History of Saudi Arabia ©HistoryMaps

1727 - 2024

Tarihin Saudiyya

Tarihin kasar Saudiyya a matsayin kasa kasa ya fara ne a shekara ta 1727 da hawan daular Al Saud da kuma kafa Masarautar Diriya.Wannan yanki, wanda aka sani da tsoffin al'adu da wayewa, yana da mahimmanci ga alamun ayyukan ɗan adam na farko.Musulunci, wanda ya kunno kai a karni na 7, ya ga saurin fadada yankunan bayan mutuwar Muhammad a shekara ta 632, wanda ya kai ga kafa daular Larabawa da dama masu tasiri.Yankuna hudu — Hejaz, Najd, Gabashin Arabiya, da Kudancin Larabawa—suka kafa Saudiyya ta zamani, wanda Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman (Ibn Saud) ya hade a 1932.Ya fara ci a shekarar 1902, inda ya kafa Saudiyya a matsayin cikakkiyar masarauta.Gano man fetur a shekarar 1938 ya mayar da shi babban mai hako mai da fitar da man.Mulkin Abdulaziz (1902 – 1953) ya biyo bayan sarautar ‘ya’yansa maza da mata, kowanne ya ba da gudunmawa wajen bunkasar siyasa da tattalin arzikin Saudiyya.Saudat ta fuskanci adawar sarauta;Faisal (1964 – 1975) ya jagoranta a lokacin bunkasuwar albarkatun mai;Khalid ya shaida kamun babban Masallacin 1979;Fahd (1982 – 2005) ya ga karuwar tashe-tashen hankula na cikin gida da kuma daidaita yakin Gulf na 1991;Abdullah (2005–2015) ya qaddamar da gyare-gyare masu matsakaici;kuma Salman (tun 2015) ya sake tsara ikon gwamnati, wanda akasari a hannun dansa, Mohammed bin Salman, wanda ke da tasiri a harkokin shari'a, zamantakewa, da tattalin arziki da kuma shiga tsakani na yakin basasar Yemen.

Lahkmids & Ghassanids. ©Angus McBride

3000 BCE Jan 1 - 632

Larabawa kafin musulunci

Arabia

Larabawa kafin Musulunci, kafin bayyanar Musulunci a shekara ta 610 AZ, yanki ne mai al'adu da al'adu daban-daban.An san wannan lokacin ta hanyar shaidar archaeological, bayanan waje, da kuma bayanan tarihi na Musulunci daga baya na hadisai na baka.Manyan wayewa sun haɗa da Thamud (kusan 3000 KZ zuwa 300 CE) da Dilmun (ƙarshen ƙarni na huɗu zuwa kusan 600 CE).^[1] Daga karni na biyu KZ, ^[2] Kudancin Larabawa sun mallaki masarautu irin su Sabaeans, Minaeans, da Larabawa ta Gabas gida ne ga yawan masu jin Semitic.An iyakance binciken binciken kayan tarihi, tare da rubuce-rubucen asali na asali sune rubuce-rubuce da tsabar kudi daga Kudancin Larabawa.Majiyoyin waje dagaMasarawa , Girkawa , Farisawa , Romawa, da sauransu suna ba da ƙarin bayani.Waɗannan yankuna sun kasance masu haɗin kai ga cinikin Bahar Maliya da Tekun Indiya, tare da manyan masarautu irin su Sabaeans, Awsan, Himyar, da Nabateans sun sami wadata.Rubuce-rubucen Hadramaut na farko sun kasance a ƙarni na 8 KZ, kodayake nassoshi na waje game da shi sun bayyana a ƙarni na 7 KZ.An ambaci Dilmun a cikin cuneiform na Sumerian daga ƙarshen karni na 4 KZ.^[3] Wayewar Sabae, mai tasiri a Yemen da sassan Eritriya da Habasha, ta kasance daga 2000 KZ zuwa karni na 8 KZ, daga baya Himyarites suka ci nasara.^[4]Awsan, wata muhimmiyar daular Larabawa ta Kudu, an lalatar da shi a karni na 7 KZ da Sarkin Saba'a Karib'il Watar.Ƙasar Himyarite, tun daga 110 KZ, ta mamaye Larabawa har zuwa 525 AD.Tattalin arzikinsu ya dogara ne akan noma da kasuwanci, musamman a turare, mur, da hauren giwa.Asalin Nabataean ba su da tabbas, tare da tabbataccen bayyanar su ta farko a cikin 312 KZ.Suna sarrafa manyan hanyoyin kasuwanci kuma an san su da babban birninsu, Petra.Masarautar Lakhmid, wadda bakin haure Yaman suka kafa a karni na 2, kasa ce ta Larabawa Kirista a Kudancin Iraki .Hakazalika, Ghassanid, da suka yi ƙaura daga Yaman zuwa kudancin Siriya a farkon karni na 3, ƙabilar Kirista ta Kudu ta Larabawa ne.^[5]Daga 106 AZ zuwa 630 AZ, arewa maso yammacin Larabawa wani yanki ne na daular Romawa a matsayin Arabia Petraea.^[6] Daulolin Parthia na Iran da Sassani ne ke sarrafa ƴan wuraren nodal.Ayyukan addini kafin Musulunci a Larabawa sun haɗa da shirka, addinan Semitic na dā, Kiristanci , Yahudanci , Samaritan, Mandaeism, Manichaeism, Zoroastrianism, da Hindu da Buddhism lokaci-lokaci.

