.Z. a lokacin Sarkin Daular Nero.Satar kuɗi daga Haikali na Biyu na Urushalima da kuma kama shugabannin Yahudawa da gwamnan Roma, Gessius Florus ya yi, ya haifar da tawaye.’Yan tawayen Yahudawa sun kama sansanin Romawa na Urushalima, inda suka kori masu goyon bayan Romawa ciki har da Sarki Hirudus Agrippa na biyu.Martanin Romawa, wanda Gwamnan Siriya Cestius Gallus ya jagoranta, da farko ya ga nasara kamar nasara Jaffa amma ya sha babban kaye a yakin Beth Horon, inda ’yan tawayen Yahudawa suka yi wa Romawa mummunar asara.An kafa gwamnati ta wucin gadi a Urushalima, tare da fitattun shugabanni da suka haɗa da Ananus ben Ananus da Josephus.Sarkin Roma Nero ya dora Janar Vespasian alhakin murkushe tawayen.Vespasian, tare da ɗansa Titus da sojojin Sarki Agrippa II, sun kaddamar da yaƙi a ƙasar Galili a cikin 67, suna kama manyan wuraren Yahudawa.Rikicin ya yi kamari a birnin Kudus saboda rikicin cikin gida tsakanin bangarorin Yahudawa.A shekara ta 69, Vespasian ya zama sarki, ya bar Titus ya kewaye Urushalima, wadda ta faɗi a shekara ta 70 A.Z.Romawa sun lalata Haikali da yawancin Urushalima, sun bar al’ummar Yahudawa cikin rudani.Yaƙin ya ƙare da nasarorin da Romawa suka yi a sauran wuraren da Yahudawa suke da ƙarfi, ciki har da Masada (72-74 AZ).Rikicin ya yi mummunar tasiri a kan yawan Yahudawa, tare da kashe mutane da yawa, ko gudun hijira, ko bautar da su, kuma ya kai ga lalata Haikali da gagarumin tashin hankali na siyasa da na addini.
Siege of Masada
Siege of Masada ©Angus McBride
72 Jan 1 - 73

Siege of Masada

Masada, Israel
Siege na Masada (72-73 AZ) wani muhimmin al'amari ne a Yaƙin Yahudawa da Romawa na Farko, wanda ya faru a wani kagara mai tudu a Isra'ila ta yau.Tushen tarihinmu na farko na wannan taron shine Flavius ​​Josephus, shugaban Bayahude wanda ya zama ɗan tarihi na Romawa.[100] Masada, wanda aka kwatanta shi a matsayin keɓewar dutsen teburi, da farko wani kagara ne na Hasmonean, daga baya Hirudus Mai Girma ya ƙarfafa shi.Ya zama mafaka ga Sicarii, ƙungiyar Yahudawa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, a lokacin Yaƙin Romawa.[101] Sicarii, tare da iyalai, sun mamaye Masada bayan sun mamaye sansanin Romawa kuma suka yi amfani da shi a matsayin tushe a kan duka Romawa da ƙungiyoyin Yahudawa masu adawa.[102]A shekara ta 72 A.Z., gwamnan Roma Lucius Flavius ​​Silva ya kewaye Masada da runduna mai yawa, kuma daga baya ya keta ganuwarta a shekara ta 73 A.Z. bayan ya gina wani babban tudu.[103] Josephus ya rubuta cewa a lokacin da suka keta kagara, Romawa sun sami yawancin mazauna sun mutu, sun zaɓi kashe kansa maimakon kamawa.[104] Duk da haka, binciken binciken kayan tarihi na zamani da fassarorin masana sun ƙalubalanci labarin Josephus.Babu wata bayyananniyar shaida na kisan kai, kuma wasu sun nuna cewa an kashe masu kare a yakin ko kuma Romawa suka kama su.[105]Duk da muhawarar tarihi, Masada ta kasance alama ce mai ƙarfi ta jarumtakar Yahudawa da tsayin daka a cikin asalin ƙasar Isra'ila, wanda galibi ke da alaƙa da jigogi na jarumtaka da sadaukarwa a kan babban kuskure.[106]
Sauran Yakin
Sauran Yakin ©Anonymous
115 Jan 1 - 117

Sauran Yakin

Judea and Samaria Area
Yaƙin Kitos (115-117 CE), wani ɓangare na yaƙe-yaƙe na Yahudawa-Romawa (66-136 AZ), ya barke a lokacin Yaƙin Parthian na Trajan.Tawayen Yahudawa a Cyrenaica, Cyprus, daMasar sun kai ga kisan gillar da aka yi wa sojojin Roma da ’yan ƙasa.Waɗannan tashe-tashen hankula martani ne ga mulkin Romawa, kuma ƙarfinsu ya ƙaru saboda yadda sojojin Roma suka mayar da hankali kan iyakar gabas.Janar Lusius Quietes ne ya jagoranci martanin Romawa, wanda sunansa daga baya ya koma "Kitos," yana ba da rikici take.Kwanciyar hankali ya taimaka wajen murkushe masu tayar da kayar baya, wanda galibi yakan haifar da barna mai tsanani da raguwar al'ummar yankunan da abin ya shafa.Don magance wannan, Romawa sun sake tsugunar da waɗannan yankuna.A Yahudiya, shugaban Yahudawa Lukas, bayan nasarar farko, ya gudu bayan harin da Romawa suka kai masa.Marcius Turbo, wani Janar na Romawa, ya bi 'yan tawayen, yana kashe manyan shugabannin kamar Julian da Pappus.Sai Quietus ya ɗauki umarni a Yahudiya, ya kewaye Lidda inda aka kashe ’yan tawaye da yawa, ciki har da Pappus da Julian.Talmud ya ambaci “wanda aka kashe na Lydda” da daraja sosai.Sakamakon rikicin ya ga matsayin dindindin na Legio VI Ferrata a Caesarea Maritima, wanda ke nuna ci gaba da tashin hankali na Romawa a cikin Yahudiya.Wannan yakin, ko da yake ba a san shi ba fiye da sauran kamar Yaƙin Yahudawa na Farko da Romawa, yana da mahimmanci a cikin dangantaka mai rudani tsakanin yawan Yahudawa da Daular Roma.
Bar Kokhba Revolt
Tawayen Bar Kokhba- 'Tsaya na Ƙarshe a Betar' zuwa ƙarshen tawaye- juriyar Yahudawa a Betar yayin da suke fafatawa da sojojin Romawa. ©Peter Dennis
132 Jan 1 - 136

Bar Kokhba Revolt

Judea and Samaria Area
Tawayen Bar Kokhba (132-136 CE), wanda Simon bar Kokhba ya jagoranta, shi ne Yaƙin Yahudawa-Romawa na uku kuma na ƙarshe.[107] Wannan tawaye, amsa ga manufofin Romawa a Yahudiya, ciki har da kafa Aelia Capitolina a kan rushewar Urushalima da haikalin Jupiter a kan Dutsen Haikali, da farko ya yi nasara. Bar Kokhba, wanda mutane da yawa suka gani a matsayin Almasihu, ya kafa wata ƙasa ta wucin gadi. samun fadi da goyon baya.Koyaya, martanin Romawa yana da ban tsoro.Sarkin sarakuna Hadrian ya tura dakaru mai yawa a karkashin Sextus Julius Severus, daga karshe ya murkushe tawaye a shekara ta 134 AZ.[108] An kashe Bar Kokhba a Betar a shekara ta 135, kuma sauran 136 sun yi nasara a kan 'yan tawayen ko kuma suka bautar da su.Abin da ya biyo bayan tawayen ya yi muni ga Yahudawan Yahudiya, tare da kashe-kashen rayuka, kora, da kuma bauta.[109] Asarar Romawa kuma sun yi yawa, wanda ya kai ga wargajewar Legio XXII Deiotariana.[110] Bayan tawaye, al'ummar yahudawa sun karkata daga Yahudiya zuwa Galili, kuma Romawa suka kafa tsauraran dokoki na addini, gami da hana Yahudawa daga Urushalima.[111 <>] A cikin ƙarnuka masu zuwa, ƙarin Yahudawa sun bar wa al'ummomin ƙasashen waje, musamman ma manya, al'ummomin Yahudawa masu girma cikin sauri a Babila da Larabawa.Rashin gazawar tawayen ya haifar da sake kimanta imani na Almasihu a cikin Yahudanci kuma ya nuna ƙarin bambance-bambance tsakanin Yahudanci da Kiristanci na Farko.Talmud ya kwatanta Bar Kokhba a matsayin "Ben Koziva" ('Dan yaudara'), yana nuna matsayinsa na Almasihu na ƙarya.[112]Bayan da aka murƙushe tawayen Bar Kokhba, an sake gina Urushalima a matsayin mulkin mallaka na Roma da sunan Aelia Capitolina, kuma lardin Yahudiya ya koma Siriya Palaestina.
Late Roman Period a cikin Levant
Late Roman Period. ©Anonymous
136 Jan 1 - 390

Late Roman Period a cikin Levant

Judea and Samaria Area
Bayan tawayen Bar Kokhba, Yahudiya ta ga canje-canjen al’umma.Al'ummar Maguzawa daga Siriya, Finisiya, da Larabawa sun zauna a cikin karkara, [113] yayin da Aelia Capitolina da sauran cibiyoyin gudanarwa suka zama tsoffin tsoffin sojojin Romawa da mazauna daga sassan yammacin daular.[114]Romawa sun ƙyale Uban Uban, "Nasi," daga House of Hillel, ya wakilci al'ummar Yahudawa.Juda ha-Nasi, sanannen Nasi, ya tattara Mishnah kuma ya nanata ilimi, da gangan ya sa wasu Yahudawa jahilai su koma Kiristanci.[115] Darussan Yahudawa a Shefaram da Bet Shearim sun ci gaba da karatu, kuma mafi kyawun malamai sun shiga Sanhedrin, da farko a Sepphoris, sannan a Tiberias.[116] Yawancin majami'u daga wannan lokacin a Galili [117] da wurin binne shugabannin Sanhedrin a Beit She'arim [118] suna nuna ci gaban rayuwar addinin Yahudawa.A cikin karni na 3, yawan harajin Romawa da rikicin tattalin arziki ya haifar da ci gaba da ƙaura yahudawa zuwa daular Sasaniya mai haƙuri, inda al'ummomin Yahudawa da makarantun Talmudic suka bunƙasa.[119] Karni na 4 ya ga manyan ci gaba a karkashin Sarkin sarakuna Constantine.Ya mai da Konstantinoful helkwatar Daular Roma ta Gabas kuma ya halatta Kiristanci.Mahaifiyarsa, Helena, ta jagoranci gina muhimman wuraren Kirista a Urushalima.[120] Urushalima, wanda aka sake masa suna daga Aelia Capitolina, ya zama birni na Kirista, tare da hana Yahudawa zama a wurin amma an yarda su ziyarci rugujewar Haikali.[120 <] > Wannan zamanin kuma ya shaida ƙoƙarin Kirista na kawar da arna, wanda ya kai ga lalata haikalin Romawa.[121] A cikin 351-2, tawayen Yahudawa ga gwamnan Roma Constantius Gallus ya faru a Galili.[122]
Lokacin Byzantine a cikin Levant
Heraclius mayar da Gaskiya Cross zuwa Urushalima, 15th-karni zanen. ©Miguel Ximénez
390 Jan 1 - 634

Lokacin Byzantine a cikin Levant

Judea and Samaria Area
A lokacin zamanin Rumawa (wanda ya fara daga 390 AZ), yankin da ya kasance wani yanki na daular Roma ya zama Kiristanci a karkashin mulkin Rumawa. Wannan sauyin ya ci gaba da kwararowar mahajjata Kirista da gina majami'u a wuraren Littafi Mai Tsarki.[123] .[124]Al'ummar Yahudawa a Falasdinu sun fuskanci koma baya, inda suka rasa matsayinsu mafi rinjaye a karni na hudu.[125 <>] Ƙuntatawa ga Yahudawa ya ƙaru, ciki har da haramcin gina sababbin wuraren ibada, da rike mukaman gwamnati, da mallakar bayi Kirista.[126] An rushe shugabancin Yahudawa, ciki har da ofishin Nasi da Majalisar Sanhedrin, a cikin 425, tare da cibiyar Yahudawa a Babila ta yi fice daga baya.[123]Ƙarni na 5 da na 6 sun ga Samariyawa sun yi tawaye ga mulkin Byzantine, waɗanda aka danne, suna rage tasirin Samariyawa da ƙarfafa ikon Kiristanci.[127 <] > Bayanan tuban Yahudawa da Samariyawa zuwa Kiristanci a wannan lokacin suna da iyaka kuma galibi sun shafi daidaikun mutane maimakon al'ummomi.[128]A cikin 611, Khosrow II na Sassanid Farisa , da taimakon sojojin Yahudawa, ya mamaye Urushalima kuma ya kama shi.[129 <] > Kamun ya haɗa da kama “Greece ta gaskiya”.An naɗa Nehemiah ben Hushiel gwamnan Urushalima.A cikin 628, bayan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da Rumawa, Kavad II ya mayar da Palestine da Giciye na Gaskiya ga Rumawa.Wannan ya kai ga kisan gillar da Heraclius ya yi wa Yahudawa a Galili da Urushalima, wanda kuma ya sabunta dokar hana Yahudawa shiga Urushalima.[130]
Tawayen Samariya
Byzantine Levant ©Anonymous
484 Jan 1 - 573

