Tarihin Jamus

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55 BCE - 2023

Tarihin Jamus



Manufar Jamus a matsayin yanki na musamman a tsakiyar Turai za a iya gano shi zuwa Julius Kaisar , wanda ya kira yankin da ba a ci nasara ba a gabashin Rhine a matsayin Jamusanci, don haka ya bambanta shi da Gaul ( Faransa ).Bayan Faɗuwar Daular Rum ta Yamma, Faransawa sun ci sauran ƙabilun Jamus ta Yamma.Lokacin da aka raba daular Faransa tsakanin magada Charles the Great a shekara ta 843, yankin gabas ya zama Gabashin Faransa.A cikin 962, Otto I ya zama Sarkin Roma Mai Tsarki na farko na Daular Roman Mai Tsarki, daular Jamus ta tsakiya.Zamanin Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiya ya ga muhimman ci gaba da dama a cikin yankunan masu magana da Jamusanci na Turai.Na farko shi ne kafa ƙungiyar kasuwanci da aka fi sani da Hanseatic League, wanda yawancin biranen tashar jiragen ruwa na Jamus suka mamaye gabar tekun Baltic da Arewa.Na biyu shine haɓakar wani nau'in yaƙi a cikin kiristancin Jamus.Wannan ya haifar da kafa Jihar Teutonic Order , wanda aka kafa tare da Baltic Coast na abin da yake a yau Estonia, Latvia, da Lithuania.A tsakiyar zamanai na Marigayi, sarakunan yanki, sarakuna, da bishops sun sami iko a hannun sarakuna.Martin Luther ya jagoranci juyin juya halin Furotesta a cikin Cocin Katolika bayan 1517, yayin da jihohin arewa da gabas suka zama Furotesta, yayin da yawancin jihohin kudu da yamma suka kasance Katolika.Bangarorin biyu na Daular Roma Mai Tsarki sun yi karo da juna ayakin shekaru Talatin (1618-1648).Gidajen Daular Roman Mai Tsarki sun sami 'yancin cin gashin kai a cikin Aminci na Westphalia, wasu daga cikinsu suna da ikon aiwatar da manufofinsu na waje ko sarrafa ƙasa a wajen daular, mafi mahimmanci shine Austria, Prussia, Bavaria da Saxony.Tare da juyin juya halin Faransa da na Napoleon Wars daga 1803 zuwa 1815, feudalism ya fadi ta hanyar gyare-gyare da rushe daular Roman Mai Tsarki.Bayan haka 'yanci da kishin kasa sun ci karo da martani.Juyin juya halin masana'antu ya zamanantar da tattalin arzikin Jamus, wanda ya haifar da saurin bunƙasa birane da bullowar ƙungiyoyin gurguzu a Jamus.Prussia, tare da babban birninta Berlin, ya girma cikin iko.An samu haɗewar Jamus a ƙarƙashin jagorancin shugabar gwamnati Otto von Bismarck tare da kafa daular Jamus a shekara ta 1871.A shekara ta 1900, Jamus ce ke da rinjaye a nahiyar Turai kuma masana'antarta da ke haɓaka cikin sauri sun zarce na Biritaniya yayin da ta tsokane ta a tseren makamai na ruwa.Tun lokacin da Ostiriya-Hungary ta shelanta yaƙi a kan Serbia, Jamus ta jagoranci Ƙungiyoyin Tsakiya a Yaƙin Duniya na 1 (1914-1918) a kan Ƙungiyoyin Ƙawance.An ci nasara da kuma mamaye wani bangare, Jamus ta tilastawa ta biya diyya na yaki ta Yarjejeniyar Versailles kuma an kore ta daga yankunanta da yankuna masu mahimmanci a kan iyakokinta.Juyin Juyin Juya Hali na Jamus na 1918-19 ya kawo ƙarshen daular Jamus kuma ya kafa Jamhuriyar Weimar, dimokiradiyyar 'yan majalisa maras tabbas.A cikin Janairu 1933, Adolf Hitler, shugaban jam'iyyar Nazi, ya yi amfani da wahalhalun tattalin arziki na Babban Balaguro tare da jin haushin jama'a game da sharuddan da aka gindaya wa Jamus a ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya don kafa mulkin kama-karya.Nan da nan Jamus ta sake tura sojojinta, sannan ta mamaye Ostiriya da yankunan da ake magana da Jamusanci na Czechoslovakia a shekara ta 1938. Bayan da ta kwace sauran Czechoslovakia, Jamus ta kaddamar da mamayar Poland, wanda cikin sauri ya girma zuwa yakin duniya na biyu .Bayan mamayar Normandy a watan Yuni, 1944, Sojojin Jamus sun koma baya a kowane bangare har zuwa rugujewar karshe a watan Mayun 1945. Jamus ta shafe tsawon lokacin yakin cacar baka zuwa Jamus ta Yamma mai kawance da NATO da Warsaw Pact-aligned. Gabashin Jamus.A shekara ta 1989, an bude katangar Berlin, da Gabas ta ruguje, sannan Jamus ta Gabas ta sake hadewa da Jamus ta Yamma a shekara ta 1990. Jamus ta kasance daya daga cikin masu karfin tattalin arziki a Turai, tana ba da gudummawar kusan kashi daya cikin hudu na yawan amfanin gida na shekara-shekara na Tarayyar Turai.
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Ziyarci Shago

Gabatarwa
Farkon Fadada Jamusanci daga kudancin Scandinavia a kusan karni na 1 KZ. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
750 BCE Jan 1

Gabatarwa

Denmark
Ana ci gaba da muhawara kan kabilanci na kabilun Jamus.Duk da haka, ga marubuci Averil Cameron "a bayyane yake cewa tsayayyen tsari" ya faru a zamanin Nordic Bronze Age, ko kuma a ƙarshe a lokacin Pre-Roman Iron Age.Daga gidajensu a kudancin Scandinavia da arewacin Jamus, ƙabilun sun fara faɗaɗa kudu, gabas da yamma a cikin ƙarni na 1 KZ, kuma sun yi hulɗa da kabilun Celtic na Gaul , da kuma al'adun Iran , Baltic, da kuma al'adun Slavic a Tsakiya / Gabas. Turai.
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114 BCE
Tarihin Farkoornament
Roma ta ci karo da kabilun Jamus
Marius a matsayin mai nasara a kan Cimbri mai mamaye. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
113 BCE Jan 1

Roma ta ci karo da kabilun Jamus

Magdalensberg, Austria
Bisa ga wasu asusun Romawa, wani lokaci a kusa da 120-115 KZ, Cimbri sun bar ƙasashensu na asali a kusa da Tekun Arewa saboda ambaliya.An yi zaton sun yi tafiya zuwa kudu-maso-gabas kuma ba da daɗewa ba maƙwabta da wasu dangi Teutones suka haɗa su.Tare suka ci Scordisci, tare da Boii, wanda da yawa daga cikinsu sun shiga cikin su.A cikin 113 KZ sun isa Danube, a Noricum, gida ga Taurisci da ke da alaƙa da Romawa.Rashin iya hana waɗannan sabbin mahara masu ƙarfi da kansu, Taurisci ya yi kira ga Roma don taimako.An yi yakin Cimbrian ko Cimbric (113-101 KZ) tsakanin Jamhuriyar Roman da Jamusanci da na Celtic na Cimbri da Teuton, Ambrones da Tigurini, waɗanda suka yi hijira daga yankin Jutland zuwa yankin da Romawa ke sarrafawa, kuma sun yi karo da Roma da kawayenta.A ƙarshe Roma ta yi nasara, kuma abokan hamayyarta na Jamus, waɗanda suka yi wa sojojin Romawa hasarar mafi muni da suka sha tun bayan yaƙin Punic na biyu, tare da nasara a yaƙe-yaƙe na Arausio da Noreia, an bar su kusan gaba ɗaya bayan nasarar Romawa a Aquae. Sextiae da Vercellae.
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Jamus
Julius Kaisar ya kafa sanannen gadoji na farko a fadin Rhine ©Peter Connolly
55 BCE Jan 1

Jamus

Alsace, France
A tsakiyar karni na 1 KZ, dan jam'iyyar Republican Julius Kaisar ya kafa sananniya gada na farko a fadin Rhine a lokacin yakin neman zabensa a Gaul kuma ya jagoranci rundunar soji a ko'ina cikin yankuna na kabilun Jamus.Bayan kwanaki da yawa kuma ba su yi hulɗa da sojojin Jamus (waɗanda suka koma cikin ƙasa ba) Kaisar ya koma yammacin kogin.A shekara ta 60 KZ, kabilar Suebi karkashin sarki Ariovistus, sun ci ƙasar Gallic Aedui a yammacin Rhine.Sakamakon shirye-shiryen mamaye yankin tare da Jamusawa mazauna gabas, Kaisar ya nuna adawa da shi sosai, wanda ya riga ya ƙaddamar da babban kamfen ɗinsa na murƙushe Gaul duka.Julius Kaisar ya ci nasara da sojojin Suebi a 58 KZ a yakin Vosges kuma ya tilasta Ariovistus ya ja da baya a fadin Rhine.
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Zaman Hijira a Jamus
Sack na Rome ta Visigoths a ranar 24 ga Agusta 410. ©Angus McBride
375 Jan 1 - 568

Zaman Hijira a Jamus

Europe
Lokacin hijira wani lokaci ne a tarihin Turai wanda ke da manyan ƙaura waɗanda suka ga faduwar daular Rum ta Yamma da kuma ƙabilu daban-daban suka mamaye tsoffin yankunanta.Kalmar tana nufin muhimmiyar rawar da ƙaura, mamayewa da zama na kabilu daban-daban suka taka, musamman Franks, Goths, Alemanni, Alans, Huns, Slavs na farko, Pannonian Avars, Magyars , da Bulgars a ciki ko cikin tsohuwar Daular Yamma da kuma Gabashin Turai.A al'adance ana ɗaukar lokacin ya fara ne a shekara ta 375 CE (wataƙila a farkon shekara ta 300) kuma ya ƙare a cikin 568. Abubuwa daban-daban ne suka haifar da wannan al'amari na ƙaura da mamayewa, kuma har yanzu ana tattaunawa kan rawar da suke takawa.Masana tarihi sun bambanta dangane da kwanakin farkon da ƙarshen lokacin Hijira.An yi la'akari da farkon lokacin a matsayin mamayewar Turai da Huns daga Asiya suka yi a cikin kusan 375 kuma ya ƙare tare da mamaye Italiya da Lombards a 568, amma mafi ƙarancin lokacin da aka saita yana daga farkon 300 zuwa ƙarshen. kamar yadda 800. Misali, a cikin karni na 4th an kafa wani babban rukuni na Goths a matsayin foederati a cikin Roman Balkans, kuma Franks sun zauna a kudancin Rhine a Roman Gaul .Wani muhimmin lokaci a cikin Lokacin Hijira shine Ketare Rhine a watan Disamba na 406 ta babban rukuni na kabilu ciki har da Vandals, Alans da Suebi waɗanda suka zauna na dindindin a cikin Daular Rum ta Yamma.
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476
Tsakanin Zamaniornament
Franks
Clovis I ya jagoranci Franks zuwa nasara a Yaƙin Tolbiac. ©Ary Scheffer
481 Jan 1 - 843

Franks

France
Daular Roma ta Yamma ta fadi a shekara ta 476 tare da tuhumi Romulus Augustus da shugaban jam’iyyar Foederati Odoacer, wanda ya zama SarkinItaliya na farko.Bayan haka, Franks, kamar sauran Turawan Yammacin Turai na baya-bayan nan, sun fito a matsayin haɗin gwiwar kabilanci a yankin Rhine-Weser ta Tsakiya, a cikin yankin da ba da daɗewa ba za a kira Austrasia ("ƙasar gabas"), yanki na arewa maso gabas na Masarautar nan gaba. Merovingian Franks.Gabaɗaya, Ostiraliya ta ƙunshi sassan Faransa , Jamus, Belgium, Luxembourg da Netherlands .Ba kamar Alamanni da ke kudu da Swabia ba, sun mamaye yankuna da yawa na tsohon yankin Romawa yayin da suka bazu yamma zuwa Gaul, tun daga shekara ta 250. Clovis I na daular Merovingian ya ci arewacin Gaul a shekara ta 486 da kuma Yaƙin Tolbiac a shekara ta 496, ƙabilar Alemanni. a Swabia, wanda a ƙarshe ya zama Duchy of Swabia.A shekara ta 500, Clovis ya haɗa kan dukan ƙabilu na Faransa, ya mallaki dukan Gaul kuma an yi masa shelar Sarkin Franks tsakanin shekara ta 509 zuwa 511. Clovis, ba kamar yawancin sarakunan Jamus na lokacin ba, ya yi baftisma kai tsaye zuwa Roman Katolika maimakon Arianism.Magadansa za su ba da haɗin kai tare da limaman mishan na Paparoma, cikinsu har da Saint Boniface.Bayan mutuwar Clovis a shekara ta 511, ’ya’yansa maza huɗu sun raba mulkinsa ciki har da Ostiraliya.Mulki a Ostiraliya ya yi gaba da gaba daga cin gashin kai zuwa ga mulkin sarauta, yayin da sarakunan Merovingian da suka gaje su suka haɗa kai suka raba ƙasashen Faransanci.Merovingians sun sanya yankuna daban-daban na daularsu ta Frankish a ƙarƙashin ikon shugabanni masu cin gashin kansu - ko dai Franks ko sarakunan gida.Yayin da aka ba da izinin kiyaye nasu tsarin shari'a, kabilun Jamus da aka ci nasara an matsa musu su yi watsi da bangaskiyar Kirista ta Arian.A cikin 718 Charles Martel ya kaddamar da yaki da Saxon don goyon bayan Neustrians.A cikin 751 Pippin III, Magajin Fada a ƙarƙashin Sarkin Merovingian, da kansa ya ɗauki matsayin sarki kuma Coci ya shafe shi.Paparoma Stephen II ya ba shi lakabi na gado na Patricius Romanorum a matsayin mai kare Roma da St. Peter a matsayin martani ga gudummawar Pepin, wanda ya tabbatar da ikon mallakar jihohin Paparoma.Charles the Great (wanda ya mulki Franks daga 774 zuwa 814) ya ƙaddamar da yaƙin soja na tsawon shekaru da yawa akan abokan hamayyar arna na Franks, Saxons da Avars.Kamfen da tayar da kayar baya na yakin Saxon ya kasance daga 772 zuwa 804. A ƙarshe Franks sun mamaye Saxon da Avars, suka tilasta wa mutane komawa Kiristanci, kuma suka haɗa ƙasashensu zuwa daular Carolingian .
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Yankin Gabas
Ƙungiyoyin ƙaura sun fara ƙaura zuwa gabas a farkon tsakiyar zamanai. ©HistoryMaps
700 Jan 1 - 1400

Yankin Gabas

Hungary
Ostsiedlung shine kalmar ƙaura mai girma na lokacin ƙabilar Jamusawa zuwa yankunan da ke gabashin daular Roma mai tsarki waɗanda Jamusawa suka ci gaba da mamayewa;da kuma sakamakon ci gaban matsuguni da tsarin zamantakewa a yankunan shige da fice.Gabaɗaya kaɗan kuma kwanan nan ne mutanen Slavic, Baltic da Finnic suka mamaye, yankin da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka, wanda kuma aka sani da Germania Slavica, ya kewaye Jamus gabas da kogin Saale da Elbe, wani yanki na jihohin Lower Austria da Styria a Austria, Baltics, Poland , Jamhuriyar Czech, Slovakia, Slovenia, Hungary, da kuma Transylvania a cikin Romania.Yawancin mazauna ƙauye sun ƙaura daban-daban, a cikin ƙoƙarin masu zaman kansu, a matakai da yawa da kuma ta hanyoyi daban-daban kamar yadda babu wata manufar mulkin mallaka na masarauta, tsare-tsare na tsakiya ko ƙungiyar motsi.Sarakunan Slavic da sarakunan yanki sun ƙarfafa da kuma gayyace mazauna da yawa.Ƙungiyoyin ƙaura sun fara ƙaura zuwa gabas a farkon tsakiyar zamanai.Manyan balaguron balaguro, waɗanda suka haɗa da malamai, sufaye, ƴan mishan, masu sana'a da masu sana'a, waɗanda galibi ana gayyata, waɗanda ba za a iya tantancewa ba, sun fara ƙaura zuwa gabas a tsakiyar ƙarni na 12.Babban yanki na soja ya mamaye da kuma azabtar da masu shirya wa OTTonian da Salian sunadarai a gabas na 11th da koguna na gabas na Elbe da Kamale.Ana ɗaukar Ostsiedlung a matsayin taron Tsakiyar Tsakiya kawai kamar yadda ya ƙare a farkon ƙarni na 14.Canje-canje na shari'a, al'adu, harshe, addini da tattalin arziki da motsi ya haifar yana da tasiri mai zurfi a tarihin Gabashin Tsakiyar Turai tsakanin Tekun Baltic da Carpathians har zuwa karni na 20.
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Sarkin Roma Mai Tsarki
Tsarin Mulki na Charlemagne. ©Friedrich Kaulbach
800 Dec 25

Sarkin Roma Mai Tsarki

St. Peter's Basilica, Piazza S
A cikin 800 Paparoma Leo III ya ci bashi mai girma ga Charlemagne, Sarkin Franks da SarkinItaliya , don tabbatar da rayuwarsa da matsayinsa.A wannan lokacin, an cire Sarkin Gabas Constantine VI a cikin 797 kuma mahaifiyarsa, Irene ta maye gurbinsa a matsayin sarki.A karkashin cewa mace ba za ta iya mulkin daular ba, Paparoma Leo III ya ayyana kursiyin babu kowa kuma ya nadawa Charlemagne Sarkin sarakuna na Romawa (Imperator Romanorum), magajin Constantine VI a matsayin sarkin Roma a karkashin ma’anar fassara.Ana yi masa kallon uban sarautar Jamus.Ba za a yi amfani da kalmar Sarkin Roma Mai Tsarki ba sai bayan ƴan shekaru ɗari.Daga mulkin kama-karya a zamanin Carolingian (CE 800-924) taken ta karni na 13 ya samo asali zuwa sarautar zaɓaɓɓu, tare da sarki wanda yariman masu zaɓe suka zaɓa.Gidajen sarauta daban-daban na Turai, a lokuta daban-daban, sun zama masu mallakar gadon gado, musamman na Ottoniya (962-1024) da Salian (1027-1125).Bayan Babban Interregnum, Habsburgs sun ci gaba da mallakar kambun ba tare da katsewa ba daga 1440 zuwa 1740. Sarakuna na ƙarshe sun fito ne daga House of Habsburg-Lorraine, daga 1765 zuwa 1806. Francis II ya narkar da Daular Roma Mai Tsarki, bayan mugun shan kashi. Napoleon a yakin Austerlitz .
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Rarraba daular Carolingian
Louis the Pious (dama) yana albarkaci rabon Daular Caroling a cikin 843 zuwa Faransa ta Yamma, Lotharingia, da Gabashin Faransa;daga Chroniques des rois de France, karni na sha biyar ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
843 Aug 10

