Tarihin Yahudanci

’Yan kabilar makiyaya (kakannin Yahudawa) sun yi ƙaura daga Mesofotamiya don su zauna a ƙasar Kan’ana (daga baya ana kiranta Isra’ila ) inda suka kafa al’ummar ubanni na zuriya.Bisa ga Littafi Mai-Tsarki, wannan ƙaura da ƙaura ya dogara ne akan kira da alkawari na Allah ga Ibrahim—alƙawari na albarkar ƙasa da albarka ga Ibrahim da zuriyarsa idan sun kasance da aminci ga Allah ɗaya (lokacin farko da Allah ya shiga tarihin ɗan adam) .Da wannan kiran, an kafa alkawari na farko tsakanin Allah da zuriyar Ibrahim.Wanda ya fi fice a cikin masu binciken kayan tarihi na Littafi Mai Tsarki na farko shine William F. Albright, wanda ya yi imani cewa ya gano zamanin magabata a cikin lokacin 2100-1800 KZ, Tsakanin Bronze Age, tazara tsakanin lokuta biyu na al'adun birane masu girma a tsohuwar Kan'ana.Albright ya bayar da hujjar cewa ya sami shaidar rugujewar al'adun Farko na Farko na Farko, kuma ya danganta hakan da mamayewar makiyaya makiyaya masu hijira daga arewa maso gabas wadanda ya danganta su da Amoriyawa da aka ambata a rubutun Mesopotamiya.A cewar Albright, Ibrahim ɗan Amoriyawa ne mai yawo wanda ya yi ƙaura daga arewa zuwa tsakiyar tsaunukan Kan'ana da Negev tare da tumakinsa da mabiyansa yayin da ƙasashen Kan'aniyawa suka ruguje.Albright, EA Speiser da Cyrus Gordon sun yi iƙirarin cewa duk da cewa an rubuta rubutun da aka kwatanta da hasashe na faifai, an rubuta ƙarni bayan zamanin magabata, ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi ya nuna cewa duk da haka sun kasance daidaitaccen yanayin yanayin karni na 2 KZ.A cewar John Bright "Za mu iya tabbatar da cikakken tabbaci cewa Ibrahim, Ishaku da Yakubu mutane ne na tarihi."Bayan mutuwar Albright, fassarar da ya yi game da zamanin Ubanta ya zo ƙarƙashin ƙarar zargi: irin wannan rashin gamsuwa ya nuna ƙarshensa tare da buga The Historicity of the Patriarchal Narratives by Thomas L. Thompson da Abraham a Tarihi da Al'ada na John van Seters.Thompson, masanin wallafe-wallafen, ya yi jayayya game da rashin hujja mai karfi da ke nuna cewa ubanni sun rayu a cikin karni na 2 KZ, kuma ya lura da yadda wasu nassosin Littafi Mai Tsarki suka nuna yanayin karni na farko da damuwa, yayin da Van Seters yayi nazarin labarun magabata kuma ya yi jayayya cewa sunayensu, zamantakewa. milieu, kuma saƙonnin sun nuna ƙarfi sosai cewa sun kasance abubuwan da aka halicci zamanin Iron.Ayyukan Van Seter da Thompson sun kasance canji mai ma'ana a cikin ilimantarwa na Littafi Mai-Tsarki da ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi, wanda a hankali ya sa malamai su daina la'akari da labarun magabata a matsayin tarihi.Wasu malamai masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun yi ƙoƙari su kare labaran Ubanni a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, amma wannan matsayi bai sami karɓuwa a wurin malamai ba.A farkon ƙarni na 21, masu binciken kayan tarihi sun daina begen dawo da duk wani mahallin da zai sa Ibrahim, Ishaku ko Yakubu su zama ƙwararrun ƴan tarihi.

An haifi Ibrahim a kusan 1813 KZ.Bisa ga littattafai biyar na farko na Littafi Mai Tsarki, Allah ya zaɓi Ibrahim ya zama uban Ishaku, wanda ya kafa Yahudawa.Wannan mutane za su zama na musamman ga Allah, da kuma misali na tsarki ga sauran mutane a duniya.Ibrahim ya bar Ur kuma ya ƙaura tare da ƙabilarsa kuma suka yi garken zuwa Kan'ana.Ibrahim ya sami wahayi daga Allah, kuma ra'ayin ƙasar alkawari ya wanzu.Yawancin masana tarihi suna kallon zamanin kakanni, tare da Fitowa da lokacin alƙalai na Littafi Mai Tsarki, a matsayin ginin wallafe-wallafen marigayi wanda ba ya da alaƙa da kowane zamani na tarihi;kuma bayan ƙarni na cikakken bincike na kayan tarihi, ba a sami wata shaida ga Ibrahim mai tarihi ba.An kammala cewa an rubuta Attaura a farkon zamanin Farisa (ƙarni na 6 K.Z.) sakamakon tashe-tashen hankula tsakanin Yahudawa masu mallakar filaye da suka zauna a Yahuda a lokacin bautar Babila kuma suka gano hakkinsu na ƙasar ta wurin “ubansu Ibrahim. “, da kuma ’yan gudun hijirar da suka dawo waɗanda suka dogara ga Musa da al’adar Fitowa ta Isra’ilawa.