Tawayen Samariya

Samaria
Tawayen Samariya (a shekara ta 484-573 CE) sun kasance jerin tada zaune tsaye a lardin Palaestina Prima, inda Samariyawa suka yi tawaye ga Daular Roma ta Gabas.Wadannan tawaye sun haifar da gagarumin tashin hankali da raguwar yawan jama'ar Samariya, tare da sake fasalin al'ummar yankin.Bayan yaƙe-yaƙe na Yahudawa-Romawa, Yahudawa ba su da yawa a cikin Yahudiya, tare da Samariyawa da Kiristocin Byzantine suka cika wannan gurɓacewar.Al’ummar Samariyawa sun sami zamanin zinariya, musamman a ƙarƙashin Baba Rabba (wato 288-362 CE), wanda ya gyara kuma ya ƙarfafa al’ummar Samariya.Duk da haka, wannan lokacin ya ƙare lokacin da sojojin Rumawa suka kama Baba Rabba.[131]Tashin hankali (484)Tsanantawar da sarki Zeno ya yi wa Samariyawa a Neapolis ya haifar da babbar tawaye ta farko.Samariyawa, karkashin jagorancin Justa, sun rama ta wurin kashe Kiristoci da kuma lalata coci a Neapolis.Sojojin Rumawa ne suka murkushe tawayen, kuma Zeno ya kafa coci a Dutsen Gerizim, wanda ya kara tsananta tunanin Samariyawa.[132]Rikicin Samariya (495)Wani tawaye ya faru a cikin 495 a ƙarƙashin Sarkin sarakuna Anastasius I, inda Samariyawa suka sake mamaye Dutsen Gerizim na ɗan lokaci amma hukumomin Byzantine suka sake murkushe su.[132]Ben Sabar Revolt (529-531)Juliyanus ben Sabar ne ya jagoranci tawaye mafi muni, a matsayin martani ga hani da dokokin Rumawa suka yi.Kamfen na kin jinin kiristoci na Ben Sabar ya gamu da gagarumin tsayin daka na Larabawa na Byzantine da Ghassanid, wanda ya kai ga shan kaye da kisa.Wannan tawaye ya yi matukar rage yawan jama'ar Samariyawa da kasancewarsu a yankin.[132]Tawayen Samariya (556)An dakile wani tawaye na haɗin gwiwa na Samariya da Yahudawa a shekara ta 556, tare da sakamako mai tsanani ga ’yan tawayen.[132]Tawaye (572)Wani tawaye a 572/573 (ko 578) ya faru a zamanin mulkin Sarkin Bizantium Justin II , wanda ya haifar da ƙarin ƙuntatawa akan Samariyawa.[132]Bayan hakaTawayen sun yi matukar rage yawan mutanen Samariya, wanda ya kara raguwa a zamanin Musulunci.Samariyawa sun fuskanci wariya da tsanantawa, inda adadinsu ya ci gaba da raguwa saboda tuba da matsin tattalin arziki.[133 <] > Waɗannan tawayen sun nuna gagarumin sauyi a yanayin addini da alƙaluma na yankin, tare da raguwar tasirin al'ummar Samariya da adadinsu sosai, wanda ya ba da damar mamaye sauran ƙungiyoyin addini.
Yaƙin Sasaniyan na Urushalima
Faduwar Urushalima ©Anonymous
614 Apr 1 - May

Yaƙin Sasaniyan na Urushalima

Jerusalem, Israel
Yakin Sasaniya na Kudus wani muhimmin lamari ne a yakin Byzantine-Sasaniya na 602-628, wanda ya faru a farkon shekara ta 614. A cikin rikici, Sarkin Sasaniya Khosrow II ya nada Shahrbaraz, spahbod (shugaban sojoji), ya jagoranci kai hari. cikin Diocese na Gabashin Daular Byzantine .A karkashin Shahrbaraz, sojojin Sasaniya sun sami nasara a Antakiya da kuma a Caesarea Maritima, babban birnin gudanarwa na Palaestina Prima.[134 <>] A wannan lokacin, babbar tashar jiragen ruwa ta ciki ta yi rufin asiri kuma ba ta da amfani, amma birnin ya ci gaba da kasancewa muhimmiyar tashar ruwa bayan da Sarkin Byzantine Anastasius I Dicorus ya ba da umarnin sake gina tashar jiragen ruwa.Nasarar kwace birnin da tashar jiragen ruwa ya baiwa Daular Sasani ta hanyar dabarun shiga Tekun Bahar Rum.[135] Ci gaban Sasaniyawa ya kasance tare da fashewar tawayen Yahudawa ga Heraclius;sojojin Sasaniya sun haɗu da Nehemiah ben Hushiel [136] da Biliyaminu na Tiberias, waɗanda suka yi rajista da kuma makamai Yahudawa daga ko'ina cikin Galili, ciki har da biranen Tiberias da Nazarat.Gabaɗaya, ’yan tawayen Yahudawa 20,000 zuwa 26,000 ne suka shiga farmakin Sasaniya a Urushalima.[137 <>] A tsakiyar shekara ta 614, Yahudawa da Sasaniyawa sun mamaye birnin, amma majiyoyi sun bambanta a kan ko hakan ya faru ba tare da juriya ba [134] ko kuma bayan wani shinge da keta bango da bindigogi.Bayan da Sasaniyawa suka kwace birnin Kudus dubun dubatar Kiristocin Rumawa ne ‘yan tawayen yahudawa suka yi wa kisan kiyashi.
Yakuwar Musulmi Na Zahiri
Yakuwar Musulmi Na Zahiri ©HistoryMaps
634 Jan 1 - 638

Yakuwar Musulmi Na Zahiri

Levant
Yakin musulmi na Levant , wanda kuma aka sani da mamaye Larabawa na Siriya, ya faru tsakanin 634 zuwa 638 CE.Ya kasance wani ɓangare na yakin Larabawa-Byzantine kuma ya biyo bayan fada tsakanin Larabawa da Rumawa a lokacin rayuwarMuhammadu , musamman yakin Mu'tah a 629 AD.Yakin ya fara ne shekaru biyu bayan rasuwar Muhammad a karkashin halifofin Rashidun Abubakar da Umar bn al-Khattab, inda Khalid bn al-Walid ya taka rawar soja.Gabanin mamayewar Larabawa, Siriya ta kasance karkashin mulkin Rum tsawon shekaru aru-aru, kuma ta shaida mamayewar Farisawa Sassanid da hare-hare daga abokan Larabawa, Lakhmids.Yankin, wanda Romawa suka sake masa suna Palaestina, ya rabu a siyasance kuma ya haɗa da al'ummar Aramaic da Girkanci, da Larabawa, musamman Kirista Ghassanids.A jajibirin yakar musulmi, daular Rumawa tana murmurewa daga yaƙe-yaƙe na Rum da Farisa , kuma tana kan aiwatar da sake gina iko a Siriya da Falasdinu, wanda aka yi hasarar kusan shekaru ashirin.Larabawa karkashin Abu Bakr, sun shirya wani balaguron soji zuwa yankin Rumawa, inda suka fara fafatawa na farko.Dabarun na Khalid bn al-Walid sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen shawo kan kariyar Rumawa.Tattakin da musulmi suka yi ta cikin hamadar Sham, wata hanya da ba ta saba da al'ada ba, wata hanya ce mai mahimmanci da ta zarce sojojin Rumawa.A matakin farko na yakar dai sojojin musulmi karkashin kwamandoji daban-daban sun kwace yankuna daban-daban a kasar Siriya.Muhimman yaƙe-yaƙe sun haɗa da gamuwa da juna a Ajnadayn, Yarmouk, da kewayen Damascus, wanda daga ƙarshe ya faɗa hannun musulmi.Kame Damascus yana da mahimmanci, wanda ke nuna gagarumin sauyi a yakin musulmi.Bayan Damascus, musulmi sun ci gaba da ci gaba, suna tabbatar da tsaron sauran manyan garuruwa da yankuna.Jagorancin Khalid bn al-Walid ya taka rawar gani a lokacin wadannan kamfen, musamman wajen kame muhimman wurare cikin sauri da dabaru.Yakin arewacin Siriya ya biyo bayan yaƙe-yaƙe kamar yaƙin Hazir da kewayen Aleppo.Garuruwa irinsu Antakiya sun mika wuya ga musulmi, wanda hakan ya kara karfafa karfinsu a yankin.Sojojin Byzantine, sun raunana kuma sun kasa yin tsayin daka sosai, sun ja da baya.Tashin sarki Heraclius daga Antakiya zuwa Konstantinoful alama ce ta ƙarshen ikon Byzantine a Siriya.Dakarun musulmi karkashin jagorancin kwamandoji irin su Khalid da Abu Ubaidah, sun nuna kwarewa da dabarun soji a duk lokacin yakin.Yakin musulmi na Levant yana da tasiri mai zurfi.Hakan ya kawo karshen shekaru aru-aru na mulkin Rumawa da Rumawa a yankin da kuma kafa mamayar Larabawa musulmi.Har ila yau, wannan lokacin ya ga canje-canje masu mahimmanci a cikin yanayin zamantakewa, al'adu, da addini na Levant, tare da yaduwar Musulunci da harshen Larabci.Yakin ya kafa ginshikin zamanin zinare na Musulunci da kuma fadada mulkin musulmi zuwa sauran sassan duniya.
636 - 1291
Halifancin Musulunci & 'Yan Salibiyyaornament
Zamanin Musulmai na Farko a cikin Levant
Musulman Levant. ©Anonymous
636 Jan 1 00:01 - 1099

Zamanin Musulmai na Farko a cikin Levant

Levant
Yunkurin da Larabawa suka yi wa Levant a shekara ta 635 AD a karkashin Umar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb ya haifar da sauye-sauye na al'umma.Yankin da aka sake masa suna Bilad al-Sham, ya sami raguwar yawan jama'a daga kimanin miliyan 1 a zamanin Rumawa da Rumawa zuwa kusan 300,000 a farkon zamanin Ottoman.Wannan sauye-sauyen al'umma ya samo asali ne sakamakon abubuwa da dama da suka hada da gudun hijirar wadanda ba musulmi ba, da hijirar musulmi, da musulunta a cikin gida, da kuma tsarin musulunta a hankali.[138]Bayan da aka ci galaba ne, kabilun larabawa suka zauna a yankin, suna ba da gudunmawa wajen yada addinin Musulunci.Al'ummar musulmi sun karu a hankali, sun zama masu rinjaye a siyasance da zamantakewa.[139] Yawancin Kiristoci da Samariyawa daga manyan rukunin Rumawa sun yi ƙaura zuwa arewacin Siriya, Cyprus, da sauran yankuna, wanda ya haifar da raguwar garuruwan da ke bakin teku.Wadannan garuruwa, kamar Ashkelon, Acre, Arsuf, da Gaza, Musulmai ne suka sake tsugunar da su kuma suka ci gaba da zama manyan cibiyoyin musulmi.[140 <>] kuma yankin Samariya ya fuskanci musulunta saboda musulunta da shigowar musulmi.[138] An kafa gundumomin soja guda biyu - Jund Filastin da Jund al-Urdunn - a cikin Falasdinu.Haramcin da Byzantine ya yi wa Yahudawan da ke zama a Urushalima ya ƙare.Halin al'umma ya kara tasowa a karkashin mulkin Abbasiyawa, musamman bayan girgizar kasa na 749.Wannan lokacin ya ga karuwar ƙaura na Yahudawa, Kirista, da Samariyawa zuwa al'ummomin waje, yayin da waɗanda suka saura sukan karɓi Musulunci.Mutanen Samariya musamman sun fuskanci ƙalubale masu tsanani kamar fari, girgizar ƙasa, tsanantawa addini, da haraji mai yawa, wanda ya haifar da raguwa mai yawa da musulunta.[139]A cikin waɗannan sauye-sauyen, jujjuyawar tilastawa ba ta yaɗu ba, kuma tasirin harajin jizya akan jujjuyawar addini ba a bayyane yake ba.Ya zuwa lokacin 'yan Salibiyya, yawan musulmi, duk da cewa yana karuwa, amma har yanzu tsiraru ne a yankin da ke da rinjayen Kirista.[139]
Mulkin &#39;Yan Salibiyya na Urushalima
Crusader Knight. ©HistoryMaps
1099 Jan 1 - 1291

Mulkin 'Yan Salibiyya na Urushalima

Jerusalem, Israel
A shekara ta 1095, Paparoma Urban na biyu ya kaddamar da yakin Crusse na farko don kwato birnin Kudus daga hannun musulmi.[141 <] > Wannan yaƙe-yaƙe da aka fara a wannan shekarar, ya kai ga nasarar mamaye Urushalima a shekara ta 1099 da kuma mamaye wasu muhimman wurare kamar Beit She'an da Tiberias.'Yan Salibiyya sun kuma kame garuruwan bakin teku da dama tare da taimakon jiragen ruwan Italiya, inda suka kafa matsuguni masu mahimmanci a yankin.[142]Crusade na Farko ya haifar da samuwar Jihohin Salibiyya a cikin Levant, inda Masarautar Kudus ta kasance mafi shahara.Wadannan jahohin galibinsu Musulmai ne, Kirista, Yahudawa, da Samariyawa, inda ‘Yan Salibiyya a matsayin ‘yan tsiraru ne suka dogara ga al’ummar yankin wajen noma.Duk da gina gine-gine da sanduna da yawa, 'yan Salibiyya sun kasa kafa matsugunan Turai na dindindin.[142]Rikici ya yi kamari a shekara ta 1180 lokacin da Raynald na Châtillon, mai mulkin Transjordan, ya tunzura Ayyubid Sultan Saladin.Wannan ya kai ga cin nasara a yakin Hattin na 1187, da kuma mamaye Urushalima cikin lumana da Saladin ya yi da mafi yawan tsohuwar Masarautar Kudus.Crusade na uku a 1190, martani ga asarar Urushalima, ya ƙare tare da Yarjejeniyar Jaffa ta 1192.Richard the Lionheart da Saladin sun amince da kyale Kiristoci su yi aikin hajji a wurare masu tsarki, yayin da Kudus ta kasance karkashin ikon musulmi.[143 <] > A cikin 1229, a lokacin yaƙin yaƙi na shida, an miƙa Urushalima cikin lumana ga ikon Kirista ta hanyar yarjejeniya tsakanin Frederick II da Ayyubid sultan al-Kamil.[144] Duk da haka, a cikin 1244, Khwarezmian Tatars sun lalata Urushalima, waɗanda suka cutar da Kiristanci da Yahudawa na birnin.[145 <] > Ayyubid sun kori Khwarezmiya a shekara ta 1247.
Lokacin Mamluk a cikin Levant
Mamluk Warrior a Misira. ©HistoryMaps
1291 Jan 1 - 1517

Lokacin Mamluk a cikin Levant

Levant
Tsakanin 1258 zuwa 1291, yankin ya fuskanci tashin hankali a matsayin iyaka tsakanin mahara Mongol , lokaci-lokaci tare da 'yan Salibiyya , daMamluks naMasar .Wannan rikici ya haifar da raguwar yawan jama'a da matsalolin tattalin arziki.Mamluk dai galibinsu ‘yan asalin kasar Turkiyya ne, kuma ana saye su tun suna yara sannan kuma aka horar da su kan yaki.Sun kasance jarumawa masu daraja sosai, waɗanda suka ba wa masu mulki 'yancin kai na 'yan mulkin mallaka.A kasar Masar sun karbe ragamar mulkin kasar biyo bayan wani hari da 'yan Salibiyya suka yi musu (Crusade na bakwai).Mamluk sun mamaye Masar kuma suka fadada mulkinsu zuwa Palastinu.Mamluk Sultan na farko Qutuz ya yi galaba a kan Mongolawa a yakin Ain Jalut, amma Baibars suka kashe shi, wanda ya gaje shi ya kawar da mafi yawan sansanonin 'yan Salibiyya.Mamluks sun yi mulkin Falasdinu har zuwa 1516, game da ita a matsayin wani yanki na Siriya.A Hebron, Yahudawa sun fuskanci ƙuntatawa a Kogon Kakanni, wani muhimmin wuri a cikin addinin Yahudanci, iyakance wanda ya ci gaba har zuwa Yaƙin Kwanaki Shida.[146]Al-Ashraf Khalil, Sarkin Mamluk, ya kwace tungar 'yan Salibiyya ta karshe a shekara ta 1291. Mamluks, ci gaba da manufofin Ayyubid, sun lalata yankunan bakin teku daga Taya zuwa Gaza da dabara don hana kai hare-hare a tekun 'yan Salibiyya.Wannan barnar ta haifar da raguwar yawan jama'a da koma bayan tattalin arziki a wadannan yankuna.[147]Al'ummar Yahudawa a Falasdinu sun ga farfadowa tare da kwararar Yahudawan Sephardic bayan korar su dagaSpain a 1492 da kuma tsanantawa a Portugal a 1497. A karkashin Mamluk da kuma daga baya mulkin Ottoman , wadannan Sephardic Yahudawa sun zama mafi rinjaye a cikin birane kamar Safed da Jerusalem, sabanin da galibin al'ummar Yahudawan Musta'arbi na karkara.[148]
1517 - 1917
Dokar Ottomanornament
Lokacin Ottoman a cikin Levant
Ottoman Syria. ©HistoryMaps
1517 Jan 1 - 1917

