Tarihi na Tarayyar Soviet

Juyin juya halin Rasha wani lokaci ne na juyin juya halin siyasa da zamantakewa wanda ya faru a tsohuwar daular Rasha wacce ta fara a lokacin yakin duniya na farko .Wannan lokacin ya ga Rasha ta kawar da mulkinta kuma ta rungumi tsarin mulkin gurguzu bayan juyin juya hali guda biyu a jere da yakin basasa mai zubar da jini.Har ila yau ana iya kallon juyin juya halin Rasha a matsayin madogara ga sauran juyin juya halin Turai da suka faru a lokacin yakin duniya ko bayan yakin duniya na biyu, kamar juyin juya halin Jamus na 1918. An kaddamar da juyin juya halin Rasha tare da juyin juya halin Fabrairu a shekara ta 1917. Wannan tawaye ta farko ta mayar da hankali ne a cikin watan Fabrairu. da kuma kewaye da babban birnin kasar Petrograd (yanzu Saint Petersburg).Bayan manyan hasarar soji a lokacin yakin, Sojojin Rasha sun fara yin kaca-kaca.Shugabannin soji da manyan jami'ai sun hakikance cewa idan Tsar Nicholas II ya yi murabus, tarzomar cikin gida za ta lafa.Nicholas ya amince kuma ya sauka, inda ya kafa sabuwar gwamnati karkashin jagorancin Duma (majalisar dokoki) ta Rasha wacce ta zama gwamnatin wucin gadi ta Rasha.Wannan gwamnati ta kasance karkashin muradun fitattun ‘yan jari-hujja, da kuma manyan sarakunan Rasha da masu fada aji.Dangane da waɗannan ci gaban, an kafa tarukan jama'a na asali (wanda ake kira Soviets).

Yakin basasa na Rasha ya kasance yakin basasa na jam'iyyu da dama a tsohuwar daular Rasha sakamakon hambarar da masarautar da sabuwar gwamnatin jamhuriyar ta kasa wajen tabbatar da zaman lafiya, saboda da dama daga cikin bangarorin sun yi ta kokarin sanin makomar siyasar kasar ta Rasha.Ya haifar da samuwar RSFSR daga bisani Tarayyar Soviet a mafi yawan yankunanta.Ƙarshensa ya nuna ƙarshen juyin juya halin Rasha , wanda shine daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka faru a karni na 20.Juyin Juyin Juya Hali na Fabrairu 1917 ya hambarar da Masarautar Rasha, kuma Rasha tana cikin wani yanayi na siyasa.Rikicin rani ya ƙare a juyin juya halin Oktoba wanda Bolshevik ya jagoranta, ya hambarar da gwamnatin wucin gadi ta Jamhuriyar Rasha.Ba a yarda da mulkin Bolshevik a duk duniya ba, kuma ƙasar ta shiga yakin basasa.Manyan mayakan biyu sune Red Army, suna gwagwarmaya don tsarin gurguzu na Bolshevik wanda Vladimir Lenin ke jagoranta, da kuma sojojin kawance da aka sani da White Army, wadanda suka hada da bukatu daban-daban wadanda ke fifita tsarin mulkin siyasa, jari-hujja da dimokiradiyyar zamantakewa, kowannensu yana da dimokiradiyya da adawa. - bambance-bambancen dimokuradiyya.Bugu da kari, 'yan gurguzu masu fafutuka, musamman ma 'yan gurguzu na Ukrainian Makhnovshchina da Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, da kuma sojojin kore marasa akida, sun yi adawa da Reds, Fari da masu shiga tsakani na kasashen waje.Kasashe 13 na kasashen waje ne suka shiga tsakani a kan dakarun Red Army, musamman tsoffin sojojin kawance daga yakin duniya da nufin sake kafa kungiyar Gabas.

Rasha ta mamaye Asiya ta Tsakiya a karni na 19 ta hanyar hade da Khanates na Kokand da Khiv da Masarautar Bukhara a da.Bayan da 'yan gurguzu suka karbi mulki a shekara ta 1917 suka kafa Tarayyar Soviet an yanke shawarar raba tsakiyar Asiya zuwa jamhuriyoyin da ke da kabilanci a tsarin da ake kira National Territorial Delimitation (NTD).Wannan ya yi daidai da ka'idar Kwaminisanci cewa kishin kasa wani mataki ne da ya wajaba a kan hanyar zuwa ga al'ummar gurguzu a karshe, kuma ma'anar Joseph Stalin na wata al'umma a matsayin "al'umma ce mai zaman kanta a tarihi, tsayayyiyar al'umma, wadda aka kafa bisa tushen harshe guda; yanki, rayuwar tattalin arziki, da kuma tsarin tunani sun bayyana a cikin al'ada daya".Ana bayyana NTD a matsayin ba komai ba face motsa jiki na ɓatanci a cikin rarrabuwa da mulki, da gangan ƙoƙarin Machiavellian da Stalin ya yi na ci gaba da mulkin Tarayyar Soviet a yankin ta hanyar raba mazaunanta cikin yanayi daban-daban kuma tare da iyakoki da gangan aka zana don barin tsiraru a cikin kowane. jiharKo da yake hakika Rasha ta damu da yuwuwar barazanar kishin kasar Turkiyya, kamar yadda aka bayyana alal misali tare da yunkurin Basmachi na shekarun 1920, bincike na kusa da tushe na farko ya ba da hoto mai zurfi fiye da yadda ake gabatarwa.Soviets sun yi niyya don ƙirƙirar jamhuriyoyin kabilanci masu kama da juna, duk da haka yankuna da yawa sun haɗu da ƙabilanci (musamman kwarin Ferghana) kuma sau da yawa yana da wahala a sanya alamar kabilanci 'daidai' ga wasu mutane (misali gauraye Tajik-Uzbek Sart, ko Turkmen daban-daban. / kabilar Uzbek tare da Amu Darya).Masu fada a ji na cikin gida sukan yi kakkausar suka (kuma a lokuta da yawa an wuce gona da iri) shari'ar tasu kuma a lokuta da yawa ana tilastawa 'yan Rasha yin hukunci a tsakaninsu, abin da ke kara tabarbarewa sakamakon karancin masaniyar kwararru da karancin cikakkun bayanai na kabilanci ko na zamani kan yankin. .Bugu da ƙari, NTD ta kuma yi niyya don ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyi masu 'zamantawa', waɗanda za a yi la'akari da su a fannin tattalin arziki, yanki, noma da ababen more rayuwa tare da yin la'akari da na ƙabila akai-akai.Ƙoƙarin daidaita waɗannan maƙasudai masu karo da juna a cikin tsarin kishin ƙasa gabaɗaya ya kasance mai matuƙar wahala kuma sau da yawa ba zai yuwu ba, wanda ya haifar da zana iyakoki masu ruɗewa, da ɓangaro da yawa da kuma haifar da manyan ƴan tsiraru waɗanda ba za a iya kaucewa ba waɗanda suka ƙare rayuwa a cikin jamhuriya 'kuskure'.Bugu da ƙari, Soviets ba su taɓa nufin waɗannan iyakoki su zama iyakokin ƙasa da ƙasa ba.

Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Tarayyar Soviet ya ba da tabbacin daidaito ga mata - "Mata a cikin Tarayyar Soviet ana ba su hakki daidai da maza a kowane fanni na tattalin arziki, jiha, al'adu, zamantakewa, da siyasa."(Shafi na 122).Juyin juya halin Rasha na 1917 ya kafa daidaiton doka na mata da maza.Lenin ya ga mata a matsayin wani karfi na aiki wanda a baya ba a iya amfani da su ba;ya karfafa mata da su shiga cikin juyin juya halin gurguzu.Ya ce: "Ƙananan ayyukan gida suna murƙushewa, shakewa, lalata da wulakanta mace], suna ɗaure ta zuwa kicin da kuma wurin gandun daji, kuma suna lalatar da aikinta a kan rashin amfani, ƙanƙanta, jijiyoyi, lalata da murkushe muguwar sha'awa."Koyarwar Bolshevik na nufin 'yantar da mata ta fuskar tattalin arziki daga maza, kuma wannan yana nufin ba da damar mata su shiga aikin.Adadin matan da suka shiga aikin ya tashi daga 423,200 a 1923 zuwa 885,000 a 1930.Don cimma wannan karuwar mata a cikin ma’aikata, sabuwar gwamnatin gurguzu ta ba da ka’idar iyali ta farko a watan Oktoba 1918. Wannan ka’ida ta raba aure da coci, ya ba ma’aurata damar zabar sunan suna, ya ba wa shege ‘ya’yan hakki daidai da na halal, ya ba su. haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin iyaye mata, kiyaye lafiya da aminci a wurin aiki, da kuma ba wa mata damar saki bisa wasu dalilai masu yawa.A 1920 gwamnatin Soviet ta halatta zubar da ciki.A cikin 1922 fyaden aure ya zama doka a cikin Tarayyar Soviet.Dokokin aiki kuma sun taimaka wa mata.An ba wa mata haƙƙoƙi daidai gwargwado dangane da inshora idan akwai rashin lafiya, hutun haihuwa na mako takwas, da mafi ƙarancin albashin da aka gindaya na maza da mata.Dukkanin jinsin kuma an ba su izinin hutun hutu.Gwamnatin Tarayyar Soviet ta aiwatar da waɗannan matakan ne don samar da ingantacciyar ƙarfin aiki daga kowane jinsi.Duk da yake gaskiyar ita ce, ba duka mata ne aka ba wa waɗannan haƙƙoƙin ba, sun kafa wani tushe daga tsarin gargajiya na mulkin mallaka na Rasha a baya.Don kula da wannan ka'ida da 'yancin mata, Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Rasha (bolsheviks) ta kafa ƙwararrun sashen mata, Zhenotdel a cikin 1919. Sashen ya samar da farfaganda da ke ƙarfafa mata da yawa su zama wani ɓangare na yawan jama'ar birane da na jam'iyyar gurguzu ta juyin juya hali. .1920s sun ga canje-canje a cikin cibiyoyin birane na manufofin iyali, jima'i, da gwagwarmayar siyasa na mata.Ƙirƙirar "sabuwar mace 'yar Soviet", wadda za ta kasance mai sadaukarwa da sadaukar da kai ga yunkurin juyin juya hali, ya share hanyar da ake tsammanin mata za su zo.A shekara ta 1925, tare da yawan kisan aure, Zhenotdel ya kirkiro tsarin iyali na biyu, yana ba da shawarar auren doka ga ma'auratan da suke zaune tare.Sai dai kuma bayan shekara guda, gwamnati ta zartar da dokar aure a matsayin wani martani ga hakikanin auren da ke haddasa rashin daidaito ga mata.A sakamakon aiwatar da manufofin aiwatar da sabon tsarin tattalin arziki (NEP) na 1921-1928, idan mutum ya bar matarsa ​​ta gaskiya, an bar ta ta kasa samun taimako.Maza ba su da wata alaƙa ta shari'a don haka, idan mace ta sami ciki, zai iya fita, kuma ba zai kasance da alhakin taimaka wa mace ko yaro ba;hakan ya haifar da karuwar yara marasa gida.Domin mace ta zahiri ba ta da wani hakki, gwamnati ta yi ƙoƙari ta warware wannan ta hanyar dokar aure ta 1926, ta ba wa masu rajista da waɗanda ba su yi rajista ba daidai da haƙƙinsu da kuma jaddada wajibcin da ke tattare da aure.Bolsheviks kuma sun kafa "Soviet na mata" don kula da mata.A cikin 1930 Zhenotdel ya watse, kamar yadda gwamnati ta yi iƙirarin cewa an kammala aikinsu.Mata sun fara shiga cikin ma'aikata na Soviet a kan sikelin da ba a taɓa gani ba.Duk da haka, a tsakiyar 1930s an sami komawa zuwa ƙarin al'adun gargajiya da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a yawancin fagage na zamantakewa da zamantakewa.Mata sun zama jaruman gida kuma sun sadaukar da kansu ga mazajensu kuma dole ne su samar da rayuwa mai kyau a gida wanda zai "kara yawan aiki da inganta aikin aiki".Shekarun 1940 sun ci gaba da akidar gargajiya - dangin nukiliya su ne ke da karfi na lokacin.Mata sun dauki nauyin zamantakewa na uwa wanda ba za a yi watsi da shi ba.

Dekulakization shine yakin Soviet na zalunci na siyasa, ciki har da kama, kora, ko kisa na miliyoyin kulaks (masu wadata) da iyalansu.Sake rarraba filayen noma ya fara ne a cikin 1917 kuma ya kasance har zuwa 1933, amma ya fi aiki a cikin lokacin 1929-1932 na shirin shekaru biyar na farko.Don sauƙaƙa kwace filayen noma, gwamnatin Soviet ta kwatanta kulaks a matsayin abokan gaba na Tarayyar Soviet.Fiye da manoma miliyan 1.8 aka kora a cikin 1930-1931.Yaƙin neman zaɓe yana da manufar yaƙi da juyin juya hali da gina tsarin gurguzu a cikin karkara.Wannan manufar, wanda aka gudanar a lokaci guda tare da tattarawa a cikin Tarayyar Soviet, ya kawo duk aikin noma da duk ma'aikata a cikin Tarayyar Soviet a ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati.Yunwa, cuta, da kisa da yawa a lokacin dekulakization sun haifar da kusan mutuwar 390,000 ko 530,000-600,000 daga 1929 zuwa 1933.A watan Nuwamba 1917, a taron wakilai na kwamitocin talakawa talakawa, Vladimir Lenin ya sanar da wata sabuwar manufa don kawar da abin da aka yi imani da cewa masu arziki ne na Tarayyar Soviet, wanda aka sani da kulaks: "Idan kulaks ya kasance ba a taɓa shi ba, idan ba mu ci nasara ba. masu ɗora kaya, sarki da ɗan jari hujja ba makawa za su dawo”.A cikin Yuli 1918, an ƙirƙiri kwamitocin matalauta don wakiltar talakawa matalauta, wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ayyukan da aka yi wa kulaks, kuma ya jagoranci aiwatar da sake rarraba filayen da aka kwace da kaya, rarar abinci daga kulaks.Joseph Stalin ya ba da sanarwar "ruwa na kulaks a matsayin aji" a ranar 27 ga Disamba 1929. Stalin ya ce: "Yanzu muna da damar da za mu iya kai hari ga kulaks, karya juriya, kawar da su a matsayin aji kuma mu maye gurbinsu. tare da samar da kolkhozes da sovkhozes."Ofishin Politburo na Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta All-Union (Bolsheviks) ta tsara shawarar a cikin wani kuduri mai taken "Akan matakan kawar da gidajen kulak a gundumomi na tattarawa" a ranar 30 ga Janairu 1930. An sanya dukkan kulaks zuwa ɗaya daga cikin rukuni uku:Wadanda za a harbe su ko a daure su kamar yadda ‘yan sandan sirrin siyasa suka yanke shawara.Wadanda za a tura su Siberiya, Arewa, Urals, ko Kazakhstan, bayan an kwace musu kadarorinsu.Wadanda za a kore su daga gidajensu kuma a yi amfani da su a yankunan kwadago a cikin gundumominsu.Waɗancan kulaks ɗin da aka aika zuwa Siberiya da sauran wuraren da ba su da yawan jama'a sun yi aiki tuƙuru suna aiki a sansanonin da za su samar da katako, zinare, gawayi da sauran albarkatu masu yawa waɗanda Tarayyar Soviet ke buƙata don shirinta na haɓaka masana'antu cikin sauri.

Ta'addancin Red Terror a cikin Tarayyar Soviet yaƙin neman zaɓe na siyasa da kisa da 'yan Bolshevik suka yi, musamman ta hanyar Cheka, 'yan sandan sirri na Bolshevik.Ya fara ne a ƙarshen Agusta 1918 bayan farkon yakin basasar Rasha da ake buƙata kuma ya kasance har zuwa 1922. Tashi bayan yunkurin kisan gilla kan Vladimir Lenin da shugaban Petrograd Cheka Moisei Uritsky, wanda ƙarshensa ya yi nasara, an ƙirƙira Red Terror akan Mulkin Ta'addanci na juyin juya halin Faransa, da kuma neman kawar da rashin amincewar siyasa, adawa, da duk wata barazana ga ikon Bolshevik.Fiye da yawa, kalmar yawanci ana amfani da ita ga Bolshevik danniya na siyasa a duk lokacin yakin basasa (1917-1922), kamar yadda aka bambanta da Farin Terror da White Army (Rukunin Rasha da wadanda ba na Rasha ba suka yi adawa da mulkin Bolshevik) a kan abokan gaba na siyasa. , ciki har da Bolsheviks.Ƙididdiga na jimlar adadin waɗanda abin ya shafa na danniya na Bolshevik ya bambanta da yawa a lambobi da iyaka.Wata majiya ta ba da kiyasin kisa 28,000 a kowace shekara daga Disamba 1917 zuwa Fabrairu 1922. Kididdigar adadin mutanen da aka harbe a farkon lokacin jajayen ta'addanci ya kai akalla 10,000.Kiyasi na tsawon lokacin yana tafiya ƙasa da 50,000 zuwa sama na 140,000 da 200,000 da aka kashe.Ƙididdiga mafi aminci ga adadin kisa gabaɗaya ya sanya adadin ya kai kusan 100,000.

Sabuwar Siyasar Tattalin Arziki (NEP) wata manufar tattalin arziƙin Tarayyar Soviet ne wanda Vladimir Lenin ya gabatar a cikin 1921 a matsayin amfani na ɗan lokaci.Lenin ya kwatanta NEP a cikin 1922 a matsayin tsarin tattalin arziki wanda zai hada da "kasuwa mai 'yanci da jari-hujja, duka biyun da ke ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati", yayin da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu za su yi aiki a kan "tushen riba".NEP ta wakilci tsarin tattalin arziki mai mahimmanci na kasuwa (wanda ake ganin ya zama dole bayan yakin basasa na Rasha na 1918 zuwa 1922) don bunkasa tattalin arzikin kasar, wanda ya sha wahala mai tsanani tun 1915. Hukumomin Soviet sun soke wani ɓangare na cikakken ba da izinin masana'antu (wanda aka kafa). a zamanin mulkin kwaminisanci na 1918 zuwa 1921) da kuma bullo da tsarin tattalin arziki mai gauraya wanda ya baiwa masu zaman kansu damar mallakar kanana da matsakaitan masana'antu, yayin da jihar ke ci gaba da sarrafa manyan masana'antu, bankuna da kasuwancin waje.Bugu da kari, NEP ta soke prodrazvyorstka (tilastawa hatsi-buƙatun) da kuma gabatar da prodnalog: haraji a kan manoma, wanda za a iya biya a cikin nau'i na albarkatun noma.Gwamnatin Bolshevik ta amince da NEP a cikin taron 10th Congress na All-Russian Communist Party (Maris 1921) kuma ta ba da sanarwar ta 21 Maris 1921: "A kan Sauyawa Prodrazvyorstka ta Prodnalog".Ƙarin hukunce-hukuncen sun inganta manufofin.Sauran manufofin sun haɗa da sake fasalin kuɗi (1922-1924) da kuma jan hankalin babban birnin waje.NEP ta kirkiro sabon nau'in mutane da ake kira NEPmen (nэpmanы) (nouveau riches).Joseph Stalin ya watsar da NEP a cikin 1928 tare da Babban Hutu.