Arabia Petraea ©Angus McBride

106 Jan 1 - 632

Arabia Petraea

Petra, Jordan

Arab Petraea, wanda kuma aka sani da Lardin Larabawa na Roma, an kafa shi a karni na 2 a matsayin lardin da ke kan iyaka da Daular Rum.Ya ƙunshi tsohuwar Masarautar Nabataean, wacce ta mamaye kudancin Levant, yankin Sinai, da yankin arewa maso yammacin Larabawa, tare da Petra a matsayin babban birninta.Suriya ne suka ayyana iyakokinta zuwa arewa, Yahudiya (haɗe da Siriya daga 135 AZ) daMasar zuwa yamma, da sauran Larabawa, da aka sani da Arab Deserta da Arabia Felix, zuwa kudu da gabas.Sarkin sarakuna Trajan ya mamaye yankin, kuma ba kamar sauran lardunan gabas kamar Armeniya , Mesopotamiya , da Assuriya ba, Arabia Petraea ta kasance wani yanki na Daular Roma fiye da mulkin Trajan.Iyakar hamadar lardin, Limes Arabicus, tana da mahimmanci ga wurin da take kusa da yankin Parthian.Arabia Petraea ta samar da Sarkin sarakuna Philippus a kusa da 204 AZ.A matsayin lardin da ke kan iyaka, ya hada da yankunan da kabilun Larabawa ke da yawa.Yayin da ta fuskanci hare-hare da kalubale daga Parthians da Palmyrenes, Arabia Petraea ba ta fuskanci hare-haren da ake gani akai-akai a sauran yankunan Romawa kamar Jamus da Arewacin Afirka ba.Bugu da ƙari, ba ta da matsayi iri ɗaya na kasancewar al'adun Hellenized da ke da alaƙa da sauran lardunan gabas na Daular Roma.