Lokacin Ottoman a cikin Levant

Syria
Ottoman Siriya, wanda ya tashi daga farkon karni na 16 zuwa bayan yakin duniya na daya , lokaci ne da ke da gagarumin canje-canje na siyasa, zamantakewa, da al'umma.Bayan da Daular Usmaniyya ta mamaye yankin a shekara ta 1516, an shigar da ita cikin manyan yankuna na daular, wanda ya kawo kwanciyar hankali bayan tashin hankalinMamluk .Daular Usmaniyya ta shirya yankin zuwa sassan gudanarwa da dama, inda Damascus ta zama babbar cibiyar mulki da kasuwanci.Mulkin daular ya bullo da sabbin tsare-tsare na haraji, mallakar filaye, da tsarin mulki, wanda ya yi tasiri sosai ga tsarin zamantakewa da tattalin arzikin yankin.Yunkurin da Ottoman ya yi a yankin ya haifar da ci gaba da yin hijira na Yahudawa da ke gujewa zalunci a Turai na Katolika.Wannan yanayin, wanda ya faro a ƙarƙashin mulkin Mamluk, ya ga yawan yahudawan Sephardic, waɗanda a ƙarshe suka mamaye al'ummar Yahudawa a yankin.[148] A cikin 1558, mulkin Selim na II, wanda matarsa ​​Bayahudiya Nurbanu Sultan ta rinjaye shi, [149] ya ga ikon Tiberias da aka ba Doña Gracia Mendes Nasi.Ta ƙarfafa Yahudawa 'yan gudun hijira su zauna a wurin kuma ta kafa wurin buga littattafai na Ibrananci a cikin Safed, wanda ya zama cibiyar nazarin Kabbalah.A lokacin Ottoman, Siriya ta fuskanci yanayin yanayin al'umma daban-daban.Galibin jama'ar musulmi ne, amma akwai manyan al'ummomin Kirista da Yahudawa.Manufofin addini masu juriyar juriya na daular sun ba da dama ga wani matakin 'yancin addini, yana haɓaka al'umma mai al'adu da yawa.A wannan lokacin kuma an samu shigowar kabilu da addinai daban-daban, wanda ya kara habaka kaset din al'adun yankin.Biranen kamar Dimashƙu, Aleppo, da Urushalima sun zama cibiyoyi masu bunƙasa na kasuwanci, ilimi, da ayyukan addini.Yankin ya fuskanci tashin hankali a cikin 1660 saboda gwagwarmayar ikon Druze, wanda ya haifar da lalata Safed da Tiberias.[150] Ƙarni na 18 da na 19 sun shaida haɓakar ikon gida suna ƙalubalantar ikon Ottoman.A karshen karni na 18, Masarautar Sheikh Zahir al-Umar mai cin gashin kanta a yankin Galili ta kalubalanci mulkin Ottoman, wanda ke nuna raunin tsakiyar daular Usmaniyya.[151 <] > Waɗannan shugabannin yankin sukan fara gudanar da ayyukan raya ababen more rayuwa, noma, da kasuwanci, tare da barin tasiri mai ɗorewa ga tattalin arzikin yankin da yanayin birane.Aikin ɗan gajeren lokaci na Napoleon a cikin 1799 ya haɗa da tsare-tsare na ƙasar Yahudawa, wanda aka watsar bayan ya sha kashi a Acre.[152 <>] A cikin 1831, Muhammad Ali na Masar, wani sarkin Daular Usmaniyya wanda ya bar daular kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya zamanantar daMasar , ya ci Siriya da Ottoman tare da sanya aikin soja, wanda ya haifar da tawayen Larabawa.[153]Karni na 19 ya kawo tasirin tattalin arziki da siyasa na Turai ga Ottoman Syria, tare da sauye-sauyen cikin gida a zamanin Tanzimat.Wadannan gyare-gyaren da aka yi da nufin sabunta daular sun hada da bullo da sabbin tsare-tsare na shari'a da gudanarwa, gyare-gyaren ilimi, da kuma mai da hankali kan daidaiton hakkoki ga 'yan kasa.Duk da haka, waɗannan sauye-sauyen sun kuma haifar da tashin hankali na al'umma da ƙungiyoyin kishin ƙasa a tsakanin kabilu da addinai daban-daban, wanda ya kafa tushen tsarin siyasa mai sarƙaƙƙiya na karni na 20.Yarjejeniyar a 1839 tsakanin Moses Montefiore da Muhammed Pasha na ƙauyukan yahudawa a Damascus Eyalet ya kasance ba a aiwatar da shi ba saboda janyewar Masar a 1840. [154] A 1896, Yahudawa sun zama mafi rinjaye a Urushalima, [ [155] amma gabaɗayan al'ummar Falasdinu sun kasance 88% Musulmi kuma 9% Kirista.[156]Aliyah na farko, daga 1882 zuwa 1903, ya ga Yahudawa kusan 35,000 sun yi ƙaura zuwa Falasdinu, galibi daga Daular Rasha saboda ƙara tsanantawa.[157] Yahudawan Rasha sun kafa matsugunan noma kamar Petah Tikva da Rishon LeZion, wanda Baron Rothschild ke goyan bayan. Yawancin bakin haure na farko ba su sami aiki ba kuma suka tafi, amma duk da matsalolin, ƙarin ƙauyuka sun taso kuma al'umma ta haɓaka.Bayan da Ottoman suka mamaye Yaman a shekara ta 1881, yawan Yahudawan Yaman ma sun yi hijira zuwa Falasdinu, wanda yawancin al'adun Almasihu ke jagoranta.[158 <] > A cikin 1896, "Der Judenstaat" na Theodor Herzl ya ba da shawarar kafa ƙasar Yahudawa a matsayin mafita ga kyamar Yahudawa, wanda ya kai ga kafa Ƙungiyar Sahyoniyya ta Duniya a 1897. [159.]Aliya ta biyu, daga 1904 zuwa 1914, ta kawo kusan yahudawa 40,000 zuwa yankin, tare da kungiyar Sahayoniya ta Duniya ta kafa tsarin matsuguni.[160 <>] A cikin 1909 mazauna Jaffa sun sayi filaye a wajen bangon birnin kuma suka gina gari na farko da ake magana da Ibrananci, Ahuzat Bayit (wanda daga baya aka sake masa suna Tel Aviv).[161]A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, Yahudawa sun fi tallafa wa Jamus a yaƙi da Rasha .[162] Birtaniya , neman goyon bayan Yahudawa , an rinjayi ra'ayi na rinjayar Yahudawa da nufin tabbatar da goyon bayan Yahudawa Yahudawa .Tausayin Birtaniyya ga yahudawan sahyoniya, gami da daga firaminista Lloyd George, ya haifar da manufofin fifita muradun yahudawa.[163] Sama da Yahudawa 14,000 ne Daular Usmaniyya ta kori daga Jaffa a tsakanin 1914 da 1915, da kuma korar baki daya a 1917 ta shafi dukkan mazauna Jaffa da Tel Aviv har zuwa lokacin da Birtaniyya ta mamaye a 1918. [164.]Shekarun karshe na mulkin daular Usmaniyya a kasar Siriya sun kasance a cikin rudanin yakin duniya na daya. Daidaiton daular ta yi da kasashen tsakiya da kuma tawaye na Larabawa da Birtaniya ke marawa baya, ya raunana ikon daular Usmaniyya.Bayan yakin, yerjejeniyar Sykes-Picot da yerjejeniyar Sèvres ta kai ga raba lardunan Larabawa na Daular Usmaniyya, wanda ya haifar da kawo karshen mulkin Ottoman a Siriya.Birtaniya, Faransanci , da Larabawa sun mamaye yankin Falasdinu a ƙarƙashin dokar yaƙi har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa wa'adin a 1920.
1917 Nov 2

Sanarwar Balfour

England, UK
Sanarwar Balfour, wacce Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta fitar a cikin 1917, wani lokaci ne mai muhimmanci a tarihin Gabas ta Tsakiya.Ta bayyana goyon bayan Birtaniyya ga kafa "gidan kasa ga Yahudawa" a cikin Falasdinu, sannan yankin Ottoman tare da 'yan tsirarun Yahudawa.Sakataren Harkokin Waje Arthur Balfour ne ya rubuta shi kuma ya yi jawabi ga Lord Rothschild, shugaban al’ummar Yahudawan Burtaniya, an yi shi ne don tara goyon bayan Yahudawa ga abokan kawance a yakin duniya na daya .Asalin sanarwar yana cikin la'akarin lokacin yaƙi na gwamnatin Burtaniya.Bayan ayyana yakin da suka yi a shekarar 1914 kan Daular Usmaniyya, Majalisar Ministocin yakin Burtaniya, wanda memban majalisar ministocin Sahayoniya Herbert Samuel ya rinjayi, ya fara nazarin ra'ayin goyon bayan burin sahyoniyawan.Wannan wani bangare ne na dabarun da ya fi dacewa don tabbatar da goyon bayan yahudawa ga yunkurin yaki.David Lloyd George, wanda ya zama Firayim Minista a watan Disamba na 1916, ya fi son raba mulkin Ottoman, wanda ya bambanta da wanda ya gabace shi Asquith don gyarawa.Tattaunawar farko ta farko da shugabannin sahyoniyawan ya faru ne a cikin watan Fabrairun 1917, wanda ya kai ga bukatar Balfour na daftarin shela daga shugabancin sahyoniyawan.Yanayin sakin sanarwar yana da mahimmanci.Ya zuwa ƙarshen 1917, yaƙin ya ci tura, tare da manyan ƙawayen Amurka kamar Amurka da Rasha ba su cika cika alkawari ba.Yaƙin Biyer-sheba a watan Oktoba 1917 ya karya wannan ƙulli, ya zo daidai da izini na ƙarshe na sanarwar.Birtaniyya sun gan shi a matsayin kayan aiki don samun goyon bayan yahudawa a duniya don manufar kawance.Sanarwar da kanta ba ta da tabbas, ta yin amfani da kalmar "gidan ƙasa" ba tare da bayyanannen ma'anar ko ƙayyadaddun iyakoki ga Falasdinu ba.Yana da nufin daidaita muradin yahudawan sahyoniya da haƙƙoƙin mafi rinjayen da ba Yahudawa ba a Falasdinu.Bangaren karshe na sanarwar, wanda ya kara da cewa masu adawa da shi, ya jaddada kare hakkin Larabawa Falasdinu da Yahudawa a wasu kasashe.Tasirinsa ya kasance mai zurfi kuma mai dorewa.Ya ba da goyon baya ga Sihiyoniyanci a duk duniya kuma ya zama mai mahimmanci ga Dokar Birtaniya na Falasdinu.Duk da haka, ta kuma shuka tsaba a rikicin da ke faruwa tsakanin Isra'ila da Falasdinu.Daidaituwar sanarwar da alkawuran Birtaniya ga Sharif na Makka ya kasance wani batu na cece-kuce.A baya-bayan nan, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta amince da sa ido na rashin yin la'akari da muradun al'ummar Larabawa, abin da ya haifar da kima na tarihi na sanarwar.
1920 - 1948
Falasdinu tilasornament
Falasdinu tilas
Zanga-zangar Yahudawa na adawa da White Paper a Urushalima a 1939 ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1920 Jan 1 00:01 - 1948

Falasdinu tilas

Palestine
Falasdinu ta wajaba, wacce ta kasance daga 1920 zuwa 1948, yanki ne da ke karkashin gwamnatin Birtaniyya kamar yadda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta tanada bayan yakin duniya na daya. Wannan lokacin ya biyo bayan tawayen Larabawa da suka yi wa mulkin Ottoman da yakin sojan Burtaniya wanda ya kori Ottoman daga hannun Levant.[165] An tsara yanayin yanayin siyasar bayan yakin ta hanyar alkawura da yarjejeniyoyin da suka saba wa juna: Maganar McMahon-Hussein, wanda ke nuna 'yancin kai na Larabawa don musanya tawaye ga Ottomans, da Yarjejeniyar Sykes-Picot tsakanin Birtaniya da Faransa, wanda ya raba yankin, wanda Larabawa ke gani a matsayin cin amana.Wani abin da ya kara dagula al'amura shi ne sanarwar Balfour ta 1917, inda Birtaniya ta nuna goyon bayanta ga "gidan kasa" na Yahudawa a Falasdinu, wanda ya ci karo da alkawuran da aka yi a baya ga shugabannin Larabawa.Bayan yakin, Birtaniya da Faransa sun kafa gwamnatin hadin gwiwa a kan tsoffin yankunan Ottoman, inda daga baya Birtaniya ta sami halaccin ikon mallakar Falasdinu ta hanyar wa'adin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a 1922. Wa'adin yana da nufin shirya yankin don samun 'yancin kai daga karshe.[166]Lokacin wa'adin ya kasance alama ce ta ƙauran Yahudawa masu girma da kuma bayyanar ƙungiyoyin kishin ƙasa a tsakanin al'ummomin Yahudawa da Larabawa.A lokacin Wa'adin Biritaniya, Yishuv, ko al'ummar Yahudawa a Falasdinu, sun girma sosai, suna ƙaruwa daga kashi ɗaya cikin shida zuwa kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yawan jama'a.Bayanan hukuma sun nuna cewa tsakanin 1920 zuwa 1945, Yahudawa 367,845 da 33,304 wadanda ba Yahudawa ba ne suka yi hijira bisa doka zuwa yankin.[167] Bugu da ƙari, an ƙiyasta cewa wasu Yahudawa 50-60,000 da ƙananan Larabawa (mafi yawan lokutan yanayi) sun yi hijira ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a wannan lokacin.[168 <>] Ga al'ummar Yahudawa, ƙaura shine babban abin da ke haifar da haɓakar jama'a, yayin da yawan mutanen da ba Yahudawa ba (mafi yawan Larabawa) ya kasance saboda haɓakar yanayi.[169] Yawancin Yahudawa baƙi sun fito ne daga Jamus da Czechoslovakia a cikin 1939, kuma daga Romania da Poland a lokacin 1940-1944, tare da baƙi 3,530 daga Yemen a daidai wannan lokacin.[170]Da farko dai bakin haure yahudawa ya fuskanci adawa kadan daga Larabawan Falasdinu.Sai dai lamarin ya sauya yayin da kyamar Yahudawa ta tsananta a Turai a karshen karni na 19 zuwa farkon karni na 20, lamarin da ya haifar da karuwar hijirar Yahudawa zuwa Falasdinu, galibi daga Turai.Wannan kwararowar, haɗe da haɓakar kishin ƙasa na Larabawa da haɓakar kyamar Yahudawa, ya haifar da ƙara jin haushin Larabawa ga karuwar yawan Yahudawa.A martanin da gwamnatin Birtaniya ta yi, ta aiwatar da kayyade kaso na shige da ficen Yahudawa, manufar da ta nuna cece-kuce, kuma ta fuskanci rashin gamsuwa daga Larabawa da Yahudawa, kowanne saboda dalilai daban-daban.Larabawa sun damu da irin tasirin da hijirar yahudawa ke yi na al'umma da siyasa, yayin da yahudawan ke neman mafaka daga tursasawa Turawa da tabbatar da burin sahyoniyawan.An samu tashin hankali tsakanin wadannan kungiyoyi, wanda ya kai ga tawaye Larabawa a Falasdinu daga 1936 zuwa 1939 da kuma tada kayar bayan yahudawa daga 1944 zuwa 1948. A shekara ta 1947, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta gabatar da shirin raba Palastinu zuwa kasashen Yahudawa da Larabawa daban-daban, amma wannan shirin ya kasance. hadu da rikici.Yakin Falasdinu da ya biyo baya a shekarar 1948 ya sake fasalin yankin sosai.An kammala da raba Falasdinu na wajibi a tsakanin sabuwar Isra'ila, da Masarautar Hashemite ta Jordan (wadda ta mamaye Yammacin Gabar Kogin Jordan), da Masarautar Masar (wacce ke iko da zirin Gaza a matsayin "Karancin Falasdinu duka").Wannan lokaci ya aza harsashi mai sarkakiya da rikici tsakanin Isra'ila da Falasdinu.
White Paper na 1939
Zanga-zangar Yahudawa don nuna adawa da White Paper a Urushalima, 22 ga Mayu 1939 ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1939 Jan 1