An ba da tabbacin ilimi a cikin Tarayyar Soviet a matsayin haƙƙin tsarin mulki ga duk mutanen da aka samar ta hanyar makarantun jihohi da jami'o'i.Tsarin ilimi da ya samo asali bayan kafuwar Tarayyar Soviet a shekara ta 1922 ya zama sananne a duniya saboda nasarorin da ya samu wajen kawar da jahilci da kuma noma al'umma masu ilimi.Fa'idodinta sun kasance gabaɗayan samun dama ga duk ƴan ƙasa da aikin bayan karatu.Tarayyar Soviet ta gane cewa tushen tsarin su ya dogara ne akan yawan jama'a masu ilimi da ci gaba a fagagen fagagen injiniya, kimiyyar halitta, kimiyyar rayuwa da ilimin zamantakewa, tare da ilimi na asali.Wani muhimmin al'amari na farkon yakin neman ilimi da ilimi shine manufofin "yan asalin" (korenizatsiya).Wannan manufar, wacce ta dade tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1920 zuwa karshen shekarun 1930, ta inganta ci gaba da amfani da harsunan da ba na Rasha ba a cikin gwamnati, kafofin yada labarai, da ilimi.An yi niyya don tinkarar ayyukan tarihi na Russification, yana da a matsayin wata manufa mai amfani da ke tabbatar da ilimin yaren asali a matsayin hanya mafi sauri don haɓaka matakan ilimi na al'ummomi masu zuwa.An kafa babbar hanyar sadarwar da ake kira "makarantun ƙasa" a cikin 1930s, kuma wannan cibiyar sadarwa ta ci gaba da girma a cikin rajista a duk lokacin Soviet.Manufofin harshe sun canza cikin lokaci, watakila alama ta farko a cikin wajabcin gwamnati a cikin 1938 koyarwar Rashanci a matsayin abin da ake buƙata na karatu a kowace makarantar da ba ta Rasha ba, sannan musamman farawa a cikin 1950 na ƙarshe na haɓaka juzu'i na makarantun da ba na Rasha ba. zuwa Rashanci a matsayin babban matsakaicin koyarwa.Duk da haka, wani muhimmin abin gado na manufofin ilimin harshe na asali da na harsuna biyu a cikin shekaru da suka wuce shi ne haɓaka ilimin ilimi a cikin yawancin harsuna na 'yan asalin Tarayyar Soviet, tare da yaduwa da girma da harshe biyu wanda aka ce Rasha ita ce "harshen". na sadarwar duniya."A cikin 1923 an karɓi sabon ƙa'idar makaranta da tsarin karatu.Makarantu sun kasu kashi uku daban-daban, wanda yawan koyarwar koyarwar: "Shekaru huɗu", "a shekara bakwai" da "makarantu tara" shekara tara "shekara tara" shekara tara ".Makarantu bakwai da tara (sakandare) sun yi karanci, idan aka kwatanta da na “shekara hudu” (firamare), wanda hakan ya sa dalibai su iya kammala karatunsu na sakandare.Wadanda suka gama makaranta na shekaru bakwai suna da damar shiga Technicums.Makaranta na shekara tara ne kawai ta jagoranci zuwa karatun matakin jami'a kai tsaye.An canza tsarin karatun sosai.An soke batutuwa masu zaman kansu, kamar karatu, rubutu, lissafi, harshen uwa, harsunan waje, tarihi, labarin kasa, adabi ko kimiyya.Maimakon haka, an rarraba shirye-shiryen makaranta zuwa "rikitattun jigogi", kamar "rayuwa da aiki na iyali a ƙauye da gari" na shekara ta farko ko "kungiyar ƙwadago ta kimiyya" don shekara ta 7 na ilimi.Irin wannan tsarin ya gaza, duk da haka, kuma a shekara ta 1928 sabon shirin ya watsar da jigogi masu rikitarwa kuma ya koma koyarwa a kan batutuwa guda ɗaya.An bukace dukkan dalibai su dauki darasi iri daya.Wannan ya ci gaba har zuwa 1970s lokacin da aka fara ba wa manyan ɗalibai lokaci don yin zaɓen kwasa-kwasan da suka zaɓa baya ga daidaitattun kwasa-kwasan.Tun 1918 duk makarantun Soviet sun kasance haɗin gwiwa.A cikin 1943, an raba makarantun birane zuwa makarantun maza da mata.A shekara ta 1954 aka dawo da tsarin ilimin gauraye na jinsi.Ilimin Soviet a cikin 1930s-1950s ya kasance mara sassauci kuma yana da ƙarfi.Bincike da ilimi, a cikin dukkan fannoni amma musamman a cikin ilimin zamantakewa, akidar Marxist-Leninist ta mamaye kuma CPSU ne ke kula da su.Irin wannan mallake ya haifar da kawar da dukkanin bangarorin ilimi kamar kwayoyin halitta.An wanke malamai kamar yadda ake shelar su Burgeoi a lokacin.Yawancin rassan da aka soke an sake gyara su daga baya a tarihin Soviet, a cikin 1960-1990s (misali, jinsin halittu ya kasance a cikin Oktoba 1964), kodayake yawancin malaman da aka tsarkake an gyara su ne kawai a zamanin Soviet.Bugu da kari, litattafai da dama - irin su na tarihi - cike suke da akida da farfaganda, kuma suna kunshe da bayanai marasa inganci (duba tarihin Soviet).Matsalolin akida na tsarin ilimi ya ci gaba, amma a cikin shekarun 1980, manufofin gwamnati da suka fi dacewa sun yi tasiri ga canje-canjen da suka sa tsarin ya zama mai sassauci .Jim kaɗan kafin Tarayyar Soviet ta ruguje, makarantu ba su ƙara koyar da darussa daga mahangar Marxist-Leninist kwata-kwata.Wani bangare na rashin sassaucin ra'ayi shine yawan adadin da ake hana yara da kuma buƙatar maimaita shekara guda na makaranta.A farkon shekarun 1950, yawanci kashi 8-10% na daliban da ke matakin firamare ana gudanar da su ne a shekara guda.Wannan wani bangare yana da nasaba da salon koyarwa na malamai, kuma wani bangare na cewa yawancin waɗannan yaran suna da nakasu wanda ya hana su aiki.A cikin 1950s na ƙarshe, duk da haka, Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta fara inganta ƙirƙirar makarantu na musamman (ko "makarantun taimako") iri-iri na yara masu nakasa na jiki ko na tunani.Da zarar an fitar da waɗannan yaran daga manyan makarantu (jama'a), kuma da zarar an fara ɗaukar nauyin malaman makaranta game da yawan adadin ɗaliban nasu, farashin ya ragu sosai.A tsakiyar shekarun 1960, yawan maimaitawa a makarantun firamare gabaɗaya ya ragu zuwa kusan kashi 2%, kuma a ƙarshen 1970s zuwa ƙasa da 1%.Adadin yaran da suka shiga makarantu na musamman ya ninka sau biyar a tsakanin 1960 zuwa 1980. Duk da haka, samun irin waɗannan makarantu na musamman ya bambanta sosai daga wannan jamhuriya zuwa wancan.Bisa ga kowa da kowa, irin waɗannan makarantu na musamman sun fi samuwa a cikin Jamhuriyar Baltic, kuma aƙalla a cikin tsakiyar Asiya.Wataƙila wannan bambance-bambancen yana da alaƙa da wadatar albarkatu fiye da bukatun dangi na sabis na yara a yankuna biyu.A cikin 1970s da 1980, kusan 99.7% na mutanen Soviet sun yi karatu.

Glavlit, wata hukumar da aka kafa a ranar 6 ga Yuni, 1922, ta yi la'akari da ayyukan bugawa irin su jaridu, tallace-tallace, alamun samfuri, da littattafai, wanda aka kafa a ranar 6 ga Yuni, 1922, mai yiwuwa don kiyaye manyan bayanan sirri daga ƙungiyoyin waje amma a gaskiya don cire kayan da hukumomin Soviet ba sa so. .Daga 1932 har zuwa 1952, yada gaskiyar gurguzanci shine manufa ta Glavlit a cikin ayyukan buga littattafai, yayin da kyamar kasashen yammaci da kishin kasa suka kasance abubuwan gama gari ga wannan burin.Don iyakance tawayen ƙauyen kan tattarawa, an kori jigogin da suka haɗa da ƙarancin abinci.A cikin littafin Russia Washed in Blood na 1932, wani labari mai ban tausayi na Bolshevik game da barnar da Moscow ta yi daga juyin juya halin Oktoba yana ɗauke da bayanin, “ruɓaɓɓen dankalin turawa, karnukan da mutane suka ci, yara suna mutuwa, yunwa,” amma nan da nan aka share su.Har ila yau, an yi gyare-gyare a cikin littafin siminti na 1941 ta hanyar kawar da motsin rai na Gleb ga ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Ingilishi: "Ko da yake muna fama da talauci kuma muna cin mutane saboda yunwa, duk daya muke da Lenin."

Sanarwa da Yarjejeniya kan Samar da Tarayyar Soviet Socialist Republics sun kafa Tarayyar Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), wanda aka fi sani da Tarayyar Soviet.Ita de jure ta halatta ƙungiyar siyasa ta jamhuriyar Soviet da dama waɗanda suka wanzu tun 1919 kuma sun ƙirƙiri sabuwar gwamnatin tarayya wacce manyan ayyukanta suka kasance a tsakiyar Moscow.Reshenta na majalissar ya ƙunshi Majalisar Tarayyar Soviet na Tarayyar Soviet da Babban Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Tarayyar Soviet (TsIK), yayin da Majalisar Komishinonin Jama'a ta ƙunshi zartarwa.Yarjejeniyar, tare da Sanarwa na Halitta na USSR an amince da ita a ranar 30 ga Disamba 1922 ta hanyar taron wakilai daga Rasha SFSR, Transcaucasian SFSR, Ukrainian SSR da Byelorussian SSR.An tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar da Sanarwa ta Majalisar Tarayyar Soviet ta farko kuma shugabannin wakilai - Mikhail Kalinin, Mikhail Tskhakaya, da Grigory Petrovsky, Alexander Chervyakov suka sanya hannu a ranar 30 ga Disamba, 1922. Yarjejeniyar ta ba da sassauci don shigar da sabbin membobin. .Saboda haka, a 1940 Tarayyar Soviet ta girma daga kafa hudu (ko shida, dangane da ko ana amfani da ma'anar 1922 ko 1940) zuwa jumhuriya 15.

Ma'aikatar Lafiya (MOH) na Tarayyar Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), wacce aka kafa a ranar 15 ga Maris 1946, tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan ofisoshin gwamnati a cikin Tarayyar Soviet.A da (har zuwa 1946) da aka sani da Ƙungiyar Jama'a don Lafiya.An kafa ma'aikatar, a matakin ƙungiyar duka, a ranar 6 ga Yuli 1923, bayan rattaba hannu kan Yarjejeniya kan Ƙirƙirar Tarayyar USSR, kuma ta kasance, bi da bi, bisa ga Ƙungiyar Jama'a don Lafiya na RSFSR da aka kafa a 1917.A cikin 1918 an kafa Commissariat na Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a.An kafa Majalisar Sashen Kiwon Lafiya a Petrograd.An nada Nikolai Semashko Kwamishinan Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a na RSFSR kuma ya yi aiki a wannan rawar daga 11 Yuli 1918 har zuwa 25 Janairu 1930. Ya zama "alhakin duk abubuwan da suka shafi lafiyar jama'a da kuma kafa duk ka'idoji (da suka shafi shi). ) da nufin inganta yanayin kiwon lafiya na al'umma da kuma kawar da duk wani yanayi na rashin lafiya" bisa ga Majalisar Kwamitocin Jama'a a 1921. Ya kafa sababbin kungiyoyi, wani lokaci ya maye gurbin tsofaffi: Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Lafiya ta Rasha. Hukumar Kula da Tsaftar Soja, Cibiyar Kula da Tsaftar Jama'a ta Jiha, Kula da Gaggawa na Petrograd Skoraya, da Hukumar Kula da Hauka.A 1923 akwai 5440 likitoci a Moscow.4190 sun kasance likitocin jihar albashi.An yiwa 956 rajista a matsayin marasa aikin yi.Ana ƙara ƙaramar albashi ta hanyar aiki na sirri.A cikin 1930 17.5% na likitocin Moscow sun kasance a cikin aikin sirri.Yawan daliban likitanci ya karu daga 19,785 a 1913 zuwa 63,162 a 1928 da zuwa 76,027 zuwa 1932. Lokacin da Mikhail Vladimirsky ya karbi ragamar Hukumar Lafiya ta Jama'a a 1930 90% na likitocin da ke Rasha sun yi aiki ga Jiha.Kashewa kan ayyukan kiwon lafiya ya karu daga 140.2 miliyan rubles a kowace shekara zuwa 384.9 miliyan rubles tsakanin 1923 da 1927, amma kudade daga wannan lokacin da kyar ya ci gaba da karuwa.An gina sabbin asibitoci 2000 tsakanin 1928 zuwa 1932.Haɗin samfurin ya sami babban nasara wajen magance cututtuka masu yaduwa kamar tarin fuka, zazzabin typhoid da typhus.Tsarin Lafiya na Soviet ya ba da izinin 'yan asalin Soviet tare da cancanta, kulawar likita ta kyauta kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka kiwon lafiya a cikin USSR.A cikin shekarun 1960, tsammanin rayuwa da lafiya a cikin Tarayyar Soviet ya kai kusan waɗanda ke cikin Amurka da waɗanda ba na Tarayyar Soviet ba.A cikin 1970s, an yi sauyi daga samfurin Semashko zuwa samfurin da ke jaddada ƙwarewa a cikin kulawar marasa lafiya.Tasirin sabon samfurin ya ƙi tare da saka hannun jari, tare da ingancin kulawa ya fara raguwa a farkon shekarun 1980, kodayake a cikin 1985 Tarayyar Soviet tana da adadin likitoci da gadaje asibiti sau huɗu idan aka kwatanta da Amurka. na kula da lafiyar Soviet ya zama ƙasa ta hanyar ci gaba-duniya matsayin.Yawancin jiyya da bincike-bincike ba su da kyau kuma marasa inganci (tare da likitoci sukan yi gwajin cutar ta hanyar yin hira da marasa lafiya ba tare da yin gwajin likita ba), ƙa'idodin kulawa da masu ba da lafiya ba su da kyau, kuma akwai haɗarin kamuwa da cuta daga tiyata.Tsarin kula da lafiyar Soviet ya yi fama da ƙarancin kayan aikin likita, magunguna, da sinadarai masu bincike, kuma ba su da magunguna da fasahar likitanci da yawa da ake samu a yammacin duniya.Wuraren nata suna da ƙananan ƙa'idodin fasaha, kuma ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya sun sami horo na matsakaici.Asibitocin Soviet kuma sun ba da kayan more rayuwa mara kyau na otal kamar abinci da lilin.Asibitoci na musamman da dakunan shan magani sun wanzu don nomenklatura waɗanda ke ba da ingantaccen tsarin kulawa, amma ɗaya har yanzu yana ƙasa da ƙa'idodin Yammacin Turai.

Kungiyar ‘yan tsageranci wadanda basu yarda da Allah ba kungiyar ma’aikata da haziki ce da ba ta yarda da Allah da addini ba wacce ta ci gaba a kasar Soviet Rasha a karkashin tasirin akida da al’adu da manufofin jam’iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Tarayyar Soviet daga 1925 zuwa 1947. Ta kunshi ‘yan jam’iyya da mambobi. na kungiyar matasa ta Komsomol, wadanda ba su da wata alaka ta siyasa, ma'aikata da tsoffin sojoji. Kungiyar ta rungumi ma'aikata, manoma, dalibai, da masu hankali.Tana da alaƙa ta farko a masana'antu, tsire-tsire, gonakin gama gari (kolkhozy), da cibiyoyin ilimi.A farkon 1941 tana da mambobi kusan miliyan 3.5 daga kabilu 100.Tana da ofisoshi kusan 96,000 a fadin kasar.Bisa jagorancin Bolshevik ka'idodin farfagandar gurguzu da kuma umarnin jam'iyyar game da addini, Ƙungiyar ta yi nufin kawar da addini a cikin dukkanin bayyanarsa da kuma samar da tunanin kimiyya na gaba da addini a tsakanin ma'aikata.

Babban Juya ko Babban Hutu shine babban canji a cikin manufofin tattalin arziki na Tarayyar Soviet daga 1928 zuwa 1929, da farko ya ƙunshi tsarin da aka yi watsi da Sabuwar Tsarin Tattalin Arziki (NEP) na 1921 don haɓaka haɓaka haɓaka masana'antu da masana'antu kuma juyin al'adu.Har zuwa 1928, Stalin ya goyi bayan Sabuwar Siyasar Tattalin Arziki wanda magabacinsa Vladimir Lenin ya aiwatar.NEP ta kawo wasu gyare-gyaren kasuwa ga tattalin arzikin Soviet, gami da baiwa manoma damar sayar da rarar hatsi a kasuwannin cikin gida da na duniya.Duk da haka, a cikin 1928 Stalin ya canza matsayinsa kuma ya yi adawa da ci gaba da NEP.Wani bangare na dalilin canjin nasa shi ne, manoma a shekarun da suka gabata kafin 1928 sun fara tara hatsi saboda rashin farashin amfanin gona a gida da waje.Duk da yake tarawa bai gamu da babban nasara ba, masana'antu a lokacin Babban Hutu ya yi.Stalin ya sanar da shirinsa na shekaru biyar na farko don haɓaka masana'antu a cikin 1928. Manufofin shirinsa ba su da tabbas - alal misali, yana fatan haɓaka yawan ma'aikata da kashi 110 cikin ɗari.Duk da haka duk da cewa kasar ba ta iya cimma wadannan gaggarumar buri ba, har yanzu ta kara yawan kayan da ake fitarwa zuwa wani matsayi mai ban sha'awa.Abu na uku na Babban Hutu shi ne juyin juya halin al'adu, wanda ya shafi rayuwar zamantakewar Soviet ta hanyoyi guda uku.Na farko, juyin juya halin al'adu ya haifar da bukatar masana kimiyya su nuna goyon bayansu ga gwamnatin.Juyin juya halin al'adu kuma ya shafi rayuwar addini.Gwamnatin Soviet ta ɗauki addini a matsayin wani nau'i na "sanin ƙarya" kuma yana so ya rage yawan dogara ga addini.A ƙarshe, juyin al'adu ya canza tsarin ilimi.Jihar na buƙatar ƙarin injiniyoyi, musamman injiniyoyin "Jan" don maye gurbin na bourgeois.

Tarayyar Soviet ta gabatar da tarin ayyukan noma tsakanin 1928 zuwa 1940 a lokacin hawan Joseph Stalin.Ya fara a lokacin kuma yana cikin shirin shekaru biyar na farko.Manufar da aka yi niyya don haɗa mallakar ƙasa da ma'aikata zuwa gonakin da ake sarrafawa tare da na jihohi: Kolkhozes da Sovkhozes daidai da haka.Shugabancin Tarayyar Soviet da kwarin gwiwa ya yi tsammanin cewa maye gurbin kowane ɗayan gonakin manoma da na gama gari zai ƙara samar da abinci ga jama'ar birane nan da nan, da samar da albarkatun ƙasa don masana'antar sarrafawa, da kuma fitar da kayan gona ta hanyar kason da gwamnati ta kakaba wa daidaikun mutane da ke aiki a gonakin gama gari. .Masu tsarawa sun ɗauki tattarawa a matsayin mafita ga rikicin rabon noma (musamman a cikin isar da hatsi) wanda ya samo asali daga 1927. Wannan matsalar ta ƙara tsananta yayin da Tarayyar Soviet ta ci gaba da shirinta na haɓaka masana'antu mai ban sha'awa, ma'ana cewa ana buƙatar ƙarin abinci don samar da abinci don samar da abinci mai gina jiki. ci gaba da bukatar birane.A farkon shekarun 1930, sama da kashi 91% na filayen noma sun zama gama gari yayin da gidaje na karkara suka shiga gonakin gama gari tare da filayensu, dabbobi, da sauran kadarorinsu.Zamanin tattarawa ya ga yunwa da yawa, da kuma juriya ga manoma.Adadin wadanda suka mutu da kwararrun suka bayar ya kai daga miliyan 4 zuwa miliyan 7.

Tsare-tsare na shekaru biyar na bunkasa tattalin arzikin kasa na Tarayyar Soviet Socialist Jamhuriyar sun kunshi jerin tsare-tsare na tattalin arziki na kasa baki daya a cikin Tarayyar Soviet, tun daga karshen shekarun 1920.Kwamitin tsare-tsare na Tarayyar Soviet Gosplan ya kirkiro wadannan tsare-tsare ne bisa ka'idar rundunonin da suka kafa wani bangare na akidar jam'iyyar gurguzu don bunkasa tattalin arzikin Soviet.Cika shirin na yanzu ya zama kalmar tsaro na tsarin mulkin Soviet.Yawancin tsare-tsare na shekaru biyar na Soviet ba su ɗauki cikakken lokacin da aka ba su ba: wasu an sanar da su cikin nasarar kammala tun da farko fiye da yadda ake tsammani, wasu sun ɗauki tsawon lokaci fiye da yadda ake tsammani, wasu kuma sun kasa gaba ɗaya kuma dole ne a watsar da su.Gabaɗaya, Gosplan ya ƙaddamar da tsare-tsare na shekaru goma sha uku.Shirye-shiryen farko na shekaru biyar sun yi niyya don cimma saurin masana'antu a cikin Tarayyar Soviet don haka sanya babban fifiko ga masana'antu masu nauyi.Shirin na farko na shekaru biyar, wanda aka karɓa a cikin 1928 na tsawon lokaci daga 1929 zuwa 1933, ya ƙare shekara ɗaya da wuri.Shirin na shekaru biyar na baya-bayan nan, na tsakanin 1991 zuwa 1995, ba a kammala ba, tun lokacin da Tarayyar Soviet ta wargaje a shekarar 1991. Sauran jihohin gurguzu, ciki har da Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin , da kadan, Jamhuriyar Indonesiya . aiwatar da tsarin amfani da tsare-tsare na shekaru biyar a matsayin wuraren ci gaban tattalin arziki da zamantakewa.