Yakin Musulmi. ©HistoryMaps

570 Jan 1

Yada Musulunci

Mecca Saudi Arabia

Tarihin farko na Makka ba a rubuta shi da kyau ba, ^[7] tare da bayanin farko wanda ba na Musulunci ba ya bayyana a cikin 741 AZ, bayan mutuwarAnnabi Muhammad , a cikin tarihin Byzantine-Arab.Wannan tushen kuskure ya gano Makka a Mesopotamiya maimakon yankin Hejaz na yammacin Larabawa, inda tushen kayan tarihi da na rubutu ba su da yawa.^[8]Madina kuwa, ana zaune tun aƙalla karni na 9 KZ.^[9] A karni na 4 miladiyya, ta kasance gida ga kabilun Larabawa daga Yaman da kabilun Yahudawa uku: Banu Qaynuqa, Banu Qurayza, da Banu Nadir.^[10]An haifiMuhammadu , Annabin Musulunci, a Makka a shekara ta 570 CE kuma ya fara hidima a can a shekara ta 610 AD.Ya yi hijira zuwa Madina a shekara ta 622 Miladiyya, inda ya hada kabilun Larabawa karkashin Musulunci.Bayan rasuwarsa a shekara ta 632 miladiyya, Abubakar ya zama halifa na farko, Umar da Usman bn al-Affan da Ali bin Abi Talib suka gaje shi.Wannan lokacin shine aka kafa Daular Rashidun .Karkashin mulkin Rashidun da khalifancin Umayyad masu zuwa, musulmai sun fadada yankinsu sosai, daga yankin Iberian zuwa Indiya.Sun yi galaba a kan sojojin Rumawa , suka kuma kawar da daular Farisa , inda suka karkata akalar siyasar duniyar musulmi zuwa wadannan sabbin yankuna da aka samu.Duk da wannan fadada, Makka da Madina sun kasance tsakiyar ruhin Musulunci.Al-Qur'ani ya wajabta aikin Hajji zuwa Makka ga dukkan musulmi masu iya aiki.Masallacin Harami da ke Makka, tare da Ka'aba, da Masallacin Nabawi a Madina, wanda ke dauke da kabarin Muhammad, sun kasance muhimman wuraren aikin hajji tun karni na 7.^[11]Bayan rugujewar daular Umayyawa a shekara ta 750 AZ, yankin da zai zama Saudiyya ya koma ga mulkin kabilanci na gargajiya, wanda ya ci gaba da wanzuwa bayan cin nasarar farko na musulmi.Wannan yanki ya kasance yana da jujjuyawar yanayin ƙabilu, masarautun ƙabilanci, da ƙungiyoyin tarayya, waɗanda galibi basu da kwanciyar hankali na dogon lokaci.^[12]Muawiyah I, khalifan Banu Umayyah na farko kuma dan asalin garin Makka ya zuba jari a garinsu ta hanyar gina gine-gine da rijiyoyi.^[13] A lokacin Marwanid, Makka ta zama cibiyar al'adu na mawaƙa da mawaƙa.Duk da haka, Madina ta kasance mafi girma ga wani yanki mai mahimmanci na zamanin Umayyawa, domin ita ce wurin zama na manyan sarakunan musulmi.^[13]Mulkin Yazid na ga gagarumin tashin hankali.Tawayen Abd Allah bin al-Zubair ya kai ga sojojin Sham suka shiga Makka.A wannan lokacin an ga wata mummunar gobara da ta lalata dakin Ka'aba, wanda daga baya Ibn al-Zubair ya sake gina shi.^{[13 <]} > A shekara ta 747, wani ɗan tawayen Kharidjit daga Yemen ya ƙwace Makka na ɗan lokaci ba tare da turjiya ba amma ba da daɗewa ba Marwan na biyu ya hambarar da shi.^[13] A ƙarshe, a shekara ta 750, ikon Makka da babban halifanci ya koma Abbasiyawa.^[13]

Ottoman Arabiya ©HistoryMaps

1517 Jan 1 - 1918

Ottoman Arabiya

Arabia

Daga 1517, karkashin Selim I, daular Ottoman ta fara haɗa mahimman yankuna na abin da zai zama Saudi Arabia.Wannan fadada ya hada da yankunan Hejaz da Asir da ke kusa da tekun Bahar Maliya da kuma yankin al-Hasa da ke gabar tekun Fasha, wadanda ke cikin yankunan da suka fi yawan jama'a.Yayin da Ottoman suka yi iƙirarin cikin gida, yawancin ikonsu ba shi da ƙima, ya bambanta da ƙarfin ƙarfin ikon tsakiya na tsawon ƙarni huɗu.^[14]A cikin Hejaz, Sharifan Makka sun ci gaba da samun yancin kai, duk da cewa gwamnonin Ottoman da sojojin sun kasance a Makka.Ikon yankin al-Hasa da ke gabas ya sauya hannu;An yi hasarar ta ga kabilun Larabawa a karni na 17, daga baya kuma daular Usmaniyya suka dawo da ita a karni na 19.A tsawon wannan lokaci, yankuna na cikin gida sun ci gaba da kasancewa karkashin jagorancin shugabannin kabilu masu yawa, suna kiyaye tsarin irin na ƙarnin da suka gabata.^[14]