White Paper na 1939

Palestine
Shige da fice yahudawa da farfagandar Nazi sun ba da gudummawa ga gagarumin tawaye na 1936-1939 Larabawa a Falasdinu, babban boren kishin kasa wanda ya jagoranci kawo karshen mulkin Burtaniya.Birtaniya ta mayar da martani ga tawaye tare da Hukumar Peel (1936-37), binciken jama'a wanda ya ba da shawarar cewa a ƙirƙiri yankin Yahudawa na musamman a cikin Galili da gabar yamma (ciki har da yawan jama'a na Larabawa 225,000);sauran ya zama yanki na Larabawa kadai.Manyan shugabannin Yahudawa biyu, Chaim Weizmann da David Ben-Gurion, sun shawo kan Majalisar Sahayoniya ta amince da shawarwarin Peel daidai gwargwado a matsayin tushen tattaunawa.Shugabannin Larabawa na Falasdinu sun yi watsi da wannan shiri kai-tsaye, kuma sun sake sabunta boren, wanda ya sa Birtaniya ta faranta wa Larabawa rai, suka yi watsi da shirin a matsayin ba zai yi tasiri ba.A shekara ta 1938, Amurka ta kira taron kasa da kasa don magance batun yawan Yahudawan da ke kokarin tserewa daga Turai.Biritaniya ta ba da halartarta kan batun hana Falasdinu daga tattaunawar.Ba a gayyaci wakilan Yahudawa ba.Nazis sun ba da shawarar nasu mafita: cewa Yahudawan Turai za a tura su zuwa Madagascar (Shirin Madagascar).Yarjejeniyar ba ta da amfani, kuma Yahudawa sun makale a Turai.Yayin da miliyoyin yahudawa ke kokarin ficewa daga Turai kuma kowace kasa a duniya ta rufe don gudun hijirar yahudawa, Burtaniya ta yanke shawarar rufe Falasdinu.Farar Takarda ta 1939, ta ba da shawarar cewa a kafa Falasdinu mai cin gashin kanta, karkashin jagorancin Larabawa da Yahudawa, a cikin shekaru 10.Farar Takarda ta amince da ba wa Yahudawa baƙi 75,000 damar shiga Falasdinu a tsakanin shekarun 1940-44, bayan haka hijira zai buƙaci amincewar Larabawa.Shugabannin Larabawa da na Yahudawa sun yi watsi da farar takarda.A cikin Maris 1940 Babban Kwamishinan Burtaniya na Falasdinu ya ba da wata doka ta hana Yahudawa siyan filaye a kashi 95% na Falasdinu.Yahudawa yanzu sun koma ƙaura ta haramtacciyar hanya: (Aliyah Bet ko "Ha'apalah"), wanda Mossad Le'aliyah Bet da Irgun suka shirya.Ba tare da taimakon waje ba kuma babu wata ƙasa da ke shirin shigar da su, Yahudawa kaɗan ne suka sami nasarar tserewa daga Turai tsakanin 1939 zuwa 1945.
Rikicin yahudawa a Falasdinu na tilas
An kama shugabannin yahudawan sahyoniya a lokacin Operation Agatha, a wani sansanin tsare mutane a Latrun ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1944 Feb 1 - 1948 May 14

Rikicin yahudawa a Falasdinu na tilas

Palestine
Daular Burtaniya ta yi rauni sosai sakamakon yakin.A Gabas ta Tsakiya, yakin ya sa Birtaniya ta san cewa ta dogara da man Larabawa.Kamfanonin Biritaniya ne ke rike da man Iraqi sannan Birtaniya ta mallaki Kuwait, Bahrain da kuma Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa.Jim kadan bayan VE Day, jam'iyyar Labour ta lashe babban zabe a Biritaniya.Duk da cewa taron jam'iyyar Labour ya shafe shekaru ana kiran kafa kasar Yahudawa a Falasdinu, gwamnatin Labour a yanzu ta yanke shawarar kiyaye manufofin 1939 na White Paper.[171]Hijira ba bisa ka'ida ba (Aliyah Bet) ta zama babbar hanyar shigar Yahudawa cikin Falasdinu.A duk faɗin Turai Bricha ("jirgin"), ƙungiyar tsoffin 'yan bangaranci da mayaka ghetto, sun yi jigilar waɗanda suka tsira daga Holocaust daga Gabashin Turai zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na Bahar Rum, inda ƙananan kwale-kwale suka yi ƙoƙarin keta shingen Burtaniya na Palestine.A halin da ake ciki, Yahudawan daga kasashen Larabawa sun fara shiga cikin kasar Falasdinu.Duk da ƙoƙarin da Birtaniyya ke yi na hana ƙaura, a cikin shekaru 14 na Aliyah Bet, Yahudawa fiye da 110,000 ne suka shiga Falasdinu.A karshen yakin duniya na biyu, yawan yahudawan Falasdinu ya karu zuwa kashi 33% na yawan jama'a.[172]A kokarin samun 'yancin kai, a yanzu yahudawan sahyoniya sun kaddamar da yakin neman zabe da turawan Ingila.Babban mayakan yahudawan da ke karkashin kasa, Haganah, sun kulla kawance da ake kira Yahudawa Resistance Movement tare da Etzel da Stern Gang don yakar Birtaniya.A cikin watan Yunin 1946, bayan abubuwan da aka yi wa Yahudawa zagon kasa, kamar a cikin dare na gada, Birtaniya ta kaddamar da Operation Agatha, inda ta kame Yahudawa 2,700, ciki har da shugabannin Hukumar Yahudawa, wadanda aka kai hari a hedkwatarsu.An tsare wadanda aka kama ba tare da an gurfanar da su a gaban kotu ba.A ranar 4 ga Yulin 1946 wani babban pogrom a Poland ya kai ga guguwar mutanen da suka tsira daga Holocaust da suka tsere daga Turai zuwa Falasdinu.Bayan makonni uku, Irgun ya kai harin bam a hedkwatar sojojin Birtaniya na otel din King David da ke birnin Kudus, inda ya kashe mutane 91.A kwanakin da suka biyo bayan harin bam din, an sanya dokar ta-baci a Tel Aviv kuma sama da Yahudawa 120,000, kusan kashi 20% na Yahudawan Falasdinu, 'yan sanda sun yi musu tambayoyi.An wargaje ƙawancen da ke tsakanin Haganah da Etzel bayan harin bam na Sarki Dauda.Tsakanin 1945 zuwa 1948, Yahudawa 100,000-120,000 sun bar Poland.Masu fafutukar yahudawan sahyoniya a kasar Poland ne suka shirya ficewarsu a karkashin inuwar kungiyar Berihah ("Flight").[173]
Shirin Rarraba Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Falasdinu
Taron 1947 a wurin taron Babban Taro tsakanin 1946 zuwa 1951 a Flushing, New York ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1947 Nov 29

Shirin Rarraba Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Falasdinu

Palestine
A ranar 2 ga Afrilun 1947, don mayar da martani ga tashe-tashen hankula da sarkakiya na batun Falasdinu, Burtaniya ta bukaci Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta gudanar da batun Falasdinu.Babban taron ya kafa kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman kan Falasdinu (UNSCOP) don yin nazari tare da bayar da rahoto kan halin da ake ciki.A yayin shawarwarin na UNSCOP, jam'iyyar Yahudawan Orthodox wadda ba ta Sihiyoniya ba, Agudat Isra'ila, ta ba da shawarar kafa kasar Yahudawa a karkashin wasu sharudda na addini.Sun yi shawarwari kan wata yarjejeniya da David Ben-Gurion, wanda ya haɗa da keɓancewa daga aikin soja ga ɗaliban yeshiva da matan Orthodox, kiyaye Asabar a matsayin ƙarshen mako na ƙasa, samar da abinci mai kosher a cibiyoyin gwamnati, da izini ga Yahudawa Orthodox su kula da tsarin ilimi daban-daban. Rahoton mafi rinjaye na UNSCOP ya ba da shawarar kafa kasar Larabawa mai cin gashin kanta, da kasar Yahudawa mai cin gashin kanta, da birnin Kudus da ke karkashin kasa da kasa.[174] An karɓi wannan shawarar tare da gyare-gyare ta Babban Taro a cikin Resolution 181 (II) a kan 29 Nuwamba 1947, wanda kuma ya yi kira ga ƙaurawar Yahudawa ta 1 Fabrairu 1948. [175.]Duk da kudurin na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Britaniya ko Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ba su dauki matakin aiwatar da shi ba.Gwamnatin Biritaniya, ta damu da lalata dangantakarta da kasashen Larabawa, ta hana Majalisar Dinkin Duniya shiga Falasdinu tare da ci gaba da tsare Yahudawan da ke yunkurin shiga kasar.Wannan manufar ta ci gaba har zuwa karshen wa'adin Burtaniya, tare da janyewar Burtaniya a watan Mayu 1948. Duk da haka, Burtaniya ta ci gaba da tsare Yahudawa 'yan ci-rani na "shekarun fada" da iyalansu a Cyprus har zuwa Maris 1949. [176.]
Yakin Basasa a Falasdinu Tilas
Rikicin Falasdinu a kusa da wata motar daukar kaya masu sulke Haganah, hanyar zuwa Kudus, 1948 ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1947 Nov 30 - 1948 May 14

Yakin Basasa a Falasdinu Tilas

Palestine
Amincewa da shirin raba kan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a watan Nuwamba 1947 ya gamu da farin ciki a cikin al'ummar Yahudawa da kuma fushi a cikin al'ummar Larabawa, wanda ya haifar da tashin hankali da yakin basasa a Falasdinu.Ya zuwa watan Janairun 1948, rikicin ya yi muni sosai, tare da shiga tsakani na Sojojin Yancin Larabawa, tare da killace Yahudawa 100,000 mazauna Kudus, karkashin jagorancin Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni.[177] .[178]Yayin da tashe-tashen hankulan suka tsananta, har zuwa 100,000 Larabawa daga birane kamar Haifa, Jaffa, da Kudus, da kuma yankunan da ke da rinjaye na Yahudawa, sun yi hijira zuwa kasashen waje ko wasu yankunan Larabawa.[179 <> {] asar Amirka, tun da farko tana goyon bayan rarrabuwar kawuna, ta janye goyon bayanta, inda ta yi tasiri ga fahimtar Ƙungiyar Larabawa, cewa Larabawan Falasɗinawa, da sojojin Larabawa suka ƙarfafa, za su iya dakile shirin raba.A halin da ake ciki, gwamnatin Birtaniyya ta sauya matsayinta na goyon bayan mamaye yankin Larabawa na Falasdinu ta hanyar Transjordan, shirin da aka tsara a ranar 7 ga Fabrairun 1948. [180.]David Ben-Gurion, shugaban jama’ar Yahudawa, ya mayar da martani ta hanyar sake tsara Haganah da aiwatar da aikin da ya kamata a yi.Kudaden da Golda Meir ta tara a Amurka, tare da tallafi daga Tarayyar Soviet, ya baiwa al'ummar Yahudawa damar samun manyan makamai daga gabashin Turai.Ben-Gurion ya dora wa Yigael Yadin aiki da tsara yadda ake sa ran kasashen Larabawa za su shiga tsakani, wanda zai kai ga samar da Plan Dalet.Wannan dabarar ta sauya Haganah daga tsaro zuwa laifi, da nufin tabbatar da ci gaba da yankin Yahudawa.Shirin ya kai ga kame wasu muhimman garuruwa tare da korar Falasdinawan larabawa sama da dubu 250, wanda ya kafa hanyar shiga tsakani na kasashen Larabawa.[181]A ranar 14 ga Mayun 1948, daidai da ficewar Birtaniya daga Haifa na ƙarshe, Majalisar Jama'ar Yahudawa ta ayyana kafa ƙasar Isra'ila a gidan tarihi na Tel Aviv.[182 <] > Wannan ikirari ya nuna ƙarshen ƙoƙarin yahudawan sahyoniya da farkon wani sabon yanayi a rikicin Isra'ila da Larabawa.
1948
Ƙasar Isra'ila ta zamaniornament
Sanarwar &#39;Yancin Isra&#39;ila
David Ben-Gurion yana ayyana 'yancin kai a ƙarƙashin babban hoton Theodor Herzl, wanda ya kafa Sihiyoniya ta zamani. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1948 May 14

Sanarwar 'Yancin Isra'ila

Israel
A ranar 14 ga watan Mayun shekara ta 1948 ne David Ben-Gurion, shugaban zartarwa na kungiyar Sahayoniya ta Duniya, shugaban hukumar yahudawa ta Falasdinu ya ayyana 'yancin kai na Isra'ila a ranar 14 ga Mayun 1948.Ta ayyana kafa daular yahudawa a yankin Eretz-Isra'ila, da ake kira da sunan kasar Isra'ila, wanda zai fara aiki a kan kawo karshen wa'adin mulkin Birtaniya da tsakar daren wannan rana.
Yakin Larabawa-Isra&#39;ila na Farko
Sojojin IDF a Beersheba yayin Operation Yoav ©Hugo Mendelson
1948 May 15 - 1949 Mar 10