Juyin juya halin al'adu wani tsari ne na ayyukan da aka gudanar a cikin Tarayyar Soviet da Tarayyar Soviet, da nufin sake fasalin rayuwar al'adu da akida na al'umma.Manufar ita ce samar da wani sabon nau'in al'adu a matsayin wani bangare na gina al'ummar gurguzu, gami da karuwar yawan mutanen da suka fito daga azuzuwan proletarian a cikin tsarin zamantakewa na masu hankali.Kalmar "juyin al'adu" a Rasha ta bayyana a cikin "Anarchism Manifesto" na 'yan'uwan Gordin a watan Mayu 1917, kuma Vladimir Lenin ya gabatar da shi cikin harshen siyasar Soviet a 1923 a cikin takarda "Akan Haɗin kai"e juyin juya halin al'adu shine ... juyin juya hali gaba daya, wani yanki ne na ci gaban al'adu na daukacin jama'a".Juyin juya halin al'adu a cikin Tarayyar Soviet a matsayin shirin mayar da hankali ga sauya al'adun kasa a aikace sau da yawa yakan tsaya kuma an aiwatar da shi sosai a cikin shirye-shiryen shekaru biyar na farko.A sakamakon haka, a cikin tarihin tarihin zamani akwai al'ada, amma, a cikin ra'ayi na yawancin masana tarihi, ba daidai ba ne, sabili da haka sau da yawa ana jayayya, dangantaka da juyin juya halin al'adu a cikin Tarayyar Soviet kawai tare da lokacin 1928-1931.An fahimci juyin juya halin al'adu a shekarun 1930 a matsayin wani babban sauyi na al'umma da tattalin arzikin kasa, tare da bunkasa masana'antu da tattarawa.Har ila yau, a lokacin juyin juya halin al'adu, ƙungiyar ayyukan kimiyya a cikin Tarayyar Soviet ta yi gagarumin gyare-gyare da sake tsarawa.Juyin juya halin al'adu, wanda ya shafi rayuwar zamantakewar Soviet a cikin manyan hanyoyi guda uku:Na farko, juyin juya halin al'adu ya haifar da bukatar masana kimiyya su nuna goyon bayansu ga gwamnatin.A cikin shekarun NEP, Bolsheviks sun jure wa "ƙwararrun bourgeois" irin su likitocin likita da injiniyoyi, waɗanda suke da sha'awar fitowa daga wurare masu arziki tun kafin juyin juya hali, saboda suna buƙatar waɗannan ƙwararrun don ƙwararrun ƙwararrunsu.Duk da haka, sabon ƙarni na 'ya'yan Soviet da suka koyi akidar Soviet za su kasance a shirye don maye gurbin ƙwararrun bourgeois.Waɗannan ɗalibai masu ilimin fasaha daga baya za a kira su "Red kwararru."Mulkin yana ganin waɗannan ɗaliban sun kasance masu aminci ga gurguzu kuma a sakamakon haka sun fi sauran ragowar bourgeois so.Domin jihar ba za ta ƙara yin dogaro da ƙwararrun bourgeois ba, bayan 1929, gwamnatin ta ƙara buƙatar masana kimiyya, injiniyoyi, da sauran ƙwararrun masana su tabbatar da amincin su ga Bolshevik da akidar Markisanci.Idan waɗannan ƙwararrun ba su bi sabbin buƙatun aminci ba, za a iya zarge su da rugujewar juyin juya hali kuma su fuskanci kamawa da gudun hijira, kamar yadda aka yi wa injiniyoyin da ake tuhuma a Kotun Shakhty.Juyin juya halin al'adu kuma ya shafi rayuwar addini.Gwamnatin Soviet ta ɗauki addini a matsayin wani nau'i na "sanin ƙarya" kuma yana so ya rage yawan dogara ga addini.Gwamnatin Soviet ta mayar da bukukuwan addini a baya kamar Kirsimeti zuwa nasu, irin na Soviet.A ƙarshe, juyin al'adu ya canza tsarin ilimi.Jihar na buƙatar ƙarin injiniyoyi, musamman injiniyoyin "Jan" don maye gurbin na bourgeois.A sakamakon haka, Bolsheviks sun ba da ilimi mafi girma kyauta - yawancin membobin ma'aikata ba za su iya samun irin wannan ilimi ba.Cibiyoyin ilimi sun kuma shigar da mutanen da ba su da cikakkiyar shiri don neman ilimi.Mutane da yawa ba su gama karatunsu na sakandare ba, ko dai don ba za su iya ba ko kuma don ba sa bukatar wanda zai samu aikin da bai ƙware ba.Bugu da ƙari, cibiyoyin sun yi ƙoƙarin horar da injiniyoyi a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci.Wadannan abubuwan da aka haɗu sun haifar da horar da ƙarin masana kimiyya da injiniyoyi, amma marasa inganci.

Masana'antu a cikin Tarayyar Soviet wani tsari ne na haɓaka haɓaka masana'antu na Tarayyar Soviet don rage koma bayan tattalin arziki a bayan ƙasashe masu jari-hujja, wanda aka gudanar daga Mayu 1929 zuwa Yuni 1941. Aikin hukuma na masana'antu shi ne. rikidewar Tarayyar Soviet daga kasa mafi rinjayen noma zuwa babbar masana'antu.Mafarin gurguzu masana'antu a matsayin wani muhimmin bangare na "aikin sau uku na sake fasalin al'umma" (masana'antu, tsarin tattalin arziki, tattara ayyukan noma da juyin juya halin al'adu) an tsara shi ta hanyar shirin shekaru biyar na farko na ci gaban al'umma. Tattalin arzikin kasa yana dawwama daga 1928 zuwa 1932.An gayyaci injiniyoyi daga kasashen waje, kamfanoni da yawa da aka sani, irin su Siemens-Schuckertwerke AG da General Electric, sun shiga cikin aikin da kuma samar da kayan aiki na zamani, wani muhimmin ɓangare na samfurin kayan aiki da aka samar a waɗannan shekarun a masana'antun Soviet. sun kasance kwafi ko gyare-gyare na analogues na waje (alal misali, tarakta na Fordson wanda aka taru a Stalingrad Tractor Plant).A zamanin Soviet, ana ɗaukar masana'antu a matsayin babban abin farin ciki.Haɓaka saurin haɓakar ƙarfin samarwa da yawan samar da manyan masana'antu (sau 4) yana da matuƙar mahimmanci don tabbatar da 'yancin kai na tattalin arziƙi daga ƙasashe masu jari-hujja da ƙarfafa ƙarfin tsaron ƙasar.A wannan lokacin, Tarayyar Soviet ta yi sauye-sauye daga ƙasar noma zuwa masana'antu.A lokacin Babban Yaƙin Patriotic, masana'antar Soviet ta tabbatar da fifiko akan masana'antar Nazi Jamus.Siffofin masana'antu:Kamar yadda babban hanyar haɗin gwiwa an zaɓi sassan zuba jari: ƙarfe, injiniyanci, ginin masana'antu;Fitar da kudade daga aikin gona zuwa masana'antu ta hanyar amfani da almakashi na farashi;Matsayi na musamman na jihar a cikin karkatar da kudade don masana'antu;Ƙirƙirar nau'i ɗaya na mallaka - ɗan gurguzu - a cikin nau'i biyu: jiha da gonaki na haɗin gwiwa;Shirye-shiryen masana'antu;Rashin jari mai zaman kansa (kasuwancin haɗin gwiwar a wancan lokacin ya kasance doka);Dogaro da albarkatun kansa (ba shi yiwuwa a jawo hankalin masu zaman kansu a cikin halin da ake ciki na waje da na ciki);Abubuwan da ba su da yawa.

Daga 1930 zuwa 1952, gwamnatin Tarayyar Soviet bisa umarnin shugaban Soviet Joseph Stalin karkashin jagorancin jami'in NKVD Lavrentiy Beria, ta tilastawa jama'a na kungiyoyi daban-daban.Ana iya rarraba waɗannan ayyukan cikin manyan nau'ikan nau'ikan: korar jama'a na "anti-Soviet" (wanda aka fi sani da "maƙiyan ma'aikata"), korar 'yan ƙasa baki ɗaya, canja wurin ƙarfin aiki, da shirya ƙaura a wasu wurare daban-daban don cika ƙabilanci. yankunan da aka tsarkake.Dekulakization alama ce ta farko da aka kora baki dayan aji, yayin da korar 'yan Koriya ta Soviet a shekara ta 1937 ya zama abin koyi na ƙayyadaddun ƙabilanci na korar wata ƙasa baki ɗaya.A mafi yawan lokuta, wuraren da suka nufa ba su kasance yankunan da ke da nisa ba (duba wuraren da aka tilastawa a cikin Tarayyar Soviet).Wannan ya haɗa da kora zuwa Tarayyar Soviet na ƴan ƙasar da ba na Soviet ba daga ƙasashen da ke wajen Tarayyar Soviet.An yi kiyasin cewa, gaba ɗaya, ƙaura ta tilastawa cikin gida ta shafi aƙalla mutane miliyan 6.Daga cikin wannan jimillar, an kori kulaks miliyan 1.8 a cikin 1930-31, manoma miliyan 1.0 da 'yan tsiraru a 1932-39, yayin da kimanin kananan kabilu miliyan 3.5 aka sake tsugunar da su a lokacin 1940-52.Rukunan tarihin Soviet sun rubuta mutuwar mutane 390,000 a lokacin kulak da aka tilastawa matsugunni da kuma mutuwar mutane 400,000 da aka kora zuwa matsugunan tilastawa a cikin 1940s;duk da haka, Nicolas Werth ya sanya gabaɗayan mace-mace kusan kusan miliyan 1 zuwa 1.5 na halaka a sakamakon korar da aka yi.Masana tarihi na zamani sun rarraba waɗannan korar a matsayin laifi na cin zarafin ɗan adam da zalunci na kabilanci.Biyu daga cikin wadannan shari'o'in da aka fi samun mace-mace, korar 'yan Tatar na Crimea da korar Chechens da Ingush, an amince da su a matsayin kisan kiyashi da Ukraine, da wasu kasashe uku, da majalisar Turai suka yi.Tarayyar Soviet ta kuma aiwatar da korar ta a yankunan da ta mamaye, inda sama da 50,000 suka halaka daga kasashen Baltic da kuma 300,000 zuwa 360,000 da suka halaka a lokacin korar Jamusawa daga Gabashin Turai saboda korar Soviet, kisan kiyashi, da kuma sansanonin aiki da na aiki.

Holodomor ya kasance yunwa ce da mutum ya yi a cikin Tarayyar Soviet daga 1932 zuwa 1933 wanda ya kashe miliyoyin 'yan Ukrain.Holodomor wani bangare ne na yunwar Soviet na 1932-1933 wanda ya shafi manyan yankunan da ake noman hatsi na Tarayyar Soviet.Wasu masana tarihi sun kammala cewa Joseph Stalin ya shirya kuma ya tsananta yunwa don kawar da yunkurin 'yancin kai na Ukraine.Raphael Lemkin yana goyan bayan wannan ƙarshe.Wasu kuma sun nuna cewa yunwar ta taso ne saboda saurin bunƙasa masana'antu na Tarayyar Soviet da kuma tara ayyukan noma.Yukren na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe masu samar da hatsi mafi girma a cikin USSR kuma ana fuskantar ƙaƙƙarfan kaso na hatsi ba tare da dalili ba, idan aka kwatanta da sauran ƙasar. Wannan ya sa Yukren ta afkawa Ukraine musamman saboda yunwa.Kiyasin farko na adadin wadanda suka mutu daga malamai da jami'an gwamnati ya sha banban sosai.Sanarwar hadin gwiwa ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kasashe 25 suka sanya wa hannu a shekarar 2003 ta bayyana cewa mutane miliyan 7-10 ne suka mutu.Koyaya, tallafin karatu na yanzu yana ƙididdige kewayo sosai ƙasa, tare da 3.5 zuwa miliyan 5 waɗanda abin ya shafa.Ya zuwa yanzu dai bala'in yunwar da ake fama da shi a kasar Yukren yana ci gaba da wanzuwa.

Babban Tsarkakewa ko Babban Ta'addanci shi ne yakin neman zaben babban sakataren Tarayyar Soviet Joseph Stalin don karfafa ikonsa a kan jam'iyya da kasa;An kuma tsara wannan tsaftar don kawar da sauran tasirin Leon Trotsky da kuma sauran fitattun abokan hamayyar siyasa a cikin jam'iyyar.Bayan mutuwar Vladimir Lenin a shekara ta 1924, an sami buɗaɗɗen madafun iko a cikin Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci.Wasu jiga-jigan gwamnatin Lenin daban-daban sun yi yunkurin maye gurbinsa.Joseph Stalin, Babban Sakatare na jam'iyyar, ya zarce abokan adawar siyasa, kuma daga karshe ya samu iko da jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci a shekarar 1928. Da farko dai, shugabancin Stalin ya samu karbuwa sosai;Babban abokin hamayyarsa na siyasa, Trotsky an tilasta masa gudun hijira a 1929, kuma koyarwar " zamantakewa a cikin ƙasa ɗaya" ya zama tsarin jam'iyya.Duk da haka, a farkon shekarun 1930, jami'an jam'iyyar sun fara rasa bangaskiya ga shugabancinsa biyo bayan kashe dan Adam na Shirin Shekara Biyar na Farko da tattarawar Soviet na noma.A shekara ta 1934 da dama daga cikin abokan hamayyar Stalin, irin su Trotsky, sun fara kira ga Stalin ya cire shi kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya karya tasirinsa akan jam'iyyar.A shekara ta 1936, Stalin's paranoia ya kai ga crescendo.Tsoron rasa matsayinsa da yiwuwar dawowar Trotsky ya sa shi ya ba da izinin Babban Tsabta.The purges da kansu sun fi mayar gudanar da NKVD (People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs), 'yan sandan sirri na USSR.NKVD ta fara korar shugabannin jam'iyyar ta tsakiya, Old Bolsheviks, jami'an gwamnati, da shugabannin jam'iyyar na yanki.Daga ƙarshe, an faɗaɗa tsarkakewar zuwa ga Red Army da babban kwamandan soja, wanda ya yi mummunar tasiri ga sojoji gaba ɗaya.An gudanar da gwaje-gwaje guda uku a jere a Moscow wanda ya kawar da yawancin Old Bolsheviks da kalubale ga halaccin Stalin.Yayin da fa'idar tsarkakewa ta fara faɗaɗa, zato a ko'ina na masu zagon kasa da masu adawa da juyin juya hali ya fara tasiri ga rayuwar farar hula.Hukumar ta NKVD ta fara kai hare-hare kan wasu kananan kabilu irin su Jamusawan Volga, wadanda aka yi musu tilas a kora da kuma matsananciyar danniya.A lokacin tsarkakewar, NKVD ta yi amfani da ɗauri, azabtarwa, tashin hankali, da kuma kisa ba bisa ka'ida ba don ƙarfafa iko kan farar hula ta hanyar tsoro.A cikin 1938, Stalin ya juya matsayinsa a kan tsarkakewa kuma ya bayyana cewa an cire maƙiyan cikin gida.Stalin ya soki NKVD saboda aiwatar da kisa da yawa kuma daga baya ya kashe Genrikh Yagoda da Nikolai Yezhov, wanda ya jagoranci NKVD a cikin shekarun tsarkakewa.Duk da Babban Tsarkakewa ya ƙare, yanayin rashin yarda da sa ido ya ci gaba shekaru da yawa bayan haka.Malamai sun kiyasta adadin wadanda suka mutu na Babban Tsabta (1936-1938) ya kai kusan 700,000.

Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1936 shine tsarin mulki na biyu na Tarayyar Soviet kuma ya maye gurbin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1924, tare da bikin 5 ga Disamba kowace shekara a matsayin Ranar Tsarin Mulkin Soviet daga Majalisar Tarayyar Soviet.An dauki wannan kwanan wata a matsayin "lokaci na biyu na tushe" na Tarayyar Soviet, bayan juyin juya halin Oktoba a 1917. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1936 ya sake fasalin gwamnatin Tarayyar Soviet, wanda aka ba da kowane nau'i na hakkoki da 'yanci, kuma ya ba da dama ga tsarin dimokuradiyya.Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1936 ya soke hane-hane kan jefa ƙuri'a, ya kawar da nau'ikan mutane, kuma ya ƙara zaɓe kai tsaye na duniya baki ɗaya da 'yancin yin aiki ga haƙƙoƙin da kundin tsarin mulkin da ya gabata ya tabbatar.Bugu da ƙari, Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1936 ya amince da haƙƙoƙin zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙin gama gari da suka haɗa da haƙƙin yin aiki, hutu da jin daɗi, kariyar lafiya, kula da tsufa da rashin lafiya, gidaje, ilimi da fa'idodin al'adu.Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1936 ya kuma tanadi zaɓen dukkan hukumomin gwamnati kai tsaye tare da sake tsara su zuwa tsari guda ɗaya.Mataki na ashirin da 122 ya ce "Mata a cikin Tarayyar Soviet ana ba su dama daidai da maza a kowane fanni na tattalin arziki, jiha, al'adu, zamantakewa da siyasa."Takamaiman matakan da aka dauka a kan mata sun hada da kare muradun uwa da ‘ya’ya na jihohi, hutun haihuwa da haihuwa tare da cikakken albashi, da samar da gidajen haihuwa, dakunan reno, da kananan yara.Mataki na 123 ya kafa daidaiton haƙƙin kowane ɗan ƙasa "ba tare da la'akari da ƙasarsu ko launin fata ba, a kowane fanni na tattalin arziki, jiha, al'adu, zamantakewa, da siyasa."Bayar da ra'ayin kabilanci ko na ƙasa, ko ƙiyayya ko raini, ko tauye haƙƙi da gata saboda ɗan ƙasa, doka za ta hukunta.Mataki na 124 na kundin tsarin mulki ya ba da ’yancin yin addini, gami da ware (1) coci da gwamnati, da (2) makaranta daga coci.An tsara dalilin da ke cikin Mataki na ashirin da 124 a cikin sharuddan tabbatar da "'yan ƙasa 'yancin lamiri ... An amince da 'yancin yin bautar addini da 'yancin yada farfagandar addini ga dukan 'yan ƙasa."Stalin ya haɗa da Mataki na 124 wajen fuskantar tsattsauran hamayya, kuma daga ƙarshe ya kai ga kusantar juna da Cocin Orthodox na Rasha kafin da kuma lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na 2. Sabon tsarin mulkin ya sake ba wa wasu addinai damar da aka hana su a ƙarƙashin tsarin mulkin da ya gabata.Labarin ya sa ’yan Cocin Orthodox na Rasha suka nemi a sake buɗe majami’u da aka rufe, samun damar yin aikin da aka rufe su a matsayin limaman addini, da kuma yunƙurin gudanar da ’yan takara na addini a zaɓe na 1937.Sashe na 125 na kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya tabbatar da ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki da ‘yancin yin taro.Duk da haka, waɗannan ''haƙƙin'' an kiyaye su a wasu wurare, don haka "'yancin 'yan jarida" da aka ba da tabbacin ta hanyar doka ta 125 ba ta da wani sakamako mai amfani kamar yadda dokar Soviet ta ce "Kafin a iya amfani da waɗannan 'yancin, dole ne a amince da duk wani rubutu ko taron da aka tsara. ta hanyar censor ko ofishin bayar da lasisi, domin hukumomin tantancewa su sami damar aiwatar da "jagorancin akida."Majalisar Tarayyar Soviet ta maye gurbin kanta tare da Babban Soviet, wanda ya gyara Tsarin Mulki na 1936 a 1944.

Yarjejeniyar Molotov-Ribbentrop yarjejeniya ce ta rashin cin zali tsakanin Jamus na Nazi da Tarayyar Soviet wanda ya ba wa waɗannan iko damar raba Poland a tsakaninsu.Ministan harkokin wajen Jamus Joachim von Ribbentrop da ministan harkokin wajen Tarayyar Soviet Vyacheslav Molotov ne suka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar a birnin Moscow a ranar 23 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1939, kuma a hukumance an san ta da yarjejeniyar rashin cin zarafi tsakanin Jamus da Tarayyar Soviet Socialist Republics.