1727 - 1818

Jihar Saudiyya ta farko ornament

Kasar Saudiyya ta farko: Masarautar Diriya

Wani muhimmin lokaci ya faru a cikin 1744 lokacin da Muhammad ibn Saud, shugaban kabilar Ad-Dir'iyyah kusa da Riyadh, ya kulla kawance da Muhammad ibn Abd-al-Wahhab, wanda ya kafa kungiyar Wahabiyawa. ©HistoryMaps

1727 Jan 1 00:01 - 1818

Kasar Saudiyya ta farko: Masarautar Diriya

Diriyah Saudi Arabia

Kafuwar daular Saudiyya a tsakiyar Larabawa ta samo asali ne tun a shekara ta 1727. Wani muhimmin lokaci ya faru a shekara ta 1744 lokacin da Muhammad ibn Saud shugaban kabilar Ad-Dir'iyyah kusa da Riyadh ya kulla kawance da Muhammad ibn Abd-al-Wahhab, ^[15] . wanda ya assasa kungiyar Wahabiyawa.^[16] Wannan kawance a karni na 18 ya samar da tushen addini da akida don fadada Saudiyya kuma yana ci gaba da karfafa mulkin daular Saudiyya.Ƙasar Saudiyya ta farko, wadda aka kafa a 1727 a kewayen Riyadh, ta faɗaɗa cikin sauri.Tsakanin 1806 zuwa 1815, ta mamaye da yawa daga cikin kasar Saudiyya a yanzu, ciki har da Makka a 1806 ^[17] da Madina a cikin Afrilu 1804. ^[18] Duk da haka, karuwar ikon Saudis ya firgita daular Ottoman .Sultan Mustafa IV ya umurci mataimakinsa aMasar , Mohammed Ali Pasha, da ya kwato yankin.'Ya'yan Ali, Tusun Pasha da Ibrahim Pasha, sun yi nasarar fatattakar sojojin Saudiyya a shekara ta 1818, abin da ya rage karfin Al Saud.^[19]

Yakin Wahabiyanci: Yakin Ottoman/Masar da Saudiyya

Yakin Wahabiyawa ©HistoryMaps

1811 Jan 1 - 1818 Sep 15

Yakin Wahabiyanci: Yakin Ottoman/Masar da Saudiyya

Arabian Peninsula

Yakin Wahabiyawa (1811-1818) ya fara ne da Sarkin Daular Usmaniyya Mahmud II ya umarci Muhammad Ali naMasar da ya kai wa kasar Wahabiyawa hari.Sojojin da Muhammad Ali ya sabuntar da su sun fuskanci Wahabiyawa, wanda ya haifar da rigingimu masu yawa.^[20] Muhimman abubuwan da suka faru a cikin wannan rikici sun hada da kwace garin Yanbu a 1811, yakin Al-Safra a 1812, da kuma kwace Madina da Makka da sojojin daular Usmaniyya suka yi a tsakanin 1812 zuwa 1813. Duk da yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya a 1815, yakin ya sake komawa. a shekara ta 1816. Tawagar Najd (1818) karkashin jagorancin Ibrahim Pasha ta yi sanadin kawanya Diriyah tare da lalata kasar Wahabiyawa.^[21] Bayan yakin, daular Usmaniyya ta kashe fitattun shugabannin Saudiyya da Wahabiyawa, ko kuma suka yi gudun hijira, lamarin da ke nuni da tsananin bacin ransu ga yunkurin Wahabiyawa.Daga nan Ibrahim Pasha ya ci wasu yankuna, kuma daular Birtaniyya ta goyi bayan wannan yunkurin na tabbatar da muradun kasuwanci.^[22] Dakatar da kungiyar Wahabiyawa bai yi nasara ba gaba daya, wanda ya kai ga kafa kasar Saudiyya ta biyu a shekara ta 1824.