Yakin Larabawa-Isra'ila na Farko

Lebanon
Yaƙin Larabawa da Isra'ila na 1948, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Yaƙin Larabawa-Isra'ila na Farko, wani rikici ne mai mahimmanci kuma mai kawo sauyi a Gabas ta Tsakiya, wanda ke nuna mataki na biyu kuma na ƙarshe na yakin Falasdinu na 1948.Yakin dai ya fara ne a hukumance tare da kawo karshen wa'adin da Burtaniya ta yi wa Falasdinu a tsakar dare a ranar 14 ga Mayun 1948, sa'o'i kadan bayan ayyana 'yancin kai na Isra'ila.Kashegari, gamayyar kasashen Larabawa, da suka hada daMasar , da Transjordan, da Syria, da sojojin da suka fito daga kasar Iraki , sun shiga cikin yankin tsohuwar Falasdinawa ta Burtaniya, suka shiga yakin soja da Isra'ila.[182 <>] Dakarun mamaya sun mamaye yankunan Larabawa inda nan take suka far wa sojojin Isra'ila da matsugunan Yahudawa da dama.[183]Wannan yaki dai shi ne ya kawo karshen tashe-tashen hankula da tashe-tashen hankula da aka dade a yankin, wanda ya ta'azzara bayan amincewa da shirin raba kasa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a ranar 29 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 1947. Shirin na da nufin raba yankin zuwa kasashe daban-daban na Larabawa da Yahudawa da kuma mulkin kasa da kasa na Kudus da Baitalami.Tsakanin sanarwar Balfour a shekara ta 1917 zuwa ƙarshen wa'adin Burtaniya a 1948 ya ga rashin gamsuwa daga Larabawa da Yahudawa, wanda ya haifar da tawayen Larabawa daga 1936 zuwa 1939 da tawayen Yahudawa daga 1944 zuwa 1947.Rikicin, wanda aka yi fama da shi da farko a yankin tsohon Wa'adin Biritaniya, tare da yankuna a yankin Sina'i da kudancin Lebanon, ya kasance cikin zaman sulhu da dama a tsawon watanni 10.[184 <] > Sakamakon yakin, Isra’ila ta faɗaɗa ikonta fiye da shawarar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na ƙasar yahudawa, inda ta kame kusan kashi 60% na yankin da aka keɓe wa ƙasar Larabawa.[185] Wannan ya haɗa da mahimman wurare kamar Jaffa, Lydda, Ramle, Galili na Sama, sassan Negev, da yankunan da ke kusa da hanyar Tel Aviv-Jerusalem.Har ila yau Isra'ila ta samu iko da yammacin birnin Kudus, yayin da Transjordan ta mamaye gabashin birnin Kudus da gabar yammacin kogin Jordan, inda daga baya ta mallake ta, kuma Masar ta mallaki zirin Gaza.Taron Jericho a watan Disamba na 1948, wanda ya samu halartar wakilan Falasdinu, ya yi kira da a hade Palestine da Transjordan.[186]Yakin ya haifar da gagarumin sauye-sauye na al'umma, inda Falasdinawa Larabawa kusan 700,000 suka gudu ko kuma aka kore su daga gidajensu a cikin abin da ya zama Isra'ila, suka zama 'yan gudun hijira da kuma alamar Nakba ("masifun").[187 <>] A halin da ake ciki, irin wannan adadin yahudawa sun yi hijira zuwa Isra'ila, ciki har da 260,000 daga ƙasashen Larabawa da ke kewaye.[188 <] > Wannan yakin ya kafa ginshikin rikicin Isra'ila da Falasɗinawa da ke ci gaba da yi kuma ya canza yanayin yanayin gabas ta tsakiya sosai.
Shekarun Kafa
Menachem ya fara yin jawabi ga babban zanga-zanga a Tel Aviv don adawa da tattaunawa da Jamus a 1952. ©Hans Pinn
1949 Jan 1 - 1955

Shekarun Kafa

Israel
A shekarar 1949, majalisar dokokin Isra'ila mai kujeru 120, wato Knesset, ta fara ganawa a Tel Aviv, daga bisani kuma ta koma Kudus bayan tsagaita bude wuta a shekarar 1949.Zaben farko na kasar a watan Janairun 1949 ya haifar da nasara ga jam'iyyun Socialist-Zionist Mapai da Mapam, inda suka lashe kujeru 46 da 19 bi da bi.David Ben-Gurion, shugaban Mapai, ya zama firaministan kasar, inda ya kafa kawancen da ya kawar da Mapam na Stalin, wanda ke nuni da rashin jituwar Isra'ila da Tarayyar Soviet .An zabi Chaim Weizmann a matsayin shugaban kasar Isra'ila na farko, kuma an kafa Ibrananci da Larabci a matsayin harsunan hukuma.Dukkanin gwamnatocin Isra'ila sun kasance kawance, ba tare da wata jam'iyya da ta taba samun rinjaye a majalisar Knesset ba.Daga 1948 zuwa 1977, Mapai da magajinsa, jam'iyyar Labour ne suka jagoranci gwamnatoci, suna nuna rinjayen Sihiyoniyawan Labour tare da tattalin arzikin gurguzu.Tsakanin 1948 da 1951, ƙauran Yahudawa ya ninka yawan jama'ar Isra'ila, wanda ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'ummarta.Kimanin Yahudawa 700,000, galibi 'yan gudun hijira, suka zauna a Isra'ila a wannan lokacin.Adadi mai yawa sun fito daga ƙasashen Asiya da Arewacin Afirka, tare da adadi mai yawa daga Iraki , Romania , da Poland .Dokar Komawa, wadda aka yi a shekara ta 1950, ta ba Yahudawa da waɗanda suke da zuriyar Yahudawa damar zama a Isra'ila kuma su sami 'yan ƙasa.Wannan lokacin ya ga manyan ayyukan ƙaura kamar Magic Carpet da Ezra da Nehemiah, suna kawo adadi mai yawa na Yamaniyawa da Yahudawan Iraqi zuwa Isra'ila.A karshen shekarun 1960, Yahudawa kusan 850,000 ne suka bar kasashen Larabawa, inda akasarin su suka koma Isra'ila.[189]Yawan jama'ar Isra'ila ya karu daga 800,000 zuwa miliyan biyu tsakanin 1948 da 1958. Wannan saurin girma, da farko saboda ƙaura, ya haifar da Tsawon Lokaci tare da rarraba kayan masarufi.Baƙi da yawa 'yan gudun hijira ne da ke zaune a ma'abarot, sansanonin wucin gadi.Kalubalen kudi ya sa Firayim Minista Ben-Gurion ya rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniyar diyya da Jamus ta Yamma a cikin cece-kucen jama'a.[190]Sauye-sauyen ilimi a cikin 1949 sun sanya ilimi kyauta kuma ya zama wajibi har zuwa shekaru 14, tare da tallafin jihohi daban-daban na tsarin ilimi na jam'iyyu da na tsiraru.Duk da haka, an sami tashe-tashen hankula, musamman a kusa da ƙoƙarin da ake yi na wariyar launin fata a tsakanin yara 'yan ƙabilar Yemen, wanda ya haifar da tambayoyin jama'a da sakamakon siyasa.[191]Bangaren kasa da kasa, Isra’ila ta fuskanci kalubale kamar yadda Masar ta rufe mashigar ruwa ta Suez ga jiragen ruwan Isra’ila a shekarar 1950 da hawan Nasser aMasar a shekarar 1952, lamarin da ya sa Isra’ila ta kulla alaka da kasashen Afirka da Faransa.[192] A cikin gida, Mapai, karkashin Moshe Sharett, ya ci gaba da jagoranci bayan zaben 1955.A cikin wannan lokacin, Isra'ila ta fuskanci hare-haren fedayeen daga Gaza [193] da kuma mayar da martani, ta'addanci.Har ila yau, lokacin ya ga shigar da bindigar Uzi a cikin rundunar tsaron Isra'ila da kuma fara shirin makamai masu linzami na Masar tare da tsoffin masana kimiyya na Nazi.[194]Gwamnatin Sharett dai ta fadi ne saboda al’amarin Lavon, wanda bai yi nasara ba a boye da nufin kawo cikas ga dangantakar Amurka da Masar, lamarin da ya kai ga dawowar Ben-Gurion a matsayin Firayim Minista.[195]
Rikicin Suez
Tankin da aka lalata da motoci, Yaƙin Sinai, 1956. ©United States Army Heritage and Education Center
1956 Oct 29 - Nov 7

Rikicin Suez

Suez Canal, Egypt
Rikicin Suez, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Yaƙin Larabawa da Isra'ila na Biyu, ya faru ne a ƙarshen 1956. Wannan rikici ya haɗa da Isra'ila, Birtaniya , da Faransa da suka mamayeMasar da zirin Gaza.Manufar farko ita ce ta dawo da ikon yammacin tekun Suez Canal da kuma kawar da shugaban Masar Gamal Abdel Nasser, wanda ya mallaki Kamfanin Suez Canal.Isra'ila ta yi niyyar sake buɗe mashigin Tiran, [195] wanda Masar ta killace.Rikicin ya karu, amma saboda matsin lamba na siyasa daga Amurka , Tarayyar Soviet , da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kasashen da suka mamaye sun janye.Wannan janyewar ya nuna babban wulakanci ga Birtaniya da Faransa kuma ya ƙarfafa matsayin Nasser.[196]A shekara ta 1955 Masar ta kulla yarjejeniyar makamai da kasar Czechoslovakia, wanda ya kawo cikas ga daidaiton iko a Gabas ta Tsakiya.Rikicin ya samo asali ne ta hanyar mayar da Nasser na Kamfanin Suez Canal a ranar 26 ga Yuli 1956, kamfani mallakar masu hannun jarin Burtaniya da Faransa.A gefe guda kuma, Masar ta killace mashigin tekun Aqaba, lamarin da ya shafi hanyar shiga Tekun Bahar Rum na Isra'ila.A mayar da martani, Isra'ila, Faransa, da Birtaniya sun kafa wani shiri na sirri a Sèvres, inda Isra'ila ta fara daukar matakin soji a kan Masar domin baiwa Birtaniya da Faransa hujjar kwace mashigin ruwan.Shirin ya hada da zargin Faransa na amincewa da gina tashar nukiliyar Isra'ila.Isra'ila ta mamaye zirin Gaza da Sinai na Masar a ranar 29 ga watan Oktoba, sannan daga bisani turawan Ingila da Faransa suka mamaye mashigin Suez.Sojojin Masar, duk da cewa sun sha kashi a karshe, sun yi nasarar toshe magudanar ruwa ta hanyar nutsewar jiragen ruwa.Daga baya aka bayyana shirin mamayar, wanda ke nuna hadin gwiwa tsakanin Isra'ila, Faransa, da Birtaniya.Duk da wasu nasarorin da sojoji suka samu, magudanar ruwa ta zama mara amfani, kuma matsin lamba na duniya, musamman daga Amurka, ya tilasta janyewa.Babban adawar da shugaban Amurka Eisenhower ya yi kan mamayar ya hada da barazana ga tsarin hada-hadar kudi na Burtaniya.Masana tarihi sun kammala rikicin "yana nuna ƙarshen rawar da Burtaniya ta taka a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙasashen duniya".[197]Mashigin ruwa na Suez ya kasance a rufe tun daga Oktoban 1956 zuwa Maris 1957. Isra'ila ta cimma wasu manufofi, kamar tabbatar da zirga-zirga ta mashigin Tiran.Rikicin ya haifar da sakamako masu mahimmanci: kafa rundunar kiyaye zaman lafiya ta UNEF ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, murabus na Firayim Ministan Burtaniya Anthony Eden, lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel ga Ministan Kanada Lester Pearson, da yiwuwar karfafa ayyukan USSR a Hungary .[198]Nasser ya zama mai nasara a siyasance, kuma Isra'ila ta gane karfin sojanta na mamaye Sinai ba tare da goyon bayan Birtaniya ko Faransa ba da kuma gazawar da matsin lamba na siyasa na kasa da kasa suka yi kan ayyukan sojanta.
Yakin Kwanaki Shida
Dakarun leken asirin Isra'ila daga rukunin &quot;Shaked&quot; a Sinai a lokacin yakin ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1967 Jun 5 - Jun 10

Yakin Kwanaki Shida

Middle East
Yakin kwanaki shida, ko yakin Larabawa-Isra'ila na uku, ya faru ne daga ranar 5 zuwa 10 ga watan Yunin 1967 tsakanin Isra'ila da kawancen Larabawa wanda ya kunshiMasar , Siriya, da Jordan.Wannan rikici ya samo asali ne daga tashe-tashen hankula da kuma mummunan dangantaka da suka samo asali a cikin Yarjejeniyar Armistice na 1949 da Rikicin Suez na 1956.Abin da ya jawo haka shi ne rufe mashigin Tiran da Masar ta yi zuwa jigilar Isra'ila a watan Mayun 1967, matakin da a baya Isra'ila ta ayyana a matsayin balaguron balaguro.Har ila yau Masar ta tattara sojojinta a kan iyakar Isra'ila [199] tare da buƙatar janyewar Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNEF).[200]Isra'ila ta kaddamar da hare-hare ta sama a kan filayen jiragen sama na Masar a ranar 5 ga Yuni 1967, [201] ta cimma nasarar mamaye sararin sama ta hanyar lalata yawancin kadarorin sojin Masar.Hakan ya biyo bayan wani hari ta kasa da aka kai a yankin Sinai na Masar da zirin Gaza.Kasar Masar dai, ta yi kasa a gwiwa, ba da jimawa ba ta fice daga yankin Sinai, lamarin da ya kai ga mamayar Isra'ila a yankin baki daya.[202] Jordan, ƙawance da Masar, sun sha kai hare-hare kan sojojin Isra'ila.Syria ta shiga rikici a rana ta biyar tare da yin luguden wuta a arewacin kasar.An kawo karshen rikicin da tsagaita wuta tsakanin Masar da Jordan a ranar 8 ga watan Yuni, Syria a ranar 9 ga watan Yuni, da kuma tsagaita bude wuta da Isra’ila a ranar 11 ga watan Yuni.Yakin ya yi sanadin mutuwar Larabawa sama da 20,000 da kuma asarar rayuka sama da 1,000 na Isra’ila.A karshen yakin, Isra'ila ta kwace wasu yankuna masu mahimmanci: Tuddan Golan daga Siriya, Yammacin Kogin Jordan (ciki har da Gabashin Kudus) daga Jordan, da zirin Sinai da zirin Gaza daga Masar.Gudun hijira na fararen hula sakamakon yakin kwanaki shida zai haifar da sakamako na dogon lokaci, saboda a kusa da 280,000 zuwa 325,000 Palasdinawa da 100,000 na Siriya sun gudu ko kuma an kori su daga Yammacin Kogin Jordan [203] da Tuddan Golan, bi da bi.[204] Shugaban Masar Nasser ya yi murabus amma daga baya aka maido da shi a cikin zanga-zangar da ake yi a Masar.Sakamakon yakin da ya biyo bayan rufe mashigar ruwa ta Suez zuwa shekarar 1975, abin da ya haifar da rikicin makamashi da mai a shekarun 1970 saboda tasirin isar da mai a Gabas ta Tsakiya zuwa Turai.
Mazaunan Isra&#39;ila
Betar Ilit, ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙauyuka huɗu a Yammacin Kogin Jordan ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1967 Jun 11