Yunkurin mamayar kasar Poland aikin soja ne da Tarayyar Soviet ta yi ba tare da ayyana yaki a hukumance ba.A ranar 17 ga Satumba 1939, Tarayyar Soviet ta mamaye Poland daga gabas, kwanaki 16 bayan da Jamus ta Nazi ta mamaye Poland daga yamma.Ayyukan soji na baya-bayan nan sun dauki kwanaki 20 masu zuwa kuma sun ƙare a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 1939 tare da rarraba ta biyu tare da mamaye duk yankin Jamhuriyar Poland ta biyu ta Nazi Jamus da Tarayyar Soviet.A wasu lokuta ana kiran wannan kashi kashi na huɗu na Poland.An yi nuni da mamayewar Tarayyar Soviet (da kuma Jamus) na Poland a kaikaice a cikin "labari na sirri" na yarjejeniyar Molotov-Ribbentrop da aka sanya hannu a ranar 23 ga Agusta 1939, wanda ya raba Poland zuwa "bangaren tasiri" na iko biyu.An bayyana haɗin gwiwar Jamus da Tarayyar Soviet a cikin mamayewar Poland a matsayin haɗin kai. Rundunar Red Army, wadda ta zarce yawan masu kare Poland, ta cimma burinta, ta ci karo da iyakacin iyaka.An mayar da wasu 'yan sanda 320,000 fursunonin yaƙi.Nan take aka fara yakin cin zalin jama'a a sabbin yankunan da aka samu.A watan Nuwamba 1939 gwamnatin Soviet ta mamaye yankin Poland gaba daya da ke karkashinta.Kimanin 'yan kasar Poland miliyan 13 da digo 5 da suka fada karkashin mulkin soja ne aka mayar da batun Tarayyar Soviet bayan nuna zaben da 'yan sandan sirri na NKVD suka gudanar a cikin wani yanayi na ta'addanci, wanda sakamakonsa aka yi amfani da shi wajen halasta amfani da karfi.

Yaƙin hunturu, wanda kuma aka sani da yaƙin Soviet-Finish na farko, yaƙi ne tsakanin Tarayyar Soviet da Finland.Yakin ya fara ne da mamayar Soviet a kasar Finland a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba 1939, watanni uku bayan barkewar yakin duniya na biyu, kuma ya kare bayan watanni uku da rabi tare da yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta Moscow a ranar 13 ga Maris 1940. Duk da karfin soja musamman a cikin tankokin yaki. da kuma jiragen sama, Tarayyar Soviet ta sha asara mai tsanani kuma da farko ta yi kadan.Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta dauki harin da ya sabawa doka kuma ta kori Tarayyar Soviet daga kungiyar.Soviets sun yi buƙatu da yawa, ciki har da cewa Finland ta ba da wasu yankuna masu iyaka don musayar ƙasa a wani wuri, suna da'awar dalilan tsaro - da farko kare Leningrad, kilomita 32 (20 mi) daga iyakar Finnish.Lokacin da Finland ta ƙi, Soviets sun mamaye.Yawancin majiyoyi sun kammala cewa Tarayyar Soviet ta yi niyya don mamaye duk ƙasar Finland, kuma ta yi amfani da kafa gwamnatin gurguzu ta Finnish da kuma ka'idojin sirri na Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact a matsayin shaidar hakan, yayin da wasu kafofin ke jayayya da ra'ayin cikakken mamaye Soviet. .Finland ta dakile hare-haren Soviet na fiye da watanni biyu kuma ta yi hasara mai yawa a kan maharan yayin da yanayin zafi ya kai ƙasa da -43 ° C (-45 ° F).Yaƙe-yaƙe sun fi mayar da hankali kan Taipale tare da Karelian Isthmus, a kan Kolla a Ladoga Karelia da kuma kan hanyar Raate a Kainuu, amma kuma an yi faɗa a Salla da Petsamo a Lapland.Bayan da sojojin Soviet suka sake tsarawa tare da yin amfani da dabaru daban-daban, sun sake sabunta hare-haren a cikin watan Fabrairu kuma sun shawo kan kariyar Finnish.

Mamaya da Tarayyar Soviet ta yi wa jihohin Baltic ya ƙunshi lokacin daga yarjejeniyar taimakon juna na Soviet-Baltic a 1939, zuwa mamaya da mamaye su a 1940, zuwa korar jama'a na 1941. A cikin Satumba da Oktoba 1939 gwamnatin Soviet ta tilasta wa kananan jihohin Baltic da yawa. don kammala yerjejeniyar taimakon juna da ta bai wa Soviets ‘yancin kafa sansanonin soji a can.Bayan mamayewar da sojojin Red Army suka yi a lokacin rani na 1940, hukumomin Soviet sun tilasta gwamnatocin Baltic su yi murabus.An daure shugabannin Estonia da Latvia kuma daga baya sun mutu a Siberiya.Karkashin kulawar Tarayyar Soviet, sabbin gwamnatocin kwaminisanci na 'yan tsana da sauran matafiya sun shirya zabuka na magudi tare da gurbatattun sakamako.Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, “majalisun jama’a” da aka zaɓa sun zartar da ƙudiri na neman shiga Tarayyar Soviet.A cikin watan Yuni 1941, sabuwar gwamnatin Soviet ta aiwatar da korar "maƙiyan mutane".Saboda haka, da farko da yawa Balts sun gai da Jamusawa a matsayin masu 'yanci lokacin da suka mamaye yankin bayan mako guda.

Yaƙe-yaƙe a Gabashin Gabashin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu sun kasance faɗa mafi girma na soji a tarihi.An siffanta su da mugun hali da rashin tausayi da ba a taɓa yin irinsa ba, lalata da yawa, korar jama'a, da asarar rayuka da yawa saboda yaƙi, yunwa, fallasa, cututtuka, da kisa.Daga cikin kiyasin mutuwar mutane miliyan 70-85 da aka danganta da yakin duniya na biyu, kusan miliyan 30 sun faru a Gabashin Gabas, ciki har da yara miliyan 9.Gabashin gabas ya kasance mai ƙwazo wajen tantance sakamakon a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Turai na aiyuka a yakin duniya na biyu, daga ƙarshe ya zama babban dalilin shan kashi na Nazi Jamus da kasashen Axis.Manyan kasashen biyu masu fada da juna su ne Jamus da Tarayyar Soviet tare da kawayensu.Ko da yake ba a aika da sojojin ƙasa zuwa Gabas ta Gabas ba, Amurka da Birtaniya duk sun ba da taimakon kayan aiki ga Tarayyar Soviet a cikin tsarin Lend-Lease tare da tallafin ruwa da jiragen ruwa.Ayyukan haɗin gwiwar Jamusanci da Finnish a kan iyakar Finnish-Soviet mafi girma da kuma a yankin Murmansk ana daukar su a matsayin wani ɓangare na Gabashin Gabas.Bugu da kari, Tarayyar Soviet-Finland Ci gaba War ana kuma la'akari da gefen arewa na Gabashin Gabas.

Operation Barbarossa shi ne mamayewar Tarayyar Soviet, wanda Jamus na Nazi da da yawa daga cikin kawayenta na Axis suka yi, wanda ya fara ranar Lahadi 22 ga Yuni 1941, lokacin yakin duniya na biyu.Ya kasance kuma har yanzu shine hari mafi girma a tarihin dan adam, tare da sama da mayaka miliyan 10 da suka shiga.Babban shirin na Jamus Ost ya yi niyyar yin amfani da wasu mutanen da aka ci a matsayin aikin tilastawa aikin yaƙin Axis yayin da ake samun rijiyoyin mai na yankin Caucasus da kuma albarkatun noma na wasu yankuna na Soviet.Babban burinsu shine samar da ƙarin Lebensraum (sararin rayuwa) ga Jamus, da kuma kawar da al'ummar Slavic na asali ta hanyar korar jama'a zuwa Siberiya, Jamusanci, bautar, da kisan kare dangi.A cikin shekaru biyu kafin mamayewar, Jamus na Nazi da Tarayyar Soviet sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin siyasa da tattalin arziki don dalilai masu mahimmanci.Bayan da Tarayyar Soviet ta mamaye Bessarabia da Arewacin Bukovina, Babban Rundunar Jamus ta fara shirin mamaye Tarayyar Soviet a watan Yulin 1940 (a ƙarƙashin sunan Operation Otto).A tsawon lokacin aikin, sama da ma'aikatan Axis miliyan 3.8 - mafi girman mamayewa a tarihin yakin - sun mamaye yammacin Tarayyar Soviet tare da gaban kilomita 2,900 (mita 1,800), tare da motocin 600,000 da dawakai sama da 600,000. don ayyukan da ba na yaƙi ba.Hare-haren ya yi nuni da wani gagarumin ci gaba na yakin duniya na biyu, a fadin kasa da kuma yarjejeniyar Anglo-Soviet da kuma kafa kawancen kawance da suka hada da Tarayyar Soviet.Wannan farmakin ya bude Gabas ta Gabas, inda aka kai karin sojoji fiye da kowane gidan wasan kwaikwayo na yaki a tarihin dan Adam.Yankin ya ga wasu manyan fadace-fadacen tarihi, da munanan munanan laifuka, da kuma wadanda suka mutu (ga sojojin Soviet da Axis iri daya), dukkansu sun yi tasiri a yakin duniya na biyu da kuma tarihin da ya biyo baya na karni na 20.A ƙarshe sojojin Jamus sun kame sojojin Soviet Red Army kusan miliyan biyar.'Yan Nazi sun kashe yunwa da gangan ko kuma sun kashe fursunoni na Soviet miliyan 3.3, da miliyoyin fararen hula, kamar yadda "Shirin Yunwar" ya yi aiki don magance ƙarancin abinci na Jamus da kuma kawar da yawan mutanen Slavic ta hanyar yunwa.Harbin jama'a da ayyukan iskar gas, da 'yan Nazi ko kuma masu haɗin gwiwa suka yi, sun kashe Yahudawa sama da miliyan Soviet a matsayin wani ɓangare na Holocaust.Rashin nasarar Operation Barbarossa ya mayar da dukiyar Nazi Jamus.A bisa aiki, sojojin Jamus sun samu gagarumar nasara tare da mamaye wasu muhimman yankunan tattalin arzikin Tarayyar Soviet (musamman a Ukraine) da kuma yi musu barna, tare da ci gaba da yin barna.Duk da wadannan nasarorin da aka samu na farko, harin na Jamus ya tsaya cik a yakin Moscow a karshen shekara ta 1941, kuma harin hunturu na Soviet na baya ya kori Jamusawa kimanin kilomita 250 (160 mi) baya.Jamusawa sun yi kwarin gwiwa sun yi tsammanin rugujewar juriyar Soviet cikin sauri kamar yadda ake yi a Poland, amma sojojin Red Army sun sha kashi mafi karfi na Wehrmacht na Jamus tare da ruguza shi cikin yakin da ba a shirya ba.Sojojin da suka rage na Wehrmacht ba za su iya sake kai hari tare da Gabashin Gabas ba, da kuma ayyukan da suka biyo baya don sake dawowa da kuma zurfafa cikin yankin Soviet-kamar Case Blue a 1942 da Operation Citadel a 1943 - daga bisani ya kasa, wanda ya haifar da rashin nasara na Wehrmacht.

Yakin Stalingrad dai wani babban yaki ne a Gabashin Gabashin Yakin Duniya na Biyu inda Jamus ta Nazi da kawayenta suka yi yaki da Tarayyar Soviet ba su yi nasara ba wajen kwace birnin Stalingrad na Kudancin Rasha.An yi yakin ne da kazamin fada na kusa-kusa da kuma kai hare-hare kan fararen hula a hare-haren da jiragen yakin suka kai, inda yakin ya kasance tamkar yakin birane.Yakin Stalingrad shi ne yaki mafi muni da aka taba yi a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu kuma yana daya daga cikin fadace-fadacen da aka fi zubar da jini a tarihin yakin, inda aka yi kiyasin an kashe mutane miliyan biyu.A yau, yakin Stalingrad a duniya ana daukarsa a matsayin sauyin yanayi a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Turai, kamar yadda ya tilasta wa Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (Babban Kwamandan Jamus) janye sojojin da yawa daga wasu yankuna a Turai da suka mamaye don maye gurbin asarar da Jamus ta yi a Gabas. Gaba, yana ƙarewa tare da fatattakar rundunonin sojoji shida na rukunin B, ciki har da lalata sojojin Nazi na 6 na Jamus da duka gawarwakin sojojin Panzer na 4.Nasarar da aka yi a Stalingrad ya ƙarfafa Red Army kuma ya canza ma'auni na iko a cikin yardar Soviets.Stalingrad ya kasance muhimmiyar mahimmanci ga bangarorin biyu a matsayin babbar cibiyar masana'antu da sufuri a kan kogin Volga.Duk wanda yake iko da Stalingrad zai sami damar shiga filayen mai na Caucasus kuma zai sami iko da Volga.Kasar Jamus da ta riga ta yi aiki a kan raguwar albarkatun man fetur, ta mayar da hankali kan kokarinta na matsawa zuwa cikin yankin Soviet da kuma ɗaukar wuraren mai ta kowane farashi.A ranar 4 ga Agusta, Jamusawa sun kaddamar da farmaki ta hanyar amfani da Sojoji na 6 da kuma abubuwan da ke cikin Rundunar Panzer na 4.Harin ya samu goyon bayan wani mummunan harin bam da aka kai a Luftwaffe wanda ya mayar da mafi yawan birnin ya zama barna.Musamman ma, a farkon matakan yaƙin, Soviets za su yi amfani da hare-haren ta'addanci na ɗan adam don mamaye matsayi na Jamus.Yakin dai ya rikide zuwa gida-gida a yayin da bangarorin biyu suka yi ta kwararowa cikin birnin.A tsakiyar watan Nuwamba, Jamusawa, da tsada mai yawa, sun tura masu kare Soviet zuwa kunkuntar yankuna a yammacin gabar kogin.A ranar 19 ga Nuwamba, Rundunar Sojin Red Army ta kaddamar da Operation Uranus, wani hari mai fuska biyu da aka auna kan sojojin Romania da ke ba da kariya ga rundunar soji ta 6.An mamaye gefen Axis kuma an katse runduna ta 6 tare da kewaye a yankin Stalingrad.Adolf Hitler ya kuduri aniyar ci gaba da rike birnin ko ta halin kaka kuma ya hana Sojoji na 6 yin yunkurin ballewa;a maimakon haka, an yi ƙoƙari don samar da shi ta iska da kuma karya kewayen daga waje.Soviets sun yi nasara wajen hana Jamusawa ikon sake samar da iskar da ta yi wa sojojin Jamus tuwo a kwarya.Duk da haka, sojojin na Jamus sun kuduri aniyar ci gaba da ci gaba da gwabza kazamin fada har na tsawon watanni biyu.A ranar 2 ga Fabrairun 1943, Sojoji na 6 na Jamus, bayan sun ƙare harsashi da abinci, a ƙarshe sun mamaye bayan sama da watanni biyar suna yaƙi, wanda ya zama na farko na sojojin filin Hitler da suka mika wuya a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu.

Tarayyar Soviet (USSR) ta mamaye yawancin yankunan Baltic a cikin 1944 na Baltic Harin lokacin yakin duniya na biyu.Dakarun Red Army sun sake samun iko da manyan biranen Baltic guda uku tare da kewaye sojojin Wehrmacht da na Latvia da suka koma baya a cikin Aljihu na Courland inda suka tsaya har zuwa lokacin da Jamus ta mika wuya a karshen yakin.An kori sojojin Jamus kuma an kashe shugabannin sojojin hadin gwiwa na Latvia a matsayin maciya amana.Bayan yakin, an sake tsara yankunan Baltic zuwa jamhuriyar Tarayyar Soviet har sai da suka ayyana 'yancin kai a shekarar 1990 a cikin rugujewar Tarayyar Soviet a 1991.

Yaƙin Berlin na ɗaya daga cikin manyan hare-hare na ƙarshe na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Turai na yakin duniya na biyu.Bayan harin Vistula-Oder na Janairu-Fabrairu 1945, Sojojin Red Army sun dakatar da wani dan lokaci akan layin 60 (mita 37) gabas da Berlin.A ranar 9 ga Maris, Jamus ta kafa shirin tsaronta na birnin tare da Operation Clausewitz.Lokacin da sojojin Soviet suka ci gaba da kai farmaki a ranar 16 ga Afrilu, bangarorin Soviet guda biyu (kungiyoyin sojoji) sun kai hari a Berlin daga gabas da kudu, yayin da na uku suka mamaye arewacin Berlin.Kafin a fara babban yaƙin a birnin Berlin, dakarun Red Army sun kewaye birnin bayan nasarar yaƙin da aka yi a Tudun Seelow da Halbe.A ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 1945, ranar haihuwar Hitler, 1st Belorussian Front karkashin jagorancin Marshal Georgy Zhukov, da ke gabas da arewa, suka fara yin luguden wuta a tsakiyar birnin Berlin, yayin da Marshal Ivan Konev na Yukren na farko ya kutsa cikin Cibiyar Rukunin Sojoji, suka kuma zarce zuwa yankunan kudancin kasar. Berlin.A ranar 23 ga Afrilu Janar Helmuth Weidling ya zama kwamandan runduna a Berlin.Rundunar ta ƙunshi ɓangarorin Sojoji da dama da ƙungiyoyin Waffen-SS, tare da ƴan ƙungiyar Volkssturm marasa horo da Hitler.A cikin mako mai zuwa, sojojin Red Army sun mamaye birnin a hankali.

A ranar 9 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1945 ne Tarayyar Soviet ta mamaye Manchuria, bayan da sojojin Soviet suka mamaye kasar Manchukuo nakasar Japan .Ya kasance yaƙin neman zaɓe mafi girma na Yaƙin Soviet-Japan na 1945, wanda ya sake dawo da yaƙi tsakanin Tarayyar Soviet Socialist da Daular Japan bayan kusan shekaru shida na zaman lafiya.Nasarar Soviet a nahiyar shine Manchukuo, Mengjiang daKoriya ta Arewa.Shigar da Tarayyar Soviet cikin yakin da kuma shan kashin da sojojin Kwantung suka yi ya kasance wani muhimmin al'amari a matakin da gwamnatin Japan ta dauka na mika wuya ba tare da wani sharadi ba, domin a fili yake cewa Tarayyar Soviet ba ta da niyyar yin aiki a matsayin wata kungiya ta uku wajen yin shawarwarin kawo karshen tashin hankali. sharuddan sharadi.