Rarraba daular Carolingian

Verdun, France
Yarjejeniyar Verdun ta raba daular Frankish zuwa masarautu daban-daban guda uku ciki har da Faransa ta Gabas (wanda daga baya za ta zama Masarautar Jamus) a cikin 'ya'yan sarki Louis I da suka tsira, dan kuma magajin Charlemagne.An kulla yarjejeniyar bayan kusan shekaru uku na yakin basasa kuma ta kasance ƙulla yarjejeniyar da aka shafe sama da shekara guda ana yi.Wannan shi ne karo na farko a cikin jerin sassan da ke ba da gudummawa ga rugujewar daular da Charlemagne ta kirkira kuma ana ganin ta yi nuni da samuwar da dama daga cikin kasashen zamani na yammacin Turai.
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Sarki Arnulf
Sarki Arnulf ya ci Vikings a 891 ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
887 Nov 1

Sarki Arnulf

Regensburg, Germany
Arnulf ya ɗauki babban matsayi a cikin ƙaddamar da Charles the Fat.Tare da goyon bayan manyan sarakunan Faransa, Arnulf ya kira Diet a Tribur kuma ya kori Charles a watan Nuwamba 887, a ƙarƙashin barazanar aikin soja.Arnulf, bayan ya bambanta kansa a yakin da ake yi da Slavs, sai aka zabe shi a matsayin sarki da manyan sarakunan gabashin Faransa.A cikin 890 ya yi nasarar yaƙi da Slavs a Pannonia.A farkon/ tsakiyar 891, Vikings sun mamaye Lotharingia kuma suka murkushe sojojin Faransa ta Gabas a Maastricht.A cikin Satumba 891, Arnulf ya kori Vikings kuma ya kawo karshen hare-haren su a wannan gaba.Jaridar Annales Fuldenses ta ruwaito cewa akwai matattun ‘yan Arewa da dama da suka sa jikinsu ya toshe mashigin kogin.Tun a farkon 880 Arnulf yana da zane-zane a kan Great Moravia kuma ya sa Bishop na Faransa Wiching na Nitra ya tsoma baki tare da ayyukan mishan na limamin Orthodox na Gabas Methodius , da nufin hana duk wani yuwuwar ƙirƙirar ƙasa ɗaya ta Moravia.Arnulf ya kasa cin galaba a kan babban Moravia a yakin 892, 893, da 899. Duk da haka Arnulf ya samu wasu nasarori, musamman a cikin 895, lokacin da Duchy na Bohemia ya balle daga Great Moravia kuma ya zama jiharsa ta vassal.A yunƙurinsa na cin nasara a Moravia, a cikin 899 Arnulf ya kai ga Magyars waɗanda suka zauna a cikin Basin Carpathian, kuma tare da taimakonsu ya sanya ma'aunin iko akan Moravia.
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Conrad I
Yaƙin Pressburg.Magyars sun halaka sojojin Faransa ta Gabas ©Peter Johann Nepomuk Geiger
911 Nov 10 - 918 Dec 23

Conrad I

Germany
Sarkin Faransa na gabas ya rasu a shekara ta 911 ba tare da wani wanda zai gaje shi ba.Charles III, sarkin yammacin daular Faransanci, shine kaɗai wanda ya gaji daular Carolingian .Gabashin Franks da Saxon sun zaɓi Duke na Franconia, Conrad, a matsayin sarkinsu.Conrad shi ne sarki na farko da ba na daular Carolingian ba, na farko da manyan mutane za su zaba kuma na farko da za a shafa.Daidai domin Conrad I yana ɗaya daga cikin sarakuna, ya yi masa wuya ya kafa ikonsa a kansu.Duke Henry na Saxony ya kasance cikin tawaye ga Conrad I har zuwa 915 kuma gwagwarmayar da Arnulf, Duke na Bavaria, ya kashe Conrad I a rayuwarsa.Arnulf na Bavaria ya yi kira ga Magyars da su taimaka masa a yunkurinsa, kuma da aka ci nasara a kansa, ya gudu zuwa kasashen Magyar.Mulkin Conrad ya kasance ci gaba da gwagwarmayar da ba ta yi nasara ba don tabbatar da ikon sarki a kan girman ikon sarakunan yankin.Yakin sojansa akan Charles the Simple don dawo da Lotharingia da birnin Aachen na Imperial sun gaza.An kuma fallasa daular Conrad ga ci gaba da kai hare-hare na Magyars tun bayan mugun kayen da sojojin Bavaria suka yi a yakin Pressburg na 907, wanda ya haifar da koma baya ga ikonsa.
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Henry da Fowler
Sojojin dawakan Sarki Henry I sun fatattaki mayakan Magyar a Riade a shekarar 933, inda suka kawo karshen hare-haren Magyar na tsawon shekaru 21 masu zuwa. ©HistoryMaps
919 May 24 - 936 Jul 2

Henry da Fowler

Central Germany, Germany
A matsayinsa na farkon Sarkin Gabashin Faransa wanda ba Bafaranshe ba, Henry Fowler ya kafa daular Ottonia na sarakuna da sarakuna, kuma ana daukarsa a matsayin wanda ya kafa daular Jamus ta tsakiya, wacce aka sani har zuwa lokacin da Gabashin Faransa.An zabi Henry kuma ya nada sarauta a shekara ta 919. Henry ya gina wani katafaren tsarin kagara da manyan sojojin dawakai na tafi da gidanka a fadin Jamus don kawar da barazanar Magyar kuma a shekara ta 933 ya fatattake su a yakin Riade, wanda ya kawo karshen hare-haren Magyar na shekaru 21 masu zuwa kuma ya haifar da tashin hankali. fahimtar al'ummar Jamus.Henry ya faɗaɗa mulkin Jamus sosai a Turai tare da shan kashin da ya yi a kan Slavs a cikin 929 a Yaƙin Lenzen tare da kogin Elbe, ta hanyar tilasta wa Duke Wenceslaus I na Bohemia biyayya ta hanyar mamaye Duchy na Bohemia a wannan shekarar kuma ta cin nasarar Danish. Sarakuna a Schleswig a shekara ta 934. Sarakunan Rudolph na West Francia da Rudolph na Biyu na Upper Burgundy sun amince da matsayin Hegemonic na Henry a arewacin Alps, waɗanda dukansu suka yarda da wurin zama na ƙasa a matsayin abokan tarayya a 935.
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Otto Mai Girma
Yaƙin Lechfeld 955. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
962 Jan 1 - 973

Otto Mai Girma

Aachen, Germany
An sake farfado da yankin gabas na sararin mulkin Charlemagne kuma an fadada shi a karkashin Otto I, wanda aka fi sani da Otto the Great.Otto ya yi amfani da wannan dabarun a yakin da ya yi da Danes a arewa da kuma Slavs a gabas, kamar yadda Charlemagne ya yi lokacin da ya yi amfani da karfi da Kiristanci don cin nasara da Saxon a kan iyakarsa.A cikin 895/896, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Árpád, Magyars sun haye Carpathians kuma suka shiga cikin Carpathian Basin .Otto ya yi nasarar cin nasara kan Magyars na Hungary a shekara ta 955 a wani fili kusa da kogin Lech, inda ya tabbatar da iyakar gabashin abin da a yanzu ake kira Reich ("daular Jamus").Otto ya mamaye arewacin Italiya, kamar Charlemagne, kuma ya ayyana kansa sarkin Lombards.Ya karɓi nadin sarauta a Roma, kamar Charlemagne.
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Otto III
Otto III. ©HistoryMaps
996 May 21 - 1002 Jan 23

Otto III

Elbe River, Germany
Tun farkon mulkinsa, Otto III ya fuskanci adawa daga Slavs tare da iyakar gabas.Bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa a shekara ta 983, Slavs sun yi tawaye ga ikon mulkin mallaka, wanda ya tilasta wa Daular watsi da yankunanta a gabashin kogin Elbe.Otto III ya yi yaƙi don dawo da yankunan daular da aka rasa a tsawon mulkinsa tare da iyakacin nasara.Yayin da yake gabas, Otto III ya ƙarfafa dangantakar daular da Poland , Bohemia, da Hungary .Ta hanyar al'amuransa a Gabashin Turai a cikin 1000, ya sami damar fadada tasirin Kiristanci ta hanyar tallafawa aikin mishan a Poland da kuma ta hanyar nadin Stephen I a matsayin Sarkin Kirista na farko na Hungary.
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Rigimar Zuba Jari
Henry IV yana rokon gafarar Paparoma Gregory VII a Canossa, gidan Countess Matilda, 1077 ©Emile Delperée
1076 Jan 1 - 1122

Rigimar Zuba Jari

Germany
Rigimar Investiture ya kasance rikici ne tsakanin Ikilisiya da gwamnati a Turai ta tsakiyar Turai kan ikon zabar da girka bishop (saba hannun jari) da abbots na gidajen ibada da kuma Paparoma da kansa.Wasu jerin Fafaroma a ƙarni na 11 da na 12 sun yi fatali da ikon Sarkin Roma Mai Tsarki da sauran masarautun Turai, kuma takaddamar ta haifar da rikici na kusan shekaru 50.Ya fara ne a matsayin gwagwarmayar iko tsakanin Paparoma Gregory na VII da Henry IV (sai Sarki, daga baya Sarkin Roma Mai Tsarki) a shekara ta 1076. Gregory VII har ma ya sanya Normans karkashin Robert Guiscard (mai mulkin Norman na Sicily, Apulia, da Calabria) a cikin gwagwarmaya.Rikicin ya ƙare a 1122, lokacin da Paparoma Callixtus II da Sarkin sarakuna Henry V suka amince da Concordat of Worms.Yarjejeniyar ta bukaci bishop-bishop su yi rantsuwa da wani sarki na duniya, wanda ke da ikon “da mashi” amma ya bar cocin.Bayan wannan fafutuka, fadar Paparoma ta kara karfi, kuma 'yan boko suka tsunduma cikin harkokin addini, suna kara yawan ibada da kafa fagen yakin 'yan Salibiyya da kuma gagarumin karfin addini na karni na 12.Ko da yake Sarkin Roma Mai Tsarki ya riƙe wasu iko a kan majami'u na sarki, ikonsa ya lalace ba zato ba tsammani domin ya rasa ikon addini da ke ofishin sarki a da.
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Jamus karkashin Frederick Barbarossa
Frederick Barbarossa ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1155 Jan 1 - 1190 Jun 10

Jamus karkashin Frederick Barbarossa

Germany
Frederick Barbarossa, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Frederick I, shi ne Sarkin Roma Mai Tsarki daga 1155 har zuwa mutuwarsa shekaru 35 bayan haka.An zabe shi Sarkin Jamus a Frankfurt a ranar 4 ga Maris 1152 kuma aka nada shi sarauta a Aachen a ranar 9 ga Maris 1152. Masana tarihi sun yi la'akari da shi a cikin manyan sarakunan Daular Rome mai tsarki.Ya haɗu da halayen da suka sa ya zama kamar mutum mai ƙarfi ga mutanen zamaninsa: tsawon rayuwarsa, burinsa, ƙwarewarsa na ban mamaki a cikin tsari, gwanintar fagen fama da ficewar sa na siyasa.Gudunmawar da ya bayar ga al'umma da al'adun Turai ta Tsakiya sun haɗa da sake kafa Corpus Juris Civilis, ko tsarin dokokin Romawa, wanda ya daidaita ikon Paparoma wanda ya mamaye jihohin Jamus tun bayan kammala takaddamar Investiture.A lokacin da Frederick ya daɗe yana zama a Italiya, sarakunan Jamus sun yi ƙarfi kuma suka fara cin nasara na mulkin mallaka na ƙasashen Slavic.Bayar da rangwamen haraji da ayyuka na ma'aikata sun jawo hankalin Jamusawa da yawa su zauna a gabas a cikin Ostsiedlung.A cikin 1163 Frederick ya yi nasarar yaƙi da Masarautar Poland don sake shigar da sarakunan Silesian na daular Piast.Tare da mulkin mallaka na Jamus, daular ta karu da girma kuma ta zo ya haɗa da Duchy na Pomerania.Rayuwar tattalin arziki mai sauri a Jamus ta ƙara yawan garuruwa da biranen Imperial, kuma ya ba su mahimmanci.Har ila yau, a wannan lokacin ne manyan gidaje da kotuna suka maye gurbin gidajen ibada a matsayin cibiyoyin al'adu.Daga 1165, Frederick ya bi manufofin tattalin arziki don ƙarfafa ci gaba da kasuwanci.Babu shakka cewa mulkinsa lokaci ne na babban ci gaban tattalin arziki a Jamus, amma ba zai yiwu ba a yanzu a iya tantance ko nawa ke bin manufofin Frederick.Ya rasu a kan hanyar zuwa kasa mai tsarki a lokacin yakin Crusade na uku .
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Hanseatic League
Zane na zamani, aminci na Adler von Lübeck - jirgin ruwa mafi girma a duniya a lokacinsa ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1159 Jan 1 - 1669

Hanseatic League

Lübeck, Germany
Ƙungiyar Hanseatic ta kasance ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta tsaka-tsaki da ƙungiyar tsaro ta ƙungiyoyin 'yan kasuwa da garuruwan kasuwa a Tsakiya da Arewacin Turai.Haɓaka daga wasu garuruwan Arewacin Jamus a ƙarshen karni na 12, ƙungiyar ta ƙarshe ta ƙunshi ƙauyuka kusan 200 a cikin ƙasashe bakwai na zamani;A tsawonsa a tsakanin karni na 13 zuwa 15, ya tashi daga Netherlands a yamma zuwa Rasha a gabas, kuma daga Estonia a arewa zuwa Kraków, Poland a kudu.Ƙungiyar ta samo asali ne daga ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na 'yan kasuwa na Jamus da aka kafa don ci gaba da harkokin kasuwanci na juna, kamar kariya daga fashi da makami.A hankali waɗannan tsare-tsare sun haɗa kai cikin Ƙungiyar Hanseatic, waɗanda 'yan kasuwansu suka ji daɗin kulawa ba tare da biyan haraji ba, kariya, da gata na diflomasiyya a cikin al'ummomin da ke da alaƙa da hanyoyin kasuwancin su.Garuruwan Hanseatic a hankali sun haɓaka tsarin shari'a na gama gari wanda ke tafiyar da 'yan kasuwa da kayayyaki, har ma da aikin sojojin nasu don kare juna da taimakon juna.Rage shingayen ciniki ya haifar da wadatar juna, wanda ya haifar da dogaron tattalin arziki, dangantakar dangi tsakanin iyalai masu fatauci, da zurfafa cudanya ta siyasa;wadannan abubuwan sun karfafa kungiyar ta zama kungiyar siyasa mai dunkulewa a karshen karni na 13.A lokacin kololuwar karfinta, kungiyar Hanseatic League tana da katabus kan cinikin teku a Arewa da Tekun Baltic.Kasuwancin kasuwancinsa ya kai har zuwa Masarautar Portugal zuwa yamma, Masarautar Ingila a arewa, Jamhuriyar Novgorod zuwa gabas, da Jamhuriyar Venice zuwa kudu, tare da wuraren kasuwanci, masana'antu, da rassan 'yan kasuwa. " an kafa shi a garuruwa da birane da yawa a fadin Turai.'Yan kasuwan Hanseatic sun shahara sosai don samun dama ga kayayyaki iri-iri da kayayyaki da aka kera, daga baya sun sami gata da kariya a ƙasashen waje, gami da gundumomi na waje a cikin ƙasashen waje waɗanda ke aiki kusan keɓance ƙarƙashin dokar Hanseatic.Wannan tasirin tattalin arziƙin gama gari ya sa ƙungiyar ta kasance ƙarfi mai ƙarfi, mai iya sanya shinge har ma da yaƙi da masarautu da masarautu.
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Prussian Crusade
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1217 Jan 1 - 1273

Prussian Crusade

Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia
Yakin Prussian ya kasance jerin kamfen na ƙarni na 13 na 'yan Salibiyya Roman Katolika, da farko waɗanda Teutonic Knights suka jagoranta, don yin Kiristanci a ƙarƙashin tursasa arna Old Prussians.An gayyace shi bayan balaguron da ba a yi nasara ba a kan Prussians na Duke Konrad I na Masovia, Teutonic Knights ya fara yaƙi da Prussians, Lithuanians da Samogitian a cikin 1230.A ƙarshen karni, bayan da aka kashe da yawa tashe-tashen hankula na Prussian, Knights sun kafa iko a kan Prussia kuma sun gudanar da mulkin Prussian da aka ci ta hanyar mulkin su na zuhudu, a ƙarshe sun shafe harshen Prussian, al'adu da addinin Kiristanci na Prussian ta hanyar haɗuwa da karfi na jiki da na akida. .A cikin 1308, Teutonic Knights sun mamaye yankin Pomerelia tare da Danzig (Gdańsk ta zamani).Kasar su ta zuhudu galibi ta kasance Jamusanci ta hanyar ƙaura daga tsakiya da yammacin Jamus, kuma, a kudanci, mazauna Masovia ne suka mamaye ta.Umurnin, wanda ya ƙarfafa ta hanyar amincewar daular, da sauri ya yanke shawarar kafa ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta, ba tare da izinin Duke Konrad ba.Sanin ikon Paparoma kawai kuma bisa ingantaccen tattalin arziki, odar ta ci gaba da faɗaɗa jihar Teutonic a cikin shekaru 150 masu zuwa, yana shiga cikin takaddamar ƙasa da maƙwabta.
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Babban Interregnum
Babban Interregnum ©HistoryMaps
1250 Jan 1

