Sasanian Empire

Kusan 208 Vologases VI ya gaji mahaifinsa Vologases V a matsayin sarkin Daular Arsacid.Ya yi sarauta a matsayin sarkin da ba a yi takara ba daga shekara ta 208 zuwa 213, amma daga baya ya fada cikin gwagwarmayar daular da dan uwansa Artabanus IV, wanda a shekara ta 216 ke rike da mafi yawan daular, har ma daular Roma ta amince da shi a matsayin babban sarki.Iyalin Sasaniya sun yi fice cikin sauri a cikin ƙasarsu ta Pars, kuma yanzu a ƙarƙashin yarima Ardashir I sun fara cin nasara kan yankuna makwabta da wasu yankuna masu nisa, kamar Kirman.Da farko dai ayyukan Ardashir na 1 bai firgita Artabanus na IV ba, sai daga baya Sarkin Arsacid ya zabi ya tunkari shi.Yakin Hormozdgan shi ne yakin karshe tsakanin daular Arsacid da Sasania wanda ya gudana a ranar 28 ga Afrilu, 224. Nasarar Sasaniya ta karya karfin daular Parthia , wanda ya kawo karshen kusan karni biyar na mulkin Parthia a Iran , tare da nuna alamar hukuma a hukumance. farkon zamanin Sasaniya.Ardashir Na ɗauki lakabin shahanshah ("Sarkin Sarakuna") kuma na fara mamaye wani yanki da ake kira Iranshahr (Ērānshahr).Sojojin Ardashir na I sun kori Vologases VI daga Mesofotamiya jim kadan bayan shekara ta 228. Manyan iyalan Parthian (wanda aka fi sani da manyan gidaje bakwai na Iran) sun ci gaba da rike madafun iko a Iran, yanzu tare da Sasaniyawa a matsayin sabbin sarakunan su.Sojojin Sasaniya na farko (spah) sun kasance daidai da na Parthia.Lallai, yawancin sojojin dokin Sasaniya sun ƙunshi manyan sarakunan Parthia waɗanda suka taɓa yi wa Arsacids hidima.Wannan yana nuna cewa Sasaniyawa sun gina daularsu saboda goyon bayan sauran gidajen Parthia, kuma saboda haka ake kiranta "daular Farisa da Farisa".

A ƙarshen zamanin Parthia , wani nau'i na Zoroastrianism ba tare da shakka ba shine babban addini a ƙasashen Armeniya.Sassanids sun ci gaba da haɓaka nau'in Zurvanite na Zoroastrianism, galibi suna gina gidajen wuta a yankunan da aka kama don haɓaka addinin.A cikin tsawon shekaru aru-aru na suzerainty akan Caucasus, Sassanids sun yi ƙoƙari don inganta Zoroastrianism a can tare da nasarori masu yawa, kuma ya yi fice a cikin Caucasus na Kirista kafin (musamman Azerbaijan ta zamani).

Shapur I shine Sarkin Sasaniya na biyu na Sarakunan Iran .A lokacin mulkinsa, ya taimaki mahaifinsa tare da mamaye birnin Hatra na Larabawa da kuma lalata shi, wanda ya samu sauwaka faduwarsa, bisa ga al'adar Musulunci, ta hanyar ayyukan matarsa ​​al-Nadirah.Shapur kuma ya ƙarfafa da kuma faɗaɗa daular Ardashir I, ya yaƙi daular Rum, ya kuma kwace garuruwanta na Nisibis da Carrhae yayin da yake gaba har zuwa Siriya ta Roma.Ko da yake ya sha kaye a yakin Resaena a shekara ta 243 da Sarkin Roma Gordian III (r. 238–244), a shekara ta gaba ya iya cin nasarar Yaƙin Misiche kuma ya tilasta wa sabon Sarkin Roma Philip Balarabe (r. 244– 249) don sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya mai kyau wanda Romawa suka ɗauka a matsayin "yarjejeniya mafi kunya".Daga baya Shapur ya yi amfani da rigingimun siyasa a cikin Daular Roma ta hanyar yin balaguro na biyu a kansa a cikin 252/3–256, ya kori garuruwan Antakiya da Dura-Europos.A cikin 260, a lokacin yakinsa na uku, ya ci nasara kuma ya kama Sarkin Roma, Valerian.Shapur yana da tsare-tsaren ci gaba mai zurfi.Ya ba da umarnin gina gadar madatsar ruwa ta farko a Iran kuma ya kafa birane da yawa, wasu sun zauna a wani yanki na ƙaura daga yankunan Romawa, ciki har da Kiristoci waɗanda za su iya yin bangaskiya cikin 'yanci a ƙarƙashin mulkin Sassanid.Garuruwa biyu, Bishapur da Nishapur, ana kiran sunan sa.Ya fi son Manichaeism, yana kāre Mani (wanda ya keɓe ɗaya daga cikin littattafansa, Shabuhragan, gare shi) kuma ya aika da yawa daga cikin mishan na Manichaean ƙasashen waje.Ya kuma yi abota da wani malamin Babila mai suna Sama’ila.

Lardunan Gabas na daular Sasaniya ta ƙaru sun yi iyaka da ƙasar Kushans da ƙasar Sakas (kusan Turkmenistan na yau, Afghanistan da Pakistan ).Ayyukan soja na mahaifin Shapur Ardashir I ya jagoranci sarakunan Kushan da Saka na gida suna ba da haraji, kuma sun gamsu da wannan nuna biyayya, Ardashir ya daina mamaye yankunansu.Ba da daɗewa ba bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa a shekara ta 241 A.Z., Shapur ya ji bukatar ya rage yaƙin neman zaɓe da suka soma a ƙasar Roma ta Siriya, kuma ya sake tabbatar da ikon Sasaniya a Gabas, wataƙila domin sarakunan Kushan da Saka sun jajirce wajen bin matsayinsu na mulkin mallaka. .Duk da haka, da farko ya yi yaƙi da “Madiyawa na Duwatsu” - kamar yadda za mu gani a cikin tsaunin Gilan da ke gabar tekun Kasbiya - kuma bayan ya rinjaye su, ya naɗa ɗansa Bahram (Bahram na farko) ya zama sarkinsu. .Daga nan sai ya zarce zuwa Gabas ya mamaye mafi yawan kasar Kushan, sannan ya nada dansa Narseh a matsayin Sakanshah - Sarkin Sakas - a Sistan.A cikin 242 CE, Shapur ya ci Khwarezm.

Ardashir na da, a ƙarshen mulkinsa, ya sake sabunta yaƙi da Daular Roma, kuma Shapur I ya ci kagaran Mesofotamiya Nisibis da Carrhae kuma ya ci gaba zuwa Siriya.A shekara ta 242, Romawa a ƙarƙashin surukin ɗansu-Sarki Gordian III sun yi yaƙi da Sasaniyawa tare da "babbar runduna da zinariya mai yawa," (bisa ga taimakon dutsen Sasaniya) kuma suka yi sanyi a Antakiya, yayin da Shapur ya shagaltu da mamaye Gilan, Khorasan, da Sistan.Daga baya Romawa sun mamaye gabashin Mesopotamiya amma sun fuskanci turjiya mai tsanani daga Shapur I wanda ya dawo daga Gabas.Matashin sarki Gordian III ya je yakin Misiche kuma ko dai a kashe shi a yakin ko kuma Romawa sun kashe shi bayan cin nasara.Sai Romawa suka zaɓi Filibus Balarabe a matsayin sarki.Philip bai yarda ya maimaita kuskuren masu da'awar a baya ba, kuma yana sane da cewa dole ne ya koma Roma don tabbatar da matsayinsa a Majalisar Dattawa.Philip ya kammala zaman lafiya da Shapur I a cikin 244;ya yarda cewa Armeniya tana cikin yankin Farisa .Ya kuma biya diyya mai yawa ga Farisa dinari na zinariya 500,000.