Shekaru goma sha uku bayan haka, sa’ad da Abram ya kai shekara 99, Allah ya bayyana sunan Abram: “Ibrahim” – “uban al’ummai da yawa”.Ibrahim ya karɓi umarnin alkawari na gunduwa-gunduwa, wanda kaciyar ita ce alamar.Ibrahim ya yi wa kansa kaciya, kuma wannan aikin yana wakiltar alkawarin da ke tsakanin Allah da dukan zuriyarsa.A ƙarƙashin wannan alkawari, Allah ya yi alkawari zai sa Ibrahim ya zama uban al’umma mai girma, kuma zai ba zuriyarsa ƙasar da daga baya ta zama Isra’ila .Wannan shine tushen kaciyar maza a cikin bangaskiyar Yahudawa.

Ana ɗaukar Musa shi ne annabi mafi mahimmanci a cikin Yahudanci kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa a cikin Kiristanci , Musulunci, bangaskiyar Druze, bangaskiyar Baha'i da sauran addinan Ibrahim.Bisa ga duka Littafi Mai-Tsarki da Kur'ani, Musa shi ne shugaban Isra'ilawa kuma mai ba da doka wanda aka danganta mawallafin, ko "samun daga sama", na Attaura (littattafai biyar na farko na Littafi Mai-Tsarki).Gabaɗaya, ana kallon Musa a matsayin mutum na almara, yayin da yake riƙe da yuwuwar Musa ko mutum mai kama da Musa ya wanzu a ƙarni na 13 KZ.Yahudanci Rabbinical ya ƙididdige tsawon rayuwar Musa daidai da 1391-1271 KZ;Jerome ya ba da shawarar 1592 KZ, kuma James Ussher ya ba da shawarar 1571 KZ a matsayin shekarar haihuwarsa.

Attaura ita ce harhada littattafai biyar na farko na Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci, wato littattafan Farawa, Fitowa, Firistoci, Lissafi da Kubawar Shari’a.A wannan ma’anar, Attaura tana nufin iri ɗaya da Pentateuch ko Littattafai biyar na Musa.Hakanan an san shi a cikin al'adar Yahudawa kamar Rubuce-rubucen Attaura.Idan ana nufi don dalilai na liturgic, yana ɗaukar siffar littafin Attaura (Sefer Attaura).Idan a cikin littafin da aka ɗaure, ana kiransa Chumash, kuma yawanci ana buga shi tare da tafsirin rabbin (perushim).Yahudawa sun rubuta Attaura, farkon ɓangaren rubutun da Kiristoci suka fi sani da Tsohon Alkawari.

Haikali na Sulemanu, wanda kuma aka sani da Haikali na Farko shine Haikali na farko a Urushalima, bisa ga Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci.An gina shi a lokacin mulkin Sulemanu bisa Ƙasar Isra'ila kuma an gina shi gaba ɗaya ta c.957 KZ.Ya kasance kusan ƙarni huɗu har sai da Masarautar Babila ta Neo-Babila ta halaka ta a shekara ta 587/586 K.Z. a ƙarƙashin Sarkin Babila na biyu, Nebukadnezzar II, wanda daga baya ya kwashe Yahudawa zuwa Babila bayan faduwar Mulkin Yahuda kuma aka haɗa ta a matsayin Babila. lardin.Ana ganin halakar Haikali da zaman hijira na Babila a matsayin cikar annabce-annabce na Littafi Mai-Tsarki kuma saboda haka ya ƙarfafa imanin addinin Yahudanci, wanda ya fara rikiɗewar Isra'ilawa daga gaskatawar shirka ko tauhidi na Yahwism zuwa gaskatawar tauhidi da aka samu a cikin Yahudanci.Wannan haikalin yana ɗauke da akwatin alkawari, wani abu mai tsarki wanda ya ƙunshi Dokoki Goma.Shekaru ɗari da yawa bayan haka, Babiloniyawa sun lalata haikalin.

Assuriyawa sun ci Isra’ila da yaƙi kuma suka kaddamar da ’yan gudun hijirar Yahudawa (a kusan 722 K.Z.).A wajen shekara ta 722 KZ, Assuriyawa suka ci mulkin Isra’ila kuma suka tilasta wa ƙabilu goma su sake zama a wasu sassan daular, bisa ga al’adar Assuriya.Watsewar ƙabilun shine farkon ƙaurawar Yahudawa, ko kuma zama nesa da Isra'ila, wanda ke nuna yawancin tarihin Yahudawa.Daga baya, Babila suka ƙaura da Yahudawa ma.A shekara ta 722 K.Z., Assuriyawa, a ƙarƙashin Sargon II, magajin Shalmanesar na Biyu, sun ci Mulkin Isra’ila, kuma an kai Isra’ilawa da yawa zuwa Mesofotamiya .Yahudawa da suka dace da ƙaura sun fara da gudun hijira na Babila a ƙarni na 6 KZ.