Cold War kalma ce da aka saba amfani da ita don yin nuni ga lokacin tashin hankalin geopolitical tsakanin Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet da kawayen su, Western Bloc da Gabashin Bloc.Ana amfani da kalmar yakin sanyi ne saboda babu wani kazamin fada kai tsaye tsakanin manyan kasashen biyu, amma kowannensu yana goyon bayan manyan rikice-rikicen yanki da ake kira proxy wars.Rikicin ya samo asali ne daga gwagwarmayar akida da siyasa ta duniya don tasirin duniya daga wadannan manyan kasashe biyu, bayan kawancen wucin gadi da nasarar da suka yi a kan Jamus na Nazi daJapan a cikin 1945. Baya ga ci gaban makaman nukiliya da tura sojoji na al'ada, an bayyana gwagwarmayar mamayewa. ta hanyar kai tsaye kamar yakin tunani, yakin farfaganda, leken asiri, takunkumi mai nisa, kishiya a wasannin motsa jiki, da gasar fasaha kamar tseren sararin samaniya.Amurka ce ta jagoranci kungiyar Western Bloc da kuma wasu kasashen duniya na farko wadanda galibi su ne masu sassaucin ra'ayi na dimokiradiyya amma suna da alaka da hanyar sadarwa ta kasashe masu mulki, wadanda galibinsu tsoffin kasashen da suka yi wa mulkin mallaka ne.Ƙungiya ta Gabas ta kasance ƙarƙashin jagorancin Tarayyar Soviet da Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci, wanda ke da tasiri a cikin duniya ta biyu kuma yana da alaƙa da hanyar sadarwa na kasashe masu mulki.Gwamnatin Amurka ta goyi bayan gwamnatoci masu adawa da gurguzu da na hannun dama da tashe-tashen hankula a fadin duniya, yayin da gwamnatin Soviet ta ba da tallafi ga jam'iyyun hagu da juyin juya hali a duniya.Kamar yadda kusan dukkan kasashen turawan mulkin mallaka suka samu ‘yancin kai a tsakanin 1945 zuwa 1960, sun zama fagen fama na duniya na uku a yakin cacar baka.Kashi na farko na yakin cacar baka ya fara ne jim kadan bayan kawo karshen yakin duniya na biyu a shekara ta 1945. Amurka da kawayenta sun kafa kawancen soja na NATO a shekara ta 1949 a cikin fargabar harin da Tarayyar Soviet suka kai kuma suka kira manufofinsu na duniya game da hana tasirin Soviet.Tarayyar Soviet ta kafa yarjejeniyar Warsaw a 1955 don mayar da martani ga NATO.Manyan rikice-rikice na wannan lokaci sun hada da 1948-1949 Blockade Berlin, 1945-1949 juyin juya halin Kwaminisanci na kasar Sin , yakin Koriya ta 1950-1953, juyin juya halin Hungary na 1956, Rikicin Suez na 1956, Rikicin Berlin na 1961, Rikicin Berlin na 1962, Rikicin Cuban da Makami mai linzami na 1962. Yaƙin Vietnam na 1964-1975.Amurka da USSR sun fafata don samun tasiri a Latin Amurka, Gabas ta Tsakiya, da kasashen Afirka da Asiya da Oceania da suka raba mulkin mallaka.Bayan rikicin makami mai linzami na Cuba, an fara wani sabon mataki wanda ya ga rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin Sin da Tarayyar Soviet a tsakanin Sin da Tarayyar Soviet ta dagula dangantakar da ke tsakanin bangaren gurguzu wanda ya kai ga jerin gwabza fada a kan iyaka, yayin da kasar Faransa , wadda ke yammacin Yammacin Turai, ta fara neman 'yancin cin gashin kai. na aiki.USSR ta mamaye Czechoslovakia don murkushe lokacin bazara na 1968 na Prague, yayin da Amurka ta fuskanci rikice-rikice na cikin gida daga ƙungiyoyin 'yancin ɗan adam da adawa da Yaƙin Vietnam.A cikin shekarun 1960-1970, ƙungiyar zaman lafiya ta ƙasa da ƙasa ta sami tushe tsakanin 'yan ƙasa a duniya.An gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da gwajin makaman nukiliya da kuma kwance damarar makaman kare dangi, tare da manyan zanga-zangar kin jinin yaki.A cikin shekarun 1970s, bangarorin biyu sun fara ba da izni ga zaman lafiya da tsaro, tare da yin amfani da lokaci mai tsawo wanda ya ga shawarwarin takaita manyan makamai da Amurka ta bude hulda da jamhuriyar jama'ar kasar Sin a matsayin wata dabara mai kisa ga Tarayyar Soviet.An kafa wasu gwamnatocin da suka kira kansu Marxist–Leninist a rabi na biyu na shekarun 1970 a cikin duniya ta uku, ciki har da Angola, Mozambique, Habasha, Cambodia , Afghanistan, da Nicaragua.Détente ya rushe a ƙarshen shekaru goma tare da farkon yakin Soviet-Afganistan a 1979. Farkon shekarun 1980 wani lokaci ne na tashin hankali.Amurka ta kara matsin lamba a fannin diflomasiyya, soja, da tattalin arziki kan Tarayyar Soviet, a daidai lokacin da ta riga ta fuskanci tabarbarewar tattalin arziki.A tsakiyar 1980s, sabon shugaban Soviet Mikhail Gorbachev ya gabatar da liberalizing gyare-gyare na glasnost ("budewa", c. 1985) da kuma perestroika ("sake tsarawa", 1987) da kuma kawo karshen shigar Soviet a Afghanistan a 1989. Matsi ga kasa mulkin kasa girma girma. ya fi karfi a Gabashin Turai, kuma Gorbachev ya ki yarda da goyon bayan gwamnatocinsu ta hanyar soja.A cikin 1989, faɗuwar labulen ƙarfe bayan wasan kwaikwayo na Pan-Turai da yunƙurin juyin juya hali (ban da Romania da Afghanistan) sun hambarar da kusan dukkanin gwamnatocin gurguzu na Gabas ta Tsakiya.Ita kanta jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Tarayyar Soviet ta rasa iko a ƙasar kuma an dakatar da ita bayan wani yunƙurin juyin mulkin da aka yi a watan Agustan 1991. Wannan kuma ya kai ga rugujewar Tarayyar Soviet a watan Disamba na 1991, da ayyana 'yancin kai na jamhuriyarta da kuma rugujewar gwamnatocin gurguzu a yawancin Afirka da Asiya.An bar Amurka a matsayin babbar kasa daya tilo a duniya.

Tito-Stalin ya kasance ƙarshen rikici tsakanin jagororin siyasa na Yugoslavia da Tarayyar Soviet, karkashin Josip Broz Tito da Joseph Stalin, bi da bi, a cikin shekaru bayan yakin duniya na biyu.Ko da yake bangarorin biyu sun gabatar da su a matsayin sabani na akida, rikicin ya samo asali ne sakamakon gwagwarmayar siyasa a yankin Balkan wanda kuma ya shafi Albaniya, Bulgeriya , da kuma 'yan tawayen gurguzu a Girka, wanda Yugoslavia ta Tito ta goyi bayan kuma Tarayyar Soviet ta yi adawa da shi a asirce.A cikin shekaru da suka biyo bayan yakin duniya na biyu, Yugoslavia ta bi manufofin tattalin arziki, na cikin gida, da kuma kasashen waje wadanda ba su dace da muradun Tarayyar Soviet da kawayenta na Gabashin Gabas ba.Musamman Yugoslavia ta yi fatan shigar da makwabciyar Albaniya cikin Tarayyar Yugoslavia.Wannan ya haifar da yanayi na rashin tsaro a cikin shugabancin siyasar Albaniya da kuma ta'azzara tashe-tashen hankula da Tarayyar Soviet, wanda ya yi kokarin dakile hadewar Albaniya da Yugoslavia.Goyon bayan Yugoslavia na 'yan tawayen gurguzu a Girka ba tare da bukatar Tarayyar Soviet ya dada dagula al'amuran siyasa ba.Stalin yayi kokarin matsawa Yugoslavia da daidaita manufofinta ta hanyar amfani da Bulgaria a matsayin mai shiga tsakani.Lokacin da rikici tsakanin Yugoslavia da Tarayyar Soviet ya bayyana a fili a shekara ta 1948, an kwatanta shi a matsayin rikici na akida don kauce wa tunanin gwagwarmayar iko a cikin Gabashin Gabas.rarrabuwar kai ta haifar da lokacin Informbiro na tsarkakewa a cikin Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Yugoslavia.Ya kasance tare da gagarumin matakin rushe tattalin arzikin Yugoslavia, wanda a baya ya dogara da Gabashin Gabas.Rikicin ya kuma haifar da fargabar mamayewar Tarayyar Soviet da ma yunkurin juyin mulkin da manyan jagororin soji masu kawance da Tarayyar Soviet suka yi, tsoron da ya haifar da dubban al'amuran kan iyaka da kutse da Soviets da kawayenta suka shirya.Rashin taimako daga Tarayyar Soviet da Gabas, Yugoslavia daga baya ya koma Amurka don taimakon tattalin arziki da soja.

Aikin bama-bamai na Tarayyar Soviet wani shiri ne na bincike da ci gaba wanda Joseph Stalin ya ba da izini a cikin Tarayyar Soviet don kera makaman nukiliya a lokacin da kuma bayan yakin duniya na biyu.Kodayake al'ummar kimiyyar Soviet sun tattauna yiwuwar fashewar bam a cikin 1930s, har zuwa yin wani takamaiman tsari na samar da irin wannan makami a cikin 1940, ba a ƙaddamar da cikakken shirin ba kuma ba a ba da fifiko ba har sai Operation Barbarossa.Bayan da Stalin ya samu labarin harin bama-bamai na Hiroshima da Nagasaki, shirin ya ci gaba da tsanantawa da kuma inganta shi ta hanyar tattara bayanan sirri mai inganci game da aikin makamin nukiliya na Jamus da kuma aikin Manhattan na Amurka.Yunkurin da Tarayyar Soviet ta yi kuma ta tattara masana kimiyyar Jamus don shiga cikin shirin nasu, kuma sun dogara da ilimin da 'yan leƙen asirin suka ba wa hukumomin leken asirin Soviet.A ranar 29 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1949, Tarayyar Soviet ta gudanar da gwajin makami na farko a asirce (First Lightning, bisa tsarin “Fat Man” na Amurka) a Semipalatinsk-21 a Kazakhstan.Stalin tare da jami'an siyasar Soviet da masana kimiyya sun yi farin ciki da nasarar gwajin.Tarayyar Soviet da ke dauke da makamin nukiliya ta tura makwabtanta na yamma, musamman Amurka cikin fargabar da ba a taba ganin irinta ba.Daga shekara ta 1949 zuwa gaba Tarayyar Soviet ta kera tare da gwada makaman kare dangi a babban sikeli.Ƙarfin nukiliyarta ya kasance muhimmiyar rawa a matsayinsa na duniya.Tarayyar Soviet mai makamin nukiliya ta haifar da yakin cacar baka da Amurka zuwa yuwuwar yakin nukiliya kuma ta kawo rukunan da ke tabbatar da halakar juna.

Ko da yake ba a hukumance ba ne a lokacin yakin Koriya (1950-1953), Tarayyar Soviet ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin rikici.Ta ba da sabis na kayan aiki da na likitanci, da kuma matukan jirgin Soviet da jiragen sama, musamman jiragen yaki na MiG-15, don taimakawa sojojin Koriya ta Arewa da Sinawa a kan sojojin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.Joseph Stalin yana da ikon yanke shawara na ƙarshe kuma sau da yawa ya buƙaci Koriya ta Arewa da ta dage matakin, har sai shi da Mao Zedong duka sun ba da amincewarsu ta ƙarshe a cikin bazara na 1950.

Khrushchev Thaw lokaci ne daga tsakiyar 1950s zuwa tsakiyar 1960s lokacin da aka sassauta danniya da cin hanci da rashawa a cikin Tarayyar Soviet saboda manufofin Nikita Khrushchev na de-Stalinization da zaman lafiya tare da sauran ƙasashe.The Thaw ya zama mai yiwuwa bayan mutuwar Joseph Stalin a shekara ta 1953. Sakatare na farko Khrushchev ya yi tir da tsohon Babban Sakatare Stalin a cikin "Maganar Sirri" a babban taro na 20 na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis, sannan ya kori Stalinists a lokacin gwagwarmayar mulki a Kremlin.Ziyarar da Khrushchev ya kai birnin Beijing a shekarar 1954, da ziyararsa a birnin Belgrade na kasar Yugoslavia a shekarar 1955 (wanda dangantakarsa ta yi tsami tun lokacin da aka raba Tito-Stalin a shekarar 1948), da kuma ganawarsa da Dwight Eisenhower a shekarar 1954. wanda ya ƙare a ziyarar Khrushchev a 1959 zuwa Amurka.The Thaw ya ba da damar wasu 'yancin bayanai a cikin kafofin watsa labaru, fasaha, da al'adu;bukukuwan kasa da kasa;fina-finan kasashen waje;littattafan da ba a tantance su ba;da sabbin nau'ikan nishadantarwa a gidan talbijin na kasa da ke tasowa, wadanda suka hada da manya-manyan fareti da shagulgulan shagulgula da kade-kade da kade-kade da wake-wake daban-daban, da kade-kade da barkwanci, da shirye-shiryen tauraro irin su Goluboy Ogonyok.Irin waɗannan sauye-sauye na siyasa da al'adu gaba ɗaya sun yi tasiri sosai a kan wayewar jama'a na al'ummomi da yawa a cikin Tarayyar Soviet.Leonid Brezhnev, wanda ya gaji Khrushchev, ya kawo karshen Thaw.Gyaran tattalin arziki na 1965 na Alexei Kosygin ya ƙare a ƙarshen shekarun 1960, yayin da shari'ar marubuta Yuli Daniel da Andrei Sinyavsky a 1966 - irin wannan gwaji na farko na jama'a tun lokacin mulkin Stalin - da mamayewa na Czechoslovakia a 1968 ya gano koma baya. na 'yantar da kasar.

A cikin watan Satumba na 1953 wata ƙungiya ta tsakiya - ta ƙunshi Khrushchev, mataimaka biyu, editoci biyu na Pravda, da ƙwararrun aikin gona ɗaya - sun gana don sanin tsananin rikicin noma a Tarayyar Soviet.Tun da farko a shekara ta 1953, Georgy Malenkov ya karbi bashi don gabatar da gyare-gyare don magance matsalar noma a kasar, ciki har da kara farashin saye da gwamnati ta biya don isar da gonaki na gama-gari, da rage haraji, da karfafa wa kowane ma'auni na manoma gwiwa.Khrushchev, ya fusata cewa Malenkov ya karbi bashi don sake fasalin aikin noma, ya gabatar da nasa shirin noma.Shirin Khrushchev duka ya faɗaɗa gyare-gyaren da Malenkov ya fara kuma ya ba da shawarar noma da noman kadada miliyan 13 (130,000 km2) na ƙasar da ba a yi noma a baya ba nan da 1956. Kasashen da aka yi niyya sun haɗa da yankunan da ke gefen dama na Volga, a arewacin Caucasus, a Yammacin Turai. Siberiya, kuma a Arewacin Kazakhstan.Sakatare na farko na Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Kazakhstan a lokacin sanarwar Khrushchev, Zhumabay Shayakhmetov, ya yi watsi da yuwuwar amfanin gonakin budurwowi a Kazakhstan: ba ya son ƙasar Kazakh a ƙarƙashin ikon Rasha.Molotov, Malenkov, Kaganovich da sauran manyan membobin CPSU sun nuna adawa da yakin neman zaben Virgin Lands.Mutane da yawa suna ganin shirin ba zai yiwu ta fuskar tattalin arziki ko dabaru ba.Malenkov ya fi son yin yunƙurin sa ƙasar da aka riga aka noma ta zama mai albarka, amma Khrushchev ya dage kan kawo ɗimbin sabbin ƙasa a ƙarƙashin noma a matsayin hanya ɗaya tilo don samun babban haɓakar amfanin gona a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci.Maimakon bayar da ƙarfafawa ga manoma da ke aiki a gonaki na gama kai, Khrushchev ya shirya daukar ma'aikata don sababbin wuraren budurwowi ta hanyar tallata damar a matsayin kasada ta gurguzu ga matasan Soviet.A lokacin bazara na 1954, masu sa kai na Komsomol 300,000 sun yi balaguro zuwa Ƙasar Budurwa.Bayan saurin noman Budurwa-Land da kyakkyawan girbi na 1954, Khrushchev ya ɗaga manufar farko na sabbin kadada miliyan 13 na ƙasar da ake nomawa ta 1956 zuwa tsakanin kadada miliyan 28 – 30 (280,000 – 300,000 km2).Tsakanin shekarun 1954 zuwa 1958 Tarayyar Soviet ta kashe Rbls miliyan 30.7 a yakin neman zaben Budurwa kuma a lokaci guda jihar ta sayo hatsi na Rbls biliyan 48.8.Daga 1954 zuwa 1960, jimlar da aka shuka a cikin Tarayyar Soviet ya karu da kadada miliyan 46, tare da 90% na karuwa saboda yakin Virgin Lands.Gabaɗaya, yaƙin neman zaɓe na Ƙasar Budurwa ya yi nasarar haɓaka noman hatsi da kuma rage ƙarancin abinci a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci.Babban ma'auni da nasarar farko na yaƙin neman zaɓe wani abin tarihi ne.Duk da haka, da fadi da hawa da sauka a cikin hatsi a shekara zuwa shekara, da kasawar Virgin Lands ya zarce rikodin rikodin na 1956, da kuma sannu a hankali rage yawan amfanin ƙasa bayan 1959 alama da Virgin Lands yaƙin neman zaɓe a matsayin gazawa kuma lalle ya fadi kasa da burin Khrushchev. Ya zarce yawan hatsin Amurka nan da 1960. A mahangar tarihi, duk da haka, kamfen ya nuna sauyi na dindindin a tattalin arzikin Arewacin Kazakhstan.Ko a nadir na 1998, an shuka alkama a kusan kadada ninki biyu fiye da na shekarar 1953, kuma Kazakhstan na daya daga cikin manyan noman alkama a duniya.

Shirin sararin samaniyar Soviet shi ne tsarin sararin samaniya na kasa na tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), wanda ke aiki daga 1955 har zuwa rushewar Tarayyar Soviet a 1991. Shirin sararin samaniyar Soviet ya kasance alama mai mahimmanci na ikirarin Soviet ga ikonta na duniya. matsayi.Binciken Soviet a cikin rocketry ya fara ne tare da kafa dakin bincike a cikin 1921, amma waɗannan yunƙurin sun sami cikas saboda mummunan yaƙi da Jamus.Gasar tseren sararin samaniya tare da Amurka, daga baya kuma tare da Tarayyar Turai da China, shirin Tarayyar Soviet ya yi fice wajen kafa tarihi da dama a binciken sararin samaniya, ciki har da makami mai linzami na farko da ya harba tauraron dan adam na farko kuma ya aike da dabba ta farko zuwa doron kasa. 1957, kuma ya sanya mutum na farko a sararin samaniya a cikin 1961. Bugu da ƙari, shirin na Soviet ya kuma ga mace ta farko a sararin samaniya a 1963 da kuma wani cosmonaut na yin tafiya ta farko a cikin 1965. Sauran abubuwan da suka faru sun haɗa da aikin mutum-mutumi na na'ura mai kwakwalwa wanda ya fara a 1959. tare da manufa ta biyu ita ce ta farko da ta isa saman duniyar wata, da yin rikodin hoton farko na gefen wata mai nisa, da samun saukowa mai laushi na farko akan wata.Har ila yau, shirin na Tarayyar Soviet ya sami nasarar tura sararin samaniyar sararin samaniya na farko a shekarar 1966 kuma ya aika da na'urar binciken mutum-mutumi ta farko da ta fitar da wani samfurin kasar wata ta kai tsaye zuwa doron kasa a shekarar 1970. Shirin na Tarayyar Soviet kuma shi ne ke da alhakin jagorantar binciken farko a sararin samaniya zuwa Venus da Mars. kuma ya yi nasarar sauka mai laushi a kan waɗannan taurari a cikin 1960s da 1970s.Ta sanya tashar sararin samaniya ta farko zuwa sararin samaniya mara nauyi a cikin 1971 da tashar sararin samaniya ta farko a cikin 1986. Shirin Interkosmos kuma ya shahara wajen tura dan kasa na farko banda Amurka ko Tarayyar Soviet zuwa sararin samaniya.Bayan WWII, shirye-shiryen sararin samaniya na Soviet da Amurka duka sun yi amfani da fasahar Jamus a farkon ƙoƙarinsu.A ƙarshe, an gudanar da shirin a ƙarƙashin Sergei Korolev, wanda ya jagoranci shirin bisa ra'ayoyi na musamman da Konstantin Tsiolkovsky ya samo, wani lokacin da ake kira uban ilimin sararin samaniya.Sabanin masu fafatawa na Amurka, Turai, da Sinawa, waɗanda shirye-shiryen su ke gudana a ƙarƙashin hukumar gudanarwa guda ɗaya, an raba shirin sararin samaniyar Soviet kuma an raba shi tsakanin manyan ofisoshin ƙira na ciki waɗanda Korolev, Kerimov, Keldysh, Yangel, Glushko, Chelomey ke jagoranta. Makeyev, Chertok da kuma Reshetnev.

Yarjejeniyar Warsaw ko Yarjejeniyar Warsaw wata yarjejeniya ce ta tsaro ta gama gari da aka sanya hannu a Warsaw, Poland, tsakanin Tarayyar Soviet da sauran jamhuriyar gurguzu ta Gabas ta Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai a cikin Mayu 1955, lokacin Yaƙin Cacar .Kalmar "Warsaw Pact" yawanci tana nufin duka yarjejeniyar da kanta da kuma sakamakonta na tsaro, kungiyar Warsaw Treaty Organisation (WTO).Yarjejeniyar Warsaw ita ce mataimakiyar soja ga Majalisar Taimakon Tattalin Arziki na Mutual (Comecon), ƙungiyar tattalin arziki na yanki na jihohin gurguzu na Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai.An ƙirƙiri yarjejeniyar Warsaw ne saboda haɗakar da Jamus ta Yamma a cikin Ƙungiyar Yarjejeniyar Tsaro ta Arewacin Atlantic (NATO) a 1955 kamar yadda taron London da Paris na 1954 ya tanada.Tarayyar Soviet ta mamaye, an kafa yarjejeniyar Warsaw a matsayin ma'auni na iko ko kiba ga NATO.Babu wata arangama ta soji kai tsaye tsakanin kungiyoyin biyu;a maimakon haka, an gwabza rikicin ne bisa tushen akida kuma ta hanyar yakin neman zabe.Dukkanin NATO da yarjejeniyar Warsaw sun haifar da fadada sojojin soja da kuma shigar da su cikin kungiyoyi daban-daban.Haɗin kai mafi girma na soja shine mamayewar Warsaw Pact na Czechoslovakia a cikin Agusta 1968 (tare da halartar dukkan ƙasashen da suka ƙulla yarjejeniya ban da Albania da Romania), wanda, a wani ɓangare, ya haifar da Albaniya ta janye daga yarjejeniyar ƙasa da wata ɗaya.Yarjejeniyar ta fara warwarewa tare da yaduwar juyin juya hali na 1989 ta hanyar Gabas ta Gabas, wanda ya fara da motsi na hadin kai a Poland, nasarar zabensa a watan Yuni 1989 da kuma Pan-European Picnic a watan Agusta 1989.Jamus ta Gabas ta fice daga yarjejeniyar bayan sake hadewar Jamus a shekara ta 1990. A ranar 25 ga Fabrairun 1991, a wani taro a Hungary, ministocin tsaro da na harkokin waje na kasashe 6 da suka rage mambobi ne suka ayyana yarjejeniyar a karshen.An narkar da ita kanta USSR a watan Disamba na 1991, kodayake yawancin tsoffin jumhuriyar Soviet sun kafa Ƙungiyar Tsaron Tsaron Garin Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka.A cikin shekaru 20 masu zuwa, }asashen Warsaw Pact da ke wajen Tarayyar Soviet, kowannensu ya shiga NATO (Jamus ta Gabas ta hanyar haɗuwa da Jamus ta Yamma; da Jamhuriyar Czech da Slovakia a matsayin ƙasashe daban-daban), kamar yadda ƙasashen Baltic da ke cikin Tarayyar Soviet suka yi. .