Daga nan Shapur I ya sake cin Armeniya , kuma ya tunzura Anak na Parthia ya kashe Sarkin Armeniya, Khosrov II.Anak ya yi kamar yadda Shapur ya tambaya, kuma ya sa aka kashe Khosrov a cikin 258;Amma duk da haka ba da dadewa ba aka kashe shi kansa Anak da manyan Armaniyawa.Sai Shapur ya nada dansa Hormizd I a matsayin "Babban Sarkin Armeniya".Da Armeniya ta yi nasara, Jojiya ta mika wuya ga Daular Sasaniya kuma ta fada karkashin kulawar wani jami'in Sasaniya.Da Jojiya da Armeniya ke ƙarƙashin ikon, ta haka ne aka tsare iyakokin Sasaniyawa a arewa.

Shapur I yayi amfani da kutsawar Romawa zuwa Armeniya a matsayin hujja kuma ya sake ci gaba da rikici da Romawa.Sassanid sun kai hari ga rundunar Romawa mai ƙarfi 60,000 a Barbalissos kuma an lalata sojojin Roma.Nasarar da wannan babban runduna ta Roma ta yi ya sa Gabashin Romawa ya buɗe don kai hari kuma ya kai ga kama Antakiya da Dura Europos bayan shekaru uku.

A lokacin da Shapur ya mamaye kasar Siriya ya kwace muhimman garuruwan Romawa kamar Antakiya.Sarkin sarakuna Valerian (253-260) ya yi yaƙi da shi kuma a shekara ta 257 Valerian ya dawo da Antakiya kuma ya mayar da lardin Siriya ga ikon Romawa.Gudun ja da baya na sojojin Shapur ya sa Valerian ya bi Farisa zuwa Edessa.Valerian ya gana da babban sojojin Farisa, karkashin jagorancin Shapur I, tsakanin Carrhae da Edessa, tare da raka'a daga kusan kowane bangare na daular Roma, tare da abokan Jamus, kuma an yi nasara sosai tare da dukan sojojinsa.

A cikin 295 ko 296, Narseh ya shelanta yaƙi da Roma.Da alama ya fara mamaye yammacin Armeniya , inda ya kwato filayen da aka ba Sarkin Tiridates III na Armeniya a cikin kwanciyar hankali na 287. Narseh ya koma kudu zuwa Mesofotamiya ta Roma, inda ya yi wa Galerius, kwamandan sojojin Gabas, babbar nasara a lokacin. yankin tsakanin Carrhae (Harran, Turkiyya) da Callinicum (Raqqa, Siriya).Sai dai a shekara ta 298, Galerius ya ci Farisawa a yakin Satala a shekara ta 298, inda ya kori babban birnin kasar Ctesiphon, tare da kwace baitul mali da sarakunan gargajiya.Yaƙin ya biyo bayan yarjejeniyar Nisibis, mai fa'ida sosai ga Roma.Ya kawo karshen yakin Roman-Sasaniya;An mai da Tiridates kan kursiyinsa a Armeniya a matsayin ƙwararren ɗan ƙasar Roma, kuma an yarda cewa Masarautar Jojiya ta Iberia ita ma tana ƙarƙashin ikon Romawa.Roma kanta ta sami wani yanki na Upper Mesopotamiya wanda ya wuce har ma da Tigris - ciki har da biranen Tigranokert, Saird, Martyropolis, Balalesa, Moxos, Daudia, da Arzan.

Shapur II shine Sarkin Sasaniya na goma na Sarakunan Iran.Sarki mafi dadewa a tarihin Iran , ya yi sarauta tsawon shekaru 70, daga 309 zuwa 379.Mulkinsa ya ga sake farfado da sojojin kasar, da kuma fadada yankinta, wanda ya nuna farkon farkon zamanin zinare na Sasaniya.Don haka yana tare da Shapur I, Kavad I da Khosrow I, ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan sarakunan Sasaniya.Su uku wadanda suka gaje shi kai tsaye, ba su yi nasara ba.A lokacin yana dan shekara 16, ya kaddamar da yakin neman zabe na soji da yawa a kan tawayen Larabawa da kabilun da suka san shi 'Dhū'l-Aktāf ("mai huda kafadu").Shapur II ya bi mugunyar siyasa ta addini.A karkashin mulkinsa, an kammala tarin Avesta, litattafai masu tsarki na Zoroastrianism, an azabtar da karkatacciyar koyarwa da ridda, kuma an tsananta wa Kiristoci .Na ƙarshe shine martani ga Kiristanci na Daular Roma ta hannun Constantine Mai Girma .Shapur II, kamar Shapur I, ya kasance mai son yahudawa, waɗanda suka rayu cikin 'yanci na dangi kuma sun sami fa'idodi da yawa a lokacinsa.A lokacin mutuwar Shapur, daular Sasaniya ta kasance da ƙarfi fiye da kowane lokaci, tare da maƙiyanta na gabas sun sulhunta da Armeniya a ƙarƙashin ikon Sasaniya.

A cikin 337, kafin mutuwar Constantine Mai Girma , Shapur II, da goyon bayan sarakunan Romawa na Roman Armeniya, ya karya zaman lafiya da aka kammala a cikin 297 tsakanin sarakuna Narseh da Diocletian, wanda aka yi shekaru arba'in.Wannan shine farkon yaƙe-yaƙe guda biyu masu tsayi (337-350 da 358-363) waɗanda ba a rubuta su da kyau ba.Bayan murkushe tawaye a kudu, Shapur II ya mamaye Mesopotamiya na Roman kuma ya kama Armeniya .A bayyane yake, an yi manyan yaƙe-yaƙe guda tara.Mafi shahara shi ne yakin Singara wanda ba a gama ba (Sinjar na zamani, Iraki ) wanda Constantius II ya yi nasara a farko, ya kwace sansanin Farisa, sai dai wani hari na dare ya kori shi bayan Shapur ya tara sojojinsa.Babban abin da ya fi shahara a wannan yaƙin shi ne nasarar da aka samu a kai a kai na kariyar birnin Nisibis na Romawa a Mesopotamiya.Shapur ya kewaye birnin sau uku (a cikin 338, 346, 350 CE), kuma an kore shi kowane lokaci.Ko da yake ya yi nasara a yaƙi, Shapur II ba zai iya samun ci gaba ba tare da Nisibis wanda ba a ɗauka ba.A lokaci guda kuma Scythian Massagetae da sauran makiyaya na tsakiyar Asiya sun kai masa hari a gabas.Dole ne ya kawar da yaƙin da Romawa kuma ya shirya sulhu cikin gaggawa don ya mai da hankali ga gabas.Kusan a wannan lokacin kabilun Hunnic, da alama Kidarites, wanda sarkinsu Grumbates ne, sun bayyana a matsayin barazanar mamaye yankin Sasaniya da kuma barazana gaDaular Gupta .Bayan gwagwarmaya mai tsawo (353-358) an tilasta musu su kammala zaman lafiya, kuma Grumbates ya yarda ya shigar da sojojin dokinsa na haske a cikin sojojin Farisa kuma ya bi Shapur II a sabon yaki da Romawa, musamman shiga cikin Siege na Amida a 359.