Bisa ga Littafi Mai Tsarki, Sarki Nebuchadnezzar na II na Daular Babila ya wawashe Haikali sa’ad da Babila suka kai wa Urushalima hari a ɗan gajeren sarautar Jehoiakin c.598 KZ (2 Sarakuna 24:13).Shekaru goma bayan haka, Nebuchadnezzar ya sake kewaye Urushalima kuma bayan watanni 30 ya keta garun birnin a shekara ta 587/6 K.Z.A ƙarshe birnin ya faɗa hannun sojojinsa a watan Yuli 586/7 KZ.Bayan wata ɗaya, aka aika Nebuzaradan, shugaban masu gadin Nebukadnezzar, ya ƙone birnin kuma ya rushe.Bisa ga Littafi Mai Tsarki, “ya ​​ƙone Haikalin Ubangiji, da fādar sarki, da dukan gidajen Urushalima.” (2 Sarakuna 25:9).An kawar da duk abin da ya dace da ganima aka kai Babila (2 Sarakuna 25:13–17).

Haikali na biyu, wanda kuma aka sani a shekarun baya a matsayin Haikalin Hirudus, shine haikali mai tsarki na Yahudawa da aka sake ginawa wanda ya tsaya a Dutsen Haikali a cikin birnin Urushalima tsakanin c.516 KZ da 70 CE.Ya maye gurbin Haikali na Farko (wanda aka gina a wuri ɗaya a lokacin sarautar Sulemanu bisa Ƙasar Isra’ila ) da Daular Neo-Babila ta halaka a shekara ta 587 K.Z. a lokacin da ta ci Mulkin Yahuda;mulkin Yahudawa da ya fāɗi daga baya an haɗa shi a matsayin lardin Babila kuma wani ɓangare na mutanensa yana bauta a Babila.Kammala Haikali na Biyu a sabon lardin Achaemenid na Yahudawa ya nuna farkon lokacin Haikali na biyu a tarihin Yahudawa.Yahudanci na Haikali na biyu shine addinin Yahudanci tsakanin ginin Haikali na biyu a Urushalima, c.515 KZ, da kuma halakar da Romawa suka yi a shekara ta 70 AZ.Ci gaban littafin Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Ibrananci, majami'a, tsammanin Yahudawa na afuwar nan gaba, da haɓakar Kiristanci duk ana iya gano su zuwa lokacin Haikali na Biyu.

Tsohon Alkawari na Hellenanci, ko Septuagint, shine farkon fassarar Helenanci na littattafai daga Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci.Ya ƙunshi littattafai da yawa fiye da waɗanda ke ƙunshe a cikin rubutun Masoret na Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci kamar yadda aka yi amfani da shi cikin al'adar Yahudanci na gama gari.An haɗa ƙarin littattafan a cikin Hellenanci, Ibrananci, ko Aramaic, amma a mafi yawan lokuta, fassarar Helenanci kaɗai ya wanzu har zuwa yanzu.Ita ce mafi tsufa kuma mafi mahimmanci cikakkiyar fassarar Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci da Yahudawa suka yi.Wasu targum suna fassara ko fassara Littafi Mai Tsarki zuwa Aramaic suma an yi su kusan lokaci guda.

Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci ko Tanakh shine tarin nassosin Ibrananci, gami da Attaura, Nevi'im, da Ketuvim.Waɗannan nassosin kusan na Ibrananci ne na Littafi Mai-Tsarki, tare da ƴan ayoyi a Aramaic na Littafi Mai Tsarki (a cikin littattafan Daniyel da Ezra, da ayar Irmiya 10:11).Babu wani ra’ayi na masana game da lokacin da aka kafa littafin Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci: wasu malaman suna jayayya cewa daular Hasmonean ce ta gyara shi, yayin da wasu ke jayayya cewa ba a daidaita shi ba sai ƙarni na biyu AZ ko ma daga baya.Bisa ga Legends na Yahudawa na Louis Ginzberg, littafin Littattafai ashirin da huɗu na Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Ibrananci ne Ezra da malaman Attaura suka tsara a lokacin Haikali na Biyu. A cewar Talmud, yawancin Tanakh maza na Babban Majalisar ne suka tattara su. (Anshei K'nesset HaGedolah), aikin da aka kammala a shekara ta 450 K.Z., kuma bai canja ba tun lokacin.