Babban Interregnum

Germany
A cikin Daular Roma Mai Tsarki, Babban Interregnum wani lokaci ne bayan mutuwar Frederick II inda aka gwabza da sarautar Daular Roma mai tsarki kuma aka gwabza tsakanin ƙungiyoyi masu goyon baya da masu adawa da Hohenstaufen.An fara kusan 1250 tare da mutuwar Frederick II, alama ce ta ƙarshen ikon tsakiya da haɓaka rugujewar daular zuwa yankuna masu zaman kansu.A wannan zamani ne aka yi zaven sarakuna da sarakuna da dama ko kuma aka ba su goyon bayan ƙungiyoyi da sarakuna masu hamayya da juna, sarakuna da sarakuna da yawa suna da gajeruwar mulki ko sarauta waɗanda masu da'awar adawa suka yi kaca-kaca da su.
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Golden Bull na 1356
Abincin Imperial a Metz lokacin da aka ba da Golden Bull na 1356. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1356 Jan 1

Golden Bull na 1356

Nuremberg, Germany
The Golden Bull, wanda Charles IV ya bayar a shekara ta 1356, ya bayyana sabon halin da daular Roma Mai Tsarki ta kasance tana ɗauka.Ta hanyar hana Rome ikon karba ko kin amincewa da zabin masu zabe, hakan ya kawo karshen sa hannun Paparoma a zaben sarkin Jamus.A musanya, Charles ya ba da haƙƙinsa na sarauta a Italiya, ban da takensa ga masarautar Lombardy da Charlemagne ya gada, bisa wani tsari na daban da Paparoma.Wani sabon juyi na take, sacrum Romanum imperium nationalis Germanicae, wanda aka karɓa a 1452, yana nuna cewa wannan daular yanzu za ta zama babban Jamusanci (daular Roma mai tsarki ta al'ummar Jamus).Golden Bull ya kuma fayyace tare da tsara tsarin zaben sarkin Jamus.A al'adance zaɓin yana hannun masu zaɓe bakwai, amma ainihin su ya bambanta.Rukunin bakwai yanzu an kafa su azaman manyan bishops uku (na Mainz, Cologne da Trier) da sarakunan gado huɗu (ƙidaya palatine na Rhine, Duke na Saxony, margrave na Brandenburg da Sarkin Bohemia).
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Renaissance na Jamus
Hoton Sarkin sarakuna Maximilian I (wanda ya yi sarauta: 1493-1519), Sarkin Renaissance na farko na Daular Roman Mai Tsarki, na Albrecht Dürer, 1519 ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1450 Jan 1

Renaissance na Jamus

Germany
Renaissance na Jamus, wani ɓangare na Renaissance na Arewa, wani yunkuri ne na al'adu da fasaha wanda ya bazu tsakanin masu tunani na Jamus a karni na 15 da 16, wanda ya samo asali daga Renaissance Italiya.Yawancin fannonin fasaha da kimiyya sun yi tasiri sosai, musamman ta hanyar yaduwar rayuwar ɗan adam ta Renaissance zuwa jahohi da hukumomin Jamus daban-daban.An sami ci gaba da yawa a fannonin gine-gine, fasaha, da kuma kimiyya.Jamus ta samar da ci gaba guda biyu waɗanda za su mamaye ƙarni na 16 a duk faɗin Turai: bugu da Reformation na Furotesta.Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƴan Adam na Jamus shine Konrad Celtis (1459-1508).Celtis yayi karatu a Cologne da Heidelberg, kuma daga baya ya zagaya ko'ina cikin Italiya yana tattara littattafan Latin da Girkanci.Tacitus ya yi tasiri sosai, ya yi amfani da Jamusanci don gabatar da tarihin Jamus da labarin kasa.Wani mutum mai mahimmanci shi ne Johann Reuchlin (1455-1522) wanda ya yi karatu a wurare daban-daban a Italiya kuma ya koyar da Girkanci.Ya yi nazarin yaren Ibrananci, yana nufin tsarkake Kiristanci, amma ya fuskanci turjiya daga coci.Babban mashahurin mai zanen Renaissance na Jamus shine Albrecht Dürer musamman wanda aka san shi da buga littattafai da zane-zane, wanda ya bazu ko'ina cikin Turai, zane-zane, da zane-zane.Muhimman gine-gine na wannan lokacin sun haɗa da Gidan Landshut, Gidan Heidelberg, Gidan Gari na Augsburg da kuma Antiquarium na Munich Residenz a Munich, babban zauren Renaissance a arewacin Alps.
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1500 - 1797
Farkon Zamanin Jamusornament
Gyarawa
Martin Luther a Diet of Worms, inda ya ƙi yin watsi da ayyukansa lokacin da Charles V. ya tambaye shi (zane daga Anton von Werner, 1877, Staatsgalerie Stuttgart) ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1517 Oct 31

Gyarawa

Wittenberg, Germany
Sake fasalin wani babban yunkuri ne a cikin addinin Kiristanci na Yamma a cikin karni na 16 na Turai wanda ya haifar da kalubale na addini da siyasa ga Cocin Katolika da kuma musamman ga ikon Paparoma, wanda ya taso daga abin da Cocin Katolika ya dauka kurakurai ne, cin zarafi, da kuma sabani.Gyaran baya shine farkon Furotesta da kuma rabuwar Ikilisiyar Yamma zuwa Furotesta da kuma abin da ake kira Cocin Katolika a yanzu.Har ila yau, ana la'akari da shi a matsayin daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke nuna ƙarshen zamanai na tsakiya da farkon farkon zamanin zamani a Turai.Kafin Martin Luther, akwai ƙungiyoyin gyara da yawa a baya.Ko da yake ana la'akari da gyaran gyare-gyaren da aka fara da wallafa litattafai casa'in da biyar na Martin Luther a shekara ta 1517, Paparoma Leo X bai kore shi ba har sai Janairu 1521. Diet of Worms na Mayu 1521 ya la'anci Luther kuma ya haramta wa 'yan ƙasa a hukumance. Daular Roma Mai Tsarki daga karewa ko yada ra'ayoyinsa.Yaduwar injin buga littattafai na Gutenberg ya samar da hanyoyin yada kayan addini cikin sauri cikin yare.Luther ya rayu bayan an ayyana shi a matsayin haramtacciyar doka saboda kariyar mai zabe Frederick the Wise.Yunkurin farko a Jamus ya bambanta, kuma wasu masu gyara irin su Huldrych Zwingli da John Calvin sun tashi.Gabaɗaya, ’yan gyara sun yi jayayya cewa ceto a cikin Kiristanci cikakken matsayi ne bisa bangaskiya ga Yesu kaɗai kuma ba tsarin da ke buƙatar ayyuka masu kyau ba, kamar yadda a ra’ayin Katolika.
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Yaƙin Ƙauyen Jamus
Yaƙin Ƙauyen Jamus na 1524 ©Angus McBride
1524 Jan 1 - 1525

Yaƙin Ƙauyen Jamus

Alsace, France
Yaƙin Ƙauyen Jamus wani tawaye ne da ya yaɗu a wasu yankunan da ake magana da Jamusanci a tsakiyar Turai daga 1524 zuwa 1525. Kamar ƙungiyoyin Bundschuh da suka gabata da kuma Hussite Wars, yaƙin ya ƙunshi jerin tawaye na tattalin arziki da na addini inda manoma da manoma a cikinsa. manoma, waɗanda sau da yawa limaman Anabaptist ke tallafa musu, suka yi ja-gora.Hakan ya faskara saboda tsananin adawa daga ’yan mulkin mallaka, wadanda suka kashe kusan 100,000 daga cikin manoma 300,000 da ba su da makamai.An ci tarar waɗanda suka tsira kuma an cim ma wasu kaɗan, idan akwai, na burinsu.Yaƙin Ƙauyen Jamus shi ne mafi girma da yaɗuwar jama'a a Turai kafin juyin juya halin Faransa na 1789. Yaƙin ya yi tsayi a tsakiyar shekara ta 1525.A yayin da suke ci gaba da tayar da kayar baya, manoma sun fuskanci cikas da ba za a iya magance su ba.Dabi'ar dimokuradiyyar tafiyar tasu ta sa ba su da tsarin umarni kuma ba su da makaman atila da dawakai.Yawancinsu ba su da ɗan gogewar soja, idan akwai.'Yan adawar nasu sun sami gogaggun shugabannin sojoji, ingantattun runduna da ƙwararrun sojoji, da kuma isassun kuɗi.Tawayen ya ƙunshi wasu ƙa'idodi da maganganu daga sauye-sauyen Furotesta da suka kunno kai, wanda ta inda manoman suka nemi tasiri da 'yanci.Masu neman sauyi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da 'yan Anabaptists, wanda aka fi sani da Thomas Müntzer, sun tayar da goyan bayan tawayen.Akasin haka, Martin Luther da sauran Magisterial Reformers sun yi Allah wadai da shi kuma sun goyi bayan manyan mutane.A Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants, Luther yayi Allah wadai da tashin hankalin a matsayin aikin shaidan kuma ya yi kira ga manyan mutane da su kassara 'yan tawaye kamar mahaukaci karnuka.Har ila yau, Ulrich Zwingli ya goyi bayan wannan yunkuri, amma Allah wadai da Martin Luther ya yi ya taimaka wajen shan kaye.
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Yakin Shekara Talatin
"Sarkin Winter", Frederick V na Palatinate, wanda yarda da Crown Bohemian ya haifar da rikici. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1618 May 23 - 1648 Oct 24

Yakin Shekara Talatin

Central Europe
Yaƙin Shekaru Talatin yaƙin addini ne da aka yi a Jamus, inda ya ƙunshi yawancin ƙasashen Turai.Rikicin ya fara ne tsakanin Furotesta da Katolika a Daular Roma Mai Tsarki, amma sannu a hankali ya zama yaƙin siyasa na gama-gari wanda ya shafi yawancin Turai.Yakin shekaru 30 ya kasance ci gaba ne na kishiyoyin Faransa da Habsburg na fifikon siyasar Turai, wanda hakan ya haifar da yakin da ake yi tsakanin Faransa da Habsburg.An gano barkewar ta ne a shekara ta 1618 lokacin da aka cire Sarki Ferdinand II a matsayin sarkin Bohemia kuma Furotesta Frederick V na Palatinate ya maye gurbinsa a shekara ta 1619. Ko da yake sojojin daular suka yi gaggawar murkushe Tawayen Bohemian, shigarsa ya faɗaɗa faɗa a cikin Palatinate, wanda dabarunsa. Muhimmancin ya jawo a Jamhuriyar Holland daSpain , sannan suka shiga yakin shekaru tamanin.Tun da masu mulki irin su Kirista na IV na Denmark da Gustavus Adolphus na Sweden su ma suna da yankuna a cikin Daular, hakan ya ba su da sauran ƙasashen waje uzuri na shiga tsakani, wanda ya mai da rikicin daular cikin gida ya zama rikici a Turai.Kashi na farko daga 1618 zuwa 1635 shine farkon yakin basasa tsakanin Jamusawa na Daular Rome Mai Tsarki, tare da goyon bayan kasashen waje.Bayan 1635, daular ta zama gidan wasan kwaikwayo guda ɗaya a cikin gwagwarmayar gwagwarmaya tsakanin Faransa , goyon bayan Sweden, da Sarkin sarakuna Ferdinand III, wanda ke da alaƙa daSpain .Yaƙin ya ƙare da 1648 Aminci na Westphalia, wanda tanadinsa ya sake tabbatar da "'Yancin Jamus", ya kawo ƙarshen ƙoƙarin Habsburg na mai da Daular Roma Mai Tsarki zuwa wata ƙasa mai ƙarfi kamar Spain.A cikin shekaru 50 masu zuwa, Bavaria, Brandenburg-Prussia, Saxony da sauransu sun ƙara bin manufofinsu, yayin da Sweden ta sami gindin zama na dindindin a Daular.
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Tashi na Prussia
Frederick William Babban Zaɓe ya canza rarrabuwar Brandenburg-Prussia zuwa ƙasa mai ƙarfi. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1648 Jan 1 - 1915

Tashi na Prussia

Berlin, Germany
Jamus, ko kuma fiye da tsohuwar daular Roma mai tsarki, a cikin karni na 18, ta shiga wani lokaci na raguwa wanda a ƙarshe zai kai ga rushewar daular a lokacin yakin Napoleon.Tun lokacin zaman lafiya na Westphalia a 1648, daular ta rabu zuwa kasashe masu zaman kansu da yawa (Kleintaaterei).A lokacinYaƙin Shekaru Talatin , dakaru dabam-dabam sun yi ta yin tattaki a cikin ƙasashen Hohenzollern da aka katse, musamman ma Swedes da suka mamaye.Frederick William I, ya sake fasalin sojoji don kare filaye kuma ya fara karfafa iko.Frederick William I ya sami Gabashin Pomerania ta hanyar Aminci na Westphalia.Frederick William I ya sake tsara yankunan sa na warwatse kuma ya yi nasarar jefar da vassalage na Prussia a ƙarƙashin Mulkin Poland a lokacin Yaƙin Arewa na Biyu.Ya karbi Duchy na Prussia a matsayin fief daga Sarkin Sweden wanda daga baya ya ba shi cikakken iko a cikin Yarjejeniyar Labiau (Nuwamba 1656).A cikin 1657 Sarkin Poland ya sabunta wannan tallafi a cikin yarjejeniyoyin Wehlau da Bromberg.Tare da Prussia, daular Brandenburg Hohenzollern a yanzu tana da yanki mara nauyi, wanda ya zama tushen daukakar su zuwa ga sarakuna.Domin magance matsalar alƙaluman jama'ar Prussia kusan miliyan uku, ya jawo ƙaura da matsugunan Huguenots na Faransa a cikin birane.Da yawa sun zama masu sana'a da 'yan kasuwa.A cikin Yaƙin Mutanen Espanya, don samun ƙawance da Faransa, an ba ɗan Babban Zaɓaɓɓen, Frederick III, damar ɗaukaka Prussia zuwa masarauta a cikin yarjejeniyar Crown na 16 Nuwamba 1700. Frederick ya lashe kansa "Sarki a Prussia" kamar yadda Frederick I a ranar 18 ga Janairu 1701. A bisa doka, babu wasu masarautu da za su iya wanzuwa a cikin Daular Roma mai tsarki sai Bohemia.Duk da haka, Frederick ya ɗauki layin cewa tun da Prussia ba ta kasance wani ɓangare na daular ba kuma Hohenzollerns sun kasance masu cikakken iko a kansa, zai iya daukaka Prussia zuwa mulki.
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Babban Yakin Turkiyya
Hussar masu fuka-fuki na Poland a yakin Vienna ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1683 Jul 14 - 1699 Jan 26

Babban Yakin Turkiyya

Austria
Bayan da aka samu sassaucin minti na karshe na birnin Vienna daga wani hari da dakarun Turkiyya suka yi a shekara ta 1683, hadaddiyar dakarun kungiyar hadin kan kasa mai tsarki da aka kafa a shekara mai zuwa, suka shiga cikin rundunar sojojin daular Usmania tare da kwace kasar Hungary. a cikin 1687. Ƙasar Papal, Daular Roman Mai Tsarki, Ƙasar Poland-Lithuanian Commonwealth , Jamhuriyar Venice kuma tun 1686 Rasha ta shiga gasar karkashin jagorancin Paparoma Innocent XI.Yarima Eugene na Savoy, wanda ya yi aiki a karkashin sarki Leopold na farko, ya dauki iko mafi girma a shekara ta 1697 kuma ya yi nasara a kan Daular Usmaniyya a cikin jerin gwano da dabarun yaki.Yarjejeniyar Karlowitz ta 1699 ta kawo karshen yakin Turkiyya mai girma kuma yarima Eugene ya ci gaba da hidima ga masarautar Habsburg a matsayin shugaban majalisar yaki.Ya kawo karshen mulkin Turkiyya bisa mafi yawan yankunan yankin Balkan a lokacin yakin Austro-Turkiyya na 1716-18.Yarjejeniyar Passarowitz ta bar Ostiriya don kafa yankunan sarauta a cikin Sabiya da Banat da kuma kula da mulkin mallaka a kudu maso gabashin Turai, wanda a nan gaba ya dogara da Daular Austrian.
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Yaƙe-yaƙe da Louis XIV
Siege Namur (1695) ©Jan van Huchtenburg
1688 Sep 27 - 1697 Sep 20

Yaƙe-yaƙe da Louis XIV

Alsace, France
Louis XIV na Faransa ya yi jerin yaƙe-yaƙe na nasara don faɗaɗa ƙasar Faransa.Ya mamaye Lorraine (1670) kuma ya haɗa sauran Alsace (1678-1681) wanda ya haɗa da birnin Straßburg na sarauta na kyauta.A farkon Yaƙin Shekara Tara, ya kuma mamaye Zaɓen Palatinate (1688-1697).Louis ya kafa kotuna da dama wadanda aikinsu shine sake fassara dokoki da yarjejeniyoyin tarihi, Yarjejeniyar Nijmegen (1678) da Aminci na Westphalia (1648) musamman don goyon bayan manufofinsa na cin nasara.Ya yi la'akari da ƙarshen waɗannan kotuna, Chambres de réunion a matsayin isasshiyar hujja don haɗakar da shi marar iyaka.Sojojin Louis sun yi aiki a cikin Daular Roma mai tsarki ba tare da hamayya ba, saboda duk wani rukunin daular da aka samu sun yi yaki a Ostiriya a Babban Yakin Turkiyya.Grand Alliance na 1689 ya dauki makamai a kan Faransa kuma ya magance duk wani ci gaban soja na Louis.Rikicin ya ƙare a shekara ta 1697 yayin da bangarorin biyu suka amince da tattaunawar zaman lafiya bayan da kowane bangare ya fahimci cewa ba za a iya samun nasara ta hanyar kudi ba.Yarjejeniyar Ryswick ta tanadi komawar Lorraine da Luxembourg zuwa daular da kuma watsi da da'awar Faransanci ga Palatinate.
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Saxony-Commonwealth na Poland-Lithuania
Augustus II Mai ƙarfi ©Baciarelli
1697 Jun 1

Saxony-Commonwealth na Poland-Lithuania

Dresden, Germany
A ranar 1 ga Yuni 1697, Zaɓaɓɓen Frederick Augustus I, "Ƙarfafa" (1694-1733) ya koma Katolika kuma daga baya aka zabe shi Sarkin Poland da Grand Duke na Lithuania.Wannan ya nuna haɗin kai tsakanin Saxony da Commonwealth of Nations guda biyu wanda ya kwashe kusan shekaru 70 tare da katsewa.Juyar da Zaɓaɓɓen ya haifar da fargaba a tsakanin Lutherans da yawa cewa yanzu za a sake kafa addinin Katolika a Saxony.Dangane da mayar da martani, Mai Zaɓe ya canza ikonsa akan cibiyoyin Lutheran zuwa hukumar gwamnati, Majalisar Masu Zaman Kansu.Majalisar Privy ta ƙunshi Furotesta kaɗai.Ko da bayan tubarsa, Elector ya kasance shugaban kungiyar Furotesta a cikin Reichstag, duk da rashin nasara da Brandenburg-Prussia da Hanover suka yi don karbar mukamin a 1717-1720.
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Saxon Pretensions
Yaƙin Riga, babban yaƙin farko na mamayewar Sweden na Poland, 1701 ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1699 Jan 1