Mazaunan Isra'ila

West Bank
Matsugunan Isra'ila ko mazauna [267] al'ummomin farar hula ne inda 'yan Isra'ila ke zaune, kusan asalin Yahudawa ko kabila, [268] an gina su a kan filayen da Isra'ila ta mamaye tun yakin kwanaki shida a 1967. [269] Bayan 1967 kwana shida. Yaƙi, Isra'ila ta mamaye yankuna da yawa.[270 <>] Ta karbe sauran yankunan Falasdinawa da ke Yammacin Gabar Kogin Jordan da suka hada da Gabashin Kudus, daga Jordan wadda ke iko da yankunan tun bayan yakin Larabawa da Isra'ila a shekara ta 1948, da zirin Gaza dagaMasar , wanda ke rike da Gaza a karkashin mamayar tun daga lokacin. 1949. Daga Masar kuma ta kwace yankin Sinai sannan daga Syria ta kwace mafi yawan tuddan Golan, wanda tun 1981 ake gudanar da shi a karkashin dokar tuddan Golan.Tun a watan Satumba na 1967, gwamnatin Labour ta Levi Eshkol ta ƙarfafa manufofin matsugunan Isra'ila.Tushen matsugunan Isra'ila a Yammacin Kogin Jordan ya zama Shirin Allon, [271] mai suna bayan wanda ya kirkiro shi Yigal Allon.Hakan na nufin mamayar da Isra’ila ta yi wa manyan yankunan da Isra’ila ta mamaye, musamman gabashin Kudus, Gush Etzion da kwarin Jordan.[272 <] > kuma an samo manufar sasantawa na gwamnatin Yitzhak Rabin daga tsarin Allon.[273]Matsala ta farko ita ce Kfar Etizion, a kudancin Kogin Yamma, [271] ko da yake wannan wurin yana wajen Tsarin Allon.Mazauna da yawa sun fara ne a matsayin ƙauyukan Nahal.An kafa su a matsayin sansanin soja daga baya kuma aka fadada su tare da mazaunan farar hula.A cewar wata takarda ta sirri tun daga 1970, wadda Haaretz ta samu, an kafa matsugunan Kiryat Arba ta hanyar kwace filaye ta hanyar soji da kuma wakiltar aikin karya a matsayin wanda aka yi amfani da shi na soji yayin da a zahiri, Kiryat Arba an tsara shi don amfani da mazauna.Hanyar kwace filaye ta hanyar odar soji don kafa matsugunan farar hula sirri ne a Isra'ila a tsawon shekarun 1970, amma jami'an soji sun dakile buga bayanan.[274 <>] A cikin shekarun 1970s, hanyoyin da Isra'ila ta bi na kwace ƙasar Falasɗinawa don kafa matsugunnai sun haɗa da neman buƙatu don dalilai na soji da kuma fesa ƙasa da guba.[275]Gwamnatin Likud ta Menahem Begin, daga 1977, ta kasance mafi goyon baya ga zama a wasu sassan Yammacin Kogin Jordan, da kungiyoyi irin su Gush Emunim da Hukumar Yahudawa / Kungiyar Sahayoniya ta Duniya, ta kuma karfafa ayyukan matsugunan.[273 <>] A cikin wata sanarwa da gwamnati ta fitar Likud ya bayyana cewa gaba ɗaya ƙasar Isra'ila mai tarihi ita ce gadon al'ummar Yahudawa da ba za a iya raba su ba kuma babu wani yanki na Yammacin Gabar Kogin Jordan da za a mika shi ga mulkin kasashen waje.[] [276] Ariel Sharon ya bayyana a cikin wannan shekara (1977) cewa akwai wani shiri na zaunar da Yahudawa miliyan 2 a Yammacin Kogin Jordan nan da shekara ta 2000.Shirin “Drobles Plan”, wani shiri na samar da matsuguni mai yawa a Yammacin Kogin Jordan da nufin hana kasar Falasdinu bisa hujjar tsaro ya zama tsarin manufofinta.[279] "Shirin Drobles" daga Kungiyar Sahayoniya ta Duniya, wanda aka yi kwanan watan Oktoba 1978 kuma mai suna "Shirin Jagora don Ci gaban Matsugunan Yahudiya da Samariya, 1979-1983", Daraktan Hukumar Yahudawa kuma tsohon memba na Knesset Matityahu Drobles ya rubuta. .A cikin Janairu 1981, gwamnati ta ɗauki wani shiri na bin diddigi daga Drobles, mai kwanan wata Satumba 1980 kuma mai suna "Halin da ake ciki na ƙauyuka a Yahudiya da Samariya", tare da ƙarin cikakkun bayanai game da dabarun sasantawa da manufofin.[280]Kasashen duniya na daukar matsugunan Isra'ila a matsayin haramtacce a karkashin dokokin kasa da kasa, [281] ko da yake Isra'ila ta yi sabani da hakan.[282]
Marigayi 1960 Farkon 1970s Isra&#39;ila
A farkon 1969, Golda Meir ya zama Firayim Minista na Isra'ila. ©Anonymous
1967 Jul 1

Marigayi 1960 Farkon 1970s Isra'ila

Israel
A ƙarshen 1960s, kusan Yahudawa 500,000 sun bar Aljeriya, Maroko, da Tunisiya.A cikin shekaru ashirin, kusan Yahudawa 850,000 daga ƙasashen Larabawa sun ƙaura, tare da 99% na ƙaura zuwa Isra'ila, Faransa, da Amurka.Wannan ƙaura mai yawa ya haifar da cece-kuce a kan manyan kadarori da kadarorin da suka bari, wanda aka kiyasta dala biliyan 150 kafin hauhawar farashin kayayyaki.[205] A halin yanzu, kimanin Yahudawa 9,000 suna zaune a cikin kasashen Larabawa, galibi a Maroko da Tunisiya.Bayan 1967, Tarayyar Soviet (ban da Romania) ta yanke huldar jakadanci da Isra'ila.Wannan lokacin ya ga tsarkakewar antisemitic a Poland da kuma ƙara yawan kyamar Soviet, wanda ya sa Yahudawa da yawa suka yi hijira zuwa Isra'ila.Duk da haka, an hana yawancinsu takardar izinin fita kuma sun fuskanci tsanantawa, tare da wasu da ake kira Fursunonin Sihiyona.Nasarar da Isra'ila ta samu a yakin kwanaki shida ya baiwa Yahudawa damar shiga muhimman wuraren ibada a karon farko cikin shekaru da dama.Za su iya shiga Tsohon birnin Urushalima, su yi addu'a a bangon Yamma, da shiga kogon kakanni a Hebron [206] da kabarin Rahila a Baitalami.Bugu da ƙari, an samu rijiyoyin mai na Sinai, wanda ya taimaka wa Isra'ila ta wadatar makamashi.A cikin 1968, Isra'ila ta tsawaita ilimin dole har zuwa shekaru 16 kuma ta ƙaddamar da shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwar ilimi.Yara daga galibin unguwannin Sephardi/Mizrahi an yi jigilar su zuwa makarantun sakandare a wurare masu wadata, tsarin da ya kasance har bayan 2000.A farkon shekara ta 1969, bayan mutuwar Levi Eshkol, Golda Meir ya zama firaministan kasar, inda ya lashe kaso mafi girma na zabe a tarihin Isra'ila.Ita ce mace ta farko Firaminista a Isra'ila kuma mace ta farko da ta shugabanci wata kasa ta Gabas ta Tsakiya a wannan zamani.[207]A watan Satumba na shekarar 1970, Sarki Hussein na Jordan ya kori kungiyar 'yantar da Falasdinu (PLO) daga Jordan.Tankokin yakin Syria sun mamaye kasar Jordan domin taimakawa PLO amma sun janye bayan barazanar sojojin Isra'ila.Daga nan sai PLO ta koma Lebanon, wanda ya yi tasiri sosai a yankin tare da ba da gudummawa ga yakin basasa na Lebanon.Gasar Olympics ta Munich a shekara ta 1972 ta ga wani mummunan lamari inda 'yan ta'addar Palasdinawa suka kashe 'yan tawagar Isra'ila biyu tare da yin garkuwa da mutane tara.Yunkurin kubutar da Jamus ta yi ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutanen da aka yi garkuwa da su da kuma maharan biyar.Daga baya an sako 'yan ta'addan uku da suka tsira a matsayin wadanda suka yi garkuwa da su daga jirgin Lufthansa da aka yi garkuwa da su.[208 <>] A mayar da martani, Isra'ila ta kaddamar da hare-hare ta sama, da kai farmaki kan hedkwatar PLO a Lebanon, da kuma wani kamfe na kisan gilla kan wadanda ke da alhakin kisan kiyashin na Munich.
Yom Kippur War
Barasassun makamai na Isra'ila da na Masar sun tsaya gaba da juna kai tsaye a wani sharadi na munin yakin da aka yi a kusa da mashigin Suez. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1973 Nov 6 - Nov 25

Yom Kippur War

Sinai Peninsula, Nuweiba, Egyp
A cikin 1972, sabon shugaban Masar, Anwar Sadat, ya kori masu ba da shawara na Soviet, yana ba da gudummawa ga rashin amincewar Isra'ila game da yiwuwar barazanarMasar da Siriya.Haɗe da sha'awar gujewa haifar da rikici da yaƙin neman zaɓe mai mayar da hankali kan tsaro, Isra'ila ta gaza yin shiri duk da gargaɗin da aka yi na kai hari.[209]Yaƙin Yom Kippur, wanda kuma aka sani da Yaƙin Oktoba, ya fara ne a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 1973, ya yi daidai da Yom Kippur.Masar da Siriya sun kaddamar da harin ba-zata kan Dakarun tsaron Isra'ila da ba su shirya ba.Da farko dai, ikon da Isra'ila za ta yi na tunkarar maharan bai tabbata ba.Dukansu Tarayyar Soviet da Amurka , ƙarƙashin jagorancin Henry Kissinger, sun garzaya da makamai zuwa ga ƙawancensu.Daga karshe dai Isra'ila ta fatattaki sojojin Siriya da ke tuddan Golan, kuma duk da nasarar da Masar ta samu a farko a yankin Sinai, sojojin Isra'ila sun tsallaka mashigin Suez, inda suka kewaye sojojin Masar na uku, suka tunkari birnin Alkahira.Yakin ya yi sanadin mutuwar Isra'ila sama da 2,000, da kashe makudan kudade ga bangarorin biyu, tare da kara wayar da kan Isra'ila game da rauninsu.Ya kuma kara tsananta tashin hankali.Tattaunawar da ta biyo baya karkashin jagorancin sakataren harkokin wajen Amurka Henry Kissinger ta haifar da Rage yarjejeniyoyin Sojoji da Masar da Syria a farkon shekarar 1974.Yakin ya janyo rikicin man fetur a shekarar 1973, inda kasar Saudiyya ta jagoranci takunkumin hana man fetur din kungiyar OPEC kan kasashen da ke goyon bayan Isra'ila.Wannan takunkumin ya haifar da matsanancin karancin mai da hauhawar farashin mai, lamarin da ya sa kasashe da dama yanke ko rage alakarsu da Isra'ila tare da ware ta daga wasannin motsa jiki na Asiya.Bayan yakin, siyasar Isra'ila ta ga kafa jam'iyyar Likud daga Gahal da sauran kungiyoyin dama, karkashin jagorancin Begin.A zaben watan Disamba na 1973, Labour, karkashin jagorancin Golda Meir, ta lashe kujeru 51, yayin da Likud ya samu kujeru 39.A cikin Nuwamba 1974, PLO ya sami matsayin mai sa ido a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, tare da Yasser Arafat ya yi jawabi ga Babban taron.A wannan shekarar, Hukumar Agranat, ta gudanar da bincike kan rashin shiri da Isra'ila ta yi a yakin, ta zargi shugabannin sojojin amma ta wanke gwamnati.Duk da haka, rashin jin daɗin jama'a ya sa Firayim Minista Golda Meir yayi murabus.
Camp David Accords
Taron 1978 a Camp David tare da (zaune, lr) Aharon Barak, Menachem Begin, Anwar Sadat, da Ezer Weizman. ©CIA
1977 Jan 1 - 1980

Camp David Accords

Israel
Bayan murabus din Golda Meir, Yitzhak Rabin ya zama Firaministan Isra'ila.Duk da haka, Rabin ya yi murabus a cikin Afrilu 1977 saboda "Account Dollar", wanda ya shafi asusun dalar Amurka ba bisa ka'ida ba da matarsa ​​ke da shi.[210] Shimon Peres sannan ya jagoranci jam'iyyar Alignment a zabukan da suka biyo baya.Zaben na 1977 ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a siyasar Isra'ila, inda jam'iyyar Likud karkashin jagorancin Menachem Begin ta lashe kujeru 43.Wannan nasara ita ce karon farko da gwamnatin da ba ta hagu ta jagoranci Isra'ila ba.Babban abin da ya haifar da nasarar Likud shi ne takaicin Yahudawan Mizrahi game da wariya.Gwamnatin Begin musamman ta haɗa da yahudawa Ultra-Orthodox kuma sun yi aiki don haɗa rarrabuwar Mizrahi-Ashkenazi da ɓangarorin Zionist-Ultra-Orthodox.Duk da haifar da hauhawar hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, haɓakar tattalin arziƙin Begin ya baiwa Isra'ila damar fara karɓar taimakon kuɗi na Amurka.Har ila yau gwamnatinsa tana goyon bayan matsugunan yahudawa a yammacin gabar kogin Jordan, tare da tsananta rikici da Falasdinawa a yankunan da ta mamaye.A wani mataki na tarihi, shugaban kasar Masar Anwar Sadat ya ziyarci birnin Kudus a watan Nuwamban shekarar 1977, wanda firaministan Isra'ila Menachem Begin ya gayyace shi.Ziyarar Sadat, wacce ta hada da yin jawabi ga majalisar Knesset, ta nuna wani gagarumin sauyi ga zaman lafiya.Amincewar da ya yi na yancin wanzuwar Isra'ila ya kafa harsashin yin shawarwari kai tsaye.Bayan wannan ziyarar, mayakan Yom Kippur 350 ne suka kafa kungiyar zaman lafiya a yanzu, suna ba da shawarar samar da zaman lafiya da kasashen Larabawa.A watan Satumba na 1978, Shugaban Amurka Jimmy Carter ya jagoranci taro a Camp David tsakanin Sadat da Begin.Yarjejeniyar Camp David, wadda aka amince da ita a ranar 11 ga Satumba, ta bayyana tsarin samar da zaman lafiya tsakaninMasar da Isra'ila da manyan ka'idoji na zaman lafiya a Gabas ta Tsakiya.Ya hada da tsare-tsare na cin gashin kan Falasdinawa a Yammacin Gabar Kogin Jordan da Gaza kuma ya jagoranci yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta Masar da Isra'ila da aka kulla a ranar 26 ga Maris 1979. Wannan yarjejeniya ta sa Isra'ila ta mayar da yankin Sinai zuwa Masar a watan Afrilun 1982. Kungiyar Larabawa ta mayar da martani ta hanyar dakatar da Masar da kuma Isra'ila. Maida hedkwatarsa ​​daga Alkahira zuwa Tunisiya.Masu adawa da yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya sun kashe Sadat a shekarar 1981.Bayan yerjejeniyar, Isra'ila da Masar sun kasance manyan masu samun taimakon soja da kudi na Amurka.[211 <>] A cikin 1979, fiye da Yahudawa 40,000 daga Iran suka yi hijira zuwa Isra'ila, suna gujewa juyin juya halin Musulunci.
Yakin Lebanon na farko
Tawagar anti-tanka na Siriya sun tura ATGMs na Milan na Faransa a lokacin yakin Lebanon a 1982 ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1982 Jun 6 - 1985 Jun 5