Farisawa ƙungiyoyin zamantakewar Yahudawa ne kuma makarantar tunani a cikin Levant a lokacin Yahudanci na Haikali na Biyu.Bayan halakar Haikali na Biyu a cikin 70 AD, imanin Farisa ya zama tushen tushe, liturgical, da na al'ada na Yahudanci na Rabin.Rikice-rikice tsakanin Farisawa da Sadukiyawa sun faru a cikin mahallin daɗaɗɗen rikice-rikice na zamantakewa da na addini tsakanin Yahudawa, wanda yaƙin Romawa ya fi muni.Ɗayan rikici shine al'ada, tsakanin waɗanda suka yarda da Hellenization (Sadukiyawa) da waɗanda suka yi tsayayya da shi (Farisiyawa).Wani kuma na shari’a-addini, tsakanin waɗanda suka nanata muhimmancin Haikali tare da hidimominsa da kuma waɗanda suka nanata muhimmancin wasu Dokokin Musa.Wani batu na addini na musamman ya ƙunshi fassarori daban-daban na Attaura da yadda za a yi amfani da ita ga rayuwar Yahudawa ta yanzu, tare da Sadukiyawa sun fahimci Attaura Rubuce kawai (tare da falsafar Hellenanci) da ƙin Annabawa, Rubutu, da koyaswar kamar Attaura ta Baka da tashin matattu. na matattu.

Sadukiyawa ƙungiya ce ta zamantakewa da addini ta Yahudawa waɗanda suke aiki a Yahudiya a lokacin Haikali na Biyu, daga ƙarni na biyu KZ ta hanyar lalata Haikali a shekara ta 70 A.Z..Sau da yawa ana kwatanta Sadukiyawa da wasu ƙungiyoyin da suka yi zamani da su, ciki har da Farisawa da Essewa.Josephus, wanda ya rubuta a ƙarshen ƙarni na 1 AD, ya danganta ɗariƙar da babban tsarin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na al’ummar Yahudiya.Gabaɗaya, sun cika ayyuka dabam-dabam na siyasa, zamantakewa, da na addini, gami da kula da Haikali a Urushalima.Ƙungiyar ta ɓace bayan ɗan lokaci bayan halakar da Haikalin Hirudus a Urushalima a shekara ta 70 A.Z..

Yahudanci Karaite ƙungiya ce ta addinin yahudawa wacce ke nuna amincewa da rubutacciyar Attaura ita kaɗai a matsayin mafi girman ikonta a cikin halakha (dokar addinin Yahudawa) da tiyoloji.Kararawa sun lura cewa dukan dokokin Allah da Allah ya ba Musa an rubuta su a cikin rubutacciyar Attaura ba tare da ƙarin Dokar Baka ko bayani ba.Yahudanci na Karaite ya bambanta da addinin Yahudanci na Rabbinic, wanda ya ɗauki Attaura ta Baka, wanda aka tsara a cikin Talmud da ayyukan da suka biyo baya, don zama fassarori masu ƙarfi na Attaura.Saboda haka, Yahudawan Karaite ba sa ɗaukar tarin rubuce-rubuce na al'adar baka a cikin Midrash ko Talmud a matsayin ɗaure.Lokacin karanta Attaura, Karaites suna ƙoƙari su manne wa a sarari ko ma'ana (peshat) na rubutun;wannan ba lallai ba ne ainihin ma'anar, amma ma'anar da ta halitta da Ibraniyawa na da suka fahimta lokacin da aka fara rubuta littattafan Attaura - ba tare da amfani da Attaura ta Baka ba.Sabanin haka, addinin Yahudanci na Rabbin ya dogara da hukunce-hukuncen shari'a na Sanhedrin kamar yadda aka tsara su a cikin Midrash, Talmud, da sauran tushe don nuna ma'anar Attaura ta gaske.Yahudanci Karaite yana riƙe kowane fassarar Attaura zuwa bincike iri ɗaya ba tare da la'akari da tushenta ba, kuma yana koyar da cewa alhakin kowane Bayahude ne na kansa ya yi nazarin Attaura, kuma a ƙarshe ya yanke shawarar kansa daidai ma'anarta.Karaites na iya yin la’akari da gardama da aka yi a Talmud da sauran ayyuka ba tare da ɗaukaka su sama da wasu ra’ayoyi ba.