Saxon Pretensions

Riga, Latvia
A cikin 1699 Augustus ya kulla kawance tare da Denmark da Rasha don harin hadin gwiwa kan yankunan Sweden da ke zagaye da Baltic.Burinsa na sirri shine ya cinye Livonia don Saxony.A cikin Fabrairu 1700 Augustus ya yi tafiya arewa kuma ya kewaye Riga.Nasarar da Charles XII ya yi akan Augustus mai ƙarfi a cikin shekaru shida masu zuwa bala'i ne.A lokacin rani na 1701, an cire haɗarin Saxon ga Riga yayin da aka tilasta su komawa ƙetare kogin Daugava.A cikin Mayu 1702, Charles XII ya yi tafiya zuwa kuma ya shiga Warsaw.Bayan watanni biyu, a yakin Kliszow, ya ci nasara da Augustus.An cika wulakanci na Augustus a shekara ta 1706 lokacin da Sarkin Sweden ya mamaye Saxony kuma ya kafa yarjejeniya.
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Yakin Silesia
Grenadian Prussian sun mamaye sojojin Saxon a lokacin Yaƙin Hohenfriedberg, kamar yadda Carl Röchling ya nuna. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1740 Dec 16 - 1763 Feb 15

Yakin Silesia

Central Europe
Yakin Silesian yaƙe-yaƙe ne guda uku da aka yi a tsakiyar ƙarni na 18 tsakanin Prussia (ƙarƙashin Sarki Frederick the Great) da Habsburg Austria (ƙarƙashin Archduchess Maria Theresa) don iko da yankin Silesia ta Tsakiyar Turai (yanzu a kudu maso yammacin Poland).Na Farko (1740-1742) da Na Biyu (1744-1745) Yaƙe-yaƙe na Silesian sun kafa sassa na Yakin Yakin Ƙasar Austriya, wanda Prussia ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa da ke neman ribar yanki a kuɗin Austria.Yaƙin Silesian na Uku (1756-1763) gidan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Yaƙin Shekaru Bakwai na duniya, wanda Austriya kuma ta jagoranci haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyin iko da nufin kwace yankin Prussian.Babu wani lamari na musamman da ya jawo yaƙe-yaƙe.Prussia ta ambaci da'awar daular da ta yi na tsawon shekaru aru-aru a wasu sassan Silesia a matsayin wani abu mai ban tsoro, amma Realpolitik da abubuwan da ke tattare da yanayin kasa suma sun taka rawa wajen tada rikici.Mariya Theresa ta yi takara ga daular Habsburg a ƙarƙashin takunkumin Pragmatic na 1713 ya ba da dama ga Prussia don ƙarfafa kanta dangane da abokan hamayyar yanki kamar Saxony da Bavaria.Dukkan yaƙe-yaƙe guda uku ana ɗaukar su sun ƙare a nasarar Prussian, kuma na farko ya haifar da dakatarwar Ostiriya na yawancin Silesia zuwa Prussia.Prussia ta fito daga yakin Silesian a matsayin sabuwar babbar kasa ta Turai da kuma babbar kasar Jamus ta Furotesta, yayin da Katolika Ostiriya ta sha kashi da karamin ikon Jamus ya lalata martabar gidan Habsburg.Rikici kan Silesia ya yi nuni da faffadan gwagwarmayar Austro-Prussian don neman mulki kan al'ummar Jamusawa, wanda daga baya zai kai ga yakin Austro-Prussian na 1866.
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Bangare na Poland
Rahoton da aka ƙayyade na 1773 ©Jan Matejko
1772 Jan 1 - 1793

Bangare na Poland

Poland
A lokacin 1772 zuwa 1795 Prussia ta haifar da ɓangarori na Poland ta hanyar mamaye yankunan yamma na tsohuwar Tarayyar Poland-Lithuania.Ostiriya da Rasha sun yanke shawarar mallakar sauran filayen tare da tasirin cewa Poland ta daina wanzuwa a matsayin kasa mai iko har zuwa 1918.
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Juyin juya halin Faransa
Nasarar Faransa a Yaƙin Valmy a ranar 20 ga Satumba 1792 ta tabbatar da ra'ayin juyin juya hali na sojojin da suka ƙunshi 'yan ƙasa. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1789 Jan 1

Juyin juya halin Faransa

France
Da farko dai martanin Jamus game da juyin juya halin Faransa ya bambanta.Masanan Jamus sun yi bikin bullar bullar cutar, suna fatan ganin nasara ta Hankali da Haskakawa.Kotunan sarauta a Vienna da Berlin sun yi tir da hambarar da sarki da barazanar yada ra'ayi na 'yanci, daidaito, da 'yan uwantaka.A shekara ta 1793, kisan da aka yi wa Sarkin Faransa da kuma fara ta'addanci ya kunyata Bildungsbürgertum (masu ilimi na tsakiya).Masu neman sauyi sun ce mafita ita ce a yi imani da yadda Jamusawa za su iya gyara dokokinsu da cibiyoyi cikin lumana.Nahiyar Turai ta yi fama da yakin shekaru 20 da ya shafi kokarin Faransa na yada manufofinta na juyin juya hali, da kuma adawar sarauta.Yaƙi ya barke a cikin 1792 yayin da Ostiriya da Prussia suka mamaye Faransa, amma an ci su a yakin Valmy (1792).Ƙasar Jamus ta ga sojojin suna tafiya da baya, suna kawo barna (duk da haka a cikin ƙananan sikelin fiye dayakin shekaru talatin , kusan ƙarni biyu kafin), amma kuma ya kawo sababbin ra'ayoyin 'yanci da 'yancin ɗan adam ga mutane.Prussia da Ostiriya sun kawo karshen yakin da suka yi da Faransa amma (tare da Rasha ) sun raba Poland a tsakanin su a 1793 da 1795.
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Yakin Napoleon
Alexander I na Rasha, Francis I na Austria, da Frederick William III na Prussia sun hadu bayan yakin ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1803 Jan 1 - 1815

Yakin Napoleon

Germany
Faransa ta mamaye yankin Rhineland, ta kafa sauye-sauye irin na Faransa, kawar da feudalism, kafa tsarin mulki, inganta 'yancin addini, 'yantar da Yahudawa, bude tsarin mulki ga 'yan kasa masu basira, kuma sun tilasta masu mulki su raba mulki tare da masu tasowa masu tasowa.Napoleon ya kirkiro daular Westphalia (1807-1813) a matsayin jihar abin koyi.Waɗannan gyare-gyaren sun kasance na dindindin kuma sun zamanantar da sassan yammacin Jamus.Lokacin da Faransawa suka yi ƙoƙarin tilasta harshen Faransanci, adawar Jamus ta ƙaru sosai.Daga nan sai gamayyar hadin gwiwa ta biyu ta Birtaniya, Rasha, da Ostiriya suka kai wa Faransa hari amma suka kasa.Napoleon ya kafa iko kai tsaye ko kai tsaye akan yawancin yammacin Turai, gami da jihohin Jamus ban da Prussia da Ostiriya.Tsohuwar Daular Roma Mai Tsarki ba ta wuce tafarki ba;Napoleon kawai ya soke shi a cikin 1806 yayin da yake kafa sababbin ƙasashe a ƙarƙashin ikonsa.A Jamus Napoleon ya kafa "Confederation of Rhine", wanda ya ƙunshi yawancin jihohin Jamus banda Prussia da Ostiriya.Karkashin mulkin Frederick William II na rauni (1786-1797) Prussia ta fuskanci koma bayan tattalin arziki, siyasa da soja.Sarkin da ya gaje shi Frederick William III ya yi ƙoƙari ya kasance tsaka tsaki a lokacin Yaƙin Ƙungiya ta Uku da Rushewar Daular Roma Mai Tsarki da Sarkin Faransa Napoleon ya yi da kuma sake fasalin manyan hukumomin Jamus.Sarauniyar da wata jam'iyyar da ke goyon bayan yaki Frederick William ta shiga cikin kawancen hadin gwiwa na hudu a watan Oktoban 1806. Napoleon cikin sauki ya ci sojojin Prussian a yakin Jena kuma ya mamaye Berlin.Prussia ta yi hasarar yankunan da ta mallaki kwanan nan a yammacin Jamus, an rage sojojinta zuwa maza 42,000, ba a yarda da kasuwanci da Biritaniya ba, Berlin kuma ta biya diyya mai yawa na Paris tare da samar da kudade ga sojojin Faransa da suka mamaye.Saxony ya canza bangarori don tallafawa Napoleon kuma ya shiga Ƙungiyar Rhine.Mai mulki Frederick Augustus na I ya sami lada da sarauta kuma an ba shi wani yanki na Poland da aka karbo daga Prussia, wanda aka fi sani da Duchy na Warsaw .Bayan fiasco na soja na Napoleon a Rasha a cikin 1812 , Prussia ta haɗu da Rasha a cikin haɗin gwiwa na shida .An yi yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa kuma Ostiriya ta shiga ƙungiyar.An ci Napoleon da gaske a Yaƙin Leipzig a ƙarshen 1813. Jihohin Jamus na ƙungiyar Rhine sun sauya sheka zuwa Ƙungiya ga Napoleon, wanda ya ƙi duk wani sharadi na zaman lafiya.Sojojin hadin gwiwa sun mamaye Faransa a farkon 1814, Paris ta fadi kuma a watan Afrilu Napoleon ya mika wuya.Prussia a matsayin daya daga cikin masu nasara a Congress na Vienna, ya sami yanki mai yawa.
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Masarautar Bavaria
1812 ya ga Bavaria ya ba da Grande Armee tare da VI Corps don yakin Rasha da abubuwan da suka yi yaƙi a yakin Borodino amma sakamakon mummunan sakamakon yakin sun yanke shawarar barin dalilin Napoleon kafin yakin Leipzig. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1805 Jan 1 - 1916

Masarautar Bavaria

Bavaria, Germany
Kafuwar Masarautar Bavaria ta samo asali ne tun hawan yarima mai zaɓe Maximilian IV Joseph na House of Wittelsbach a matsayin Sarkin Bavaria a 1805. Aminci na Pressburg na 1805 ya ba Maximilian damar haɓaka Bavaria zuwa matsayin masarauta.Har yanzu Sarkin ya yi aiki a matsayin mai zaɓe har zuwa lokacin da Bavaria ta balle daga Daular Roma Mai Tsarki a ranar 1 ga Agustan 1806. An ba da Duchy na Berg ga Napoleon kawai a cikin 1806. Sabuwar masarauta ta fuskanci ƙalubale tun farkon ƙirƙirar ta, ta dogara ga goyon bayan Napoleon. FaransaMasarautar ta fuskanci yaki da Ostiriya a 1808 kuma daga 1810 zuwa 1814, ta rasa yanki zuwa Württemberg, Italiya, sannan Austria.A cikin 1808, an kawar da duk abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su na serfdom, wanda ya bar tsohuwar daular.A lokacin da Faransa ta mamaye Rasha a shekara ta 1812 an kashe sojojin Bavaria kusan 30,000 a wani mataki.Tare da Yarjejeniyar Ried na 8 Oktoba 1813 Bavaria ta bar ƙungiyar Rhine kuma ta amince ta shiga haɗin gwiwa na shida da Napoleon don musanya don ba da tabbacin ci gaba da matsayinta na sarauta.A ranar 14 ga Oktoba, Bavaria ta ba da sanarwar yaƙi da Napoleon Faransa.Yarima mai jiran gado Ludwig da Marshal von Wrede sun goyi bayan yarjejeniyar.Tare da yakin Leipzig a watan Oktoba 1813 ya ƙare yakin Jamus tare da al'ummomin haɗin gwiwar a matsayin masu nasara.Tare da shan kashi na Napoleon na Faransa a 1814, Bavaria ta sami diyya ga wasu asarar da ta yi, kuma ta sami sababbin yankuna kamar Grand Duchy na Würzburg, Archbishopric na Mainz (Aschaffenburg) da kuma sassan Grand Duchy na Hesse.A ƙarshe, a cikin 1816, an ɗauki Rhenish Palatinate daga Faransa don musanya mafi yawan Salzburg wanda aka ba da shi zuwa Austria (Yarjejeniyar Munich (1816)).Ita ce jiha ta biyu mafi girma kuma ta biyu mafi ƙarfi a kudu maso Gabas, bayan Austria kawai.A Jamus gabaɗaya, ta kasance ta uku a bayan Prussia da Austria.a
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Rushe Daular Roma Mai Tsarki
Yaƙin Fleurus na Jean-Baptiste Mauzaisse (1837) ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1806 Aug 6

Rushe Daular Roma Mai Tsarki

Austria
Rushewar Daular Roma Mai Tsarki ya faru ne a ranar 6 ga Agustan 1806, lokacin da Sarkin Roma na ƙarshe, Francis II na House of Habsburg-Lorraine, ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa kuma ya saki dukkan gwamnatocin sarakuna da jami'ai daga rantsuwarsu da wajibcinsu ga daular. .Tun tsakiyar zamanai, Turawan Yamma sun amince da Daular Roma Mai Tsarki a matsayin halaltacciyar ci gaban daular Rum saboda daular Paparoma ta ayyana sarakunanta a matsayin sarakunan Romawa.Ta hanyar wannan gado na Romawa, sarakunan Romawa masu tsarki sun yi iƙirarin cewa su sarakunan duniya ne waɗanda ikonsu ya wuce iyakar daularsu zuwa dukan Kiristan Turai da kuma bayanta.Rushewar Daular Roma Mai Tsarki tsari ne mai tsawo kuma wanda aka zayyana wanda ya dauki tsawon shekaru aru-aru.Samar da manyan yankuna na zamani na farko a ƙarni na 16 da na 17, wanda ya zo da ra'ayin cewa ikon ya yi daidai da ainihin yankin da ake gudanarwa, yana barazana ga yanayin duniya na Daular Roma Mai Tsarki.Daular Roma Mai Tsarki a ƙarshe ta fara raguwar ta na gaskiya a lokacin da kuma bayan shiganta a yakin juyin juya halin Faransa da na Napoleonic Wars.Kodayake daular ta kare kanta sosai da farko, yaƙi da Faransa da Napoleon ya zama bala'i.A cikin 1804, Napoleon ya ayyana kansa a matsayin Sarkin Faransa, wanda Francis II ya amsa ta hanyar shelanta kansa Sarkin Ostiriya, ban da kasancewarsa Sarkin Roma Mai Tsarki, yunƙurin tabbatar da daidaito tsakanin Faransa da Austria yayin da kuma ke nuna cewa Taken Romawa mai tsarki ya fi su duka biyun.Kashin da Ostiriya ta sha a yakin Austerlitz a watan Disamba na 1805 da kuma ballewar wani adadi mai yawa na sojojin Jamus na Francis na II a watan Yulin 1806 don kafa kungiyar Rhine, wata kasa ta tauraron dan adam ta Faransa, tana nufin karshen daular Roma mai tsarki.Sauyewar da aka yi a watan Agustan 1806, haɗe da rushewar dukan sarakunan sarauta da cibiyoyinta, an ga ya zama dole don hana yiwuwar Napoleon ya yi shelar kansa a matsayin Sarkin Roma Mai Tsarki, wani abu da zai rage Francis II zuwa Napoleon vassal.An mayar da martani ga rugujewar daular daga rashin ko in kula zuwa yanke kauna.Al'ummar Vienna, babban birnin masarautar Habsburg, sun firgita saboda asarar daular.Yawancin tsoffin batutuwa na Francis II sun yi tambaya game da halaccin ayyukansa;ko da yake an amince da murabus din nasa ya zama daidai da doka, rusa daular da kuma sakin duk wani mai fada a ji ya wuce ikon sarki.Don haka da yawa daga cikin hakimai da talakawan daular suka ki amincewa da cewa daular ta tafi, inda wasu daga cikin talakawan suka yi nisa da cewa labarin rugujewarta wani shiri ne na hukumomin yankinsu.A cikin Jamus, an kwatanta rushewar da daɗaɗɗen tarihi da faɗuwar Troy kuma wasu sun danganta ƙarshen abin da suka ɗauka shine Daular Roma tare da ƙarshen zamani da apocalypse.
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Tarayyar Jamus
Shugaban gwamnatin Austria kuma ministan harkokin waje Klemens von Metternich ya mamaye Tarayyar Jamus daga 1815 har zuwa 1848. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1815 Jan 1

Tarayyar Jamus

Germany
A lokacin taron Majalisar Vienna na 1815, tsoffin jihohi 39 na ƙungiyar Rhine sun shiga Tarayyar Jamus, yarjejeniya mara kyau don kare juna.Majalisar Vienna ta kirkiro ta ne a shekara ta 1815 a matsayin maye gurbin tsohuwar Daular Roma mai tsarki, wadda aka rushe a shekara ta 1806. Kokarin hadewar tattalin arziki da hada-hadar kwastam ya ci tura saboda munanan manufofin adawa da kasa.Biritaniya ta amince da ƙungiyar, tare da gamsuwa cewa kwanciyar hankali, yanki mai zaman lafiya a tsakiyar Turai na iya hana mugun nufi na Faransa ko Rasha.Yawancin masana tarihi, duk da haka, sun kammala, cewa ƙungiyar ta kasance mai rauni kuma ba ta da tasiri kuma tana kawo cikas ga kishin ƙasa na Jamus.An lalata ƙungiyar ta hanyar ƙirƙirar Zollverein a cikin 1834, juyin juya halin 1848, hamayya tsakanin Prussia da Ostiriya kuma a ƙarshe an rushe ta bayan yakin Austro-Prussian na 1866, Tarayyar Jamus ta Arewa ta maye gurbinsa a lokacin wannan. shekara.Ƙungiyar tana da sashe ɗaya kacal, Yarjejeniyar Tarayya (har ma Majalisar Tarayya ko Abinci na Ƙungiyar).Yarjejeniyar ta ƙunshi wakilan ƙasashe mambobi.Dole ne a yanke shawara mafi mahimmanci a kan gaba ɗaya.Wakilin Ostiriya ne ya jagoranci taron.Wannan ka’ida ce, amma kungiyar ba ta da shugaban kasa, tunda ba jiha ba ce.A daya bangaren kuma, kungiyar ta kasance kawance mai karfi a tsakanin kasashe mambobinta saboda dokar tarayya ta fi na jihohi (hukunce-hukuncen Yarjejeniyar Tarayya ya zama wajibi ga kasashe mambobin kungiyar).Bugu da ƙari, an kafa ƙungiyar ta har abada kuma ba ta yiwuwa a rushe (a bisa doka), ba tare da wata ƙasa memba da za ta iya barin ta ba kuma babu wani sabon memba da zai iya shiga ba tare da izinin duniya ba a cikin Yarjejeniyar Tarayya.A daya bangaren kuma, kungiyar ta samu rauni ne saboda tsarinta da kuma kasashe mambobinta, wani bangare saboda muhimman shawarwarin da aka yanke a cikin yarjejeniyar tarayya na bukatar hadin kai kuma manufar kungiyar ta takaita ne kawai ga harkokin tsaro.A kan haka, aikin ƙungiyar ya dogara ne da haɗin gwiwar ƙasashe biyu mafi yawan jama'a, Ostiriya da Prussia waɗanda a zahiri sukan kasance masu adawa.
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Kungiyar Kwastam
Lithograph na 1803 na Johann F. Cotta.Cotta ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka yarjejeniyar kwastam ta kudancin Jamus kuma ya yi shawarwari kan yarjejeniyar kwastam ta Prussian Hessian. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1833 Jan 1 - 1919