A cikin 358 Shapur II ya shirya don jerin yaƙe-yaƙe na biyu da Roma, wanda ya sadu da nasara da yawa.A cikin 359, Shapur II ya mamaye kudancin Armeniya , amma ƙwararrun sojojin Romawa na kariyar Amida sun riƙe shi, wanda a ƙarshe ya mika wuya a cikin 359 bayan kewaye na kwanaki saba'in da uku wanda sojojin Farisa suka yi asara mai yawa.A cikin 363 Sarkin sarakuna Julian, a shugaban runduna mai ƙarfi, ya ci gaba zuwa babban birnin Shapur Ctesiphon kuma ya ci nasara da zato ya fi girma Sassania a yakin Ctesiphon;duk da haka, ya kasa daukar kagara, ko kuma ya yi hulda da babban sojojin Farisa karkashin Shapur II da ke gabatowa.Abokan gaba ne suka kashe Julian a wani gumurzu da suka yi a lokacin da yake komawa yankin Romawa.Magajinsa Jovian ya yi zaman lafiya mai banƙyama inda gundumomi da ke bayan Tigris da aka samu a 298 aka ba Farisa tare da Nisibis da Singara, kuma Romawa sun yi alkawarin ba za su ƙara tsoma baki a Armeniya ba.Bisa yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tsakanin Shapur da Jovian, Georgia da Armeniya sun kasance sun kasance a hannun Sasaniya, kuma Romawa sun hana su ci gaba da shiga cikin al'amuran Armeniya.A karkashin wannan yarjejeniya Shapur ya karbi iko a kan Armeniya kuma ya dauki Sarkinta Arsaces II (Arshak II), amintaccen amintaccen Rum, a matsayin fursuna, kuma ya tsare shi a cikin Castle of Oblivion (Fortress na Andməš a Armenian ko Castle na Anyuš a Ḵuzestān). .

Ba da daɗewa ba aka fara yin arangama da ƙabilun makiyaya daga tsakiyar Asiya.Ammianus Marcellinus ya ba da rahoton cewa a cikin 356 AZ, Shapur II yana ɗaukar wuraren sanyi a kan iyakokinsa na gabas, "yana tunkuɗe tashin hankalin ƙabilun da ke kan iyaka" na Chionites da Euseni (Kushans), a ƙarshe ya kulla yarjejeniya da Chionites da Gelani a shekara ta 358 CE.Daga kusan 360 AZ duk da haka, a lokacin mulkinsa, Sasanids sun rasa ikon Bactria zuwa mahara daga arewa, na farko Kidarites, sa'an nan Hephthalites da Alchon Huns, wanda zai biyo baya tare da mamayewa naIndiya .

Sasaniya Armeniya tana nufin lokutan da Armeniya ta kasance ƙarƙashin ikon daular Sasaniya ko kuma musamman ga sassan Armeniya da ke ƙarƙashinta kamar bayan rabuwar 387 lokacin da wasu sassan yammacin Armeniya suka shiga cikin daular Rum yayin da sauran Armeniya. Ya zo ƙarƙashin Sasanian Suzerainty amma ya ci gaba da kasancewa daular har zuwa 428.A cikin 428 ne aka fara sabon zamani da aka fi sani da zamanin Marzpanate, lokacin da marzbans, wanda sarkin Sasaniya ya nada, ke mulkin gabashin Armeniya, sabanin yammacin Rumawa ta Armeniya wadda wasu sarakuna da dama suka yi mulki, sannan kuma gwamnoni, karkashin mulkin Byzantine. suzerainty.Lokacin Marzpanate ya ƙare tare da mamaye Larabawa na Armeniya a karni na 7, lokacin da aka kafa Mulkin Armeniya.Kimanin 'yan Armeniyawa miliyan uku ne ke karkashin tasirin marzpans na Sasaniya a wannan lokacin.An zuba jarin Marzban da iko mafi girma, har ma da zartar da hukuncin kisa;amma ya kasa tsoma baki tare da gata na tsawon shekaru na nakharar Armeniya.Kasar gaba daya ta samu 'yancin cin gashin kai.Ofishin Hazarapet, wanda ya yi daidai da na Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida, Ayyukan Jama'a da Kuɗi, yawanci an ba da shi ga ɗan Armeniya, yayin da mukamin Sparapet (babban kwamandan) an ba shi ne kawai ga ɗan Armeniya.Kowane nakharar yana da rundunarsa gwargwadon girman yankinsa."Rundunar sojan doki ta kasa" ko "Rundunar sojojin" na karkashin babban kwamandan.

Hephthalites asalin vassals ne na Rouran Khaganate amma sun rabu da shugabanninsu a farkon karni na biyar.Lokaci na gaba da aka ambace su ya kasance a cikin kafofin Farisa a matsayin abokan gaba na Yazdegerd II, waɗanda daga 442, suka yi yaƙi da 'kabilan Hephthalites', a cewar ɗan Armeniya Elisee Vardaped.A cikin 453, Yazdegerd ya koma kotunsa gabas don magance Hephthalites ko ƙungiyoyi masu alaƙa.A cikin 458, wani sarki Hephthalite mai suna Akhshunwar ya taimaka wa Sarkin Sasaniya Peroz I ya sami sarautar Farisa daga ɗan'uwansa.Kafin hawansa kan karagar mulki, Peroz ya kasance Sasaniya ga Sistan a gabas mai nisa na daular, don haka ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka fara tuntubar Hephthalite da neman taimakonsu.Hephthalites na iya taimakawa Sasaniyawa don kawar da wata kabilar Hunnic, Kidarites: ta 467, Peroz I, tare da taimakon Hephthalite, an bayar da rahoton cewa ya sami nasarar kama Bal'amu kuma ya kawo karshen mulkin Kidarite a Transoxiana sau ɗaya kuma gaba ɗaya.Kidariyawa masu rauni sun sami mafaka a yankin Gandhara.

An yi yakin Avarayr ne a ranar 2 ga watan Yunin 451 a filin Avarayr dake Vaspurakan tsakanin sojojin Armeniyawa na Kirista karkashin Vardan Mamikonian da Sassanid Persia .Ana ɗaukarsa ɗaya daga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe na farko don kare bangaskiyar Kirista .Duk da cewa Farisa sun yi nasara a fagen fama, amma nasara ce mai cike da rugujewa yayin da Avarayr ya share hanya zuwa yarjejeniyar Nvarsak ta 484, wadda ta tabbatar da 'yancin Armeniya na yin addinin Kirista cikin 'yanci.Ana kallon yakin a matsayin daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin Armeniya.

Daga shekara ta 474 AZ, Peroz I ya yi yaƙe-yaƙe uku tare da abokansa na farko na Hephthalite.A cikin biyun farko, an kama shi da fansa.Bayan shan kaye na biyu da ya yi, dole ne ya ba da alfadarai talatin makare da diraki na azurfa ga Hephthalawa, kuma ya bar ɗansa Kavad a matsayin garkuwa.A yakin na uku, a yakin Herat (484), sarkin Heptaliya Kun-khi ya ci nasara a kansa, kuma a cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa Hephthalawa sun yi wa ganima tare da iko da yankin gabashin daular Sasaniya.Daga 474 har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 6, daular Sasaniya ta biya haraji ga Hephthalites.Bactria ya zo ƙarƙashin mulkin Hephthalite na yau da kullun daga wannan lokacin.Hephthalites ne ke karɓar haraji a kan jama'ar gida: an sami kwangila a cikin harshen Bactrian daga tarihin tarihin mulkin Rob, wanda ya ambaci haraji daga Hephthalites, yana buƙatar siyar da ƙasa don biyan waɗannan haraji.