Yakin Lebanon na farko

Lebanon
A cikin shekarun da suka gabata bayan yakin Larabawa da Isra'ila a shekara ta 1948, iyakar Isra'ila da Lebanon ta kasance cikin kwanciyar hankali idan aka kwatanta da sauran iyakokin.Sai dai lamarin ya sauya bayan yarjejeniyar da aka cimma a birnin Alkahira a shekara ta 1969, wadda ta bai wa kungiyar 'yantar da Falasdinawa PLO damar gudanar da ayyukanta cikin 'yanci a Kudancin Lebanon, yankin da aka fi sani da "Fatahland."Kungiyar ta PLO, musamman babbar kungiyarta Fatah, ta sha kai hari kan Isra'ila daga wannan sansani, inda ta kai hari ga garuruwa kamar Kiryat Shmona.Wannan rashin iko a kan kungiyoyin Falasdinu ya kasance babban abin da ya haifar da yakin basasar Lebanon.Yunkurin kashe jakadan Isra'ila Shlomo Argov a watan Yunin 1982 ya zama hujja ga Isra'ila don mamaye Lebanon, da nufin korar PLO.Duk da cewa majalisar ministocin Isra'ila ta ba da izinin kutse kawai, ministan tsaro Ariel Sharon da babban hafsan hafsan hafsoshin kasar Raphael Eitan sun fadada aikin a cikin Lebanon, wanda ya kai ga mamaye Beirut - babban birnin Larabawa na farko da Isra'ila ta mamaye.Da farko dai wasu kungiyoyin Shi'a da na Kirista a Kudancin Lebanon sun yi maraba da Isra'ilawa, bayan da kungiyar ta PLO ke cin zarafi.To sai dai kuma a tsawon lokaci, bacin ran da Isra'ila ta yi wa mamayar Isra'ila ya karu, musamman a tsakanin al'ummar Shi'a, wadanda sannu a hankali suka koma karkashin ikon Iran .[212]A watan Agustan 1982, PLO ta kaura daga Lebanon, ta koma Tunisia.Ba da dadewa ba, an kashe Bashir Gemayel, sabon zababben shugaban kasar Lebanon wanda rahotanni suka ce ya amince da amincewa da Isra'ila tare da sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya.Bayan mutuwarsa, sojojin Kirista na Falangist sun yi kisan kiyashi a sansanonin 'yan gudun hijirar Falasdinu biyu.Wannan ya haifar da gagarumar zanga-zanga a Isra'ila, inda mutane kusan 400,000 suka yi zanga-zangar adawa da yakin Tel Aviv.A shekara ta 1983, wani bincike da jama'ar Isra'ila suka gudanar ya gano Ariel Sharon a fakaice amma da kansa ke da alhakin kisan kiyashin, inda ya ba da shawarar cewa kada ya sake rike mukamin ministan tsaro, duk da cewa hakan bai hana shi zama Firayim Minista ba.[213]Yarjejeniyar 17 ga Mayu a shekarar 1983 tsakanin Isra'ila da Lebanon wani mataki ne na janyewar Isra'ila, wanda ya faru a matakai har zuwa 1985. Isra'ila ta ci gaba da yaki da PLO kuma ta ci gaba da kasancewa a kudancin Lebanon, tare da goyon bayan sojojin kudancin Lebanon har zuwa watan Mayu 2000.
Rikicin Kudancin Lebanon
Tankar IDF kusa da Shreife IDF ofishin soja a Lebanon (1998) ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1985 Feb 16 - 2000 May 25

Rikicin Kudancin Lebanon

Lebanon
Rikicin Kudancin Labanon, wanda ya kasance daga 1985 zuwa 2000, ya shafi Isra'ila da Sojojin Lebanon ta Kudu (SLA), dakarun Katolika da Kiristoci suka mamaye, da farko a karkashin jagorancin Hezbollah a karkashin jagorancin Shi'a Musulmi da kuma 'yan tawaye na hagu a cikin "Yankin Tsaro" da Isra'ila ta mamaye. a kudancin Lebanon.[214] SLA ta sami tallafin soji da kayan aiki daga Rundunar Tsaron Isra'ila kuma ta yi aiki a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin wucin gadi da Isra'ila ke goyan bayan.Wannan rikici ya kasance wani tsawaita rikicin da ake ci gaba da yi a yankin, wanda ya hada da tada kayar bayan Falasdinawa a Kudancin Lebanon da kuma yakin basasar Lebanon (1975-1990), wanda ya haifar da rikice-rikice tsakanin bangarori daban-daban na Labanon, Jam'iyyar Maronite ta Lebanon, da Shi'a Amal. Harkar, da kuma kungiyar 'yantar da Falasdinu (PLO).Kafin harin da Isra'ila ta kai a shekarar 1982, Isra'ila ta yi niyyar kawar da sansanonin PLO a kasar Labanon, tare da tallafa wa mayakan Maronite a lokacin yakin basasar Lebanon.Mamaya na 1982 ya kai ga ficewar PLO daga Lebanon tare da kafa yankin tsaro da Isra'ila ta yi don kare fararen hula daga hare-haren wuce gona da iri.Duk da haka, wannan ya haifar da wahalhalu ga fararen hula na Lebanon da Falasdinawa.Duk da janyewar wani bangare na Isra'ila a shekarar 1985, ayyukan Isra'ila sun tsananta rikici da mayakan sa-kai na cikin gida, lamarin da ya kai ga hawan Hezbollah da Amal a matsayin dakarun sa-kai a kudancin kasar da mabiya Shi'a suka fi rinjaye.A tsawon lokaci, Hezbollah tare da goyon bayan Iran da Siriya, ta zama babbar karfin soja a kudancin Lebanon.Yanayin yakin da kungiyar Hizbullah ke gudanarwa, da suka hada da hare-haren rokoki kan yankin Galili da dabarun tunani, sun kalubalanci sojojin Isra'ila.[215] Wannan ya haifar da karuwar adawar jama'a a Isra'ila, musamman bayan bala'in helikwafta na 1997 na Isra'ila.Ƙungiyoyin iyaye mata huɗu sun zama masu taimakawa wajen karkata ra'ayin jama'a don ficewa daga Lebanon.[216]Duk da cewa gwamnatin Isra'ila ta yi fatan ficewa a matsayin wani bangare na yarjejeniyar da ta kulla da Syria da Lebanon, amma tattaunawar ta ci tura.A shekara ta 2000, bayan alkawalin zabensa, Firai minista Ehud Barak, ba tare da wani bangare ba ya janye sojojin Isra'ila, bisa ga kudurin kwamitin tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai lamba 425 na shekarar 1978. Wannan janyewar ya janyo rugujewar kungiyar SLA, inda mambobin kungiyar da dama suka gudu zuwa Isra'ila.[217 <>] Har yanzu Lebanon da Hizbullah suna kallon janyewar a matsayin bai cika ba saboda kasancewar Isra'ila a gonakin Shebaa.A cikin 2020, Isra'ila ta amince da rikicin a matsayin wani cikakken yaki.[218]
Intifada ta farko
Intifada a Zirin Gaza. ©Eli Sharir
1987 Dec 8 - 1993 Sep 13

Intifada ta farko

Gaza
Intifada ta farko wani gagarumin jerin zanga-zangar Falasdinawa ne da tashe tashen hankula [219] da suka faru a yankunan Falasdinawa da Isra'ila ta mamaye.An fara shi ne a watan Disamba na shekarar 1987, sakamakon bacin ran Falasdinawa game da mamayar da sojojin Isra'ila suka yi a Yammacin Gabar Kogin Jordan da zirin Gaza, wanda ke ci gaba da gudana tun bayan yakin Larabawa da Isra'ila a shekarar 1967.Tashin hankalin ya ci gaba har zuwa taron Madrid na 1991, ko da yake wasu na ganin karshensa shi ne sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Oslo a 1993. [220.]Intifada ya fara ne a ranar 9 ga Disamba 1987, [221] a sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Jabalia, [222] bayan wani karo da wata motar sojojin Isra'ila (IDF) da wata motar farar hula ta kashe ma'aikatan Falasdinawa hudu.Falasdinawa dai sun yi imanin cewa, lamarin da ya faru a daidai lokacin da ake fama da tashin hankali, da gangan ne, da'awar Isra'ila ta musanta.[223] Amsar Falasdinu ta ƙunshi zanga-zangar, rashin biyayyar jama'a, da tashin hankali, [224] ciki har da rubutun rubutu, shinge, da jifa da duwatsu da Molotov cocktails a IDF da kayan aikinta.Tare da wadannan ayyuka akwai kokarin farar hula kamar yajin aikin gama-gari, kauracewa cibiyoyin Isra'ila, kauracewa tattalin arziki, kin biyan haraji, da kin amfani da lasisin Isra'ila kan motocin Falasdinawa.Isra'ila ta tura sojoji kusan 80,000 a matsayin martani.Matakan yaki da Isra'ila, wadanda da farko suka hada da yin zagaye na kai tsaye a lokutan tarzoma, kungiyar Human Rights Watch ta soki lamirin da cewa bai dace ba, baya ga yadda Isra'ila ke amfani da karfi mai mugun nufi.[225 <>] A cikin watanni 13 na farko, an kashe Falasɗinawa 332 da Isra'ilawa 12.[226 <>] A cikin shekarar farko jami'an tsaron Isra'ila sun kashe Falasɗinawa 311, ciki har da yara ƙanana 53.A cikin shekaru shida, IDF ta kashe Falasdinawa 1,162-1,204.[227]Rikicin ya kuma shafi Isra'ilawa, tare da kashe fararen hula 100 da jami'an IDF 60, [228] sau da yawa daga mayakan da ke wajen ikon Intifada's Unified National Leadership of the Uprising (UNLU).Bugu da kari, sama da fararen hula Isra'ila 1,400 da sojoji 1,700 ne suka jikkata.[229] Wani bangare na Intifada shi ne tashin hankalin tsakanin Palasdinawa, wanda ya kai ga kisa kan Falasdinawa kusan 822 da ake zargi da hada kai da Isra'ila tsakanin 1988 da Afrilu 1994. [230] An bayar da rahoton cewa Isra'ila ta samu bayanai daga Falasdinawa kusan 18,000, [229 231]] ko da yake ƙasa da rabi sun tabbatar da tuntuɓar hukumomin Isra'ila.[231]
1990s Isra&#39;ila
Yitzhak Rabin, Bill Clinton, da Yasser Arafat yayin bikin rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Oslo a Fadar White House a ranar 13 ga Satumbar 1993. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1990 Jan 1 - 2000

1990s Isra'ila

Israel
A watan Agustan 1990, mamayewar Iraki na Kuwait ya haifar da yakin Gulf , wanda ya hada da Iraki da kawancen da Amurka ke jagoranta.A lokacin wannan rikici, Iraki ta harba makamai masu linzami 39 na Scud a Isra'ila.Bisa bukatar Amurka, Isra'ila ba ta mayar da martani ba, don hana kasashen Larabawa ficewa daga cikin kawancen.Isra'ila ta ba da abin rufe fuska ga Falasdinawa da 'yan kasarta kuma ta sami tallafin kariya daga makami mai linzami na Patriot daga Netherlands da Amurka A cikin watan Mayun 1991, Beta Isra'ila (Yahudawa Habashawa) 15,000 an kai su Isra'ila a asirce cikin sa'o'i 36.Nasarar da kawancen ya samu a yakin Gulf ya haifar da sabbin damar samun zaman lafiya a yankin, wanda ya kai ga taron Madrid a watan Oktoban 1991, wanda shugaban Amurka George HW Bush da firaministan Soviet Mikhail Gorbachev suka kira.Firaministan Isra'ila Yitzhak Shamir ya halarci taron domin samun lamunin lamuni na tallafawa 'yan gudun hijira daga Tarayyar Soviet, wanda a karshe ya kai ga rugujewar kawancensa.Bayan haka, Tarayyar Soviet ta ba da izinin yin hijira na Yahudawan Soviet zuwa Isra'ila cikin 'yanci, wanda ya kai ga yin hijirar 'yan Soviet kusan miliyan guda zuwa Isra'ila a cikin 'yan shekaru masu zuwa.[232]A zaben da aka yi a Isra'ila a shekarar 1992, jam'iyyar Labour karkashin jagorancin Yitzhak Rabin ta samu kujeru 44.Rabin, wanda aka inganta a matsayin "tauri janar," ya yi alkawarin ba zai yi mu'amala da PLO ba.Koyaya, a ranar 13 ga Satumba 1993, Isra'ila da PLO suka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Oslo a Fadar White House.[233 <] > Waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin suna da nufin miƙa mulki daga Isra'ila zuwa ga hukumar Falasɗinawa ta wucin gadi, wanda zai kai ga cimma yarjejeniya ta ƙarshe da amincewar juna.A watan Fabrairun 1994, Baruch Goldstein, mabiyin jam'iyyar Kach, ya yi kisan kiyashi a kogon sarakunan gargajiya a Hebron.Bayan haka, Isra'ila da PLO sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin a shekarar 1994 don fara mika mulki ga Falasdinawa.Bugu da ƙari, Jordan da Isra'ila sun rattaba hannu kan sanarwar Washington da yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta Isra'ila-Jordan a cikin 1994, tare da kawo karshen yanayin yakinsu.An rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar wucin gadi ta Isra'ila da Falasdinu a ranar 28 ga Satumbar 1995, ta ba da 'yancin cin gashin kai ga Falasdinawa tare da ba da damar shugabannin PLO su kaura zuwa yankunan da aka mamaye.A daya bangaren kuma, Falasdinawa sun yi alkawarin kauracewa ayyukan ta'addanci tare da yin kwaskwarima ga yarjejeniyar kasa.Wannan yarjejeniya dai ta fuskanci adawa daga kungiyar Hamas da sauran bangarorin da suka kai harin kunar bakin wake kan Isra'ila.Rabin ya mayar da martani ta hanyar gina shingen Gaza-Isra'ila a kusa da Gaza da kuma shigo da ma'aikata saboda karancin ma'aikata a Isra'ila.A ranar 4 ga Nuwamba 1995, wani yahudawan sahyoniya mai ra'ayin dama ya kashe Rabin.Shimon Peres wanda ya gaje shi, ya kira zaben farko a watan Fabrairun 1996. A watan Afrilun 1996, Isra'ila ta kaddamar da wani farmaki a kudancin Lebanon, a matsayin martani ga hare-haren rokoki na Hezbollah.
Yakin Labanon na Biyu
Wani sojan Isra'ila ya jefa gurneti a cikin wani tudun Hizbullah. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
2006 Jul 12 - Aug 14