"Akan Cult of Personality and Its Consequence" wani rahoto da shugaban Soviet Nikita Khrushchev, sakataren farko na jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Tarayyar Soviet, ya gabatar a taron 20th na jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Tarayyar Soviet a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu 1956. Jawabin Khrushchev. ya yi kakkausar suka ga mulkin Marigayi Babban Sakatare kuma Firimiya Joseph Stalin, musamman game da tsarkakewar da aka yi musamman a shekarun 1930 na ƙarshe.Khrushchev ya tuhumi Stalin da cewa ya haɓaka ɗabi'ar jagoranci duk da cewa yana da goyon baya ga manufofin kwaminisanci.Hukumar leken asirin Isra'ila Shin Bet ce ta fallasa jawabin ga kasashen yamma, wacce ta samu daga hannun dan jaridar Poland-Yahudu Wiktor Grajewski.Jawabin ya kasance mai ban mamaki a ranarsa.Akwai rahotannin da ke cewa mahalarta taron sun yi ta tafi da dariya a wurare da dama.Akwai kuma rahotannin da ke cewa wasu daga cikin wadanda ke wurin sun sami bugun zuciya wasu kuma sun kashe kansu saboda kaduwa da fallasa yadda Stalin ke amfani da ta'addanci.Rikicin da ya biyo baya a tsakanin yawancin 'yan Soviet, ya taso a kan panegyrics da kuma yabo na dindindin na "bazara" na Stalin, musamman a Jojiya, mahaifar Stalin, inda kwanakin zanga-zangar da tarzoma suka ƙare tare da rushewar sojojin Soviet a ranar 9 ga Maris 1956. Yamma, jawabin da ya lalata tsarin gurguzu;Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Amurka ita kadai ta yi asarar mambobi sama da 30,000 a cikin makonni da buga ta.An bayyana jawabin a matsayin babban dalilin da ya haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin kasar Sin da Tarayyar Soviet da kasar Sin (karkashin shugaba Mao Zedong) da Albaniya (karkashin sakataren farko na farko Enver Hoxha) suka yi wa Khrushchev a matsayin mai bita.Dangane da haka ne suka kafa kungiyar masu adawa da bita, suna sukar shugabancin jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Tarayyar Soviet bayan Stalin, bisa zargin kaucewa tafarkin Lenin da Stalin.Mao ya ƙarfafa nasa ɗabi'a na ɗabi'a daidai da Stalin.A Koriya ta Arewa, ɓangarorin Jam'iyyar Ma'aikata ta Koriya sun yi ƙoƙarin tsige shugaban Kim Il-sung ta hanyar sukar shi don bai "gyara" hanyoyin jagoranci ba, haɓaka ɗabi'a na ɗabi'a, karkatar da "ka'idar Leninist na jagoranci gama gari" da "karkatar da tsarin shugabanci". halaccin gurguzanci" (watau yin amfani da kamawa da kisa ba bisa ka'ida ba) da kuma amfani da wasu sukan zamanin Khrushchev na Stalinism akan shugabancin Kim Il-sung.Yunkurin cire Kim bai yi nasara ba kuma an kama mahalarta kuma daga baya aka kashe shi, wanda hakan ya baiwa Kim damar kara karfafa dabi'ar sa.Jawabin ya kasance wani muhimmin mataki a cikin Khrushchev Thaw.Zai yiwu ya yi amfani da manufar Khrushchev don halatta tare da karfafa ikonsa na jam'iyyar Soviet Union da gwamnati bayan gwagwarmayar siyasa tare da Georgy Malenkov da kuma masu goyon bayan Stalin irin su Vyacheslav Molotov, wadanda ke da hannu a matakai daban-daban a cikin tsarkakewa.

Juyin Juyin Juyin Halitta na 1956 juyin juya hali ne na kasa baki daya kan gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Hungary (1949-1989) da manufofin cikin gida na Hungary wanda Tarayyar Soviet (USSR) ta sanya.Juyin Juyin Juya Halin Hungary ya fara ne a ranar 23 ga Oktoba 1956 a Budapest lokacin da daliban jami'a suka yi kira ga jama'ar farar hula da su shiga cikin ginin majalisar dokokin kasar Hungary don nuna adawa da mamayar daular siyasa ta USSR ta Hungary tare da gwamnatin Stalinist na Mátyás Rákosi.Tawagar dalibai ta shiga ginin gidan rediyon kasar Hungary domin watsa bukatunsu goma sha shida na yin gyare-gyaren siyasa da tattalin arziki ga kungiyoyin farar hula na kasar Hungary, amma sai jami'an tsaro suka tsare su.Lokacin da daliban da suka yi zanga-zangar a wajen ginin gidan rediyon suka bukaci a sako tawagar dalibansu, ‘yan sanda daga hukumar kare hakkin jihar ÁVH (Államvédelmi Hatóság) sun bindige masu zanga-zangar da dama.Sakamakon haka, 'yan kasar Hungary sun shirya cikin mayaka na juyin juya hali don yakar ÁVH;An kama shugabannin kwaminisanci na Hungary da 'yan sandan ÁVH kuma an kashe su ko kuma a kashe su;an kuma saki fursunonin siyasa masu adawa da gurguzu da makamai.Don cimma buƙatunsu na siyasa, tattalin arziki, da zamantakewa, ƙasashen Soviet na gida (majalisun ma'aikata) sun karɓi ikon mulkin gundumomi daga Jam'iyyar Ma'aikata ta Hungary (Magyar Dolgozók Pártja).Sabuwar gwamnatin Imre Nagy ta wargaza ÁVH, ta ayyana ficewar Hungary daga yarjejeniyar Warsaw, kuma ta yi alkawarin sake kafa zaɓe mai 'yanci.Ya zuwa karshen watan Oktoba, fadan ya lafa.Ko da yake da farko a shirye suke don yin shawarwarin janyewar sojojin Soviet daga Hungary, Tarayyar Soviet ta murkushe juyin juya halin Hungary a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba 1956, kuma ta yi yaƙi da 'yan juyin juya halin Hungary har zuwa 10 ga Nuwamba;Danniya da tashin hankalin Hungary ya kashe 'yan kasar Hungary 2,500 da sojojin Soviet 700, kuma ya tilasta 'yan Hungary 200,000 su nemi mafaka ta siyasa a kasashen waje.

A shekara ta 1957, Khrushchev ya yi nasara a kan wani yunƙuri na Stalinist na haɗe-haɗe don sake karɓo mulki, tare da kayar da abin da ake kira "Ƙungiyar Anti-Party" da gaske;wannan taron ya kwatanta sabon yanayin siyasar Soviet.Ministan tsaro Georgy Zhukov ne ya kai harin da ya fi daukar hankali kan 'yan ta'addar, wanda kuma barazanar da masu shirya makarkashiyar ke nunawa a fili take;Duk da haka, babu wani daga cikin "anti-jam'iyyar" da aka kashe ko ma kama, da kuma Khrushchev jefar da su quite wayo: Georgy Malenkov aka aika zuwa gudanar da wani ikon tashar a Kazakhstan, kuma Vyacheslav Molotov, daya daga cikin mafi mutu-hard Stalinists. an nada shi jakada a Mongoliya.Daga karshe dai an sake nada Molotov a matsayin wakilin Tarayyar Soviet na Hukumar Makamashin Nukiliya ta kasa da kasa a Vienna bayan da Kremlin ta yanke shawarar sanya wata tazara mai aminci tsakaninsa da kasar Sin tun lokacin da Molotov ke kara samun kwanciyar hankali da shugabancin jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta kasar Sin mai adawa da Khrushchev.Molotov ya ci gaba da kai wa Khrushchev hari a duk wata dama da ya samu, kuma a shekarar 1960, a yayin bikin cika shekaru 90 na Lenin, ya rubuta wani rubutu da ke bayyana abubuwan da ya tuna da shi na uban kafuwar Tarayyar Soviet, don haka yana nuna cewa ya fi kusanci da darikar Marxist-Lenin.A shekara ta 1961, kafin taron CPSU na 22, Molotov ya rubuta wani ra'ayi mai ban sha'awa na dandalin jam'iyyar Khrushchev kuma an ba shi lada don wannan mataki tare da kori daga jam'iyyar.Kamar Molotov, Ministan Harkokin Waje Dmitri Shepilov shi ma ya gamu da shinge lokacin da aka tura shi gudanar da Cibiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Kirghizia.Daga baya, lokacin da aka nada shi a matsayin wakilin jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Kirghizia, mataimakin Khrushchev Leonid Brezhnev ya shiga tsakani kuma ya umarci Shepilov ya janye daga taron.An kori shi da matarsa ​​daga gidansu na Moscow, sannan aka mayar da shi wani ƙaramin gidan da ke kwance ga hayaƙin masana'antar sarrafa abinci da ke kusa da shi, kuma an kore shi daga zama memba a Kwalejin Kimiyyar Soviet kafin a kore shi daga jam'iyyar.Kliment Voroshilov ya rike mukamin shugaban kasa duk da tsufa da rashin lafiyarsa;ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 1960. Nikolai Bulganin ya kammala kula da majalisar tattalin arzikin Stavropol.Har ila yau, an kore shi Lazar Kaganovich, wanda aka aika don gudanar da ayyukan potash a cikin Urals kafin a kore shi daga jam'iyyar tare da Molotov a 1962.Duk da goyon bayansa ga Khrushchev a lokacin da aka kawar da Beria da ƙungiyar adawa, Zhukov ya kasance mai farin jini da kuma ƙaunataccen mutum don jin dadi na Khrushchev, don haka an cire shi.Bugu da kari, yayin da yake jagorantar kai hari kan Molotov, Malenkov, da Kaganovich, ya kuma yi nuni da cewa Khrushchev da kansa ya kasance mai wahala a cikin 1930s purges, wanda a zahiri yana da.Yayin da Zhukov ke ziyara a Albaniya a watan Oktoba na shekarar 1957, Khrushchev ya kulla makircinsa.A lokacin da Zhukov ya koma birnin Moscow, nan take aka zarge shi da kokarin kawar da sojojin Soviet daga ikon jam'iyyar, da samar da wata dabi'a ta dabi'a a kusa da kansa, da kuma yunkurin kwace mulki a juyin mulki.Da yawa daga cikin sojojin Soviet sun ci gaba da zargin Zhukov da "egomania", "girmama kai mara kunya", da kuma halin zalunci a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu.An kori Zhukov daga mukaminsa na ministan tsaro kuma an tilasta masa yin ritaya daga aikin soja bisa dalilansa na "shekarinsa" (yana da shekaru 62).Marshal Rodin Malinovsky ya maye gurbin Zhukov a matsayin ministan tsaro.An zabi Khrushchev a matsayin Firayim Minista a ranar 27 ga Maris 1958, yana ƙarfafa ikonsa - al'adar da duk magabata da magada suka bi.Wannan shi ne mataki na ƙarshe na canji daga farkon lokacin shugabancin gama gari bayan Stalin.A yanzu shi ne babban tushen iko a Tarayyar Soviet, amma ba zai taba mallakar cikakken ikon Stalin ba.

Rarraba tsakanin Sin da Tarayyar Soviet shi ne wargajewar dangantakar siyasa tsakanin Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin da Tarayyar Soviet sakamakon bambance-bambancen koyarwa da suka taso daga fassarori daban-daban da aikace-aikacensu na Marxism-Leninism, kamar yadda yanayin siyasarsu ya rinjayi a lokacin yakin cacar baka . 1947-1991.A karshen shekarun 1950 zuwa farkon shekarun 1960, muhawarar Sino-Soviet game da fassarar koyarwar Markisanci ta zama takaddama ta musamman game da manufofin Tarayyar Soviet na kawar da zaman lafiya da zaman lafiya tsakanin kasa da kasa tare da kasashen yammacin Turai, wanda mahaifin kasar Sin Mao Zedong wanda ya kafa kasar Sin ya bayyana a matsayin bita.Dangane da wannan akida, kasar Sin ta dauki matakin yaki da kasashen yammacin duniya, kuma ta fito fili ta yi watsi da manufar zaman lafiya tsakanin Tarayyar Soviet a tsakanin kasashen yammaci da yankin gabas.Bugu da kari, birnin Beijing ya nuna rashin jin dadinsa kan yadda tarayyar Soviet ke kara bunkasa dangantakar dake tsakaninta da kasar Indiya , saboda wasu dalilai kamar rikicin kan iyaka tsakanin Sin da Indiya, kuma Moscow na fargabar cewa Mao ya yi watsi da mugunyar yakin nukiliya.A shekarar 1956, sakataren farko na CPSU Nikita Khrushchev ya yi Allah wadai da Stalin da Stalinism a cikin jawabin da aka yi akan Cult of Personality da sakamakonsa kuma ya fara de-Stalinization na Tarayyar Soviet.Mao da shugabannin kasar Sin sun firgita yayin da PRC da USSR suka ci gaba da samun rarrabuwar kawuna a fassarorinsu da aiwatar da ka'idar Lenin.A shekara ta 1961, bambance-bambancen akidarsu da ba za a iya warwarewa ba ya tunzura PRC ta la'anci gurguzu na Soviet a matsayin aikin "masu cin amana" a cikin Tarayyar Soviet.PRC kuma ta ayyana Tarayyar Soviet a matsayin mai mulkin zamantakewa.Ga kasashen Gabashin Turai, rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin Sin da Soviet tambaya ce ta wanene zai jagoranci juyin juya halin kwaminisanci na duniya, kuma ga wane ne (Sin ko Tarayyar Soviet) bangarorin masu fafutuka na duniya za su koma neman shawarar siyasa, taimakon kudi, da taimakon soja. .Ta haka ne kasashen biyu suka fafata a zaben shugabancin gurguzu na duniya ta hanyar jam'iyyun 'yan bangar 'yan asalin kasashen da ke da tasiri.A yammacin duniya, rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin Sino-Soviet ta mayar da yakin sanyi na biyu-polar zuwa wani nau'i na uku.fafatawa ce ta sa Mao ya sami damar samun kusanci tsakanin Sin da Amurka da ziyarar shugaban kasar Amurka Richard Nixon a kasar Sin a shekarar 1972. A yammacin duniya, manufofin diflomasiyya da cudanya guda uku sun bullo.Kamar rabe-raben Tito-Stalin, abin da ya faru na rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin Sino-Soviet shi ma ya raunana ra'ayin gurguzu na daya-daya, ra'ayin kasashen yamma na cewa al'ummomin gurguzu sun hade baki daya kuma ba za su sami fadace-fadacen akida ba.Duk da haka, Tarayyar Soviet da Sin sun ci gaba da yin hadin gwiwa a Arewacin Vietnam a lokacin yakin Vietnam a shekarun 1970, duk da fafatawa a wasu wurare.A tarihi, rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin Sino-Soviet ta taimaka wa Marxist-Leninist Realpolitik wanda Mao ya kafa geopolitics tri-polar (PRC-USA-USSR) na ƙarshen Cold War (1956-1991) don ƙirƙirar gaba mai adawa da Soviet, wanda ya haifar da gaba. Maoists sun haɗa da Ka'idar Duniya Uku.A cewar Lüthi, babu "babu wata shaida ta shaida da ke nuna cewa Sinawa ko Soviets sun yi tunani game da dangantakarsu a cikin tsari mai kusurwa uku a lokacin."

Rikicin Berlin na 1961 ya faru tsakanin 4 ga Yuni - 9 ga Nuwamba 1961, kuma shine babban lamarin siyasa da soja na Turai na karshe na yakin cacar baki game da matsayin aikin babban birnin Jamus, Berlin, da na bayan yakin duniya na biyu Jamus.Rikicin Berlin ya fara ne lokacin da Tarayyar Soviet ta fitar da wani wa'adi na neman janye dukkan dakarun da ke dauke da makamai daga Berlin, ciki har da sojojin yammacin Berlin a yammacin Berlin.Rikicin dai ya kai ga rabuwar birnin bayan da Jamus ta Gabas ta gina katangar Berlin.

Rikicin makami mai linzamin na Cuba ya kasance arangama ta kwanaki 35 tsakanin Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet, lamarin da ya rikide zuwa rikicin kasa da kasa a lokacin da Amurka ta jibge makamai masu linzami a Italiya da Turkiyya da Tarayyar Soviet ta aike da makaman roka makamancin haka a Cuba.Duk da ɗan gajeren lokaci, Rikicin Makami mai linzami na Cuba ya kasance wani lokaci mai ma'ana a cikin tsaron ƙasa da shirye-shiryen yaƙin nukiliya.Ana ganin wannan arangama ta kasance mafi kusancin yakin cacar baka da ya rikide zuwa yakin nukiliya.Dangane da kasancewar makamai masu linzami na Jupiter ballistic na Amurka a Italiya da Turkiyya, mamayewar Bay of Pigs na 1961 da bai yi nasara ba, da fargabar da Tarayyar Soviet ta yi na zawarcin Cuban zuwa kasar Sin, Sakatare na farko na Tarayyar Soviet Nikita Khrushchev ya amince da bukatar Cuba ta sanya makaman nukiliya a tsibirin. don dakile wani hari na gaba.An cimma yarjejeniya a yayin ganawar sirri da aka yi tsakanin Khrushchev da firaministan Cuba Fidel Castro a watan Yulin shekarar 1962, kuma an fara gina wasu wuraren harba makamai masu linzami daga baya a wannan bazarar.Bayan kwanaki da dama na tattaunawa mai tsanani, an cimma yarjejeniya tsakanin Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet: a bainar jama'a, Soviets za su wargaza makamansu na cin zarafi a Cuba tare da mayar da su cikin Tarayyar Soviet, bisa ga tabbatar da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, a musayar jama'ar Amurka. shela da yarjejeniyar ba za ta sake mamaye Cuba ba.A asirce, Amurka ta amince da Soviets cewa za ta wargaza dukkan Jupiter MRBMs da aka tura Turkiyya don yakar Tarayyar Soviet.An dai tafka mahawara kan ko ba a sanya Italiya cikin yarjejeniyar ba.Yayin da Soviets suka wargaza makamansu masu linzami, wasu 'yan kunar bakin wake na Soviet sun kasance a Cuba, kuma Amurka ta ajiye keɓewar sojojin ruwa a wurin har zuwa Nuwamba 20, 1962.Lokacin da aka janye dukkan makamai masu linzami masu linzami da na Ilyushin Il-28 daga Cuba, an kawo karshen katangar a hukumance a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba. Tattaunawar da aka yi tsakanin Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet ta nuna wajibcin yin sadarwa cikin sauri, bayyananne, da kuma kai tsaye. layi tsakanin manyan kasashen biyu.A sakamakon haka, an kafa layin waya na Moscow-Washington.Wasu jerin yarjejeniyoyin daga baya sun rage zaman dar dar na Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet na tsawon shekaru, har sai da bangarorin biyu suka koma fadada makamansu na nukiliya.