Essenewa ɗarikar Yahudawa sufi ne a lokacin Haikali na Biyu wanda ya bunƙasa daga ƙarni na 2 KZ zuwa ƙarni na 1 AD.Daga baya Josephus ya ba da cikakken bayani game da Essenes a Yaƙin Yahudawa (a. A. 75 A.Z.), tare da ɗan taƙaitaccen kwatanci a cikin Antiquities of the Jewish (a. A. 94 A.Z.) da kuma The Life of Flavius ​​Josephus (a shekara ta 97 A.Z.).Da yake iƙirarin sanin kansa, ya lissafa Essenoi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyi uku na falsafar Yahudawa tare da Farisawa da Sadukiyawa.Ya danganta wannan bayanin game da taƙawa, rashin aure, rashin dukiya da kuɗi, imani ga jama'a, da sadaukar da kai ga tsananin kiyaye Asabar.Ya kuma kara da cewa Essene sun kasance suna nutsewa cikin ruwa kowace safiya - al'ada irin ta amfani da mikveh don nutsewar yau da kullun da aka samu a tsakanin wasu Hasidim na wannan zamani - suna cin abinci tare bayan addu'a, sadaukar da kansu ga sadaka da kyautatawa, sun hana bayyanar da fushi, karatu. Littattafan dattijai, sun ɓoye asirai, sun kuma tuna da sunayen mala'iku da aka ajiye a cikin littattafansu masu tsarki.

A yeshiva (; Ibrananci: ישיבה, lit. 'zaune'; pl. ישיבות, yeshivot ko yeshivos) wata cibiyar koyar da ilimin Yahudawa ce ta al'ada da ke mai da hankali kan nazarin adabin Rabbinic, da farko Talmud da halacha (dokar Yahudawa), yayin da Attaura da Yahudawa. ana nazarin falsafa a layi daya.Ana yin karatun ne ta hanyar shiurim na yau da kullun (lakcoci ko azuzuwan) da kuma a cikin nau'ikan karatu da ake kira chavrusas (Aramaic don 'abokai' ko 'abokan zumunci').Koyo irin na Chavrusa yana ɗaya daga cikin keɓantattun fasalulluka na yeshiva.

Tannaim su ne masu hikimar rabbin waɗanda aka rubuta ra'ayoyinsu a cikin Mishnah, daga kusan 10-220 CE.Zaman Tannaim, wanda kuma ake kira zamanin Mishnaic, ya ɗauki kimanin shekaru 210.Ya zo ne bayan lokacin Zugot ("nau'i-nau'i"), kuma lokaci na Amoraim ("masu fassara") ya biyo baya nan da nan.Tushen tanna (תנא) shine Talmudic Aramaic daidai ga tushen Ibrananci shanah (שנה), wanda kuma shine tushen kalmar Mishnah.Fi'ili shanah (שנה) a zahiri yana nufin "maimaita [abin da aka koya wa mutum]" kuma ana amfani da shi don ma'anar "koya".Zamanin Mishnaic yawanci ana raba shi zuwa lokuta biyar bisa ga tsararraki.Akwai kusan 120 sanannun Tannaim.Tannayim sun zauna a wurare da yawa a ƙasar Isra’ila .Cibiyar ruhaniya ta Yahudanci a lokacin ita ce Urushalima, amma bayan halakar birnin da Haikali na Biyu, Yohanan ben Zakkai da ɗalibansa sun kafa sabuwar cibiyar addini a Yavne.Sauran wuraren koyon Yahudanci dalibansa ne suka kafa su a Lod da Bnei Brak.

Mishnah ko Mishna ita ce farkon manyan rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce na al'adun baka na Yahudawa wanda aka sani da Attaura ta Baka.Hakanan shine babban aikin farko na adabin rabbi.Yahuda ha-Nasi ne ya sake gyara Mishnah a farkon ƙarni na 3 A.Z., a lokacin da, a cewar Talmud, tsanantawa da Yahudawa suka yi da kuma wucewar lokaci ya sa akwai yiwuwar cewa cikakken bayani na al’adun Bafari na baka na Farisawa. daga lokacin Haikali na biyu (516 KZ – 70 CE) za a manta da shi.Yawancin Mishnah an rubuta su a cikin Ibrananci na Mishnaic, amma wasu sassan suna cikin Aramaic.Mishnah ta ƙunshi umarni shida (sedarim, seder singular סדר), kowanne yana ɗauke da tarakta 7-12 (masechtot, masechet מסכת; lit. "web"), 63 gabaɗaya, kuma an ƙara rarraba zuwa surori da sakin layi.Kalmar Mishnah kuma tana iya nuna sakin layi ɗaya na aikin, watau mafi ƙarancin juzu'in tsari a cikin Mishnah.Don haka ne a wasu lokuta ana yin magana da dukan aikin a cikin jam'i, Mishnayot.