Kungiyar Kwastam

Germany
Zollverein, ko Ƙungiyar Kwastam ta Jamus, ƙungiya ce ta haɗin gwiwar jihohin Jamus da aka kafa don gudanar da haraji da manufofin tattalin arziki a cikin yankunansu.An tsara ta da yerjejeniyar Zollverein na 1833, ta fara aiki a hukumance a ranar 1 ga Janairun 1834. Duk da haka, tushensa yana ci gaba daga 1818 tare da ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyin al'adu iri-iri a tsakanin jihohin Jamus.A shekara ta 1866, Zollverein ya haɗa da yawancin jihohin Jamus.Zollverein ba ya cikin Tarayyar Jamus (1815-1866).Tushen Zollverein shi ne misali na farko a tarihi wanda jihohi masu cin gashin kansu suka cika cikakkiyar ƙungiyar tattalin arziki ba tare da ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar siyasa ko ƙungiyar ba a lokaci guda.Prussia ita ce direba na farko da ya kafa kungiyar kwastam.An cire Ostiriya daga Zollverein saboda masana'antar ta da ke da kariya sosai kuma saboda Yarima von Metternich ya saba wa ra'ayin.Ta hanyar kafuwar Tarayyar Jamus ta Arewa a 1867, Zollverein ta rufe jahohin kusan murabba'in kilomita 425,000, kuma ta samar da yarjejeniyar tattalin arziki tare da wasu jihohin da ba na Jamus ba, ciki har da Sweden-Norway.Bayan kafuwar daular Jamus a shekara ta 1871, daular ta dauki nauyin kula da kungiyar kwastam.Duk da haka, ba duk jihohin da ke cikin Daular sun kasance ɓangare na Zollverein ba har zuwa 1888 (Hamburg misali).Sabanin haka, kodayake Luxembourg jiha ce mai zaman kanta daga Jamusanci Reich, ta kasance a cikin Zollverein har zuwa 1919.
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Juyin Juyin Juya Halin Jamus na 1848-1849
Asalin Tutar Jamus: Masu juyin juya hali a Berlin, Maris 19, 1848 ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1848 Feb 1 - 1849 Jul

Juyin Juyin Juya Halin Jamus na 1848-1849

Germany
Juyin juya halin Jamus na 1848-1849, wanda kuma ake kira da juyin juya halin Maris, tun farko wani bangare ne na juyin juya hali na 1848 wanda ya barke a kasashen Turai da dama.Sun kasance jerin zanga-zangar da ba a daidaita su ba da tawaye a cikin jihohin Tarayyar Jamus, ciki har da daular Austriya.Juyin-juya-juyi, wadanda suka jaddada tsarin Jamusanci, sun nuna rashin gamsuwa da al'adun gargajiya, tsarin siyasa na mulkin kama-karya na kasashe talatin da tara masu zaman kansu na Tarayyar da suka gaji yankin Jamus na tsohuwar Daular Roma mai tsarki bayan rugujewarta sakamakon Napoleon. Yaƙe-yaƙe.Wannan tsari ya fara ne a tsakiyar 1840s.Abubuwan tsaka-tsaki sun himmatu ga ƙa'idodin sassaucin ra'ayi, yayin da masu aiki ke neman ingantacciyar ci gaba ga yanayin aiki da rayuwarsu.Yayin da masu matsakaicin matsayi da ma'aikata na juyin juya halin Musulunci suka rabu, 'yan ra'ayin mazan jiya sun ci nasara a kansa.An tilasta wa masu sassaucin ra'ayi gudun hijira don tserewa zalunci na siyasa, inda aka san su da Arba'in da Takwas.Mutane da yawa sun yi hijira zuwa Amurka, suna zaune daga Wisconsin zuwa Texas.
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Schleswig-Holstein
Yakin Dybbøl ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1864 Feb 1

Schleswig-Holstein

Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
A cikin 1863-64, takaddama tsakanin Prussia da Denmark game da Schleswig ya ta'azzara, wanda ba ya cikin Tarayyar Jamus, kuma wanda 'yan kishin Danish ke so su shiga cikin mulkin Danish.Rikicin ya kai ga yakin Schleswig na biyu a shekara ta 1864. Prussia, da Ostiriya ta hade, ta yi nasara a kan Denmark cikin sauki ta kuma mamaye Jutland.An tilasta Danes su mika Duchy na Schleswig da Duchy na Holstein zuwa Austria da Prussia.Gudanar da shugabannin biyu na gaba ya haifar da tashin hankali tsakanin Austria da Prussia.Ostiriya na son duchies su zama ƙungiya mai zaman kanta a cikin Tarayyar Jamus, yayin da Prussia ta yi niyyar haɗa su.Rashin jituwa ya kasance dalilin yaƙin makonni Bakwai tsakanin Ostiriya da Prussia, wanda ya barke a watan Yuni na shekara ta 1866. A watan Yuli, sojojin biyu sun yi arangama a Sadowa-Königgrätz (Bohemia) a wani gagarumin yaƙi da ya ƙunshi mutane rabin miliyan.Manyan dabaru na Prussian da bindigogin allura na zamani masu ɗaukar nauyi sama da jinkirin ɗaukar bindigogin Australiya, sun tabbatar da zama na farko don nasarar Prussia.Yakin ya kuma yanke shawarar gwagwarmayar neman mulki a Jamus kuma Bismarck ya kasance mai sassaucin ra'ayi da Ostiriya da ta ci nasara, wato ya taka rawa kawai a cikin harkokin Jamus na gaba.
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Yaƙin Austro-Prussian
Yaƙin Königgrätz ©Georg Bleibtreu
1866 Jun 14 - Jul 22

Yaƙin Austro-Prussian

Germany
An gwabza yakin Austro-Prussian ne a shekara ta 1866 tsakanin Daular Austriya da kuma Masarautar Prussia, tare da taimakon kowannensu daga kasashe daban-daban na Tarayyar Jamus.Prussia kuma ta yi kawance daMasarautar Italiya , tana danganta wannan rikici da Yaƙin Independence na uku na haɗin kan Italiya.Yakin Austro-Prussian wani bangare ne na babbar hamayya tsakanin Ostiriya da Prussia, kuma ya haifar da mamayar Prussian kan jihohin Jamus.Babban sakamakon yakin shine sauyin mulki tsakanin jihohin Jamus daga Ostiriya zuwa ga mulkin Prussian.Hakan ya haifar da kawar da Tarayyar Jamus tare da maye gurbinta na wani bangare ta hanyar hadewar dukkanin jihohin arewacin Jamus a cikin Tarayyar Jamus ta Arewa da ta ware Austria da sauran jihohin Kudancin Jamus, Kleindeutsches Reich.Har ila yau yakin ya haifar da mamaye lardin Venetia na Austrian Italiya.
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1870 Jul 19 - 1871 Jan 28

Yaƙin Franco-Prussian

France
Yakin Franco-Prussian rikici ne tsakanin Daular Faransa ta biyu da Tarayyar Jamus ta Arewa karkashin jagorancin Masarautar Prussia.Rikicin ya samo asali ne saboda yunƙurin Faransa na sake tabbatar da matsayinta mai ƙarfi a nahiyar Turai, wanda ya bayyana a cikin tambaya bayan gagarumin nasarar da Prussian ta yi akan Austria a 1866. A cewar wasu masana tarihi, shugaban gwamnatin Prussian Otto von Bismarck da gangan ya tunzura Faransawa zuwa shelanta yaki a kan Prussia. domin a sa wasu jihohi hudu na kudancin Jamus masu cin gashin kansu—Baden, Württemberg, Bavaria da Hesse-Darmstadt — su shiga cikin Tarayyar Jamus ta Arewa;wasu masana tarihi sun ce Bismarck ya yi amfani da yanayin yayin da suke faruwa.Duk sun yarda cewa Bismarck ya amince da yuwuwar sabbin kawancen Jamus, idan aka yi la’akari da halin da ake ciki gaba daya.Faransa ta tattara sojojinta a ranar 15 ga Yulin 1870, inda ta jagoranci Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Jamus ta Arewa don mayar da martani tare da yunkurinta daga baya a wannan rana.A ranar 16 ga Yulin 1870, majalisar dokokin Faransa ta kada kuri'a don ayyana yaki a kan Prussia;Faransa ta mamaye yankin Jamus a ranar 2 ga Agusta.Ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwar Jamus sun tattara sojojinsu da kyau fiye da na Faransa kuma sun mamaye arewa maso gabashin Faransa a ranar 4 ga Agusta.Sojojin Jamus sun kasance mafi girma a lambobi, horo, da jagoranci kuma sun yi amfani da fasahar zamani sosai, musamman hanyoyin jiragen kasa da manyan bindigogi.Nasarar da Prussian da Jamusawa suka yi cikin sauri a gabashin Faransa, wanda ya ƙare a cikin Siege na Metz da yakin Sedan, ya haifar da kame Sarkin Faransa Napoleon na uku da kuma cin zarafi na sojojin daular ta biyu;An kafa gwamnatin tsaron kasa a birnin Paris a ranar 4 ga Satumba kuma ta ci gaba da yakin har tsawon watanni biyar.Sojojin Jamus sun yi yaƙi tare da fatattakar sabbin sojojin Faransa a arewacin Faransa, sannan suka kewaye birnin Paris na tsawon watanni huɗu kafin ya faɗi a ranar 28 ga Janairun 1871, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen yaƙin.Bayan da aka kulla yarjejeniya tare da Faransa, an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Frankfurt a ranar 10 ga Mayu 1871, ta ba wa Jamus biliyoyin francs a cikin lamunin yaƙi, da kuma mafi yawan Alsace da sassan Lorraine, wanda ya zama Imperial Territory na Alsace-Lorraine (Reichsland Elsaß-) Lothringen).Yakin ya yi tasiri mai dorewa a Turai.Ta hanyar gaggauta haɗewar Jamus, yaƙin ya sauya ma'aunin iko a nahiyar sosai;tare da sabuwar kasar Jamus da ta maye gurbin Faransa a matsayin mafi rinjaye a Turai.Bismarck ya kasance mai girma a cikin harkokin kasa da kasa tsawon shekaru ashirin, inda ya samu suna na kwazo da aikin diflomasiyya wanda ya daga martaba da tasirin Jamus a duniya.
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1871 - 1918
Daular Jamusornament
Daular Jamus da Haɗin kai
Sanarwar daular Jamus ta Anton von Werner (1877), wanda ke nuna shelar Sarkin sarakuna William I (18 ga Janairu 1871, Fadar Versailles). ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1871 Jan 2 - 1918

Daular Jamus da Haɗin kai

Germany
Tarayyar Jamus ta ƙare a sakamakon yakin Austro-Prussian na 1866 tsakanin ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwar daular Austriya da kawayenta a gefe guda da Prussia da kawayenta a daya bangaren.Yaƙin ya haifar da maye gurbin ƙungiyar a cikin 1867 ta Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Jamus ta Arewa, wadda ta ƙunshi jihohi 22 a arewacin kogin Main.Ƙaunar kishin ƙasa da yaƙin Franco-Prussian ya haifar ya rinjayi sauran 'yan adawa ga haɗin kan Jamus (ban da Ostiriya) a cikin jihohi huɗu a kudu da Main, kuma a cikin Nuwamba 1870, sun shiga Tarayyar Jamus ta Arewa bisa yarjejeniya.A lokacin Siege na Paris a ranar 18 ga Janairu 1871, an yi shelar William Sarkin sarakuna a zauren madubi a fadar Versailles kuma daga baya Haɗin kai na Jamus ya faru.Duk da cewa daular tarayya ce da kuma ƙungiyar daidaito, a aikace, daular ta kasance mafi girma kuma mafi ƙarfi, Prussia.Prussia ya shimfiɗa a arewacin kashi biyu bisa uku na sabon Reich kuma ya ƙunshi kashi uku cikin biyar na yawan jama'arta.Kambin sarauta ya kasance gadon sarauta a gidan sarauta na Prussia, House of Hohenzollern.Ban da 1872-1873 da 1892-1894, shugabar gwamnati ta kasance Firayim Minista na Prussia a lokaci guda.Tare da kuri'u 17 cikin 58 a Bundesrat, Berlin na bukatar kuri'u kadan daga kananan jihohi don gudanar da ingantaccen iko.Juyin Juyin Halitta na Daular Jamus ya ɗan yi daidai da ci gaba iri ɗaya a Italiya, wanda ya zama ƙasa mai haɗin kai shekaru goma da suka gabata.Wasu muhimman abubuwa na tsarin siyasar mulkin mallaka na Daular Jamus su ma sun kasance ginshiƙi na zamanantar da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a Imperial Japan a ƙarƙashin Meiji da kuma kiyaye tsarin siyasa mai mulki a ƙarƙashin tsars a cikin Daular Rasha .
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Iron Chancellor
Bismarck a 1890 ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1871 Mar 21 - 1890 Mar 20

Iron Chancellor

Germany
Bismarck shine babban hali ba kawai a cikin Jamus ba amma a duk Turai da kuma duk duniya ta diflomasiya 1870-1890.Chancellor Otto von Bismarck ya ƙaddara tsarin siyasar daular Jamus har zuwa shekara ta 1890. Ya samar da ƙawance a Turai don mamaye Faransa a gefe guda kuma yana da burin karfafa tasirin Jamus a Turai a daya bangaren.Manyan manufofinsa na cikin gida sun mayar da hankali kan murkushe gurguzu da rage tasirin tasirin Cocin Roman Katolika a kan mabiyanta.Ya fitar da jerin dokoki na adawa da gurguzu bisa ga wani tsari na dokokin zamantakewa, wadanda suka hada da kula da lafiya na duniya, tsare-tsaren fansho da sauran shirye-shiryen tsaro na zamantakewa.Manufofinsa na Kulturkamf sun kasance masu adawa sosai daga Katolika, waɗanda suka shirya adawar siyasa a cikin Jam'iyyar Center.Ƙarfin masana'antu da tattalin arziƙin Jamus sun haɓaka daidai da Biritaniya ta 1900.Tare da rinjayen Prussian da aka cimma ta 1871, Bismarck ya yi amfani da basirar yin amfani da ma'auni na diplomasiyya don kula da matsayin Jamus a cikin Turai mai zaman lafiya.Ga masanin tarihi Eric Hobsbawm, Bismarck "ya ci gaba da kasancewa zakaran duniya ba tare da shakku ba a wasan darasin darasi na diflomasiyya da yawa na kusan shekaru ashirin bayan 1871, ya sadaukar da kansa kadai, kuma cikin nasara, wajen wanzar da zaman lafiya tsakanin masu iko".Duk da haka, haɗin Alsace-Lorraine ya ba da sabon man fetur ga revanchism na Faransa da Germanophobia.Diflomasiyyar Bismarck ta Realpolitik da mulki mai karfi a cikin gida ya sa ake masa lakabi da Chancellor na Iron.Haɗin kan Jamus da saurin bunƙasa tattalin arziƙin sun kasance tushen manufofinsa na ketare.Bai son mulkin mallaka amma bai so ya gina daular ketare lokacin da manyan mutane da na jama'a suka bukaci hakan.Yayin da yake tattara jerin tarurruka masu sarkakiya, shawarwari da kawance, ya yi amfani da kwarewarsa ta diflomasiyya wajen tabbatar da matsayin Jamus.Bismarck ya zama jarumi ga masu kishin kasa na Jamus, wanda ya gina abubuwan tunawa da yawa don girmama shi.Masana tarihi da yawa suna yaba masa a matsayin mai hangen nesa wanda ya taka rawa wajen hada kan Jamus kuma da zarar an cimma hakan, ya kiyaye zaman lafiya a Turai ta hanyar diflomasiyya.
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Triple Alliance
Triple Alliance ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1882 May 20 - 1915 May 3