Yawancin masu lura da kasashen yamma sun yi imanin cewa Khrushchev ya zama babban shugaban Tarayyar Soviet a farkon shekarun 1960, ko da kuwa hakan ya yi nisa da gaskiya.Gidan Presidium, wanda ya girma ya nuna rashin jin dadin salon shugabancin Khrushchev, kuma ya ji tsoron Mao Zedong na mutum daya da kuma ci gaban al'adun jama'a a Jamhuriyar Jama'ar kasar Sin , ya fara yakin da Khrushchev a shekara ta 1963. Wannan yakin ya ƙare a 1964 tare da maye gurbinsa. Khrushchev a cikin ofisoshinsa na Sakatare na farko na Leonid Brezhnev da kuma shugaban majalisar ministocin Alexei Kosygin.Brezhnev da Kosygin, tare da Mikhail Suslov, Andrei Kirilenko da Anastas Mikoyan (maye gurbinsu a shekarar 1965 da Nikolai Podgorny), an zabe su a ofisoshinsu don kafa da kuma jagorantar jagorancin gama gari mai aiki.Daya daga cikin dalilan korar Khrushchev, kamar yadda Suslov ya fada masa, shi ne cin zarafi na shugabancin gama gari.Tare da cire Khrushchev, kafofin watsa labaru na Soviet sun sake yaba wa jagoranci na gama gari a matsayin komawa zuwa "ka'idodin Leninist na rayuwar jam'iyyar".A taron da ya kori Khrushchev, kwamitin tsakiya ya haramtawa kowane mutum guda daya rike mukamin babban sakatare da firaministan kasar lokaci guda.Yawancin lokaci ana kiran jagoranci a matsayin jagoranci na "Brezhnev-Kosygin", maimakon jagorancin gama kai, ta kafofin watsa labarai na Duniya na Farko.Da farko dai babu wani fayyace shugaban jam'iyyar, kuma Kosygin shi ne babban mai kula da harkokin tattalin arziki, yayin da Brezhnev ke da alhakin gudanar da harkokin yau da kullum na jam'iyyar da kuma harkokin cikin gida.Matsayin Kosygin daga baya ya yi rauni lokacin da ya gabatar da wani gyara a 1965 wanda ya yi ƙoƙarin karkatar da tattalin arzikin Soviet.Sauye-sauyen ya haifar da koma baya, inda Kosygin ya rasa magoya bayansa saboda da yawa daga cikin manyan jami'ai sun dauki matakin adawa da juyin juya hali saboda lokacin bazara na Prague na 1968. Yayin da shekaru suka wuce, Brezhnev ya sami karin girma, kuma a cikin 1970s ya sami ma. ya kirkiro "Sakataren Babban Sakatare" don karfafa matsayinsa a cikin Jam'iyyar.

Gyaran tattalin arzikin Soviet na 1965, wani lokaci ana kiransa Kosygin sake fasalin wani tsari ne na canje-canjen da aka tsara a cikin tattalin arzikin Tarayyar Soviet.Babban jigon waɗannan sauye-sauye shine gabatar da riba da tallace-tallace a matsayin manyan alamomi guda biyu na nasarar kasuwanci.Wasu daga cikin ribar da kamfani ke samu zai kai asusu uku, wanda ake amfani da shi wajen ba wa ma’aikata kyauta da fadada ayyukansu;mafi yawan za su je babban kasafin kudi.Alexei Kosygin ya gabatar da sauye-sauyen a siyasance - wanda ya zama Firimiyan Tarayyar Soviet bayan kawar da Nikita Khrushchev - kuma kwamitin tsakiya ya amince da shi a watan Satumba na 1965. Sun nuna wasu dogon buri na masu tsara tattalin arziki na USSR na tattalin arziki. , kuma ya ƙaddamar da sauye-sauye zuwa ƙara yawan tsarin mulki a cikin tsarin tsara tattalin arziki.Tattalin arzikin ya karu a 1966-1970 fiye da yadda ya yi a 1961-1965.An ƙarfafa kamfanoni da yawa don sayar da ko ba da kayan aiki da yawa, tun da duk jarin da ke akwai an ƙididdige su cikin lissafin yawan aiki.An inganta wasu ma'auni na inganci.Waɗannan sun haɗa da haɓaka tallace-tallace a kowane darajar babban jari da faɗuwar albashi a kowace ruble na tallace-tallace.Kamfanonin sun ba da kaso mai yawa na ribar da suke samu, wani lokacin 80%, ga babban kasafin kuɗi.Waɗannan biyan kuɗi na "kyauta" sauran ribar sun zarce ƙimar babban birnin.Duk da haka, masu tsara tsarin tsakiya ba su gamsu da tasirin sake fasalin ba.Musamman ma, sun lura cewa albashi ya karu ba tare da an samu karuwar yawan aiki ba.Yawancin takamaiman canje-canje an sake duba su ko kuma aka sake su a cikin 1969-1971.Sauye-sauyen sun dan rage rawar da jam'iyyar ke takawa wajen sarrafa ayyukan tattalin arziki.Ja da baya ga sake fasalin tattalin arziki ya haɗu tare da adawa da 'yanci na siyasa don haifar da mamayewa na Czechoslovakia a 1968.

Lokacin bazara na Prague lokaci ne na 'yancin siyasa da zanga-zangar gama gari a cikin Jamhuriyar Socialist Czechoslovak.Ya fara ne a ranar 5 ga Janairun 1968, lokacin da aka zabi Alexander Dubček mai neman sauyi a matsayin Sakataren Farko na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Czechoslovakia (KSČ), kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa 21 ga Agusta 1968, lokacin da Tarayyar Soviet da mafi yawan membobin Warsaw Pact suka mamaye kasar don murkushe sauye-sauyen.Sauye-sauyen bazarar Prague wani yunƙuri ne mai ƙarfi na Dubček na ba da ƙarin haƙƙoƙin ga 'yan ƙasar Czechoslovakia a wani mataki na karkasa tattalin arziki da dimokiraɗiyya.'Yancin da aka bayar sun hada da sassauta takunkumi kan kafofin yada labarai, magana da tafiye-tafiye.Bayan tattaunawar kasa na raba kasar zuwa jamhuriya uku, Bohemia, Moravia-Silesia da Slovakia, Dubček ya sa ido kan shawarar raba gida biyu, Jamhuriyar Czech Socialist da Slovak Socialist Republic.Wannan tarayyar biyu ita ce kawai canji na yau da kullun da ya tsira daga mamayar.

Yaƙin Warsaw na Czechoslovakia yana nufin abubuwan da suka faru a tsakanin 20-21 ga Agusta 1968, lokacin da jamhuriyar Socialist ta Czechoslovakia ta haɗu da ƙasashe huɗu na Warsaw: Tarayyar Soviet, Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Poland , Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Bulgaria da Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Hungarian . .Mamaye ya dakatar da sauye-sauyen 'yanci na Alexander Dubček na Prague kuma ya ƙarfafa reshen jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Czechoslovakia (KSČ).Kimanin sojojin Warsaw 250,000 (daga baya sun tashi zuwa kusan 500,000), tare da tallafin dubban tankokin yaki da daruruwan jiragen sama, sun shiga cikin aikin na dare, wanda mai suna Operation Danube.Jamhuriyar gurguzu ta Romania da jamhuriyar al'ummar Albania sun ki shiga, yayin da sojojin gabashin Jamus, sai dai wasu ƴan ƙwararrun ƙwararru, Moscow ta ba da umarnin kada su tsallaka kan iyakar Czechoslovakia 'yan sa'o'i gabanin mamayewar saboda fargabar fuskantar turjiya mai ƙarfi idan aka kwatanta da sauran ƙasashe. Sojojin Jamus sun shiga hannu, saboda mamayar da Jamus ta yi a baya.An kashe 'yan Czechoslovak 137 tare da raunata 500 mai tsanani a lokacin mamaya.Hankalin jama'a game da mamayar ya yadu kuma ya rabu.Ko da yake galibin yarjejeniyar Warsaw sun goyi bayan mamayar tare da wasu jam'iyyun gurguzu da dama a duniya, kasashen yammacin duniya, gami da Albaniya, Romania, musamman jamhuriyar jama'ar kasar Sin sun yi tir da harin.Yawancin sauran jam'iyyun gurguzu sun rasa tasiri, sun yi tir da USSR, ko rarrabuwa ko narkar da su saboda sabanin ra'ayi.Mamayen ya fara jerin abubuwan da za su sa a ƙarshe Brezhnev ya kafa zaman lafiya tare da shugaban Amurka Richard Nixon a 1972 bayan ziyarar mai tarihi a China.Bayan mamayewa, Czechoslovakia ta shiga wani lokaci da aka sani da daidaitawa, inda sabbin shugabanni suka yi ƙoƙarin maido da martabar siyasa da tattalin arziƙin da aka samu kafin Dubček ya sami iko da KSČ.Gustáv Husák, wanda ya maye gurbin Dubček a matsayin Sakatare na Farko kuma ya zama Shugaban kasa, ya sauya kusan dukkan sauye-sauyen.

Gyaran tattalin arzikin Soviet na 1973 wani gyara ne na tattalin arziki wanda Alexei Kosygin, shugaban majalisar ministocin ya fara.A lokacin mulkin Leonid Brezhnev na Tarayyar Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), tattalin arzikin Soviet ya fara tsayawa;Wannan lokacin wasu masana tarihi suna kiran wannan lokaci da Zaman Tashe-tashen hankula.Bayan garambawul na 1965 Kosygin ya ƙaddamar da wani gyara a cikin 1973 don haɓaka iko da ayyuka na masu tsara yanki ta hanyar kafa ƙungiyoyi.Ba a taba aiwatar da wannan gyare-gyaren ba, kuma mambobin Tarayyar Soviet sun koka da cewa ba a aiwatar da wannan garambawul ba har zuwa lokacin da aka yi wa kwaskwarima na 1979.Sauye-sauyen ya yi tasiri wajen raunana karfin masu tsare-tsare na yanki kan manufofin masana'antu har ma da gaba.A shekara ta 1981, kusan rabin masana'antar Soviet sun hade cikin ƙungiyoyi tare da matsakaita na kamfanoni huɗu a kowace ƙungiya.Matsala ita ce kungiya ta kan kasance mambobinta sun bazu a yankuna daban-daban, yankuna, har ma da jumhuriya, wanda hakan ya kara tsananta tsare-tsare na kwamitin Tsare-tsare na Jiha.Sabbin ƙungiyoyin da aka kafa sun sa tsarin tattalin arzikin Soviet ya fi rikitarwa.Ƙungiyoyi da yawa sun haɓaka samar da kayayyaki a tsakanin kamfanoni na memba, kamar masana'antar kera motoci ta Gor'kii a Leningrad, wanda Kwamitin tsakiya na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Tarayyar Soviet (CPSU) ya yi amfani da shi azaman "misali". Unified Primary Party Organization (PPO).Ita dai shukar Gor'kii ba ta da matsala irin ta wasu ƙungiyoyin, domin dukkan membobinta suna birni ɗaya ne.Dangantakar da ke tsakanin ƙungiya da PPO sun fi yin tsami sosai idan ƙungiyar tana da mambobi a cikin yanki mai faɗi.Sauye-sauyen ya yi tasiri wajen kawo cikas ga al'adun gargajiya na CPSU tsakanin hukumomin yankuna da masana'antu.Kommunist, wata jarida ta Soviet, ta lura cewa PPOs da ke kula da ƙungiyoyi tare da membobin a cikin yanki mai faɗi sun yi watsi da haɗin gwiwa da jam'iyyar gida da ƙungiyoyin masana'antu, wanda ya hana su yin aiki yadda ya kamata.

Zamanin Brezhnev (1964 – 1982) ya fara ne da babban ci gaban tattalin arziki da bunƙasar wadata, amma a hankali an taru da matsaloli a yankunan zamantakewa, siyasa da tattalin arziki.Tabarbarewar zamantakewa ta fara ne bayan hawan Brezhnev kan karagar mulki, lokacin da ya soke wasu gyare-gyaren Khrushchev da wani bangare na gyara manufofin Stalinist.Wasu masu sharhi suna la'akari da farkon zaman jama'a a matsayin shari'ar Sinyavsky-Daniel a cikin 1966, wanda ya nuna ƙarshen Khrushchev Thaw, yayin da wasu suka sanya shi a lokacin da aka dakatar da bazara na Prague a 1968. Tashin hankali na siyasa na lokaci yana da alaƙa da kafawa. na gerontocracy, wanda ya kasance a matsayin wani ɓangare na manufofin kwanciyar hankali.Yawancin malamai sun kafa shekarar farko don tabarbarewar tattalin arziki a shekara ta 1975, kodayake wasu na da'awar cewa ta fara tun farkon shekarun 1960.Yawan ci gaban masana'antu ya ragu a cikin 1970s yayin da masana'antu masu nauyi da kuma masana'antar kera makamai aka ba da fifiko yayin da aka yi watsi da kayan masarufi na Soviet.Darajar duk kayan masarufi da aka ƙera a cikin 1972 a cikin farashin dillalan ya kai kusan rubles biliyan 118.Masana tarihi, masana, da kwararru ba su da tabbas kan abin da ya haifar da tabarbarewar, yayin da wasu ke jayayya cewa tattalin arziƙin umarni ya yi fama da nakasu na tsarin da ke hana ci gaba.Wasu kuma sun ce rashin yin garambawul, ko kuma yawan kudaden da ake kashewa ga sojoji ya haifar da koma baya.An soki Brezhnev bayan mutuwarsa saboda yin kadan don inganta yanayin tattalin arziki.A tsawon mulkinsa, ba a fara aiwatar da wasu manyan gyare-gyare ba kuma ƴan gyare-gyaren da aka gabatar sun kasance masu sassaucin ra'ayi ko kuma adawa da yawancin shugabancin Soviet.Shugaban Majalisar Ministoci (Gwamnati) Alexei Kosygin, mai ra'ayin kawo sauyi, ya gabatar da gyare-gyare guda biyu a cikin shekarun 1970 bayan gazawar da ya yi na sake fasalinsa na 1965 mai tsaurin ra'ayi, kuma ya yi kokarin sauya yanayin raguwar ci gaban.A cikin 1970s, Brezhnev ya ƙarfafa isasshen iko don dakatar da duk wani yunƙurin sake fasalin "m" na Kosygin.Bayan mutuwar Brezhnev a watan Nuwamba 1982 Yuri Andropov ya gaje shi a matsayin shugaban Soviet.Gadar Brezhnev ita ce Tarayyar Soviet wadda ba ta da ƙarfi fiye da yadda ta kasance lokacin da ya karɓi mulki a shekara ta 1964. A lokacin ɗan gajeren mulkin Andropov, an gabatar da gyare-gyare masu sauƙi;ya mutu ba fiye da shekara guda ba a cikin Fabrairu 1984. Konstantin Chernenko, magajinsa, ya ci gaba da yawancin manufofin Andropov.Matsalolin tattalin arziki da suka fara a karkashin Brezhnev sun ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin wadannan gajerun gwamnatoci kuma masana har yanzu suna muhawara kan ko manufofin sake fasalin da aka bi sun inganta yanayin tattalin arzikin kasar.Zamanin dagewa ya kare da hawan Gorbachev kan karagar mulki a lokacin da harkokin siyasa da na zamantakewa suka samu demokradiyya duk da cewa tattalin arzikin kasar yana nan daram.Karkashin jagorancin Gorbachev Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta fara kokarin kara habaka ci gaba a shekarar 1985 ta hanyar yin alluran kudi a masana'antu masu nauyi (Uskoreniye).Lokacin da waɗannan suka gaza, Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta sake fasalin (perestroika) tattalin arzikin Soviet da gwamnati ta hanyar gabatar da sauye-sauye masu ra'ayin jari-hujja (Khozraschyot) da dimokiradiyya (demokratizatsiya).An yi niyya ne don sake ƙarfafa Tarayyar Soviet amma ba da gangan ba ya haifar da rushewarta a cikin 1991.

Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1977 na Tarayyar Soviet, bisa hukuma Tsarin Tsarin Mulki (Babban Doka) na Tarayyar Soviet Socialist Republics, shi ne tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Soviet da aka amince da shi a ranar 7 ga Oktoba 1977 har zuwa rushewa a ranar 21 ga Disamba 1991. Har ila yau an san shi da Tsarin Mulki na Brezhnev ko Kundin tsarin mulkin gurguzu mai tasowa, shi ne tsarin mulki na uku kuma na karshe na Tarayyar Soviet, wanda aka amince da shi gaba daya a zaman taro na 7 (Na musamman) na taron koli na Tarayyar Soviet da Leonid Brezhnev ya sanya wa hannu.Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1977 ya maye gurbin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1936 kuma ya gabatar da sabbin hakkoki da ayyuka da yawa ga ƴan ƙasa tare da dokokin da ke tafiyar da jamhuriyoyin cikin ƙungiyar.Gabatar da Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya bayyana cewa "manufofin mulkin kama-karya na proletariat sun cika, kasar Soviet ta zama jihar dukan mutane" kuma ba ta wakilci ma'aikata da manoma kadai.Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1977 ya tsawaita ikon tsarin tsarin mulkin al'umma idan aka kwatanta da tsarin mulki na 1924 da 1936.Babi na farko ya bayyana jagorancin jagorancin Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Tarayyar Soviet (CPSU) da kuma kafa ka'idojin kungiya don gwamnati da gwamnati.Mataki na 1 ya bayyana USSR a matsayin kasar Kwaminisanci, kamar yadda duk kundin tsarin mulkin da ya gabata ya yi:Tarayyar Soviet Jamhuriya Kwaminisanci wata ƙasa ce ta gurguzu ta dukan mutane, tana bayyana ra'ayi da muradin ma'aikata, manoma, da masu hankali, mutane masu aiki na dukan al'ummomi da al'ummomin ƙasar.Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1977 ya kasance mai tsayi kuma dalla-dalla, gami da ƙarin abubuwa ashirin da takwas fiye da Tsarin Tsarin Mulki na 1936 na Tarayyar Soviet kuma ya fayyace rabe-rabe tsakanin gwamnatin tsakiya a Moscow da gwamnatocin jumhuriyar.Daga baya surori sun kafa ka'idoji don gudanar da tattalin arziki da dangantakar al'adu.Kundin tsarin mulkin na 1977 ya hada da sashi na 72, wanda ya ba da ‘yancin ballewa daga Tarayyar Soviet a hukumance a kundin tsarin mulkin da ya gabata.To sai dai a cikin doka ta 74 da ta 75 ta bayyana cewa, lokacin da wata mazabar Soviet ta gabatar da wasu dokoki da suka saba wa koli na Tarayyar Soviet, dokokin Tarayyar Soviet za su maye gurbin duk wani bambanci na doka, amma ba a samar da dokar Tarayyar da ta tsara ballewar ba har sai a zamanin karshe na Tarayyar Soviet. ƘungiyarMataki na ashirin da 74. Dokokin Tarayyar Soviet za su kasance suna da karfi iri ɗaya a duk jamhuriyar Tarayyar.Idan aka sami sabani tsakanin dokar Jamhuriya ta Tarayyar Turai da dokar Tarayyar Turai, dokar Tarayyar Soviet za ta yi nasara.Mataki na ashirin da 75. Ƙasar Tarayyar Soviet Kwaminisanci yanki ne guda ɗaya kuma ya ƙunshi yankuna na Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Soviet.Mulkin USSR ya zarce ko'ina cikin yankinta.An soke Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1977 bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet a ranar 21 ga Disamba 1991 kuma kasashen da suka biyo bayan Tarayyar Soviet suka amince da sababbin kundin tsarin mulki.Mataki na ashirin da 72 zai taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen rushewa duk da lacuna a cikin dokar Soviet, wanda a ƙarshe ya cika ƙarƙashin matsin lamba daga Jamhuriyar a 1990.

Gyaran tattalin arzikin Soviet na 1979, ko "Ingantattun tsare-tsare da ƙarfafa tasirin tsarin tattalin arziki don haɓaka tasiri a cikin samarwa da inganta ingantaccen aiki", wani gyare-gyaren tattalin arziki ne wanda Alexei Kosygin, shugaban majalisar ministocin ya fara.Gyaran 1979 wani yunƙuri ne na sake fasalin tsarin tattalin arzikin da ake da shi ba tare da wani sauye-sauye na gaske ba.An daidaita tsarin tattalin arziki fiye da baya.An inganta tasirin tattalin arzikin da aka tsara a wasu sassa, amma bai isa ba don ceton tattalin arzikin Tarayyar Soviet.Daya daga cikin manyan manufofin sake fasalin shi ne inganta rabon albarkatun kasa da zuba jari, wanda aka dade ana yin watsi da shi saboda "bangarori" da "yanki".Wani fifiko shine kawar da tasirin "yanki" a cikin shirin na shekaru biyar.Gyaran 1965 yayi ƙoƙari, ba tare da nasara ba, don inganta ingancin kayan da ake samarwa.A cikin 1979 sake fasalin Kosygin yayi ƙoƙari ya kawar da babban fitarwa daga "wurin da ya ba da umarni" a cikin tattalin arzikin da aka tsara, kuma an ƙirƙiri sababbin ka'idoji don ƙananan kayayyaki masu inganci.Hukumomin Tarayyar Soviet suna kallon jarin jari a matsayin wata babbar matsala a shekarar 1979, yayin da Sakatare Janar Leonid Brezhnev da Firayim Minista Kosygin suka yi iƙirarin cewa haɓaka yawan aikin ƙwadago ne kawai zai iya taimakawa wajen haɓaka tattalin arziƙin ƙasashen Tarayyar Soviet masu ci gaba da fasaha kamar Estoniya Soviet Socialist. Jamhuriyar (ESSR).Lokacin da Kosygin ya mutu a shekara ta 1980, magajinsa, Nikolai Tikhonov, ya yi watsi da gyaran.