Hexapla (Tsohon Hellenanci: Ἑξαπλᾶ, "ninki shida") shine kalmar mahimmancin bugu na Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci a cikin juzu'i shida, huɗu daga cikinsu an fassara su zuwa Hellenanci, an adana su a cikin gutsuttsura kawai.Kwatanta Nassosin Ibrananci na asali da na Septuagint na Hellenanci da kuma sauran fassarar Helenanci.Kalmar musamman kuma gabaɗaya ta shafi bugu na Tsohon Alkawari wanda masanin tauhidi kuma masani Origen ya haɗa, wani lokaci kafin 240.An yi gardama kan manufar haɗa Hexapla.Mafi mahimmanci, an yi nufin littafin ne don maganganun Kirista-rabbinic game da lalata nassi na Nassi.Codex ɗin ya haɗa da rubutun Ibrananci, wasulansa a fassarar Helenanci da kuma aƙalla fassarorin Helenanci guda huɗu, waɗanda suka haɗa da Septuagint;ta wannan fuskar, samfuri ne na polyglot na baya.Yawancin majiyoyi sun ce ga Psalter akwai juzu'i biyu ko uku na fassarar, dangane da wasu littattafan annabci.A ƙarshen rayuwarsa, Origen ya ƙirƙiri wani taƙaitaccen sigar aikinsa - Tetrapla, wanda ya haɗa da fassarorin Girka huɗu kawai (don haka sunan).

Masoret rukuni ne na malaman marubuta Yahudawa waɗanda suka yi aiki tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 5 zuwa 10 AZ, waɗanda suka samo asali a Falasdinu na da (Jund Filastin) a biranen Tiberias da Urushalima, da kuma a Iraki (Babila).Kowace ƙungiya ta haɗa tsarin lafazin lardi da jagororin nahawu a cikin nau'in bayanin kula (niqqud) akan sigar waje na rubutun Littafi Mai Tsarki a ƙoƙarin daidaita lardi, sakin layi da rarrabuwar aya, da cantillation na Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci (Tanakh) ga al'ummar Yahudawa na duniya.Iyalin ben Asher na Masoretes sune ke da alhakin kiyayewa da samar da Rubutun Masoret, kodayake akwai madadin rubutun Masoret na ben Naphtali Masoretes, wanda ke da kusan bambance-bambance 875 daga rubutun ben Asher.Hukumar halakiyya Maimonides ta amince da ben Asher a matsayin mafifici, kodayake masanin YahudawanMasar , Saadya Gaon al-Fayyumi, ya fi son tsarin ben Naphtali.An ba da shawarar cewa iyalin ben Asher da yawancin Masoret su ne Karaites.Koyaya, Geoffrey Khan ya yi imanin cewa dangin ben Asher wataƙila ba Karaite ba ne, kuma Aron Dotan ya ƙi cewa akwai “tabbatattun tabbaci cewa M. Ben-Asher ba Karaite ba ne.

A cikin sharhinsa a kan Mishnah (takardar Sanhedrin, babi na 10), Maimonides ya tsara “ƙa’idodin bangaskiya 13”;da kuma cewa waɗannan ƙa'idodin sun taƙaita abin da yake kallo a matsayin imani da ake buƙata na Yahudanci:Kasancewar Allah.Hadin kai na Allah da rashin rarraba cikin abubuwa.Ruhaniya ta Allah da rashin saninsa.Dauwamar Allah.Allah kadai ya kamata ya zama abin bauta.Wahayi ta wurin annabawan Allah.Fitinar Musa a cikin annabawa.Cewa dukan Attaura (duka ta Rubuce da ta Baka) asalin Allah ne kuma Allah ya umarce shi da Musa akan Dutsen Sinai.Attaura da Musa ya ba da ita na dindindin ne kuma ba za a musanya ko canjawa ba.Sanin Allah game da dukkan ayyuka da tunanin mutum.Sakamakon adalci da azabar mummuna.Zuwan Almasihun Bayahude.Tashin matattu.An ce Maimonides ya tattara ƙa'idodin daga tushen Talmudic daban-daban.Waɗannan ƙa'idodin sun kasance masu jayayya lokacin da aka fara gabatar da su, suna haifar da suka daga Rabbis Hasdai Crescas da Joseph Albo, kuma yawancin al'ummar Yahudawa sun yi watsi da su sosai a cikin ƴan ƙarni masu zuwa.Koyaya, waɗannan ƙa'idodin sun zama gama gari kuma ana ɗaukar su su ne ainihin ƙa'idodin bangaskiya ga Yahudawa Orthodox.Maganganun waƙa guda biyu na waɗannan ƙa'idodin (Ani Ma'amin da Yigdal) daga ƙarshe sun zama nassi a yawancin bugu na Siddur (littafin addu'ar Yahudawa).Ana iya ganin ƙa'idodin da aka jera a cikin Siddur Edot HaMizrach, Ƙari ga Shacharit Rashin jerin waɗannan ƙa'idodin kamar haka a cikin ayyukansa na baya, Mishneh Attaura da Jagora ga Masu Rikici, ya sa wasu ke ba da shawarar cewa ko dai ya janye nasa. matsayi na farko, ko kuma waɗannan ka'idodin suna bayyanawa maimakon rubutattun bayanai.