A cikin 376, Goths da sauran mutanen da ba na Romawa ba, waɗanda ba za a iya sarrafa su ba, waɗanda ke tserewa daga Huns, sun shiga cikin Daular.A cikin 395, bayan ya ci yaƙin basasa guda biyu, Theodosius I ya mutu, ya bar runduna ta ruguje, da kuma Daular, har yanzu Goths ke fama da ita, ta raba tsakanin ministocin yaƙi na ’ya’yansa maza biyu.Ƙarin ƙungiyoyin barasa sun ketare Rhine da sauran iyakoki kuma, kamar Goths, ba a kawar da su ba, korar da su.Sojojin Daular Yamma sun zama 'yan kaɗan kuma ba su da tasiri, kuma duk da ɗan gajeren lokaci da aka samu a ƙarƙashin ƙwararrun shugabanni, mulkin tsakiya bai taɓa samun ƙarfi sosai ba.A shekara ta 476, matsayin Sarkin Roma na Yamma yana amfani da soja, siyasa, ko ikon kuɗi, kuma ba shi da iko mai tasiri a kan tarwatsa yankunan Yammacin da za a iya kwatanta su da Roman.Masarautun Barbari sun kafa nasu ikon a yawancin yankin Daular Yamma.A shekara ta 476, Sarkin Bareren Jamus Odoacer ya kori sarki na ƙarshe na Daular Roma ta Yamma a Italiya, Romulus Augustulus, kuma Majalisar Dattijai ta aika da alamar sarauta zuwa Sarkin Roma na Gabas Flavius ​​Zeno.Yayin da halaccin sa ya dade na tsawon shekaru aru-aru kuma tasirinsa na al'adu ya wanzu a yau, Daular Yamma ba ta da ƙarfin tashi kuma.Gabashin Roman, ko kuma Daular Byzantine, ya tsira kuma ko da yake ya ragu da ƙarfi, ya kasance tsawon ƙarni na tasiri mai tasiri na Gabashin Bahar Rum.

Bayan nasarar da suka samu a kan Peroz I, Hepthalites sun zama masu tsaro da masu kyautatawa dansa Kavad I, kamar yadda Balash, ɗan'uwan Peroz ya ɗauki kursiyin Sasaniya.A cikin 488, sojojin Hepthalite sun ci nasara da sojojin Sasaniya na Balash, kuma sun sami damar sanya Kavad I a kan karaga.A cikin 496-498, manyan mutane da malamai sun yi wa Kavad I juyin mulki, ya tsere, ya maido da kansa da rundunar Hephthalite.Joshua the Stylite ya ba da rahoton lokuta da yawa inda Kavadh ya jagoranci sojojin Hepthalite ("Hun"), a cikin kama birnin Theodosiupolis na Armeniya a cikin 501-502, a yaƙe-yaƙe da Romawa a 502-503, da kuma a lokacin da aka kewaye Edessa. a watan Satumba 503.

Kavad I shine Sarkin Sasaniya na Sarakunan Iran daga 488 zuwa 531, tare da katsewar shekaru biyu ko uku.Ɗan Peroz na I (r. 459–484), ya sami sarautar manyan mutane don ya maye gurbin kawunsa Balash da aka hambarar da shi.Gadon daular da ke raguwa inda iko da matsayi na sarakunan Sasaniya ya ƙare, Kavad ya yi ƙoƙari ya sake tsara daularsa ta hanyar gabatar da gyare-gyare da yawa waɗanda dansa kuma magajinsa Khosrow I ya kammala aiwatar da su. Mazdak wanda ya jagoranci juyin juya halin zamantakewa wanda ya raunana ikon manya da malamai.Saboda wannan, da kuma kisan gillar da aka yi wa sarki mai iko Sukhra, Kavad ya kasance a kurkuku a cikin Castle of Manta wanda ya kawo karshen mulkinsa.An maye gurbinsa da ɗan'uwansa Jamasp.Amma tare da taimakon 'yar uwarsa da wani hafsa mai suna Siyawash, Kavad da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa suka gudu zuwa gabas zuwa yankin Sarkin Heftala wanda ya ba shi dakaru.Wannan ya baiwa Kavad damar maido da kansa kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 498/9.Da wannan tsaikon ya yi fatara, Kavad ya nemi tallafi daga sarkin Rumawa Anastasius na I. Tun da farko Rumawa sun biya Iraniyawa na radin kansu don ci gaba da kare Kaucasus daga hare-hare daga arewa.Anastasius ya ki yarda da tallafin, wanda ya jagoranci Kavad ya mamaye yankunansa, don haka ya fara yakin Anastasian.Kavad ya fara kwace Theodosiopolis da Martyropolis, sannan Amida bayan ya tsare birnin na tsawon watanni uku.Daulolin biyu sun yi zaman lafiya a cikin 506, tare da Rumawa sun amince da biyan tallafi ga Kavad don kula da kagara a Caucasus a madadin Amida.A wajajen wannan lokaci, Kavad ya kuma yi wani dogon yaki a kan tsoffin abokansa, Hephthalite;a shekara ta 513 ya sake kwace yankin Khorasan daga hannunsu.A shekara ta 528, yaki tsakanin Sasaniyawa da Rumawa ya sake barkewa, saboda kin amincewa da Rumawa su amince da Khosrow a matsayin magajin Kavad, da kuma takaddama kan Lazica.Ko da yake sojojin Kavad sun sha asara guda biyu a Dara da Satala, amma yakin bai taka kara ya karya ba, inda bangarorin biyu suka yi asara mai yawa.A cikin 531, yayin da sojojin Iran ke kewaye da Martyropolis, Kavad ya mutu daga rashin lafiya.Khosrow na I ne ya gaje shi, wanda ya gaji daula mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi wadda ta yi daidai da na Rumawa.Saboda da yawa kalubale da al'amurran da suka shafi Kavad nasara nasara, an dauke shi daya daga cikin mafi tasiri da kuma nasara sarakunan da ya mulki da Sasania.

An yi yakin Anastasian daga 502 zuwa 506 tsakanin Daular Rumawa da Daular Sasaniya.Wannan dai shi ne karo na farko da ya kasance babban rikici tsakanin manyan kasashen biyu tun shekara ta 440, kuma zai zama share fage ga dogon jerin rikice-rikice masu barna a tsakanin masarautun biyu a karni na gaba.

An yi yakin Iberian daga 526 zuwa 532 tsakanin Daular Rumawa da Daular Sasaniya a kan masarautar Gabashin Jojiya ta Iberia - jihar abokin ciniki ta Sasaniya wacce ta koma Rumawa.Rikici ya barke tsakanin tashe-tashen hankula kan haraji da cinikin kayan yaji.Sasaniyawa sun ci gaba da zama na sama har zuwa 530 amma Rumawa sun dawo da matsayinsu a yaƙe-yaƙe a Dara da Satala yayin da abokansu na Ghassanid suka fatattaki Lakhmids masu alaƙa da Sasaniya.Nasarar Sasania a Callinicum a shekara ta 531 ta ci gaba da yakin har tsawon shekara guda har sai da masarautu suka sanya hannu kan " Aminci na dindindin".