Triple Alliance

Central Europe
Ƙungiyar Triple Alliance ita ce ƙawancen soja da aka kafa a ranar 20 ga Mayu 1882 tsakanin Jamus, Austria-Hungary, da Italiya kuma ana sabunta su lokaci-lokaci har sai da ya ƙare a 1915 a lokacin yakin duniya na 1. Jamus da Austria-Hungary sun kasance ƙawance sosai tun 1879. Italiya tana nema. goyon bayan Faransa jim kadan bayan ta rasa burin Arewacin Afirka ga Faransa.Kowane memba ya yi alkawarin bayar da goyon bayan juna a yayin da wani babban jami'i ya kai hari.Yarjejeniyar ta tanadi cewa Jamus da Ostiriya-Hungary za su taimaka wa Italiya idan Faransa ta kai mata hari ba tare da tsokana ba.Ita kuma Italiya za ta taimaka wa Jamus idan Faransa ta kai musu hari.A yayin da ake gwabza yaki tsakanin Ostiriya-Hungary da Rasha, Italiya ta yi alkawarin ba za ta shiga tsakani ba.Kasancewar yarjejeniyar da kuma kasancewarta sun kasance sananne, amma ainihin tanade-tanaden ta a asirce har zuwa shekara ta 1919.Lokacin da aka sabunta yarjejeniyar a watan Fabrairun 1887, Italiya ta sami alkawalin maras amfani na goyon bayan Jamus na burin mulkin mallaka na Italiya a Arewacin Afirka don mayar da Italiya ta ci gaba da abokantaka.Dole ne shugaban gwamnatin Jamus Otto von Bismarck ya matsa wa Austria-Hungary lamba kan amincewa da ƙa'idodin tuntuɓar juna da yarjejeniya tare da Italiya kan duk wani sauye-sauyen yanki da aka fara a yankin Balkan ko a bakin teku da tsibiran Tekun Adriatic da Aegean.Italiya da Ostiriya-Hungary ba su shawo kan ainihin rikicin sha'awarsu a yankin ba duk da yarjejeniyar.A cikin 1891, an yi ƙoƙari don shiga Biritaniya zuwa Ƙungiya ta Triple, wanda, ko da yake bai yi nasara ba, an yi imanin cewa ya yi nasara a cikin da'irar diflomasiyyar Rasha.A ranar 18 ga Oktoba 1883 Carol I na Romania, ta hannun firaministansa Ion C. Brătianu, shi ma ya yi alƙawarin a asirce na goyon bayan ƙungiyar Triple Alliance, amma daga baya ya kasance tsaka tsaki a yakin duniya na farko saboda kallon Ostiriya-Hungary a matsayin mai zalunci.A ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 1902, watanni biyar bayan sabunta Ƙungiyoyin Triple Alliance, Italiya ta cimma fahimtar juna da Faransa cewa kowannensu zai kasance tsaka tsaki a yayin harin da aka kai wa ɗayan.Lokacin da Ostiriya-Hungary ta sami kanta a yakin a watan Agustan 1914 tare da abokin hamayyar Triple Entente, Italiya ta yi shelar tsaka-tsaki, la'akari da Austria-Hungary mai zalunci.Har ila yau, Italiya ta gaza kan wajibcin tuntuɓar juna da kuma yarda da biyan diyya kafin ta canza halin da ake ciki a yankin Balkan, kamar yadda aka amince a shekarar 1912 na sabunta ƙawancen Triple Alliance.Bayan shawarwari guda ɗaya tare da ƙungiyoyin Triple Alliance (wanda ke da nufin kiyaye Italiya tsaka tsaki) da Triple Entente (wanda ke nufin sanya Italiya shiga cikin rikici), Italiya ta goyi bayan Triple Entente kuma ta ayyana yaki akan Austria-Hungary.
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Daular mulkin mallaka na Jamus
"Yaƙin Mahenge", tawayen Maji-Maji, zanen Friedrich Wilhelm Kuhnert, 1908. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1884 Jan 1 - 1918

Daular mulkin mallaka na Jamus

Africa
Daular mulkin mallaka ta Jamus ta ƙunshi yankunan ketare, masu dogaro da yankuna na Daular Jamus.Haɗin kai a farkon shekarun 1870, shugabar wannan lokacin shine Otto von Bismarck.Ƙoƙari na ɗan gajeren lokaci na yin mulkin mallaka daga kowane ɗayan jihohin Jamus ya faru a ƙarni da suka gabata, amma Bismarck ya yi tsayayya da matsin lamba don gina daular mulkin mallaka har zuwa lokacin da aka yi wa Afirka Scramble a 1884. Da'awar yawancin yankunan Afirka da ba a yi wa mulkin mallaka ba, Jamus ta gina na uku- daular mulkin mallaka mafi girma a lokacin, bayan Birtaniya da Faransa.Daular Mulkin Mallaka ta Jamus ta mamaye wasu sassa na kasashen Afirka da dama, da suka hada da wasu sassan Burundi, Rwanda, Tanzania, Namibia, Kamaru, Gabon, Kongo, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Chadi, Najeriya, Togo, Ghana, da kuma arewa maso gabashin New Guinea. Samoa da tsibiran Micronesia da yawa.Ciki har da babban yankin Jamus, daular tana da fadin kasa murabba'in kilomita 3,503,352 da yawan jama'a 80,125,993.Jamus ta rasa iko da galibin daulolinta na mulkin mallaka a farkon yakin duniya na farko a shekara ta 1914, amma wasu sojojin Jamus sun ci gaba da rike Jamus a gabashin Afirka har zuwa karshen yakin.Bayan da Jamus ta sha kaye a yakin duniya na daya, an rushe daular mulkin mallaka a hukumance tare da yarjejeniyar Versailles.Kowane yanki ya zama wa'adin Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙarƙashin kulawa (amma ba mallaki ba) na ɗaya daga cikin masu nasara.Maganar maido da dukiyoyinsu na mulkin mallaka sun ci gaba da wanzuwa a Jamus har zuwa 1943, amma ba ta zama wata manufa ta gwamnatin Jamus ba.
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Wilhelminian zamanin
Wilhelm II, Sarkin Jamus ©T. H. Voigt
1888 Jun 15 - 1918 Nov 9

Wilhelminian zamanin

Germany
Wilhelm na biyu shi ne sarki na karshe na Jamus kuma Sarkin Prussia, wanda ya yi mulki daga 15 ga Yuni 1888 har zuwa murabus dinsa a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 1918. Duk da karfafa matsayin daular Jamus a matsayin babban iko ta hanyar gina rundunar sojan ruwa mai karfi, maganganunsa marasa dabara da manufofin kasashen waje da ba su dace ba. sun yi adawa da al'ummar duniya kuma mutane da yawa suna kallon daya daga cikin musabbabin yakin duniya na daya .A cikin Maris na 1890, Wilhelm II ya kori Babban Jami'in Daular Jamus, Otto von Bismarck, kuma ya dauki iko kai tsaye a kan manufofin al'ummarsa, ya shiga cikin "New Course" don tabbatar da matsayinsa na jagorancin duniya.A tsawon mulkinsa, daular mulkin mallaka ta Jamus ta sami sabbin yankuna aChina da Pacific (kamar Kiautschou Bay, tsibirin Mariana ta Arewa, da tsibirin Caroline) kuma ta zama babbar masana'anta a Turai.Duk da haka, Wilhelm sau da yawa yakan lalata irin wannan ci gaban ta hanyar yin barazana da kuma yin kalamai marasa dabara ga wasu ƙasashe ba tare da tuntuɓar ministocinsa ba.Haka kuma, gwamnatinsa ta yi kokari matuka wajen nisantar da kanta daga sauran manyan kasashen duniya, ta hanyar kaddamar da wani gagarumin aikin sojan ruwa, da yin adawa da ikon Faransa da Maroko, da gina hanyar jirgin kasa ta Bagadaza, wanda ya kalubalanci mulkin Birtaniya a gabar tekun Farisa.A cikin shekaru goma na biyu na karni na 20, Jamus za ta iya dogara ne kawai ga kasashe masu rauni irin su Ostiriya-Hungary da rugujewar Daular Ottoman a matsayin kawaye.Mulkin Wilhelm ya ƙare a cikin garantin goyon bayan Jamus ga Ostiriya-Hungary a lokacin rikicin Yuli 1914, daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka haifar da yakin duniya na 1. Shugaban yakin duniya na farko, Wilhelm ya bar kusan dukkanin yanke shawara game da dabarun da tsara yunkurin yakin. zuwa ga Babban Hafsan Sojojin Jamus.A watan Agustan 1916, wannan babban tawaga na iko ya haifar da mulkin kama-karya na soja wanda ya mamaye manufofin kasa na sauran rikice-rikice.Duk da nasarar da Jamus ta samu a kan Rasha da kuma samun gagarumin rinjaye a yankin Gabashin Turai, Jamus ta tilastawa yin watsi da duk wani mamaya bayan ta sha kaye a yammacin Gabar Yammacin Turai a faɗuwar shekara ta 1918. Ta rasa goyon bayan sojojin ƙasarsa da da yawa daga cikin talakawansa, Wilhelm. an tilasta masa yin murabus a lokacin juyin juya halin Jamus na 1918-1919.Juyin juya halin ya mayar da Jamus daga mulkin mallaka zuwa wata kasa ta demokraɗiyya da aka fi sani da Jamhuriyar Weimar.
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Jamus a lokacin yakin duniya na daya
Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1914 Jul 28 - 1918 Nov 11

Jamus a lokacin yakin duniya na daya

Central Europe
A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya , Daular Jamus ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin Ƙarfin Tsakiya.Ta fara shiga cikin rikicin ne bayan ayyana yaki da Serbia da kawayenta, Austria-Hungary.Dakarun Jamus sun gwabza da kawancen a gabas da yamma.Tsananin katange a cikin Tekun Arewa (wanda ya dawwama har zuwa 1919) da Sojojin ruwa na Royal suka yi ya rage wa Jamus damar samun albarkatun ƙasa a ketare tare da haifar da ƙarancin abinci a cikin biranen, musamman a lokacin hunturu na 1916-17, wanda aka sani da lokacin hunturu na Turnip.A yammaci, Jamus ta nemi nasara cikin gaggawa ta hanyar kewayeParis ta amfani da Shirin Schlieffen.Amma abin ya faskara saboda tsayin daka na Belgian, da karkatar da sojoji na Berlin, da kuma tsayin daka na Faransa a Marne, arewacin Paris.Western Front ya zama filin yaƙi mai zubar da jini sosai.Rikicin ya kasance daga 1914 har zuwa farkon 1918, tare da yaƙe-yaƙe masu banƙyama waɗanda suka motsa sojojin 'yan yadi dari a mafi kyau tare da layin da ya tashi daga Tekun Arewa zuwa iyakar Swiss.Faɗin da ya fi buɗewa shi ne faɗan Gabashin Gabas.A gabas, an sami gagarumar nasara a kan sojojin Rasha , tarko da shan kashi na manyan sassan Rasha a yakin Tannenberg, sannan manyan nasarorin Austrian da Jamus.Rushewar sojojin Rasha - wanda ya tsananta sakamakon rikice-rikicen cikin gida da juyin juya halin Rasha na 1917 ya haifar - ya jagoranci yarjejeniyar Brest-Litovsk an tilasta Bolsheviks sanya hannu a ranar 3 ga Maris 1918 yayin da Rasha ta fice daga yakin.Ya baiwa Jamus iko da Gabashin Turai.Ta hanyar kayar da Rasha a shekara ta 1917, Jamus ta sami damar kawo dubun dubatar sojojin yaƙi daga gabas zuwa Yammacin Gabar Yamma, wanda ya ba ta fa'ida a ƙididdigewa akan kawancen.Ta hanyar sake horar da sojoji a cikin sabbin dabarun yaki da guguwa, Jamusawa sun yi tsammanin za su warware fagen fama kuma su sami gagarumar nasara kafin sojojin Amurka su isa ga karfi.Duk da haka, hare-haren bazara duk sun kasa, yayin da Allies suka koma baya kuma suka sake haduwa, kuma Jamusawa ba su da tanadin da suka dace don ƙarfafa nasarorin da suka samu.Karancin abinci ya zama matsala mai tsanani a shekara ta 1917. Amurka ta shiga cikin kawance a watan Afrilun 1917. Shigar da Amurka cikin yakin - bayan ayyana yakin basasar da Jamus ta yi ba tare da kayyade ba - ya nuna wani gagarumin juyi ga Jamus.A karshen yakin, cin kashin da Jamus ta yi da rashin jin dadin jama'a ya haifar da juyin juya halin Jamus na 1918-1919 wanda ya hambarar da mulkin mallaka ya kafa Jamhuriyar Weimar.
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1918 - 1933
Jamhuriyar Weimarornament
Jamhuriyar Weimar
"Golden Twenties" a Berlin: ƙungiyar jazz tana wasa don rawan shayi a otal ɗin Esplanade, 1926 ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1918 Jan 2 - 1933

Jamhuriyar Weimar

Germany
Jamhuriyar Weimar, wacce a hukumance ake kira Jamus Reich, ita ce gwamnatin Jamus daga 1918 zuwa 1933, lokacin da ta kasance jamhuriyar tarayya ta tsarin mulki a karon farko a tarihi;Don haka ana kiranta, kuma ana kiranta da kanta ba bisa ka'ida ba, a matsayin Jamhuriyar Jamus.Sunan da ba na yau da kullun na jihar ya samo asali ne daga birnin Weimar, wanda ya karbi bakuncin majalisar wakilai da ta kafa gwamnatinta.Bayan barnar yakin duniya na farko (1914-1918), Jamus ta gaji kuma ta kai karar zaman lafiya a cikin mawuyacin yanayi.Sanin shan kaye na gabatowa ya haifar da juyin juya hali, kawar da Kaiser Wilhelm II, mika wuya ga Allies, da shelar Jamhuriyar Weimar a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 1918.A cikin shekarunta na farko, manyan matsaloli sun dabaibaye jamhuriyar, kamar hauhawar farashin kaya da tsattsauran ra'ayi na siyasa, gami da kashe-kashen siyasa da yunkurin kwace mulki sau biyu ta hanyar fada da 'yan ta'adda;a duniya, ta fuskanci keɓancewa, da rage matsayin diflomasiyya, da alaƙar jayayya da manyan ƙasashe.A shekara ta 1924, an dawo da kwanciyar hankali mai yawa na kuɗi da na siyasa, kuma jamhuriyar ta sami ci gaba a cikin shekaru biyar masu zuwa;Wannan lokacin, wanda wani lokaci ake kira Golden Twenties, yana da alaƙa da gagarumin bunƙasa al'adu, ci gaban zamantakewa, da inganta dangantakar kasashen waje a hankali.A karkashin yerjejeniyar Locarno na 1925, Jamus ta matsa zuwa daidaita dangantaka da maƙwabtanta, tare da sanin yawancin sauye-sauyen yankuna a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar Versailles kuma ta yi niyyar ba za ta taɓa yin yaƙi ba.A shekara mai zuwa, ta shiga cikin Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasashen Duniya, wanda ke nuna alamar sake komawa cikin al'ummomin duniya.Duk da haka, musamman a bangaren 'yan siyasa, an ci gaba da nuna kyama da kyamar wannan yarjejeniya da wadanda suka rattaba hannu kuma suka goyi bayanta.Babban Bala'in na Oktoba 1929 ya yi tasiri sosai ga ci gaban Jamus;yawan rashin aikin yi da tashe-tashen hankula na zamantakewa da siyasa da suka biyo baya suka haifar da rugujewar gwamnatin hadin gwiwa.Daga Maris 1930, Shugaba Paul von Hindenburg ya yi amfani da ikon gaggawa don marawa Chancellor Heinrich Brüning, Franz von Papen da Janar Kurt von Schleicher baya.Babban Bala'in, wanda manufar Brüning ya yi na deflation ya tsananta, ya haifar da karuwar rashin aikin yi.A ranar 30 ga Janairun 1933, Hindenburg ya nada Adolf Hitler a matsayin shugaban gwamnatin hadin gwiwa;Jam'iyyar Nazi ta dama ta Hitler ta mallaki kujerun majalisar ministoci biyu cikin goma.Von Papen, a matsayin mataimakin shugaban gwamnati kuma amintaccen Hindenburg, zai yi aiki don kiyaye Hitler a karkashin iko;waɗannan nufe-nufe sun yi mugun zagon kasa ga ikon siyasar Hitler.A ƙarshen Maris 1933, Dokar Wuta ta Reichstag da Dokar Taimakawa ta 1933 sun yi amfani da yanayin da ake gani na gaggawa don ba da iko ga sabon Chancellor yadda ya kamata don yin aiki a waje da ikon majalisa.Nan take Hitler ya yi amfani da wadannan madafun iko wajen dakile tsarin mulki da kuma dakatar da ‘yancin walwala, wanda ya kawo rugujewar dimokuradiyya a matakin tarayya da jihohi, da samar da mulkin kama-karya na jam’iyya daya a karkashin jagorancinsa.
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Juyin Juyin Juya Halin Jamus na 1918-1919
Barricade a lokacin tawayen Spartacus. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1918 Oct 29 - 1919 Aug 11

Juyin Juyin Juya Halin Jamus na 1918-1919

Germany
Juyin Juyin Juya Halin Jamus ko Juyin Juya Halin Nuwamba wani rikici ne na cikin gida da aka yi a Daular Jamus a ƙarshen yakin duniya na farko wanda ya haifar da maye gurbin tsarin mulkin gwamnatin tarayyar Jamus da jamhuriyar majalisar dokoki ta dimokuradiyya wadda daga baya ta zama Jamhuriyar Weimar.Zaman juyin juya hali ya kasance daga Nuwamba 1918 har zuwa lokacin da aka amince da tsarin mulkin Weimar a watan Agustan 1919. Daga cikin abubuwan da suka haifar da juyin juya hali akwai matsanancin nauyi da al'ummar Jamus suka sha a cikin shekaru hudu na yaki, tasirin tattalin arziki da tunani na daular Jamus. shan kaye daga abokan kawance, da kuma karuwar tashe-tashen hankula a tsakanin jama'a da masu fada-a-ji da na boge.Abubuwan farko na juyin juya halin Musulunci sun samo asali ne daga manufofin babban kwamandan sojojin Jamus da kuma rashin hadin kai da rundunar sojojin ruwa.A yayin da ake fuskantar shan kashi, Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta dage kan kokarin haifar da yakin da aka yi da Sojojin ruwa na Burtaniya tare da yin amfani da tsarin na ruwa na 24 ga Oktoba 1918, amma yakin bai taba faruwa ba.Maimakon yin biyayya ga umarninsu na fara shirye-shiryen yakar Birtaniya, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Jamus sun jagoranci tawaye a tashar jiragen ruwa na Wilhelmshaven a ranar 29 ga Oktoba 1918, wanda Kiel ya biyo baya a farkon kwanakin Nuwamba.Wadannan hargitsi sun yada ruhin tashe-tashen hankula a duk fadin Jamus kuma daga karshe ya kai ga shelar jamhuriya don maye gurbin daular daular a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 1918, kwanaki biyu kafin ranar Armistice.Ba da daɗewa ba, Sarkin sarakuna Wilhelm na biyu ya gudu daga ƙasar ya yi murabus.Masu juyin-juya-hali, wadanda suka samu kwarin guiwa daga ra'ayin 'yanci da gurguzu, ba su mika mulki ga majalisun irin na Soviet kamar yadda 'yan Bolshevik suka yi a Rasha ba, saboda shugabancin jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party of Jamus (SPD) na adawa da halittarsu.A maimakon haka, SPD ta zabi kafa majalisar dokokin kasar da za ta kafa tsarin tsarin gwamnati na majalisar dokoki.Tsoron barkewar yakin basasa a Jamus tsakanin ma'aikata masu fafutuka da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, SPD ba ta yi shirin kwace tsofaffin manyan jami'an Jamus gaba daya daga ikonsu da kuma gatansu ba.Maimakon haka, ta nemi shigar da su cikin lumana cikin sabon tsarin dimokuradiyya na zamantakewa.A cikin wannan yunƙurin, 'yan adawar SPD sun nemi ƙawance tare da Babban Dokar Jamus.Wannan ya ba da damar sojoji da Freikorps ('yan tawayen 'yan kishin kasa) suyi aiki tare da isasshen ikon cin gashin kansu don murkushe yunkurin 'yan gurguzu na Spartacist na 4-15 ga Janairu 1919 da karfi.Haka kawancen dakarun siyasa ya yi nasarar murkushe zanga-zangar da 'yan adawa suka yi a wasu sassan Jamus, inda aka samu zaman lafiya a kasar gaba daya a karshen shekara ta 1919.An gudanar da zaɓe na farko na sabuwar Majalisar Dokokin ƙasar Jamus (wanda aka fi sani da Majalisar Ƙasa ta Weimar) a ranar 19 ga Janairun 1919, kuma juyin juya halin ya ƙare sosai a ranar 11 ga Agusta 1919, lokacin da aka amince da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Jamus (Tsarin Mulki na Weimar).
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Yarjejeniyar Versailles
Shugabannin kasashe "Big Four" a taron zaman lafiya na Paris, 27 Mayu 1919. Daga hagu zuwa dama: David Lloyd George, Vittorio Orlando, Georges Clemenceau, da Woodrow Wilson ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1919 Jun 28