Zohar aiki ne na tushe a cikin wallafe-wallafen tunanin sufanci na Yahudawa wanda aka sani da Kabbalah.Rukunin littattafai ne da suka haɗa da sharhi kan al'amuran sufanci na Attaura (littattafai biyar na Musa) da fassarori na nassi da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi sufanci, camfin almara, da kuma ilimin halin ɗabi'a.Zohar ya ƙunshi tattaunawa game da yanayin Allah, asali da tsarin sararin samaniya, yanayin rayuka, fansa, dangantakar Ego da Duhu da "kai na gaskiya" zuwa "Hasken Allah".Musa de León ne ya fara bayyana Zohar (a shekara ta 1240 – 1305), wanda ya yi iƙirarin aikin Tannaitic ne da ke rikodin koyarwar Saminu ben Yochai.Masana zamani sun ƙi wannan da'awar a duniya baki ɗaya, waɗanda yawancinsu sun gaskata de León, wanda kuma sanannen ƙirƙirar kayan Geonic ne, ya rubuta littafin da kansa.Wasu malaman suna jayayya cewa Zohar aikin ne na marubutan zamanin da da/ko ya ƙunshi ƙaramin adadin kayan tarihi na gaske.

Sabbateans (ko Sabbatians) sun kasance mabiyan Yahudawa iri-iri, almajirai, da masu bi a Sabbatai Zevi (1626-1676), malamin Yahudawa Sephardic da Kabbalist wanda Nathan na Gaza ya yi shelar zama Almasihu na Yahudawa a 1666.Yahudawa da yawa a ƙasashen waje sun yarda da da'awarsa, ko da a zahiri ya zama mai ridda saboda musuluntar da ya yi a cikin wannan shekarar.Mabiyan Sabbatai Zevi, dukansu a lokacin shelar Almasihunsa da kuma bayan tilasta masa musulunta, ana kiransu da Sabbateans.Wani ɓangare na Sabbateans ya rayu har zuwa Turkiyya na ƙarni na 21 a matsayin zuriyar Dönmeh.

Haskalah, sau da yawa ana kiranta wayewar yahudawa (Ibrananci: השכלה; a zahiri, "hikima", "ilimi" ko "ilimi"), motsi ne na hankali tsakanin Yahudawa na Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai, tare da wani tasiri akan waɗanda ke Yammacin Turai da Duniyar musulmi.Ya tashi a matsayin ma'anar ra'ayi na akida a cikin 1770s, kuma matakinsa na ƙarshe ya ƙare a kusa da 1881, tare da haɓakar kishin ƙasa na Yahudawa.Haskalah ta bi wasu manufofi guda biyu.Ya nemi kiyaye Yahudawa a matsayin keɓaɓɓen, gama gari na musamman, kuma ya bi jerin ayyukan sabunta al'adu da ɗabi'a, gami da farfaɗowar Ibrananci don amfani da rayuwar duniya, wanda ya haifar da haɓaka cikin Ibrananci da aka samu a bugawa.A halin yanzu, ta yi ƙoƙari don samun kyakkyawar haɗin kai a cikin al'ummomin da ke kewaye.Kwararru sun haɓaka nazarin al'adu, salo, da na yare, da ɗaukar dabi'u na zamani.A lokaci guda kuma, an ci gaba da bunkasa tattalin arziki.Haskalah ya inganta ra'ayi, sassaucin ra'ayi, 'yancin tunani, da bincike, kuma an fi gane shi a matsayin bambance-bambancen Yahudawa na Zamanin Haskakawa.Yunkurin ya ƙunshi nau'i-nau'i iri-iri tun daga masu matsakaicin ra'ayi, waɗanda ke fatan samun daidaito mafi girma, zuwa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, waɗanda ke neman sauye-sauye.

Rabbi Israel ben Eliezer (c. 1698 – 22 May 1760), wanda aka fi sani da Baal Shem Tov ko kuma a matsayin Besht, wani sufi ne na Yahudawa kuma mai warkarwa daga Poland wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin wanda ya kafa addinin Yahudanci na Hasidic.“Besht” ita ce gajarta ta Baal Shem Tov, wanda ke nufin “Daya mai Sunan Mai Kyau” ko kuma “wanda ke da kyakkyawan suna”.Babban jigo a cikin koyarwar Baal Shem Tov ita ce alaƙa kai tsaye tare da allahntaka, "dvekut", wanda aka sanya shi cikin kowane aiki na ɗan adam da kowane sa'a ta farkawa.Addu'a tana da mahimmanci mafi girma, tare da ma'anar sufanci na haruffa da kalmomi na Ibrananci.Bidi'ar sa ta ta'allaka ne a cikin "karfafa masu ibada su bi tunaninsu mai shagaltuwa zuwa tushensu na Ubangiji".Waɗanda suke bin koyarwarsa suna ɗaukansa a matsayin zuriyar Dauda da ta fito daga zuriyarsa zuwa gidan sarauta na Dauda.