Khosrow I shi ne Sarkin Sasaniya na Sarakunan Iran daga 531 zuwa 579. Shi ne dan kuma magajin Kavad I. Ya gaji daular da ta karfafa a yakin da Rumawa, Khosrow na yi yarjejeniya da su a shekara ta 532, wanda aka sani da Perpetual. Aminci, wanda Sarkin Bizantine Justinian I ya biya fam na zinariya 11,000 ga Sasaniyawa.Daga nan ne Khosrow ya mayar da hankali wajen karfafa ikonsa, inda ya aiwatar da hukuncin kisa, ciki har da kawunsa Bawi.Rashin gamsuwa da ayyukan abokan ciniki na Byzantine da vassals, Ghassanids, da kuma ƙarfafawa daga wakilan Ostrogoth daga Italiya, Khosrow ya karya yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya kuma ya yi yaki da Rumawa a cikin 540. Ya kori birnin Antakiya, ya yi wanka a cikin Tekun Bahar Rum. Seleucia Pieria, kuma ya gudanar da tseren karusa a Apamea inda ya yi Blue Faction - wanda Justinian ya goyi bayan - ya yi rashin nasara a kan Greens.A cikin 541, ya mamaye Lazica kuma ya mai da ta Iran kariya, don haka ya fara yakin Lazic.A shekara ta 545, dauloli biyu sun amince su dakatar da yaƙe-yaƙe a Mesopotamiya da Siriya, yayin da ake ci gaba da gudana a Lazica.An yi sulhu a cikin 557, kuma ta hanyar 562 an yi Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya ta Shekara hamsin.A cikin 572, Justin II, magajin Justinian, ya karya yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya kuma ya aika da sojojin Byzantine zuwa yankin Sasaniya na Arzanene.A shekara mai zuwa, Khosrow ya kewaye kuma ya kame muhimmin sansanin sojojin Byzantine na Dara, wanda ya kori Justin II hauka.Yakin zai ci gaba har zuwa 591, wanda ya wuce Khosrow.Yaƙe-yaƙe na Khosrow ba su kasance a yamma kaɗai ba.A gabas, a cikin kawance da Göktürks, a karshe ya kawo karshen daular Hephthalite, wanda ya yi wa Sasaniyawa da yawa rauni a karni na 5, inda ya kashe kakan Khosrow Peroz I. A kudu, sojojin Iran sun jagoranci jagorancin. Wahrez ya ci Aksumiyawa ya ci Yemen.Khosrow I an san shi da halayensa, kyawawan halaye da ilimi.A lokacin mulkinsa mai kishin kasa, ya ci gaba da aikin mahaifinsa na yin manyan gyare-gyare na zamantakewa, soja, da tattalin arziki, inganta jin dadin jama'a, kara yawan kudaden shiga na jihohi, kafa rundunar soja, da kafa ko sake gina garuruwa da yawa, gidajen sarauta, da kayan more rayuwa.Ya kasance mai sha'awar adabi da falsafa, kuma a karkashin mulkinsa, fasaha da kimiyya sun bunkasa a Iran.Shi ne wanda ya fi fice a cikin sarakunan Sasaniya, kuma sunansa ya zama kamar na Kaisar a tarihin Roma, nadi na sarakunan Sasaniya.Saboda abubuwan da ya yi, an yaba masa a matsayin sabon Sairus.A lokacin mutuwarsa, daular Sasaniya ta kai matsayi mafi girma tun daga Shapur II, wanda ya tashi daga Yemen a yamma zuwa Gandhara a gabas.Dansa Hormizd IV ne ya gaje shi.

Yaƙin Lazic, wanda kuma aka sani da Yaƙin Colchidian an yi yaƙi tsakanin Daular Byzantine da Daular Sasaniya don sarrafa tsohuwar yankin Jojiya na Lazica.Yaƙin Lazic ya ɗauki shekaru ashirin, daga 541 zuwa 562, tare da nasara dabam-dabam kuma ya ƙare da nasara ga Farisawa, waɗanda suka sami kyauta ta shekara don musanyawa don kawo ƙarshen yaƙin.

Bayan Kavad I, Hephthalites da alama sun kawar da hankalinsu daga Daular Sasaniya, kuma magajin Kavad Khosrow I (531-579) ya sami damar ci gaba da manufar faɗaɗa gabas.A cewar al-Tabari, Khosrow na daya, ta hanyar manufofinsa na fadadawa, ya sami nasarar karbe ikon "Sind, Bust, Al-Rukkhaj, Zabulistan, Tukharistan, Dardistan, da Kabulistan" kamar yadda a karshe ya fatattaki Hephthalite tare da taimakon Turkawa na Farko. Khaganate, Göktürks.A cikin 552, Göktürks sun mamaye Mongolia, sun kafa Turkic Khaganate na farko, kuma a 558 sun isa Volga.Circa 555–567, Turkawa na Turkawa Khaganate na Farko da Sasaniyawa a karkashin Khosrow I sun hada kai da Hephthalite suka ci su bayan yakin kwanaki takwas kusa da Qarshi, yakin Bukhara, watakila a shekara ta 557.Wadannan abubuwan sun kawo karshen daular Hephthalite, wacce ta rabu zuwa kananan hukumomi masu zaman kansu, suna ba da kyauta ga Sasaniyawa ko Turkawa, ya danganta da yanayin soja.Bayan cin nasara, Hephthalites suka koma Bactria kuma suka maye gurbin sarki Gatfar da Faghanish, sarkin Chaghaniyan.Bayan haka, yankin da ke kusa da Oxus a cikin Bactria ya ƙunshi sarakunan Hephthalite da yawa, ragowar babban daular Hephthalite da kawancen Turkawa da Sasaniyawa suka lalata.Sasaniyawa da Turkawa sun kafa iyaka don yankunan da suke da tasiri a kan kogin Oxus, kuma Mahukuntan Hephthalite sun yi aiki a matsayin jahohi masu shinge tsakanin dauloli biyu.Amma a lokacin da Hephthalite suka zaɓi Faghanish a matsayin sarkinsu a Chaganiyan, Khosrow I ya haye Oxus ya sanya sarakunan Chaghaniyan da Khuttal a ƙarƙashin haraji.

Yakin Byzantine –Sasaniya na 572–591 yaki ne da aka yi tsakanin Daular Sasaniya ta Farisa da Daular Rumawa.Tashin hankalin masu goyon bayan Byzantine ne ya jawo ta a yankunan Caucasus karkashin mulkin Farisa, ko da yake wasu al'amura ma sun taimaka wajen barkewar ta.Yakin dai ya takaita ne a kudancin Caucasus da Mesofotamiya, ko da yake ya kai gabashin Anatoliya, Siriya, da kuma arewacin Iran .Yana daga cikin jerin yaƙe-yaƙe masu tsanani tsakanin waɗannan masarautu biyu waɗanda suka mamaye mafi yawan ƙarni na 6 da farkon 7.Haka nan kuma shi ne na karshe daga cikin yakukuwan da suka yi a tsakanin su da ya bi irin salon da ake gwabzawa a yankunan da ke kan iyaka kuma babu wani bangare da ya samu nasarar mamaye yankunan makiya da ke bayan wannan yanki na kan iyaka.Ya gabaci rikici mai faɗi da ban mamaki na ƙarshe a farkon ƙarni na 7.

A shekara ta 557, Khosrow na yi kawance da Göktürks kuma ya ci Hephthalites.An kafa yarjejeniya tsakanin Khosrow I da Turkic Khagan Istämi wanda ya sanya Oxus ya zama iyaka tsakanin daulolin biyu.Duk da haka, a cikin 588, Turkic Khagan Bagha Qaghan (wanda aka sani da Sabeh/Saba a cikin kafofin Farisa), tare da mutanensa na Hephthalite, sun mamaye yankunan Sasaniya a kudancin Oxus, inda suka kai hari tare da fatattakar sojojin Sasanian da ke Balkh, sannan suka fatattake su. Ya ci gaba da mamaye garin tare da Talaqan, Badghis, da Herat.Daga karshe babban sojan Sasaniya Vahram Chobin ya kore su.An yi yakin Farko na Farko-Turkiyya a tsakanin 588-589 tsakanin Daular Sasaniya da sarakunan Hephthalite da Ubangijinta na Göktürks.Rikicin dai ya faro ne da mamayar daular Sasaniya da Turkawa suka yi kuma ya kare da gagarumin nasarar Sasaniya da kwato yankunan da suka bata.