Yarjejeniyar Versailles

Hall of Mirrors, Place d'Armes
Yarjejeniyar Versailles ita ce mafi mahimmanci a cikin yarjejeniyoyin zaman lafiya na yakin duniya na daya. Ta kawo karshen yakin da ake yi tsakanin Jamus da kasashen kawance.An sanya hannu a kan 28 Yuni 1919 a fadar Versailles, daidai shekaru biyar bayan kisan gillar Archduke Franz Ferdinand, wanda ya kai ga yakin.Sauran manyan kasashen tsakiya a bangaren Jamus sun rattaba hannu kan wasu yarjejeniyoyin daban.Ko da yake runduna ta 11 ga Nuwamba 1918 ta kawo karshen yakin da aka yi, an dauki watanni shida na tattaunawar Allied a taron zaman lafiya na Paris don kammala yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya.Sakatariyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi rajistar yarjejeniyar a ranar 21 ga Oktoba 1919.Daga cikin dimbin tanade-tanaden da aka yi a cikin yarjejeniyar, daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka haifar da cece-kuce shi ne: “Gwamnatocin kawance da hadin gwiwa sun tabbatar da cewa Jamus ta amince da alhakin Jamus da kawayenta na haddasa duk wata asara da barnar da gwamnatocin kasashen kawance da na kasashen ke yi da su. 'yan kasar sun fuskanci sakamakon yakin da Jamus da kawayenta suka yi musu."Sauran mambobi na Babban Hukumomin Tsakiya sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin da ke kunshe da irin wannan labarin.Wannan labarin, Mataki na ashirin da 231, ya zama sananne a matsayin jumlar Laifin Yaki.Yarjejeniyar ta bukaci Jamus ta kwance damara, ta ba da damammaki na yanki, da kuma biyan diyya ga wasu ƙasashen da suka kafa ikon Entente.A cikin 1921 an ƙididdige jimlar kuɗin waɗannan ramuwa a alamomin zinare biliyan 132 (sannan kuma dala biliyan 31.4, kwatankwacin dalar Amurka biliyan 442 a 2022).Saboda yadda aka tsara yarjejeniyar, Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin sun yi niyya cewa Jamus za ta biya darajar maki biliyan 50 kawai.Sakamakon wadannan manufofi masu gasa da wasu lokuta masu karo da juna a tsakanin wadanda suka yi nasara ya kasance sulhu ne wanda ya sa babu wanda ya gamsu.Musamman ma, Jamus ba ta kasance mai zaman lafiya ko sulhu ba, kuma ba ta raunana ba har abada.Matsalolin da suka taso daga yarjejeniyar za su haifar da yarjejeniyar Locarno, wadda ta inganta dangantakar da ke tsakanin Jamus da sauran kasashen Turai, da kuma sake yin shawarwari kan tsarin biyan kuɗi wanda ya haifar da Shirin Dawes, Shirin Matasa, da kuma jinkirta dagewar diyya. a taron Lausanne na shekara ta 1932. A wasu lokuta ana ambaton yarjejeniyar a matsayin dalilin yakin duniya na biyu: ko da yake hakikanin tasirinta bai kai yadda ake tsoro ba, amma sharuddansa sun haifar da bacin rai a Jamus wanda ya haifar da tashin gwauron zabi na jam'iyyar Nazi.
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Babban Damuwa da Rikicin Siyasa
Sojojin Jamus na ciyar da matalauta a Berlin, 1931 ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1929 Jan 1 - 1933

Babban Damuwa da Rikicin Siyasa

Germany
Crash Wall Street na 1929 ya nuna farkon Babban Balaguro na Duniya, wanda ya afkawa Jamus kamar kowace ƙasa.A cikin Yuli 1931, Darmstätter und Nationalbank - daya daga cikin manyan bankunan Jamus - ya kasa.A farkon 1932, adadin marasa aikin yi ya ƙaru zuwa fiye da 6,000,000.A saman tattalin arzikin da ke durkushewa ya zo da rikicin siyasa: jam'iyyun siyasa da ke wakiltar Reichstag ba su iya gina rinjaye masu mulki ba a fuskar tsattsauran ra'ayi daga hannun dama (Nazis, NSDAP).A cikin Maris 1930, Shugaba Hindenburg ya nada Heinrich Brüning Chancellor, yana kira da labarin 48 na kundin tsarin mulkin Weimar, wanda ya ba shi damar yin watsi da majalisar.Don tura ta cikin kunshin matakan tsuke bakin aljihunsa a kan yawancin 'yan Social Democrats, Communists da NSDAP (Nazis), Brüning ya yi amfani da dokokin gaggawa kuma ya rushe majalisar.A watan Maris da Afrilu 1932, Hindenburg aka sake zabar a Jamus zaben shugaban kasa na 1932.Jam'iyyar Nazi ita ce jam'iyya mafi girma a zabukan kasa na 1932. A ranar 31 ga Yuli 1932 ta sami kashi 37.3% na kuri'un, kuma a zaben da aka yi a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 1932 ta sami ƙasa kaɗan, amma har yanzu mafi girman kaso, 33.1%, wanda ya sa ta zama mafi girma. babbar jam'iyyar a cikin Reichstag.KPD na Kwaminisanci ya zo na uku, da kashi 15%.A tare, jam’iyyun da ke adawa da dimokuradiyya na dama sun sami damar rike kaso mai tsoka na kujeru a Majalisar, amma sun kasance a gaban takobi tare da bangaren hagu na siyasa, suna yakar ta a kan tituna.Nazis sun yi nasara musamman a tsakanin Furotesta, tsakanin matasa masu jefa ƙuri'a marasa aikin yi, a cikin ƙananan matsakaici a cikin birane da kuma tsakanin mazauna karkara.Ya fi rauni a yankunan Katolika da kuma a manyan birane.A ranar 30 ga Janairun 1933, tsohon shugaban gwamnati Franz von Papen da sauran masu ra'ayin mazan jiya suka matsa masa lamba, Shugaba Hindenburg ya nada Hitler a matsayin Chancellor.
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1933 - 1945
Nazi Jamusornament
Rikici na uku
Adolf Hitler ya zama shugaban kasar Jamus, tare da lakabin Führer und Reichskanzler, a 1934. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1933 Jan 30 - 1945 May

Rikici na uku

Germany
Nazi Jamus ita ce ƙasar Jamus tsakanin 1933 zuwa 1945, lokacin da Adolf Hitler da Jam'iyyar Nazi suka mamaye ƙasar, suka mayar da ita mulkin kama-karya.Karkashin mulkin Hitler, nan da nan Jamus ta zama kasa mai kama-karya inda kusan dukkanin al'amuran rayuwa ke hannun gwamnati.Reich na Uku, ma'ana "Daular Uku" ko "Daular Uku" ta yi ishara da da'awar Nazi cewa Nazi Jamus ita ce magaji ga Daular Roma Mai Tsarki ta farko (800-1806) da Daular Jamus (1871-1918).A ranar 30 ga Janairun 1933, shugaban kasar Weimar, Paul von Hindenburg, ya nada Hitler a matsayin shugaban gwamnatin Jamus, shugaban gwamnati.A ranar 23 ga Maris 1933, an kafa dokar ba da izini don baiwa gwamnatin Hitler ikon yin da aiwatar da dokoki ba tare da sa hannun Reichstag ko shugaban ƙasa ba.Daga nan ne Jam’iyyar Nazi ta fara kawar da duk wata hamayya ta siyasa da kuma karfafa ikonta.Hindenburg ya mutu a ranar 2 ga Agusta 1934, kuma Hitler ya zama kama-karya na Jamus ta hanyar hada ofisoshi da ikon gwamnati da shugaban kasa.Kuri'ar raba gardama ta kasa da aka gudanar a ranar 19 ga Agustan 1934 ta tabbatar da Hitler a matsayin Führer (shugaban) na Jamus.Dukkan iko ya kasance a tsakiya a cikin mutumin Hitler kuma kalmarsa ta zama doka mafi girma.Gwamnati ba ƙungiya ce mai haɗin kai ba, mai haɗin kai, amma tarin ƙungiyoyin da ke gwagwarmayar neman mulki da yardar Hitler.A tsakiyar babban mawuyacin hali, Nazis sun dawo da kwanciyar hankali na tattalin arziki kuma sun kawo karshen rashin aikin yi ta hanyar amfani da kashe kudi mai yawa na soja da tattalin arziki mai gauraye.Yin amfani da gibin kashe kudi, gwamnatin ta aiwatar da wani babban shiri na sake dawo da makamai a asirce, tare da kafa Wehrmacht (dakaru masu dauke da makamai), tare da gina manyan ayyukan jama'a, gami da Autobahnen (hanyoyin mota).Komawar tattalin arzikin kasar ya kara wa gwamnatin farin jini.Wariyar launin fata, Nazi eugenics, musamman anti-Semitism, su ne manyan sifofin akida na tsarin mulki.Jama'ar Jamus 'yan Nazi sun ɗauki al'ummar Jamus a matsayin ƙwararrun tseren, reshe mafi tsafta na jinsin Aryan.An fara nuna wariya da tsananta wa Yahudawa da mutanen Romawa da gaske bayan kwace mulki.An kafa sansani na farko a watan Maris na shekara ta 1933. Yahudawa, masu sassaucin ra'ayi, masu ra'ayin gurguzu, 'yan gurguzu, da sauran 'yan adawa na siyasa da waɗanda ba a so, an ɗaure su, ko kuma aka kashe su.An zalunta majami'un Kirista da ƴan ƙasar da suka yi adawa da mulkin Hitler kuma an daure shugabanni da yawa a kurkuku.Ilimi ya mayar da hankali kan ilimin halittar launin fata, manufofin yawan jama'a, da dacewa da aikin soja.An takaita sana'o'i da ilimi ga mata.An shirya nishadi da yawon buɗe ido ta hanyar shirin Ƙarfi Ta hanyar Farin Ciki, kuma wasannin Olympics na bazara na 1936 sun nuna Jamus a matakin kasa da kasa.Ministan farfaganda Joseph Goebbels ya yi amfani da fim yadda ya kamata, da gangamin jama'a, da kuma maganganun da ake yi wa Hitler don yin tasiri ga ra'ayin jama'a.Gwamnati tana sarrafa maganganun fasaha, haɓaka takamaiman nau'ikan fasaha da hana wasu ko hana wasu.
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Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu
Operation Barbarossa ©Anonymous
1939 Sep 1 - 1945 May 8

Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu

Germany
Da farko Jamus ta yi nasara sosai a ayyukan soji.A cikin ƙasa da watanni uku (Afrilu – Yuni 1940), Jamus ta ci Denmark, Norway, Ƙasashe Ƙasashe , da Faransa .Kashin da aka yi wa Faransa ba zato ba tsammani ya haifar da haɓakar farin jinin Hitler da kuma zazzaɓin yaƙi.Hitler ya yi zaman lafiya ga sabon shugaban Birtaniya Winston Churchill a watan Yulin 1940, amma Churchill ya kasance mai karewa a cikin rashin amincewarsa.Churchill yana da babban taimakon kudi, soja, da diflomasiyya daga Shugaba Franklin D. Roosevelt a yakin Amurka na harin bam da Hitler ya yi wa Biritaniya (Satumba 1940 – Mayu 1941) ya kasa.Sojojin Jamus sun mamaye Tarayyar Soviet a cikin watan Yunin 1941 - bayan makonni da aka tsara saboda mamayewar Yugoslavia - amma sun ci gaba har sai da suka isa kofar Moscow.Hitler ya tara sojoji fiye da 4,000,000, ciki har da 1,000,000 daga abokansa Axis.Sojojin Soviet sun yi asarar kusan 3,000,000 da aka kashe a wani mataki, yayin da aka kama sojojin Soviet 3,500,000 a cikin watanni shida na farkon yakin.Ruwan ruwa ya fara juyawa ne a cikin watan Disambar 1941, lokacin da mamayar Tarayyar Soviet ta yi tsayin daka a yakin Moscow kuma Hitler ya shelanta yaki a kan Amurka bayan harin daJapan ta kai na Pearl Harbor.Bayan mika wuya a Arewacin Afirka da kuma rasa yakin Stalingrad a 1942-43, an tilasta wa Jamus shiga cikin tsaro.A ƙarshen 1944, Amurka, Kanada , Faransa, da Burtaniya sun rufe Jamus a Yamma, yayin da Soviets suka ci gaba da nasara a Gabas.A cikin 1944-45, sojojin Soviet gaba daya ko wani bangare sun 'yantar da Romania , Bulgaria , Hungary , Yugoslavia, Poland , Czechoslovakia, Austria, Denmark, da Norway.Jamus ta Nazi ta ruguje a lokacin da dakarun Red Army na Tarayyar Soviet suka kwace birnin Berlin a fafatawar da suka yi da kisa a kan titunan birnin.Sojojin Soviet 2,000,000 ne suka shiga cikin harin, kuma sun fuskanci sojojin Jamus 750,000.78,000-305,000 Soviets aka kashe, yayin da 325,000 farar hula da sojojin Jamus. Hitler ya kashe kansa a ranar 30 ga Afrilu 1945. An sanya hannu kan Ƙarshen Ƙaƙwalwar Jamusanci a ranar 8 ga Mayu 1945.
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Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu Jamus
Agusta 1948, yaran Jamus da aka kora daga yankunan gabacin Jamus da Poland ta karɓe sun isa Jamus ta Yamma. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1945 Jan 1 - 1990 Jan

Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu Jamus

Germany
Sakamakon fatattakar 'yan Nazi a Jamus a shekarar 1945 da kuma farkon yakin cacar baka a shekarar 1947, yankin kasar ya ragu ya kuma raba tsakanin kasashen duniya biyu na gabashi da yamma, lokacin da ake kira raba Jamus.Miliyoyin 'yan gudun hijira daga Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai sun ƙaura zuwa yamma, yawancinsu zuwa Jamus ta Yamma.Kasashe biyu sun bayyana: Jamus ta yamma dimokuradiyya ce ta majalisar dokoki, memba ce ta NATO, memba ce ta kafa abin da tun ya zama Tarayyar Turai a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan kasashe mafi karfin tattalin arziki a duniya kuma karkashin ikon sojojin kawance har zuwa 1955, yayin da Jamus ta Gabas ta kasance mulkin kama-karya na gurguzu mai kama-karya da ke karkashin ikonsa. Tarayyar Soviet a matsayin tauraron dan adam na Moscow.Da rugujewar gurguzu a Turai a shekarar 1989, an sake haduwa kan sharuɗɗan Jamus ta Yamma.Kimanin Jamusawa miliyan 6.7 da ke zaune a Poland "masu canza yamma", galibi a cikin ƙasashen Jamus da suka gabata, kuma miliyan 3 a yankunan da Jamus ta kafa na Czechoslovakia an kora daga yamma.Adadin mutanen da suka mutu a yakin Jamus ya kasance kashi 8% zuwa 10% na yawan mutanen da aka kashe kafin yakin na 69,000,000, ko kuma tsakanin mutane miliyan 5.5 da miliyan 7.Wannan ya hada da miliyan 4.5 a cikin sojoji, da kuma tsakanin fararen hula miliyan 1 zuwa 2.An samu rudani yayin da ma'aikatan kasashen waje miliyan 11 da POW suka fice, yayin da sojoji suka koma gida sannan sama da miliyan 14 'yan gudun hijirar da ke magana da Jamusanci daga lardunan gabas da Gabashin Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai aka kori daga kasarsu ta haihuwa suka zo yammacin Jamus. filaye, sau da yawa baƙon gare su.A lokacin yakin cacar baka, gwamnatin Jamus ta Yamma ta yi kiyasin mutuwar fararen hula miliyan 2 da dubu 200, sakamakon gudu da korar da Jamusawa suka yi da kuma aikin tilastawa a Tarayyar Soviet.Wannan adadi ya kasance ba a kalubalanci ba har zuwa shekarun 1990, lokacin da wasu masana tarihi suka ce adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 500,000-600,000 da aka tabbatar sun mutu.A cikin 2006, gwamnatin Jamus ta sake tabbatar da matsayinta cewa mutane miliyan 2.0-2.5 sun mutu.Denazation cire, ɗaure, ko kisa da akasarin manyan jami'an tsohuwar gwamnatin, amma mafi yawan matsakaita da ƙananan jami'an farar hula ba su da wani tasiri sosai.Dangane da yarjejeniyar da aka yi a taron Yalta, an yi amfani da miliyoyin POWs a matsayin aikin tilastawa ta Tarayyar Soviet da sauran ƙasashen Turai.A cikin 1945-46 gidaje da yanayin abinci sun kasance marasa kyau, yayin da rushewar sufuri, kasuwanni, da kuma kudade suka jinkirta komawa ga al'ada.A Yamma, tashin bama-bamai ya lalata kashi na hudu na rukunin gidaje, kuma sama da 'yan gudun hijira miliyan 10 daga gabas sun yi cunkuso a ciki, galibi suna zaune a sansanonin.Samar da abinci a cikin 1946-48 ya kasance kashi biyu bisa uku na matakin farko, yayin da jigilar hatsi da nama - wanda yawanci ke ba da kashi 25% na abincin - ba ya zuwa daga Gabas.Bugu da ƙari kuma, ƙarshen yaƙin ya kawo ƙarshen jigilar abinci da yawa da aka ƙwace daga ƙasashen da suka mamaye da suka ci Jamus a lokacin yaƙin.Samar da kwal ya ragu da kashi 60%, wanda ke da mummunan tasiri akan hanyoyin jiragen kasa, masana'antu masu nauyi, da dumama.Samar da masana'antu ya faɗi fiye da rabi kuma ya kai matakan prewar kawai a ƙarshen 1949.Amurka ta aika abinci a 1945-47 kuma ta ba da lamuni dala miliyan 600 a 1947 don sake gina masana'antar Jamus.A watan Mayun 1946 an kawo karshen kawar da injuna, godiyar da sojojin Amurka suka yi.A karshe gwamnatin Truman ta gane cewa farfadowar tattalin arziki a Turai ba zai iya ci gaba ba tare da sake gina ginin masana'antu na Jamus wanda a baya ya dogara da shi.Washington ta yanke shawarar cewa "tsare-tsare, Turai mai wadata yana buƙatar gudunmawar tattalin arziki na tsayayyiyar Jamus mai albarka".
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1948 Jun 24 - 1949 May 12