Yakin Soviet-Afganistan wani rikici ne na makamai da aka dade ana gwabzawa a Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Afganistan daga 1979 zuwa 1989. An yi gwabza fada tsakanin Tarayyar Soviet da mujahidan Afghanistan (tare da kananan kungiyoyi masu adawa da Soviet Maoists) bayan da sojoji suka shiga tsakani. , ko kuma kaddamar da mamayewa, Afghanistan don tallafawa gwamnatin gida mai goyon bayan Tarayyar Soviet da aka girka a lokacin Operation Storm-333.Yayin da mujahidun ke samun goyon bayan kasashe da kungiyoyi daban-daban, mafi yawan taimakon da suka bayar sun fito ne daga Pakistan , Saudi Arabia , Amurka , Birtaniya ,Sin da Iran ;Matsayin da Amurka ke goyon bayan mujahidai ya zo daidai da yadda ake samun karuwar tashe-tashen hankula tsakanin kasashen biyu da Tarayyar Soviet a lokacin yakin cacar baka .'Yan tawayen Afghanistan sun fara samun tallafin gama-gari, kudade, da horar da sojoji a makwabciyar Pakistan.Amurka da Birtaniya sun kuma bayar da gagarumin tallafi ga mujahidan, wanda aka fatattaki sojojin Pakistan a wani bangare na Operation Cyclone.Haka nan kuma an samu tallafin kudi mai yawa ga masu tada kayar baya daga China da masarautun Larabawa na Tekun Fasha.Sojojin Soviet sun mamaye garuruwan Afganistan da dukkanin manyan hanyoyin sadarwa na kasar, yayin da mujahidan suka kaddamar da yakin basasa a kananan kungiyoyi a cikin kashi 80% na kasar da ba a karkashin ikon Soviet ba - kusan kusan ya kunshi tudu mai tsaunuka na karkara.Baya ga jibge miliyoyin nakiyoyin da aka binne a fadin kasar Afghanistan, sojojin Soviet sun yi amfani da karfin da suke da shi ta sama wajen mu'amala da 'yan tawaye da fararen hula, tare da daidaita kauyuka don hana mujahidan mafaka tare da lalata muhimman ramuka na ban ruwa.Tun da farko gwamnatin Soviet ta yi shirin gaggauta tsaron garuruwa da hanyoyin sadarwa na Afghanistan, da daidaita gwamnatin PDP a karkashin Karmal mai biyayya, da kuma janye dukkan sojojinta a cikin watanni shida zuwa shekara guda.Duk da haka, sun fuskanci turjiya mai tsanani daga 'yan tawayen Afganistan kuma sun fuskanci matsaloli masu yawa na aiki a yankin tsaunuka na Afghanistan.A tsakiyar 1980s, kasancewar sojojin Soviet a Afghanistan ya karu zuwa kusan dakaru 115,000, kuma fada a fadin kasar ya tsananta;Rikicin ƙoƙarin yaƙi a hankali ya haifar da tsada mai yawa ga Tarayyar Soviet yayin da albarkatun soja, tattalin arziki, da siyasa suka ƙara ƙarewa.A tsakiyar shekarar 1987, shugaban Tarayyar Soviet mai neman sauyi Mikhail Gorbachev ya sanar da cewa, sojojin Soviet za su fara ficewa gaba daya daga kasar Afganistan, bayan wasu tarurrukan da suka yi da gwamnatin Afganistan, wadanda suka bayyana manufar "Sulhun Kasa" ga kasar.A ranar 15 ga watan Mayun shekarar 1988 ne aka fara guguwar karshe na sallama, kuma a ranar 15 ga Fabrairun 1989, rukunin sojan Soviet na karshe da ke mamaye da Afghanistan ya ketare zuwa Uzbek SSR.Saboda tsawon yakin Soviet-Afganistan, wani lokaci ana kiransa da "Yakin Vietnam na Tarayyar Soviet" ko kuma "Tarkon Bear" ta hanyar kafofin yammacin duniya.Hakan dai ya bar baya da kura a kasashen da suka biyo bayan Tarayyar Soviet da kuma Afganistan.Bugu da kari, ana kyautata zaton goyon bayan da Amurka ke baiwa mujahidai a Afganistan ya taimaka wajen haifar da “koma baya” na sakamakon da ba a yi niyya ba kan muradun Amurka (misali harin 11 ga Satumba), wanda a karshe ya kai ga yakin Amurka a Afghanistan daga 2001. har zuwa 2021.

Maris 10, 1985 Chernenko mutu.Gromyko ya ba da shawarar Gorbachev a matsayin babban sakatare na gaba;a matsayinsa na dan jam'iyyar da dadewa, shawarar Gromyko ta dauki nauyi sosai a tsakanin kwamitin tsakiya.Gorbachev ya yi tsammanin adawa da zabensa na babban sakatare, amma daga karshe sauran ‘yan siyasa sun goyi bayansa.Jim kadan bayan mutuwar Chernenko, kungiyar Politburo baki daya ta zabi Gorbachev a matsayin magajinsa;sun so shi maimakon wani dattijo shugaba.Ta haka ya zama shugaba na takwas na Tarayyar Soviet.Kadan a cikin gwamnati sun yi tunanin cewa zai zama mai son kawo sauyi kamar yadda ya tabbatar.Ko da yake ba sanannen mutum ne ga jama'ar Soviet ba, an sami kwanciyar hankali sosai cewa sabon shugaban bai tsufa ba kuma ba shi da lafiya.

Gluten mai na 1980 ya kasance babban ragi na ɗanyen mai wanda ya haifar da faɗuwar buƙata bayan rikicin makamashi na 1970.Farashin mai a duniya ya kai kololuwa a shekarar 1980 akan dalar Amurka sama da dalar Amurka 35 a kowacce ganga (daidai da dala 115 a dalar 2021, lokacin da aka daidaita don hauhawar farashin kaya);ya fadi a 1986 daga $27 zuwa kasa da $10 ($67 zuwa $25 a cikin dala 2021).An fara cin duri ne a farkon shekarun 1980 sakamakon tafiyar hawainiya a harkokin tattalin arziki a kasashen masana'antu sakamakon rikice-rikicen shekarun 1970, musamman a shekarun 1973 da 1979, da kuma tanadin makamashi sakamakon hauhawar farashin man fetur.Haƙiƙanin hauhawar farashin mai na dala 2004 ya faɗi daga matsakaicin dala 78.2 a 1981 zuwa matsakaicin $26.8 akan kowace ganga a 1986.Babban faɗuwar farashin mai a 1985 da 1986 ya yi tasiri sosai kan ayyukan shugabancin Soviet.

Bala'i na Chernobyl wani hatsarin nukiliya ne da ya faru a ranar 26 ga Afrilu 1986 a ma'aikatar makamashi ta 4 a cikin tashar makamashin nukiliya ta Chernobyl, kusa da birnin Pripyat a arewacin SSR na Ukrainian a cikin Tarayyar Soviet.Yana ɗaya daga cikin haɗarin makamashin nukiliya guda biyu da aka ƙididdige su a bakwai-matsakaicin tsananin-akan Matsalolin Nukiliya ta Duniya, ɗayan kuma shine bala'in nukiliyar Fukushima na 2011 a Japan.Amsar gaggawa ta farko, tare da gurɓatar muhalli daga baya, ta ƙunshi sama da ma'aikata 500,000 kuma an kashe kusan ruble biliyan 18 - kusan dalar Amurka biliyan 68 a cikin 2019, wanda aka daidaita don hauhawar farashin kaya.

Demokratizatsiya wani taken da babban sakataren jam'iyyar kwaminisanci ta Soviet Mikhail Gorbachev ya gabatar a watan Janairun 1987 yana kira ga shigar da abubuwan "dimokradiyya" cikin gwamnatin jam'iyya daya ta Tarayyar Soviet.Demokratizatsiya ta Gorbachev na nufin gabatar da 'yan takara da yawa-ko da yake ba jam'iyyu da yawa ba - zaɓen jami'an jam'iyyar gurguzu (CPSU) na gida da na Soviets.Ta haka ne ya yi fatan sake farfado da jam’iyyar da ma’aikata masu ci gaba da za su gudanar da gyare-gyaren hukumomi da manufofinsa.CPSU za ta ci gaba da riƙe akwatin zabe kaɗai.Taken Demokratizatsiya ya kasance wani ɓangare na shirye-shiryen sake fasalin Gorbachev, ciki har da glasnost (ƙaratar tattaunawa kan al'amuran jama'a da samun damar yin amfani da bayanai ga jama'a), an sanar da hukuma a tsakiyar 1986, da uskoreniye, "saurin" ci gaban tattalin arziki.Perestroika (sake fasalin siyasa da tattalin arziki), wani taken da ya zama cikakken yakin neman zabe a 1987, ya rungumi su duka.A lokacin da ya gabatar da taken Demokratizatsiya, Gorbachev ya kammala cewa aiwatar da sauye-sauyen da ya zayyana a taron jam'iyyar ta Ashirin da Bakwai a watan Fabrairun 1986 yana bukatar fiye da bata sunan "Tsohon Tsaro".Ya canza dabarunsa daga ƙoƙarin yin aiki ta hanyar CPSU kamar yadda ya kasance kuma a maimakon haka ya rungumi matakin 'yanci na siyasa.A cikin Janairu 1987, ya yi kira ga shugabannin jam'iyyar ga jama'a da kuma kira da a tabbatar da dimokuradiyya.A lokacin taron jam’iyya na ashirin da takwas a watan Yulin 1990, a bayyane yake cewa gyare-gyaren Gorbachev ya zo da sakamako mai ma’ana, wanda ba a yi niyya ba, yayin da al’ummomin jamhuriyar Tarayyar Soviet suka jajirce fiye da kowane lokaci don ballewa daga tarayyar kuma a ƙarshe sun wargaje. jam'iyyar gurguzu.

Faretin mulkin mallaka (Rasha: Парад суверенитетов, romanized: Parad suverenitetov) wani jerin ayyana ikon mallakar digiri daban-daban ne na jamhuriyar Soviet a cikin Tarayyar Soviet daga 1988 zuwa 1991. Sanarwar ta bayyana fifikon ikonta a cikin kundin tsarin mulki. yankin kan ikon tsakiya, wanda ya haifar da Yaƙin Dokoki tsakanin cibiyar da jumhuriya.Wannan tsari ya biyo bayan sako-sako da jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Tarayyar Soviet ta yi a sakamakon manufofin demokratizatsiya da perestroika karkashin Mikhail Gorbachev.Duk da kokarin da Gorbachev ya yi na kiyaye kungiyar a karkashin sabuwar yarjejeniya a matsayin kungiyar kasashe masu iko, ba da dadewa ba yawancin mazabun suka ayyana cikakken 'yancin kai.Tsarin ya haifar da rushewar Tarayyar Soviet.Babbar jamhuriyar Soviet ta farko da ta ayyana 'yancin kai ita ce Estonia (Nuwamba 16, 1988: Sanarwa ta Mulkin Estoniya, Maris 30, 1990: doka kan sauyi ga maido da mulkin Estoniya, Mayu 8, 1990: Doka akan Alamomin Jiha, wanda ya ayyana 'yancin kai, Agusta 20, 1991: Dokar Maido da Independence na Estoniya).

Rushewar Tarayyar Sobiyet shi ne tsarin wargajewar cikin gida a cikin Tarayyar Soviet (USSR) wanda ya haifar da kawo karshen wanzuwar kasar da gwamnatin tarayya a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta, wanda ya sa jamhuriyar da ke cikinta suka sami cikakken 'yancin kai a ranar 26 ga Disamba 1991. .Ta kawo karshen kokarin da babban sakataren Mikhail Gorbachev ya yi na gyara tsarin siyasa da tattalin arzikin Tarayyar Soviet a wani yunƙuri na dakatar da wani lokaci na siyasa da koma bayan tattalin arziki.Tarayyar Soviet ta fuskanci koma baya a cikin gida da kuma rabuwar kabilanci.Duk da cewa an sami karbuwa sosai har zuwa shekarunta na ƙarshe, ƙasar ta ƙunshi manyan jamhuriyoyi goma sha biyar waɗanda suka zama mahaifar ƙabilu daban-daban.A karshen 1991, a cikin wani mummunan rikicin siyasa, tare da jamhuriyoyin da dama da suka riga sun fice daga Tarayyar da kuma raguwar ikon da aka yi a tsakiya, shugabannin uku na mambobinta sun bayyana cewa Tarayyar Soviet ba ta wanzu.Wasu jamhuriya takwas sun shiga ayyana su jim kadan bayan haka.Gorbachev ya yi murabus a watan Disamba 1991 kuma abin da ya rage na majalisar Soviet ya kada kuri'ar kawo karshen kansa.Wannan tsari ya fara ne da karuwar tashe-tashen hankula a jamhuriyoyin kungiyar na kasa daban-daban suna ta rikidewa zuwa rikici na siyasa da na majalisa a tsakaninsu da gwamnatin tsakiya.Estonia ita ce jamhuriyar Soviet ta farko da ta ayyana ikonta na kasa a cikin Tarayyar a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 1988. Lithuania ita ce jamhuriya ta farko da ta ayyana cikakken 'yancin kai daga Tarayyar Soviet ta hanyar dokar 11 ga Maris 1990 tare da makwabtan Baltic da Jamhuriyar Caucasus ta Kudu ta Georgia. shiga ta cikin kwas na wata biyu.A watan Agustan 1991, masu ra'ayin gurguzu da jiga-jigan soja sun yi kokarin hambarar da Gorbachev tare da dakatar da sauye-sauyen da ba a samu ba a juyin mulki, amma sun kasa.Rikicin ya sa gwamnati a Moscow ta rasa mafi yawan tasirinta, kuma yawancin jamhuriyoyin sun yi shelar 'yancin kai a cikin kwanaki da watanni masu zuwa.An amince da ballewar kasashen Baltic a watan Satumba na shekarar 1991. A ranar 8 ga watan Disamba ne shugaban kasar Rasha Boris Yeltsin na Rasha, da shugaban kasar Ukraine Kravchuk, da Shushkevich na Belarus suka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Belovezh, tare da amincewa da 'yancin kai da samar da Commonwealth of Independent States (Commonwealth of Independent States). CIS) don maye gurbin Tarayyar Soviet.Kazakhstan ita ce jamhuriya ta ƙarshe da ta fice daga Tarayyar, inda ta ayyana 'yancin kai a ranar 16 ga Disamba.Duk tsoffin jamhuriyar Soviet, ban da Jojiya da jihohin Baltic, sun shiga CIS a ranar 21 ga Disamba, inda suka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Alma-Ata.A ranar 25 ga Disamba, Gorbachev ya yi murabus tare da mika ikonsa na shugaban kasa - gami da kula da ka'idojin harba makaman nukiliya - ga Yeltsin, wanda a yanzu shine shugaban farko na Tarayyar Rasha.A wannan maraice, an sauko da tutar Soviet daga Kremlin kuma aka maye gurbinsu da tutar Rasha.Washegari, Tarayyar Soviet na babban ɗakin USSR, Tarayyar Soviet ta Jamhuriya ta rushe Tarayyar.Bayan yakin cacar baka , da dama daga cikin tsohuwar jamhuriyar Soviet sun ci gaba da kulla alaka ta kud da kud da Rasha kuma sun kafa kungiyoyi daban-daban kamar CIS, kungiyar tsaro ta gama gari (CSTO), Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Eurasian (EAEU), da Tarayyar Turai. , don haɗin gwiwar tattalin arziki da soja.A daya hannun kuma, kasashen Baltic da galibin kasashen da suka kasance tsohuwar yarjejeniyar Warsaw sun zama wani bangare na Tarayyar Turai tare da shiga kungiyar tsaro ta NATO, yayin da wasu daga cikin tsoffin jamhuriyar Soviet kamar Ukraine, Jojiya da Moldova suka fito a bainar jama'a suna nuna sha'awar bin wannan tafarki. tun daga shekarun 1990.

Yunkurin juyin mulkin da Tarayyar Soviet ta yi a shekarar 1991, wanda kuma aka fi sani da juyin mulkin watan Agusta, wani yunkuri ne da bai samu nasara ba daga masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Tarayyar Soviet na tilastawa kwace mulkin kasar daga hannun Mikhail Gorbachev, wanda shi ne shugaban Tarayyar Soviet kuma babban sakataren jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci. a lokacin.Jagororin juyin mulkin sun hada da manyan jami’an soji da na farar hula, ciki har da mataimakin shugaban kasa Gennady Yanayev, wadanda suka kafa kwamitin gaggawa na jiha (GKChP).Sun yi adawa da shirin sake fasalin Gorbachev, sun fusata da asarar iko a kan jihohin Gabashin Turai da kuma fargabar yarjejeniyar Tarayyar Tarayyar Soviet wadda ke gab da sanya hannu.Yarjejeniyar ita ce ta raba yawancin ikon gwamnatin Soviet ta tsakiya tare da rarraba ta a tsakanin jamhuriyoyinta goma sha biyar.Masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na GKChP sun aike da jami'an KGB, wadanda suka tsare Gorbachev a gidansa na hutu amma sun kasa tsare zababben shugaban sabuwar kasar Rasha da aka sake ginawa, Boris Yeltsin, wanda ya kasance aboki kuma mai sukar Gorbachev.GKChP ba ta da tsari mara kyau kuma ta gamu da turjiya mai tasiri daga duka Yeltsin da farar hula na masu zanga-zangar adawa da kwaminisanci, musamman a Moscow.Juyin mulkin ya ruguje a cikin kwanaki biyu, kuma Gorbachev ya koma ofis yayin da mahara suka rasa mukamansu.Daga baya Yeltsin ya zama babban shugaba kuma Gorbachev ya rasa yawancin tasirinsa.Juyin mulkin da bai yi nasara ba ya kai ga rugujewar Jam’iyyar Kwaminis ta Tarayyar Soviet (CPSU) nan take da kuma rugujewar Tarayyar Soviet bayan watanni hudu.Bayan kafuwar kungiyar GKChP da aka fi sani da "Gang of Takwas" kotun kolin Tarayyar Soviet ta Tarayyar Soviet (RSFSR) da kuma Shugaba Gorbachev sun bayyana ayyukanta a matsayin yunkurin juyin mulki.

Ka'idojin Alma-Ata sune ƙa'idodin kafa da ƙa'idodin Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).Shugabannin Rasha, Ukraine, da Belarus sun amince da yarjejeniyar Belovezh a ranar 8 ga Disamba 1991, ta rushe Tarayyar Soviet tare da kafa CIS.A ranar 21 ga Disamba 1991, Armeniya, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Rasha, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, da Uzbekistan sun amince da yarjejeniyar Alma-Ata, tare da shiga cikin CIS.Yarjejeniyar ta ƙarshe ta haɗa da asali uku masu rattaba hannu na Belavezha, da kuma ƙarin wasu tsoffin jamhuriyar Soviet guda takwas.Jojiya ita ce kawai tsohuwar jamhuriyar da ba ta shiga ba yayin da Lithuania, Latvia da Estonia suka ƙi yin hakan saboda a cewar gwamnatocinsu, an shigar da jihohin Baltic cikin USSR ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a 1940.Ka'idojin sun ƙunshi sanarwa, yarjejeniyoyin guda uku da wasu abubuwan da suka shafi daban-daban.Bugu da kari, an tabbatar da Marshal Yevgeny Shaposhnikov a matsayin babban kwamandan rundunar sojin kasa na Commonwealth.An rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya ta daban tsakanin Belarus, Kazakhstan, Rasha, da Ukraine "Game da matakan da suka dace dangane da makaman nukiliya".

Yarjejeniyar Belovezh yarjejeniya ce da ta samar da yarjejeniyar da ke bayyana cewa Tarayyar Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) ta daina wanzuwa yadda ya kamata kuma ta kafa Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) a matsayinta na magaji.An sanya hannu kan takaddun a jihar dacha kusa da Viskuli a Belovezhskaya Pushcha (Belarus) a ranar 8 ga Disamba 1991, ta shugabannin uku daga cikin jamhuriyoyin huɗu waɗanda suka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar 1922 akan Ƙirƙirar Tarayyar Soviet:Shugaban majalisar dokokin Belarus Stanislav Shushkevich da Firayim Ministan Belarus Vyacheslav KebichShugaban Rasha Boris Yeltsin da Mataimakin Firayim Minista na farko na RSFSR / Tarayyar Rasha Gennady BurbulisShugaban kasar Ukraine Leonid Kravchuk da Firaministan Ukraine Vitold Fokin

A ranar 25 ga Disamba, Gorbachev ya yi murabus tare da mika ikonsa na shugaban kasa - gami da kula da ka'idojin harba makaman nukiliya - ga Yeltsin, wanda a yanzu shine shugaban farko na Tarayyar Rasha.A wannan maraice, an sauko da tutar Soviet daga Kremlin kuma aka maye gurbinsu da tutar Rasha.Washegari, Tarayyar Soviet na babban ɗakin USSR, Tarayyar Soviet ta Jamhuriya ta rushe Tarayyar.