Yahudanci Orthodox shine kalmar gama gari ga masu bin al'adun gargajiya da na tiyoloji masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na Yahudanci na zamani.A tauhidi, an fi bayyana ta game da Attaura, Rubutu da Baka, kamar yadda Allah ya saukar wa Musa a Dutsen Sina'i kuma an watsa shi cikin aminci tun daga lokacin.Don haka addinin Yahudanci na Orthodox yana ba da shawarar kiyaye dokokin Yahudawa, ko halakha, wanda za a fassara shi kuma a ƙaddara shi kaɗai bisa ga hanyoyin gargajiya da kuma bin tsarin da aka samu tun shekaru da yawa.Yana kallon gaba dayan tsarin halak a matsayin wanda aka kafa shi cikin wahayi maras canzawa, kuma ya wuce tasirin waje.Mahimman ayyuka sune kiyaye Asabar, cin kosher, da nazarin Attaura.Koyarwa masu mahimmanci sun haɗa da Almasihu na gaba wanda zai maido da al'adar Yahudawa ta wurin gina haikali a Urushalima kuma ya tattara dukan Yahudawa zuwa Isra'ila , imani da tashin matattu na jiki a nan gaba, sakamako na Allah da horo ga masu adalci da masu zunubi.

Attaura im Derech Eretz (Ibrananci: תורה עם דרך ארץ – Attaura mai “hanyar ƙasa”) jimla ce da ta zama ruwan dare a cikin adabin Rabbin da ke nuni ga bangarori daban-daban na mu’amalar mutum da faɗin duniya.Hakanan yana nufin falsafar addinin Yahudanci na Orthodox wanda Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch (1808-88) ya bayyana, wanda ke tsara alaƙa tsakanin Yahudanci masu lura da al'ada da duniyar zamani.Wasu suna komawa zuwa yanayin sakamakon Yahudanci na Orthodox a matsayin Neo-Orthodoxy.

Yahudanci mai sake ginawa ƙungiya ce ta Yahudawa wacce ke kallon Yahudanci a matsayin wayewar ci gaba mai tasowa maimakon addini, bisa ra'ayoyin Mordecai Kaplan (1881-1983).Yunkurin ya samo asali ne a matsayin rafi mai tsari a cikin addinin Yahudanci masu ra'ayin mazan jiya kuma ya ci gaba daga ƙarshen 1920 zuwa 1940, kafin ya balle a 1955 kuma ya kafa kwalejin rabbinical a 1967. Orthodox, Conservative, Gyarawa, da Humanistic.

Haredi Yahudanci ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi a cikin addinin Yahudanci na Orthodox waɗanda ke da alaƙa da tsananin riko da halakha (dokar Yahudawa) da al'adu, masu adawa da dabi'u da ayyuka na zamani.Yawanci ana kiran membobinta da matsananci-Orthodox a Turanci;duk da haka, kalmar "ultra-Orthodox" ana daukarta mai ban tsoro daga yawancin mabiyanta, waɗanda suka fi son sharuɗɗa kamar su Orthodox ko Haredi.Yahudawan Haredi suna daukar kansu a matsayin rukunin yahudawa mafi inganci a addinance, duk da cewa sauran ƙungiyoyin Yahudanci sun saba.Wasu malaman sun ce Haredi Yahudanci yana mayar da martani ne ga sauye-sauyen al'umma, ciki har da 'yantar da al'umma, da yunkurin Haskalah da ya samo asali daga Wayewa, ilimantarwa, zaman kashe wando, gyara addini ta kowane hali daga sauki zuwa matsananci, tasowar yunkurin kasa yahudawa, da dai sauransu. Sabanin Yahudanci na Orthodox na Zamani, mabiya addinin Yahudanci na Haredi suna ware kansu daga sauran sassan al'umma har zuwa wani matsayi.Koyaya, yawancin al'ummomin Haredi suna ƙarfafa matasan su don samun digiri na ƙwararru ko kafa kasuwanci.Bugu da ƙari, wasu ƙungiyoyin Haredi, kamar Chabad-Lubavitch, suna ƙarfafa isar da kai ga Yahudawa marasa lura da marasa alaƙa da hilonim (Yahudawan Isra'ila na zamani).Don haka dangantaka ta sana'a da zamantakewa ta kan taso tsakanin Haredi da Yahudawan da ba Haredi ba, da kuma tsakanin Yahudawan Haredi da wadanda ba Yahudawa ba.Ana samun al'ummomin Haredi da farko a cikin Isra'ila (12.9% na yawan Isra'ila), Arewacin Amurka, da Yammacin Turai.An kiyasta yawansu a duniya sama da miliyan 1.8, kuma, saboda rashi na auratayya tsakanin addinai da yawan haihuwa, al'ummar Haredi na karuwa cikin sauri.Hakanan an haɓaka adadinsu tun cikin 1970s ta hanyar Yahudawa masu zaman kansu da suke ɗaukar salon Haredi a matsayin wani ɓangare na motsin baal teshuva;duk da haka, waɗanda suka tafi sun ɓata.