Khosrow II ana daukarsa a matsayin sarki na karshe na Sasaniya (shah) na Iran , wanda ya mulki daga 590 zuwa 628, tare da katsewar shekara guda.Khosrow na biyu dan Hormizd IV ne, kuma jikan Khosrow na I. Shi ne sarki na karshe a Iran da ya dauki tsawon lokaci yana mulki kafin musulmi ya mamaye kasar Iran, wanda ya fara shekaru biyar bayan kashe shi.Ya rasa kursiyinsa, sannan ya dawo da shi tare da taimakon Sarkin Bizantine Maurice , kuma, bayan shekaru goma, ya ci gaba da yin koyi da ayyukan Achaemenids , yana cin nasara a lardunan Romawa masu arziki na Gabas ta Tsakiya;Yawancin mulkinsa ya yi fama da yake-yake da Daular Rumawa da kuma gwagwarmaya da masu satar dukiyar kasa irin su Bahram Chobin da Vistahm.Bayan da Rumawa suka kashe Maurice, Khosrow II ya fara yaƙi a shekara ta 602 da Rumawa.Sojojin Khosrow II sun kwace yankuna da dama na Daular Rumawa, wanda hakan ya baiwa sarki lakabin "Mai Nasara".A kewaye da Byzantine babban birnin kasar Constantinoful a 626 bai yi nasara ba, kuma Heraclius , yanzu kawance da Turkawa, ya fara m amma nasara counterattack zurfi cikin Farisa ta heartland.Ƙungiyoyin feudal na daular sun goyi bayan, ɗan Khosrow II da ke kurkuku Sheroe (Kavad II) ya ɗaure kuma ya kashe Khosrow II.Wannan ya haifar da yakin basasa da mulkin mallaka a cikin daular da koma bayan duk wata riba da Sasaniya ta samu a yakin da ake yi da Rumawa.

Yaƙin Byzantine–Sasaniya na 602–628 shine na ƙarshe kuma mafi muni na jerin yaƙe-yaƙe da aka yi tsakanin Daular Rumawa da Daular Sasaniya ta Iran .Yakin da ya gabata tsakanin manyan kasashen biyu ya kare ne a shekara ta 591 bayan da sarki Maurice ya taimakawa sarkin Sasaniya Khosrow na biyu ya dawo kan karagarsa.A cikin 602 Maurice abokin hamayyarsa Phocas ya kashe shi.Khosrow ya ci gaba da shelanta yaki, wai don daukar fansar mutuwar hambararren sarki Maurice.Wannan ya zama rikici na tsawon shekarun da suka gabata, yakin mafi tsayi a cikin jerin, kuma an yi yakin gabas ta tsakiya: aMisira , Levant, Mesopotamiya , Caucasus, Anatolia, Armenia , Tekun Aegean da kuma gaban ganuwar Constantinople kanta.Duk da yake Farisa sun fi mayar da nasara a lokacin farko mataki na yaki daga 602 zuwa 622, cinye da yawa daga cikin Levant, Misira, da dama tsibiran a cikin Tekun Aegean da kuma sassan Anatolia, hawan da sarki Heraclius a 610 jagoranci, duk da farko setbacks. , zuwa matsayi na gaba ante bellum.Heraclius' yaƙin neman zaɓe a ƙasar Iran daga 622 zuwa 626 tilasta Farisa a kan tsaro, kyale sojojinsa su sake samun karfinsu.Ƙungiya tare da Avars da Slavs, Farisa sun yi ƙoƙari na ƙarshe don ɗaukar Constantinople a 626, amma an ci nasara a can.A cikin 627, haɗin gwiwa tare da Turkawa, Heraclius ya mamaye ƙasar Farisa.Yakin basasa ya barke a Farisa, inda Farisa suka kashe sarkinsu, suka kai kara don neman zaman lafiya.A karshen rikicin, bangarorin biyu sun yi amfani da karfin dan Adam da abin duniya, kuma sun cimma kadan.A sakamakon haka, sun kasance cikin rauni ga bullar khalifancin Rashidun Islama kwatsam, wanda dakarunta suka mamaye daulolin biyu bayan ƴan shekaru kaɗan bayan yaƙin.Dakarun musulmi sun ci daular Sasaniya cikin gaggawa da kuma yankunan Rumawa a cikin Levant, Caucasus, Masar, da Arewacin Afirka.A cikin ƙarnuka masu zuwa, sojojin Rumawa da na Larabawa za su yi yaƙi da jerin yaƙe-yaƙe don iko da Gabas Kusa.

Yakin Turkanci na biyu ya fara ne a shekara ta 606/607 tare da mamaye daular Sasaniya da Göktürks da Hephthalite suka yi.Yakin ya ƙare a shekara ta 608 tare da fatattakar Turkawa da Hephthalite da Sasaniyawa suka yi a ƙarƙashin Janar Smbat IV Bagratuni na Armeniya.

Yaƙin Sasaniya na Urushalima ya faru ne bayan wani ɗan gajeren kewaye da sojojin Sasaniya suka yi a birnin a shekara ta 614 AZ, kuma lamari ne mai mahimmanci a yakin Byzantine-Sasaniya na 602-628 wanda ya faru bayan sarki Sasaniya Khosrow II ya nada spahbod (dakaru). shugaba), Shahrbaraz, don karbe iko da yankunan da Rumawa ke mulki a Gabas ta Kusa don daular Farisa Sasaniya.Bayan nasarar Sasaniya a Antakiya shekara guda da ta gabata, Shahrbaraz ya yi nasarar mamaye Caesarea Maritima, hedkwatar gudanarwa na lardin Byzantine na Palaestina Prima.A wannan lokacin, babbar tashar jiragen ruwa ta ciki ta yi shiru kuma ba ta da amfani;duk da haka, Sarkin Bizantine Anastasius I Dicorus ya sake gina tashar jiragen ruwa na waje, kuma Caesarea Maritima ya kasance muhimmin birni na teku.Birnin da tashar jiragen ruwa sun ba daular Sasania damar shiga cikin dabarun shiga Tekun Bahar Rum.Bayan barkewar tawaye da Yahudawa suka yi wa Sarkin Bazantin Heraclius , Farisa Sasaniya sun haɗu da shugabannin Yahudawa Nehemiah ben Hushiel da Biliyaminu na Tiberias, waɗanda suka shiga tare da makamai na Yahudawa 'yan tawayen Tiberias, Nazarat da garuruwan dutse na Galili da kuma daga sauran yankunan kudancin Levant, bayan sun yi tattaki zuwa birnin Kudus tare da sojojin Sasaniya.Wasu 'yan tawayen Yahudawa 20,000-26,000 ne suka shiga yakin daular Rumawa.Sojojin hadin gwiwa na Yahudawa da Sasaniya sun kwace Kudus;wannan ya faru ko dai ba tare da juriya ba: 207 ko kuma bayan kewaye da keta bango da bindigogi, dangane da tushen.

A shekara ta 615, Farisa sun kori Romawa daga arewacin Mesopotamiya , Siriya, da Falasdinu.Da yake yunƙurin kawar da mulkin Romawa a Asiya, Khosrow ya mai da hankalinsa gaMasar , babban ɗakin daular Roma ta Gabas.Yaƙin Sasaniya na Masar ya faru ne tsakanin shekara ta 618 zuwa 621 AD, lokacin da sojojin Farisa na Sasaniya suka fatattaki sojojin Rumawa a Masar kuma suka mamaye lardin.Faduwar Iskandariya, babban birnin ƙasar Roman Masar, ita ce mataki na farko kuma mafi muhimmanci a yaƙin neman zaɓe na Sasania na mamaye wannan lardi mai albarka, wanda a ƙarshe ya faɗi ƙarƙashin mulkin Farisa a cikin shekaru biyu.

A shekara ta 622, Sarkin Rumawa Heraclius, ya shirya tsaf domin kai farmaki kan Farisa Sassanid da suka mamaye mafi yawan lardunan gabashin Daular Rumawa.Ya bar Konstantinoful a rana bayan bikin Easter a ranar Lahadi, 4 Afrilu 622. Ɗansa, Heraclius Constantine, an bar shi a baya a matsayin mai mulki a ƙarƙashin jagorancin sarki Sergius da patrician Bonus.Domin ya razana sojojin Farisa a Anatoliya da Siriya, matakin farko da ya yi shi ne ya tashi daga Konstantinoful zuwa Pylae a Bitiniya (ba a Kilicia ba).Ya yi horon bazara don inganta kwarewar mutanensa da nasa na gaba daya.A cikin kaka, Heraclius barazana Farisa sadarwa zuwa Anatolia daga Euphrates kwarin da marching zuwa arewacin Kapadokiya.Wannan ya tilastawa sojojin Farisa da ke Anatoliya karkashin Shahrbaraz ja da baya daga sahun gaba na Bitiniya da Galatiya zuwa gabashin Anatoliya domin hana shi shiga Farisa.Abin da ya biyo baya ba gaba ɗaya bayyananne ba, amma Heraclius lalle ya sami nasara a kan Shahrbaraz a wani wuri a Kapadokya.Da key factor shi Heraclius' gano boye Farisa sojojin a kwanton bauna da kuma mayar da martani ga wannan kwanton bauna da feigning ja da baya a lokacin yakin.Farisa sun bar murfin su kori Rumawa, sa'ilin Heraclius 'Elite Optimatoi ya kai hari ga Farisa masu bi, yana sa su gudu.