Blockade na Berlin

Berlin, Germany
Toshewar Berlin (24 ga Yuni 1948 - 12 Mayu 1949) ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan rikice-rikicen duniya na farko na Yaƙin Cacar .A lokacin mamayar da ƙasashen duniya suka yi bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu na Jamus, Tarayyar Soviet ta toshe hanyar jirgin ƙasa na ƙasashen yamma, hanya, da magudanar ruwa zuwa sassan Berlin ƙarƙashin ikon yammacin Turai.Soviets sun yi tayin janye katangar idan kasashen yammacin Turai sun janye sabon Deutsche Mark daga yammacin Berlin.Kasashen yammacin Turai sun shirya jirgin saman Berlin daga ranar 26 ga watan Yunin 1948 zuwa ranar 30 ga watan Satumban 1949 don jigilar kayayyaki ga mutanen yammacin Berlin, wani abu mai wahala idan aka yi la'akari da girman birnin da yawan jama'a.Sojojin saman Amurka da na Biritaniya sun yi shawagi a kan birnin Berlin fiye da sau 250,000, inda suke zubar da bukatu kamar man fetur da abinci, tare da ainihin shirin daukar nauyin tan 3,475 na kayayyaki a kullum.A lokacin bazara na 1949, yawan adadin yana haɗuwa sau biyu, tare da mafi girman isarwa yau da kullun ya kai tan 12,941.Daga cikin wadannan, jiragen da ke zubar da alewa da ake yi wa lakabi da "masu harin zabibi" sun haifar da kyakkyawar fata a tsakanin yaran Jamus.Tun da farko ya kammala cewa babu wata hanyar da jirgin sama zai iya aiki, Soviets sun sami nasarar ci gaba da ci gaba da jin kunya.A ranar 12 ga Mayun 1949, Tarayyar Soviet ta dage shingen da aka yi a yammacin Berlin, saboda al'amuran tattalin arziki a gabashin Berlin, ko da yake na wani lokaci Amurkawa da Birtaniya sun ci gaba da samar da birnin ta jirgin sama yayin da suke cikin damuwa cewa Soviets za su dawo da shingen kuma sun kasance. kawai ƙoƙarin tarwatsa layukan samar da kayayyaki na yamma.Jirgin saman Berlin ya ƙare a hukumance a ranar 30 ga Satumba 1949 bayan watanni goma sha biyar.Sojojin saman Amurka sun isar da tan 1,783,573 (76.4% na duka) da RAF 541,937 ton (23.3% na jimlar), 1] jimlar tan 2,334,374, kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na gawayi, akan jiragen 278,228 zuwa Berlin.Bugu da kari ma'aikatan jirgin sama na Canada, Ostireliya, New Zealand da Afirka ta Kudu sun taimaka wa RAF a lokacin da aka killace.Jiragen saman Amurka C-47 da C-54, tare, sun yi shawagi sama da mil 92,000,000 (kilomita 148,000,000) a cikin wannan tsari, kusan nisa daga Duniya zuwa Rana.Jirgin Burtaniya, gami da Handley Page Haltons da Short Sunderlands, suma sun tashi.A tsayin Jirgin Airlift, jirgi daya ya isa Berlin ta Yamma a kowane dakika talatin.Toshewar Berlin ta yi aiki don haskaka gasa akida da hangen nesa na tattalin arziki na Turai bayan yakin.Ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita yammacin Berlin tare da Amurka a matsayin babbar ikon kariya,] da kuma jawo Jamus ta Yamma zuwa cikin kewayar NATO shekaru da yawa daga baya a cikin 1955.
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Gabashin Jamus
Kafin katangar Berlin, 1961. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1949 Jan 1 - 1990

Gabashin Jamus

Berlin, Germany
A 1949, yammacin rabin Soviet zone ya zama "Deutsche Demokratische Republik" - "DDR", karkashin iko da Socialist Unity Party.Babu wata kasa da ke da wani gagarumin sojoji har zuwa shekarun 1950, amma Jamus ta Gabas ta gina Stasi a matsayin 'yan sandan sirri mai karfi da ke kutsawa kowane bangare na al'ummarta.Gabashin Jamus ƙasa ce ta gabas da ke ƙarƙashin ikon siyasa da soja na Tarayyar Soviet ta hannun sojojin mamaya da kuma yarjejeniyar Warsaw.Manyan membobin jam'iyyar Socialist Unity Party (SED) da ke karkashin ikon gurguzu ne kawai suka aiwatar da ikon siyasa.An kafa tsarin tattalin arziki irin na Soviet;daga baya GDR ya zama jihar Comecon mafi ci gaba.Yayin da farfagandar Jamus ta Gabas ta dogara ne kan fa'idar shirye-shiryen zamantakewar GDR da kuma zargin barazanar mamaye yammacin Jamus, da yawa daga cikin 'yan kasarta na kallon kasashen yamma don samun 'yancin siyasa da wadatar tattalin arziki.An tsara tattalin arzikin a tsakiya kuma mallakar gwamnati.Farashin gidaje, kayan masarufi da ayyuka an ba su tallafi da yawa kuma masu tsara tsarin gwamnatin tsakiya sun tsara maimakon tashi da faɗuwa ta hanyar wadata da buƙata.Ko da yake GDR ya biya haraji mai yawa ga Soviets, ya zama tattalin arziki mafi nasara a Gabashin Bloc.Hijira zuwa Yamma babbar matsala ce domin da yawa daga cikin ƴan gudun hijirar matasa ne masu ilimi;irin wannan ƙaura ya raunana jihar ta fuskar tattalin arziki.A martanin da gwamnatin kasar ta mayar, ta karfafa iyakar Jamus da ke ciki tare da gina katangar Berlin a shekara ta 1961. Jami'an tsaron kan iyaka sun kashe mutane da dama da suka yi yunkurin guduwa daga hannun jami'an tsaro ko kuma tarko kamar nakiyoyi.Wadanda aka kama dai sun shafe tsawon lokaci a gidan yari saboda yunkurin tserewa.Walter Ulbricht (1893-1973) shi ne shugaban jam'iyyar daga 1950 zuwa 1971. A 1933, Ulbricht ya gudu zuwa Moscow, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin Comintern mai biyayya ga Stalin.Yayin da yakin duniya na biyu ya ƙare, Stalin ya ba shi aikin tsara tsarin Jamus na baya-bayan nan wanda zai daidaita dukkan iko a Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci.Ulbricht ya zama mataimakin firaminista a 1949 kuma sakatare (babban zartarwa) na jam'iyyar Socialist Unity (Communist) a 1950. Ulbricht ya yi asarar mulki a shekara ta 1971, amma ya ci gaba da zama shugaban kasa maras tushe.An maye gurbinsa ne saboda ya kasa magance rikice-rikicen kasa da kasa, kamar tabarbarewar tattalin arziki a 1969-70, tsoron wani tashin hankalin jama'a kamar yadda ya faru a 1953, da rashin jin daɗi tsakanin Moscow da Berlin sakamakon manufofin Ulbricht na détente ga yamma.Sauyin sheka zuwa ga Erich Honecker (Babban Sakatare daga 1971 zuwa 1989) ya haifar da sauyi a alkiblar manufofin kasa da kokarin da hukumar siyasa ta yi na mai da hankali kan korafe-korafen ‘yan ta’adda.Shirye-shiryen Honecker ba su yi nasara ba, duk da haka, tare da karuwar rashin amincewa a tsakanin al'ummar Jamus ta Gabas.A shekarar 1989, gwamnatin gurguzu ta ruguje bayan shekaru 40, duk da cewa tana da ‘yan sandan sirri a ko’ina, wato Stasi.Babban dalilan rugujewarta sun hada da matsananciyar matsalolin tattalin arziki da karuwar hijira zuwa kasashen yamma.
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Jamus ta Yamma (Jamhuriyar Bonn)
Volkswagen Beetle - na shekaru da yawa mota mafi nasara a duniya - a kan taron layin a Wolfsburg factory, 1973 ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1949 Jan 1 - 1990

Jamus ta Yamma (Jamhuriyar Bonn)

Bonn, Germany
A cikin 1949, an haɗa yankuna uku na yamma (Amurka, Burtaniya, da Faransanci) zuwa cikin Tarayyar Jamus (FRG, Jamus ta Yamma).An kafa gwamnatin ne a karkashin Chancellor Konrad Adenauer da kuma jam'iyyarsa ta CDU/CSU masu ra'ayin mazan jiya.Jam'iyyar CDU/CSU ce ke rike da madafun iko a mafi yawan lokutan tun daga 1949. Babban birnin kasar shi ne Bonn har zuwa lokacin da aka koma Berlin a shekarar 1990. A shekarar 1990, FRG ta mamaye Jamus ta Gabas tare da samun cikakken ikon mallakar Berlin.A kowane hali, Jamus ta yamma ta fi Jamus ta Gabas girma da arziƙi, wadda ta zama mulkin kama-karya a ƙarƙashin ikon Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci kuma Moscow ta sanya ido sosai.Jamus, musamman Berlin, ta kasance matattarar yakin cacar baka , tare da NATO da yerjejeniyar Warsaw sun hada manyan sojojin soji a yamma da gabas.Duk da haka, babu wani yaƙi.Jamus ta Yamma ta ji daɗin ci gaban tattalin arziki mai tsawo tun farkon shekarun 1950 (Wirtschaftswunder ko "Miracle Tattalin Arziki").Samar da masana'antu ya ninka daga shekarar 1950 zuwa 1957, kuma jimillar kayayyakin da ake samarwa a kasar ya karu da kashi 9 ko 10% a kowace shekara, wanda ke samar da injin bunkasar tattalin arzikin kasashen yammacin Turai baki daya.Kungiyoyin Kwadago sun goyi bayan sabbin manufofin tare da jinkirin karin albashi, rage yajin aiki, goyon bayan sabunta fasaha, da manufar hadin gwiwa (Mitbestimmung), wacce ta kunshi tsarin warware korafe-korafe masu gamsarwa tare da neman wakilcin ma’aikata a kwamitocin manyan kamfanoni. .An inganta farfadowar ta hanyar sake fasalin kudin watan Yuni 1948, kyautar dalar Amurka biliyan 1.4 a matsayin wani bangare na Shirin Marshall, rushe tsoffin shingen kasuwanci da al'adun gargajiya, da bude kasuwar duniya.Jamus ta yamma ta sami haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin da Jamus ta samu a Jamus.Jamus ta yamma ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da haɗin gwiwar Turai;Ta shiga NATO a shekara ta 1955 kuma ta kasance memba na kungiyar tattalin arzikin Turai a 1958.
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1990 Oct 3

Haɗuwar Jamus

Germany
Gwamnatin Jamus ta Gabas (GDR) ta fara tangal-tangal a ranar 2 ga Mayu 1989, lokacin da cire shingen kan iyaka da Hungary da Ostiriya ya bude wani rami a cikin Labulen Karfe.Har yanzu ana tsaron kan iyakar, amma firicin na Pan-Turai da rashin yanke hukunci na masu mulkin yankin Gabas sun kafa wani yunkuri na lumana da ba za a iya jurewa ba.Ya ba da damar gudun hijirar dubban Jamusawan Gabashin ƙasarsu daga ƙasarsu zuwa Jamus ta Yamma ta Hungary.Juyin juya halin zaman lafiya, jerin zanga-zangar da al'ummar Jamus ta Gabas suka yi, ya kai ga gudanar da zaɓe na farko cikin 'yanci na GDR a ranar 18 ga Maris 1990 da kuma shawarwarin da aka yi tsakanin ƙasashen biyu Jamus ta Yamma da Jamus ta Gabas wadda ta kai ga cimma yarjejeniyar haɗin kai.A ranar 3 ga Oktoba, 1990, Jamhuriyar Demokaradiyyar Jamus ta wargaje, an sake kirkiro jihohi biyar (Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt da Thuringia) kuma sabbin jihohin sun zama wani yanki na Tarayyar Jamus, lamarin da aka fi sani da Haɗuwa da Jamusanci.A Jamus ana kiran ƙarshen tsarin haɗin kai tsakanin ƙasashen biyu a hukumance da haɗin kan Jamus (Deutsche Einheit).Gabas da yammacin Berlin sun kasance birni guda ɗaya kuma daga ƙarshe ya zama babban birnin tarayyar Jamus.
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Stagnation a cikin 1990s
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1990 Nov 1 - 2010

Stagnation a cikin 1990s

Germany
Jamus ta zuba jari sama da tiriliyan biyu wajen gyara tsohuwar Jamus ta Gabas, tare da taimaka mata wajen rikidewa zuwa tattalin arziƙin kasuwa da tsaftace gurɓacewar muhalli.Ya zuwa shekarar 2011, sakamakon ya cakude, tare da tafiyar hawainiyar ci gaban tattalin arziki a gabas, sabanin saurin bunkasuwar tattalin arzikin da ake samu a yammaci da kudancin Jamus.Rashin aikin yi ya fi girma a Gabas, sau da yawa fiye da 15%.Masana tattalin arziki Snower da Merkl (2006) sun ba da shawarar cewa cutar ta daɗe ta hanyar duk taimakon zamantakewa da tattalin arziki daga gwamnatin Jamus, suna nuna musamman ga yin ciniki ta hanyar wakilai, yawan fa'idodin rashin aikin yi da haƙƙin jin daɗi, da tanadin tsaro na ayyukan yi mai karimci.Mu'ujiza ta tattalin arziki ta Jamus ta fara fitowa a cikin 1990s, ta yadda a ƙarshen karni da farkon 2000s an yi masa ba'a a matsayin "mara lafiya na Turai."Ta fuskanci koma bayan tattalin arziki na dan lokaci a shekara ta 2003. Yawan ci gaban tattalin arzikin ya ragu da kashi 1.2% a duk shekara daga 1988 zuwa 2005. Rashin aikin yi, musamman a gundumomin gabas, ya kasance mai taurin kai duk da kashe kudi mai yawa.Ya tashi daga kashi 9.2% a shekarar 1998 zuwa kashi 11.1 cikin 100 a shekarar 2009. Babban koma bayan tattalin arziki na duniya na 2008-2010 ya kara tsananta yanayi a takaice, saboda an samu raguwar GDP.Duk da haka rashin aikin yi bai tashi ba, kuma farfadowa ya yi sauri fiye da kusan ko'ina.Tsofaffin cibiyoyin masana'antu na Rhineland da Arewacin Jamus ma sun ragu, yayin da masana'antar kwal da karafa suka dushe cikin mahimmanci.
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Tadawa
Angela Merkel, 2008 ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
2010 Jan 1

Tadawa

Germany
Manufofin tattalin arziki sun fi karkata zuwa kasuwannin duniya, kuma bangaren fitar da kayayyaki ya ci gaba da yin karfi sosai.An jawo wadata tare da fitar da kayayyaki da suka kai dalar Amurka tiriliyan 1.7 a shekarar 2011, ko rabin GDP na Jamus, ko kusan kashi 8% na duk abubuwan da ake fitarwa a duniya.Yayin da sauran al'ummar Turai ke kokawa da batutuwan kudi, Jamus ta ɗauki matsayin mai ra'ayin mazan jiya bisa ƙaƙƙarfan tattalin arziƙin bayan shekara ta 2010. Kasuwar ƙwadago ta kasance mai sassauƙa, kuma masana'antun fitar da kayayyaki sun dace da buƙatun duniya.
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Appendices



APPENDIX 1

Germany's Geographic Challenge


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APPENDIX 2

Geopolitics of Germany


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APPENDIX 3

Germany’s Catastrophic Russia Problem


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Characters



Chlothar I

Chlothar I

King of the Franks

Arminius

Arminius

Germanic Chieftain

Angela Merkel

Angela Merkel

Chancellor of Germany

Paul von Hindenburg

Paul von Hindenburg

President of Germany

Martin Luther

Martin Luther

Theologian

Otto von Bismarck

Otto von Bismarck

Chancellor of the German Empire

Immanuel Kant

Immanuel Kant

Philosopher

Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler

Führer of Germany

Wilhelm II

Wilhelm II

Last German Emperor

Bertolt Brecht

Bertolt Brecht

Playwright

Karl Marx

Karl Marx

Philosopher

Otto I

Otto I

Duke of Bavaria

Frederick Barbarossa

Frederick Barbarossa

Holy Roman Emperor

Helmuth von Moltke the Elder

Helmuth von Moltke the Elder

German Field Marshal

Otto the Great

Otto the Great

East Frankish king

Friedrich Engels

Friedrich Engels

Philosopher

Maximilian I

Maximilian I

Holy Roman Emperor

Charlemagne

Charlemagne

King of the Franks

Philipp Scheidemann

Philipp Scheidemann

Minister President of Germany

Konrad Adenauer

Konrad Adenauer

Chancellor of Germany

Joseph Haydn

Joseph Haydn

Composer

Frederick William

Frederick William

Elector of Brandenburg

Louis the German

Louis the German

First King of East Francia

Walter Ulbricht

Walter Ulbricht

First Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany

Matthias

Matthias

Holy Roman Emperor

Thomas Mann

Thomas Mann

Novelist

Lothair III

Lothair III

Holy Roman Emperor

Frederick the Great

Frederick the Great

King in Prussia

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