Yakin Labanon na Biyu

Lebanon
Yakin Lebanon na 2006, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Yakin Labanon na Biyu, ya kasance fadan soji na kwanaki 34 wanda ya hada da dakarun sa kai na Hizbullah da Dakarun tsaron Isra'ila (IDF).Ya faru ne a Lebanon, arewacin Isra'ila, da tuddan Golan, tun daga ranar 12 ga Yulin 2006 kuma ya ƙare da yarjejeniyar tsagaita wuta da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi a ranar 14 ga Agustan 2006. An kawo karshen rikicin ne bayan da Isra'ila ta janye shingen da sojojin ruwa suka yi wa Labanon. 8 Satumba 2006. A wasu lokuta ana ganin yakin a matsayin zagaye na farko na rikicin wakilcin Iran da Isra'ila, saboda gagarumin goyon bayan Iran ga Hezbollah.[234]An fara yakin ne da farmakin da kungiyar Hizbullah ta kai a ranar 12 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2006. Hezbollah ta kai hari kan garuruwan kan iyakar Isra'ila tare da yi wa Humvees Isra'ila kwanton bauna, inda suka kashe sojoji uku tare da sace biyu.[235 <] > Wannan lamarin ya biyo bayan yunƙurin ceto Isra ́ila da bai yi nasara ba, wanda ya haifar da ƙarin asarar rayuka.Kungiyar Hizbullah ta bukaci a sako fursunonin Lebanon da ke Isra’ila domin musanyawa da sojojin da aka sace, bukatar da Isra’ila ta ki amincewa.A martanin da ta mayar, Isra'ila ta kai hare-hare ta sama da luguden wuta a kan wasu wurare a Lebanon, ciki har da filin tashi da saukar jiragen sama na Rafic Hariri na Beirut, tare da fara kai farmaki ta kasa a kudancin Labanon, tare da katange ta sama da na ruwa.Kungiyar Hizbullah ta mayar da martani da hare-haren rokoki kan arewacin Isra'ila tare da shiga yakin neman zabe.An yi imanin cewa rikicin ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane 1,191 da 1,300 na Lebanon, [236] da 165 Isra'ila.[237 <] > Ta yi mummunar lalata ababen more rayuwa na ƙasar Lebanon, kuma ta raba kusan Lebanon miliyan ɗaya [238] da 300,000-500,000 Isra'ila.[239]Kudirin Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai lamba 1701 (UNSCR 1701), da nufin kawo karshen tashin hankali, an amince da shi gaba daya a ranar 11 ga watan Agustan 2006 kuma daga baya gwamnatocin Lebanon da na Isra'ila suka amince da shi.Kudirin ya yi kira da a kwance damarar kungiyar Hizbullah, da janyewar IDF daga kasar Labanon, sannan a jibge sojojin kasar Lebanon da kuma karin dakaru na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a kasar Lebanon (UNIFIL) a kudancin kasar.Dakarun kasar Lebanon sun fara aiki a kudancin kasar Lebanon a ranar 17 ga watan Agustan shekarar 2006, kuma an dage shingen da Isra'ila ta yi a ranar 8 ga watan Satumban shekarar 2006. A ranar 1 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 2006, yawancin sojojin Isra'ila sun janye, ko da yake wasu sun kasance a kauyen Ghajar.Duk da UNSCR 1701, gwamnatin Lebanon ko UNIFIL ba su yi nasarar kwance damarar Hezbollah ba.Hezbollah ta yi iƙirarin wannan rikici a matsayin "Nasara na Ubangiji" [240] yayin da Isra'ila ke kallonsa a matsayin gazawa da damar da aka rasa.[241]
Yakin Gaza na farko
F-16I na Isra'ila na Squadron na 107 na shirin tashi ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
2008 Dec 27 - 2009 Jan 18

Yakin Gaza na farko

Gaza Strip
Yakin Gaza, wanda kuma ake kira Operation Cast Lead da Isra'ila ke yi da kuma kisan kiyashin da ake yi wa al'ummar musulmi, wani rikici ne na tsawon makwanni uku tsakanin kungiyoyin Falasdinawa na Falasdinu a Zirin Gaza da Dakarun tsaron Isra'ila (IDF), wanda ya shafe tsawon makonni 27 ana gwabzawa. Disamba 2008 zuwa 18 ga Janairu 2009. Rikicin ya ƙare tare da tsagaita bude wuta tare da yin sanadin mutuwar Falasdinawa 1,166-1,417 da 'yan Isra'ila 13, ciki har da 4 daga wuta ta abokantaka.[242]Rikicin dai ya biyo bayan kawo karshen yarjejeniyar tsagaita bude wuta na tsawon watanni shida tsakanin Isra'ila da Hamas a ranar 4 ga watan Nuwamba, lokacin da dakarun HKI suka kai farmaki a tsakiyar Gaza domin lalata wani rami, inda suka kashe mayakan Hamas da dama.Isra'ila ta yi iƙirarin kai farmakin na riga-kafi ne a kan yiwuwar yin garkuwa da su, [243] yayin da Hamas ke kallonsa a matsayin keta hurumin tsagaita wuta, wanda ya kai ga harba roka cikin Isra'ila.[244 <>] Ƙoƙarin sabunta yarjejeniyar ya ci tura, kuma Isra’ila ta ƙaddamar da Operation Cast Lead a ranar 27 ga Disamba don dakatar da harbe-harbe na roka, da kai hari ga ofisoshin ‘yan sanda, wuraren soji da na siyasa, da wuraren da ke da yawan jama’a a Gaza, Khan Yunis, da Rafah.[245]A ranar 3 ga watan Janairu ne Isra'ila ta kai farmaki a kasa, inda aka fara gudanar da ayyukanta a biranen Gaza daga ranar 5 ga watan Janairu.A makon da ya gabata ne Isra'ila ta ci gaba da kai hare-hare kan wuraren da Falasdinawan suka harba rokoki da aka lalata a baya.Hamas ta kara kai hare-haren roka da turmi, ta kai Biyer-sheba da Ashdod.[246 <] > Rikicin ya ƙare tare da tsagaita wuta na bai ɗaya da Isra'ila ta yi a ranar 18 ga Janairu, sannan Hamas ta tsagaita wuta na mako guda.IDF ta kammala janyewar ta a ranar 21 ga Janairu.A cikin watan Satumban 2009, wata tawagar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta musamman karkashin jagorancin Richard Goldstone ta fitar da wani rahoto da ke zargin bangarorin biyu da aikata laifukan yaki da kuma aikata laifukan cin zarafin bil adama.[247] A cikin 2011, Goldstone ya janye imaninsa cewa Isra'ila ta yi wa fararen hula hari da gangan, [248] ra'ayin da sauran marubutan rahoton ba su raba.[249] Hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayyana cewa kashi 75% na gidajen farar hula da aka lalata ba a sake gina su ba a watan Satumban 2012. [250]
Yakin Gaza na biyu
IDF Artillery Corps ta harba jirgin M109 na 155 mm, 24 Yuli 2014 ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
2014 Jul 8 - Aug 26

Yakin Gaza na biyu

Gaza Strip
Yakin Gaza na 2014, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Operation Protective Edge, wani farmaki ne na tsawon makonni bakwai da Isra'ila ta kaddamar a ranar 8 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2014 a zirin Gaza, karkashin jagorancin Hamas tun shekara ta 2007. Rikicin ya biyo bayan sacewa da kashe wasu matasan Isra'ila uku da Hamas ta yi. -Dakarun da ke da alaka da su, wanda ya kai ga farmakin Operation Brother's Keeper na Isra'ila tare da kama Falasdinawa da dama a Yammacin Gabar Kogin Jordan.Hakan dai ya zarce hare-haren rokoki daga Hamas zuwa Isra'ila, lamarin da ya janyo yakin.Manufar Isra'ila ita ce ta dakatar da harba makaman roka daga zirin Gaza, yayin da Hamas ke neman dage shingen da Isra'ilada Masar suka yi a Gaza, da kawo karshen hare-haren soji da Isra'ila ke yi, da samar da tsarin sanya ido kan tsagaita bude wuta, da kuma sako fursunonin siyasar Falasdinawa.Rikicin ya ga kungiyar Hamas, Jihad Islami ta Falasdinu, da sauran kungiyoyi sun harba rokoki a cikin Isra'ila, wanda Isra'ila ta mayar da martani da hare-hare ta sama da kuma mamayewa ta kasa da nufin lalata tsarin ramin Gaza.[251]An fara yakin ne da harin roka da kungiyar Hamas ta kai bayan wani abu da ya faru a Khan Yunus, ko dai wani harin da Isra'ila ta kai ko kuma wani fashewar bazata.A ranar 8 ga watan Yuli ne Isra'ila ta fara kai hare-hare ta sama, kuma an fara kai farmakin kasa a ranar 17 ga Yuli, wanda ya kare a ranar 5 ga Agusta.An sanar da tsagaita bude wuta a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta.A lokacin rikicin, kungiyoyin Falasdinawa sun harba rokoki sama da 4,500 kan Isra'ila, tare da kame da yawa ko kuma suka sauka a wuraren bude ido.Dakarun na HKI sun kai hari a wurare da dama a Gaza, inda suka lalata ramuka tare da lalata makaman roka na Hamas.Rikicin ya haifar da mutuwar 2,125 [252] zuwa 2,310 [253] Gazan da mutuwar 10,626 [253] zuwa 10,895 [254] , ciki har da yara da yawa da fararen hula.Kiyasin adadin fararen hula da suka mutu ya bambanta, inda alkaluma daga ma'aikatar lafiya ta Gaza, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, da jami'an Isra'ila suka banbanta.Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ba da rahoton rugujewar gidaje sama da 7,000 da kuma barna ta fuskar tattalin arziki.[255 <>] A bangaren Isra’ila kuma, an kashe sojoji 67, da farar hula 5, da wani farar hula ɗan ƙasar Thailand, tare da jikkata ɗaruruwa.Yaƙin ya yi tasiri mai yawa na tattalin arziki ga Isra'ila.[256]
Isra&#39;ila - Yaƙin Hamas
Sojojin IDF na shirin kai farmaki ta kasa a Gaza a ranar 29 ga Oktoba ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
2023 Oct 7

Isra'ila - Yaƙin Hamas

Palestine
Rikicin da ya fara a ranar 7 ga Oktoban 2023 tsakanin Isra'ila da kungiyoyin gwagwarmayar Falasdinawa karkashin jagorancin Hamas, musamman a zirin Gaza, na wakiltar wani gagarumin ci gaba a yankin.Mayakan Hamas sun kaddamar da wani farmaki ta bangarori da dama na ba-zata a kudancin Isra'ila, wanda ya yi sanadin hasarar rayuka da dama da kuma yin garkuwa da su zuwa Gaza.[257 <>] Ƙasashe da dama sun yi Allah wadai da harin, ko da yake wasu na zargin Isra'ila da manufofinta a yankunan Falasɗinawa.[258]Isra'ila ta mayar da martani da wani gagarumin farmaki ta sama a zirin Gaza da kuma wani hari da ta kai ta kasa, inda ta ayyana yanayin yaki.Rikicin ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane sama da 14,300, ciki har da yara 6,000, da kuma zargin aikata laifukan yaki a kan Isra'ila da Hamas.[259 <>] Lamarin ya haifar da mummunan rikicin jin kai a Gaza, tare da ƙaura masu yawa, da rugujewar ayyukan kiwon lafiya, da ƙarancin kayayyaki masu mahimmanci.[260]Yakin dai ya haifar da zanga-zangar da aka yi ta yaduwa a duniya wadanda suka mayar da hankali kan tsagaita wuta.Amurka ta yi watsi da kudurin kwamitin sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wanda ya bukaci a tsagaita bude wuta na jin kai cikin gaggawa;[261] <> bayan mako guda, Amurka ta tsaya tare da Isra'ila wajen yin watsi da wani kuduri na ba da shawara wanda ba shi da tushe wanda aka zartas da rinjaye a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.[262] Isra’ila ta yi watsi da kiraye-kirayen tsagaita wuta.[263] A ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, Kwamitin Sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya amince da wani kuduri da ke kira ga "dakata da tsawaita ayyukan jin kai da gaggawa a ko'ina cikin Zirin Gaza".[264] .[265 <>] A ranar 28 ga Nuwamba, Isra'ila da Hamas sun zargi juna da keta yarjejeniyar tsagaita wuta.[266]

Appendices



APPENDIX 1

Who were the Canaanites? (The Land of Canaan, Geography, People and History)


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APPENDIX 2

How Britain Started the Arab-Israeli Conflict


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APPENDIX 3

Israel's Geographic Challenge 2023


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APPENDIX 4

Why the IDF is the world’s most effective military | Explain Israel Palestine


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APPENDIX 5

Geopolitics of Israel


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Characters



Moshe Dayan

Moshe Dayan

Israeli Military Leader

Golda Meir

Golda Meir

Fourth prime minister of Israel

David

David

Third king of the United Kingdom of Israel

Solomon

Solomon

Monarch of Ancient Israel

Rashi

Rashi

Medieval French rabbi

Theodor Herzl

Theodor Herzl

Father of modern political Zionism

Maimonides

Maimonides

Sephardic Jewish Philosopher

Chaim Weizmann

Chaim Weizmann

First president of Israel

Simon bar Kokhba

Simon bar Kokhba

Jewish military leader

Yitzhak Rabin

Yitzhak Rabin

Fifth Prime Minister of Israel

Herod the Great

Herod the Great

Jewish King

Eliezer Ben-Yehuda

Eliezer Ben-Yehuda

Russian-Jewish Linguist

Ariel Sharon

Ariel Sharon

11th Prime Minister of Israel

David Ben-Gurion

David Ben-Gurion

Founder of the State of Israel

Flavius Josephus

Flavius Josephus

Roman–Jewish Historian

Judas Maccabeus

Judas Maccabeus

Jewish Priest

Menachem Begin

Menachem Begin

Sixth Prime Minister of Israel

Doña Gracia Mendes Nasi

Doña Gracia Mendes Nasi

Portuguese-Jewish Philanthropist

Footnotes



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