Ƙungiya na Constantinople a cikin 626 da Sassanid Persians da Avars suka yi, tare da taimakon babban adadi na Slavs, ya ƙare a cikin nasara mai mahimmanci ga Rumawa .Rashin gazawar daular ta ceci daular daga rugujewa, kuma, hade da sauran nasarorin da Sarkin sarakuna Heraclius ya samu a shekarar da ta gabata da kuma a cikin 627, ya baiwa Byzantium damar sake dawo da yankunanta da kawo karshen yakin Ruman da Farisa mai lalata ta hanyar aiwatar da yarjejeniya tare da matsayin iyakoki. c.590.

Bayan Siege na Farko na Konstantinoful da Avars da Farisa suka yi, Sarkin Rumawa na Byzantine Heraclius ya sami kansa a ware a siyasance.Ba zai iya dogara ga Kiristoci Armeniya masu iko na Transcaucasia ba, tun da Ikilisiyar Orthodox ta lakafta su a matsayin masu bidi'a, har ma Sarkin Iberia ya fi son abokantaka da Farisa masu jure wa addini.A kan wannan mummunan yanayin, ya sami abokin tarayya a Tong Yabghu.Tun da farko a cikin 568, Turkawa karkashin Istämi sun juya zuwa Byzantium lokacin da dangantakarsu da Farisa ta yi tsami game da batutuwan kasuwanci.Istämi aika da ofishin jakadanci jagorancin Sogdian diflomasiyyar Maniah kai tsaye zuwa Constantinople, wanda ya isa a 568 da kuma miƙa ba kawai siliki a matsayin kyauta ga Justin II , amma kuma ya ba da shawarar wani kawance da Sassanid Farisa .Justin II ya amince kuma ya aika da ofishin jakadanci zuwa Turkic Khaganate, yana tabbatar da kasuwancin siliki na kasar Sin kai tsaye wanda Sogdians ke so.A cikin 625, Heraclius ya aika zuwa ga steppes manzonsa, mai suna Andrew, wanda ya yi wa Khagan alkawarin wasu "dukiya mai ban mamaki" a cikin sakamakon taimakon soja.A nasa bangaren, Khagan ya kosa wajen tabbatar da tsaron cinikin Sinanci da na Byzantine a kan hanyar siliki, wanda Farisawa suka yi wa katsalandan bayan yakin Turkawa na biyu.Ya aika wa Sarkin sarakuna cewa, "Zan ɗauki fansa a kan maƙiyanku, in zo tare da jarumawana don su taimake ku."Ƙungiyar mahayan dawakai 1,000 sun yi yaƙi ta hanyar Transcaucasia ta Farisa suka isar da saƙon Khagan zuwa sansanin Rumawa da ke Anatoliya.Yakin Turkanci na Uku shine rikici na uku kuma na karshe tsakanin Daular Sassani da Turkic Khaganate na Yamma.Ba kamar yaƙe-yaƙe guda biyu da suka gabata ba, ba a tsakiyar Asiya ba ne, amma a Transcaucasia.Tong Yabghu Qaghan na Yammacin Göktürks da Sarkin Heraclius na Daular Rumawa ne suka fara yaƙi a cikin 627 AZ.Masu adawa da su su ne Farisawa Sassanid, masu kawance da Avars.An gwabza yakin ne da tushen yakin Byzantine-Sassanid na karshe kuma ya zama share fage ga al'amura masu ban mamaki da suka sauya ma'auni na iko a Gabas ta Tsakiya shekaru aru-aru masu zuwa.A cikin Afrilu 630 Böri Shad ya kuduri aniyar fadada ikonsa na Transcaucasia kuma ya aika da Janar Chorpan Tarkhan tare da 'yan doki 30,000 don mamaye Armenia.Chorpan Tarkhan ya yi amfani da wata dabara ta mayaƙan makiyaya, ya yi kwanton bauna tare da halaka sojojin Farisa 10,000 da Shahrbaraz ya aike don tunkarar mamayar.Turkawa sun san cewa martanin Sassanid zai kasance mai tsauri, don haka suka washe garuruwa tare da janye sojojinsu zuwa ga tudu.

Yaƙin Nineba shine yaƙin yaƙi na Byzantine -Sassanid na 602-628.A tsakiyar Satumba 627, Heraclius mamaye Sasanian Mesopatamia a cikin wani abin mamaki, m hunturu yakin.Khosrow II ya nada Rhahzadh a matsayin kwamandan runduna don tunkararsa.Abokan Göktürk na Heraclius sun gudu da sauri, yayin da ƙarfafawar Rhahzadh ba su isa cikin lokaci ba.A cikin yakin, an kashe Rhahzadh kuma sauran Sasaniyawa sun ja da baya.Nasarar Byzantine daga baya ya haifar da yakin basasa a Farisa , kuma na wani lokaci ya maido da daular Roma (Gabas) zuwa tsohuwar iyakokinta a Gabas ta Tsakiya.Yakin basasar Sasaniya ya yi matukar raunana daular Sasaniya , wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga mamayar Farisa .

Yakin basasar Sasaniya na 628-632, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Sasanian Interregnum, rikici ne da ya barke bayan kisan da aka yi wa Sarkin Sasaniya Khosrau II tsakanin manya-manyan bangarori daban-daban, musamman bangaren Parthian (Pahlav), Farisa (Parsig). bangaren, bangaren Nimruzi, da bangaren Janar Shahrbaraz.Sauye-sauyen masu mulki da kuma kara karfin ikon mallakar lardi ya kara rage daular.Tsawon shekaru 4 da sarakuna 14 da suka biyo baya, daular Sasaniya ta yi rauni sosai, kuma ikon babbar hukuma ta shiga hannun manyan hafsoshinta, wanda ya taimaka wajen faduwarta.

Yunƙurin musulmi a ƙasar Larabawa ya zo daidai da raunin siyasa, zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da soja da ba a taɓa gani ba a Farisa .Da zarar ya zama babban iko na duniya, Daular Sassanid ta ƙare da albarkatun ɗan adam da na duniya bayan shekaru da yawa na yaƙi da Daular Byzantine .Halin siyasar cikin gida na jihar Sassanid ya tabarbare cikin sauri bayan kisan da aka yiwa Sarki Khosrow II a shekara ta 628. Bayan haka, an hau karagar mulki a cikin shekaru hudu masu zuwa.Bayan yakin basasa na Sassanid na 628-632, daular ba ta kasance a tsakiya ba.Musulman Larabawa sun fara kai hari a yankin Sassanid a shekara ta 633, lokacin da Khalid bn al-Walid ya mamaye Mesopotamiya , wadda ita ce cibiyar siyasa da tattalin arziki ta kasar Sassanid.Bayan canja sheka da Khalid ya yi zuwa gaban Rumawa a Levant, a karshe musulmi sun rasa abin da suka mallaka a hannun Sassanid.Mamaya na biyu na musulmi ya fara ne a shekara ta 636, karkashin Sa'ad ibn Abi Waqqas, lokacin da gagarumin nasara a yakin al-Qadisiyyah ya kai ga kawo karshen mulkin Sassanid na dindindin a yammacin Iran ta yau.A cikin shekaru shida masu zuwa, tsaunin Zagros, wani shinge na dabi'a, ya nuna iyaka tsakanin Daular Rashidun da Daular Sassanid.A shekara ta 642, Umar bn al-Khattab, khalifan musulmi a lokacin, ya ba da umurni ga sojojin Rashidun su mamaye Farisa gaba daya, wanda ya kai ga mamaye daular Sassanid gaba daya a shekara ta 651. Ya jagoranci daga Madina mai nisan kilomita dubu kadan. Ba tare da bata lokaci ba, da sauri Umar ya ci Farisa a cikin jerin hare-haren da aka tsara, da kuma hare-hare iri daban-daban, ya zama babban rabon da ya samu, wanda ya ba shi damar yin suna a matsayinsa na babban masanin soja da siyasa.A shekara ta 644, kafin Larabawa Musulmi suka mamaye Farisa, Umar ya kashe shi a hannun Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz, wani ma'aikacin Farisa, wanda aka kama shi a yaƙi, aka kawo shi Larabawa a matsayin bawa.A shekara ta 651, yawancin biranen da ke cikin ƙasar Iran, ban da lardunan Kasbiya (Tabaristan da Transoxiana), sun kasance ƙarƙashin mamayar sojojin musulmin Larabawa.Garuruwa da yawa sun yi yaƙi da maharan;ko da yake Larabawa sun yi sarauta a mafi yawan kasar, birane da yawa sun tashi cikin tawaye ta hanyar kashe gwamnoninsu na Larabawa ko kuma kai hari ga dakarunsu.Daga karshe dai dakarun sojojin kasashen Larabawa sun yi nasarar fatattakar 'yan ta'addar Iran tare da kafa cikakken ikon Musulunci.Musuluntar Iran ya kasance a hankali kuma an karfafa shi ta hanyoyi daban-daban na tsawon shekaru aru-aru inda wasu Iraniyawa ba su taba tuba ba, kuma an kona littafan Zoroastrian da kuma kashe limamai, musamman a wuraren da suka fuskanci turjiya.

An gwabza yakin al-Qadisiyyah tsakanin khalifancin Rashidun da daular Sasania .Hakan ya faru ne a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe na farko na musulmi kuma ya nuna gagarumin nasara ga sojojin Rashidun a lokacin mamayar musulmi na Farisa.An yi imanin cewa an kai harin Rashidun a Qadisiyyah a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 636;a lokacin, Rostam Farrokhzad ya jagoranci sojojin Sasania, wanda ya mutu a cikin yanayi maras tabbas yayin yakin.Rushewar sojojin Sasaniya a yankin ya haifar da gagarumin nasara Larabawa a kan Iraniyawa , da kuma shigar da yankin da ya kunshi Iraki ta zamani cikin halifancin Rashidun.Nasarorin da Larabawa suka samu a Qadisiyyah sun kasance mabudin mamaye lardin Sasania na Asoristan daga baya, sannan aka yi manyan ayyuka a Jalula da Nahavand.An yi zargin cewa yakin ya ga kafa kawance tsakanin Daular Sasaniya da Daular Rumawa , tare da ikirarin cewa Sarkin Rumawa Heraclius ya auri jikarsa Manyanh ga Sarkin Sasaniya Yazdegerd na Uku a matsayin wata alama ta kawance.

An gwabza yakin Nahavand a shekara ta 642 tsakanin dakarun musulmi Rashidun karkashin halifa Umar da sojojin Farisa Sasania karkashin sarki Yazdegerd na uku.Yazdegerd ya tsere zuwa yankin Merv, amma bai iya tara wata babbar runduna ba.Nasara ce ga Khalifancin Rashidun kuma Farisawa suka yi hasarar garuruwan da ke kewaye da su ciki har da Spahan (Isfahan).Tsoffin lardunan Sassanid, tare da kawance da masu fada a ji na Parthian da White Hun, sun yi tsayin daka na kusan karni guda a yankin kudu da Tekun Caspian, kamar yadda Umayyawa suka maye gurbin Halifancin Rashidun, don haka ya ci gaba da dawwamar salon kotunan Sassanid, addinin Zoroastrian, da kuma Harshen Farisa.

Da jin labarin shan kashin da aka yi a Nihawānd, Yazdegerd tare da Farrukhzad da wasu daga cikin manyan sarakunan Farisa sun yi gudun hijira zuwa cikin lardin Khorasan na gabas.Wani masani ne ya kashe Yazdegerd a Merv a karshen shekara ta 651. 'Ya'yansa, Peroz da Bahram, sun gudu zuwa Tang China.Wasu daga cikin masu fada a ji sun sauka ne a tsakiyar Asiya, inda suka ba da gudummawa sosai wajen yada al'adu da harshen Farisa a wadannan yankuna da kuma kafa daular Musulunci ta farko ta Iran , wato daular Samanid, wadda ta yi kokarin farfado da al'adun Sassanid.Faduwar Daular Sassanid ba zato ba tsammani ta cika ne a cikin shekaru biyar kacal, kuma galibin yankinta ya shiga cikin halifancin Musulunci;sai dai garuruwan Iran da dama sun yi tir da gwagwarmaya da mamaya sau da dama.Khalifofin Musulunci sun sha murkushe tawaye a garuruwa irin su Rey, Isfahan, da Hamadan.Da farko dai jama'ar yankin sun kasance suna fuskantar matsananciyar matsin lamba don musulunta, suna zama a matsayin talakawan dhimmi na jihar musulmi kuma suna biyan jizya.Bugu da kari, an kuma karbe tsohon Sassanid "harajin kasa" (wanda aka sani da Larabci da Kharaj).An ce Halifa Umar a wasu lokuta ya kan kafa hukumar da za ta binciki haraji, don tantance ko sun fi karfin kasa.

Tasirin daular Sasaniya ya ci gaba da dadewa bayan ya fadi.Daular, ta hanyar jagorancin manyan sarakuna da dama kafin faduwarta, ta samu farfagandar Farisa da za ta zama wani karfi na ci gaba da wayewar sabon addinin Musulunci da aka kafa.A Iran ta zamani da yankunan Iranosphere, zamanin Sasaniya ana daukarsa a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan wuraren wayewar Iran.A TuraiAl'adar Sasaniya da tsarin soja sun yi tasiri sosai kan wayewar Romawa.Hanyoyin yakin Farisa sun shafi tsari da halayen sojojin Romawa.A cikin wani tsari da aka gyara, mulkin mulkin mallaka na Roman Empire ya kwaikwayi bukukuwan sarauta na kotun Sasaniya a Ctesiphon, kuma waɗanda suka bi da bi sun yi tasiri a kan al'adun gargajiya na kotunan zamanin da da na Turai na zamani.A tarihin YahudawaMuhimman ci gaba a tarihin Yahudawa suna da alaƙa da Daular Sassaniya.Talmud na Babila an yi shi ne tsakanin ƙarni na uku da na shida a cikin Farisa Sasaniya kuma an kafa manyan makarantun Yahudawa na koyo a Sura da Pumbedita waɗanda suka zama ginshiƙan guraben karatu na Yahudawa.A IndiyaRushewar daular Sasaniya ta kai ga Musulunci ya maye gurbin Zoroastrianism a hankali a matsayin addinin farko na Iran.Yawancin Zoroastrians sun zaɓi yin hijira don tserewa zalunci na Musulunci.A cewar Qissa-i Sanjan, ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan ƴan gudun hijirar sun sauka a yankin da ake kira Gujarat,Indiya , inda aka ba su ’yancin kiyaye tsoffin al’adunsu da kuma kiyaye imaninsu.Zuriyar waɗancan Zoroastrians za su taka ƙaramar rawa amma babba a cikin ci gaban Indiya.A yau akwai sama da Zoroastrians 70,000 a Indiya.