1824 - 1891

Kasar Saudiyya ta biyu ornament

Jarumin Saudiyya akan doki. ©HistoryMaps

1824 Jan 1 - 1891

Kasar Saudiyya ta Biyu: Masarautar Nejd

Riyadh Saudi Arabia

Bayan faduwar Masarautar Diriya a shekara ta 1818, Mishari bin Saud, dan'uwan shugaba na karshe Abdullah ibn Saud, da farko ya yi yunkurin sake samun mulki ammaMasarawa suka kama su suka kashe shi.A shekara ta 1824 Turki bn Abdullah ibn Muhammad jikan limamin Saudiyya na farko Muhammad bin Saud ya yi nasarar korar sojojin Masar daga birnin Riyadh, wanda ya kafa daular Saudiyya ta biyu.Shi ne kuma kakan sarakunan Saudiyya na zamani.Turki ya kafa babban birninsa a Riyadh, tare da goyon bayan 'yan uwan da suka tsere daga hannun Masar, ciki har da dansa Faisal ibn Turki Al Saud.An kashe Turki a shekara ta 1834 ta hannun wani dan uwansa Mishari bin Abdul Rahman, kuma dansa Faisal ya gaje shi, wanda ya zama babban sarki.Duk da haka, Faisal ya fuskanci wani hari na Masar kuma an ci shi kuma aka kama shi a 1838.Khalid bin Saud, wani dan uwa na daular Saudiyya, Masarawa ne suka nada shi a matsayin sarki a Riyadh.A cikin 1840, lokacin da Masar ta janye sojojinta saboda rikice-rikice na waje, rashin goyon bayan Khalid ya haifar da faduwarsa.Abdullah bin Thunayan daga reshen Al Thunayan ya karbi mulki a takaice, amma Faisal, wanda ya saki a waccan shekarar kuma sarakunan Al Rashid na Ha'il suka taimaka, ya sake samun iko a Riyadh.Faisal ya yarda da Ottoman suzerainty don samun amincewa da shi a matsayin "mai mulkin dukan Larabawa".^[23]Bayan mutuwar Faisal a shekara ta 1865, kasar Saudiyya ta ki saboda rigingimun shugabanci tsakanin 'ya'yansa Abdullah, Saud, Abdul Rahman, da 'ya'yan Saudat.Da farko Abdullah ya hau kan karagar mulki a Riyadh amma ya fuskanci kalubale daga dan uwansa Saud, lamarin da ya kai ga tsawaita yakin basasa da maye gurbinsa a Riyadh.Muhammad bin Abdullah Al Rashid na Ha’il, ma’aikacin Saudiyya, ya yi amfani da wannan rikici wajen fadada tasirinsa a kan Najd, daga karshe kuma ya kori shugaban Saudiyya na karshe, Abdul Rahman bin Faisal, bayan yakin Mulayda a 1891. ^{[24 ]]} Yayin da Saudiyya ke gudun hijira a Kuwait, gidan Rashid ya nemi alakar sada zumunci da Daular Usmaniyya a arewacinta.Wannan ƙawance ya zama ƙasa da riba a tsawon ƙarni na 19 yayin da Ottoman suka rasa tasiri da halaccinsu.

1902 - 1932

Kasar Saudiyya ta uku ornament

Kasar Saudiyya ta Uku: Hadin Kan Saudiyya

Saudi Arabia ©Anonymous

1902 Jan 13 00:01

Kasar Saudiyya ta Uku: Hadin Kan Saudiyya

Riyadh Saudi Arabia

A shekara ta 1902, Abdul-Aziz Al Saud, shugaban Al Saud, ya dawo daga gudun hijira a Kuwait, ya fara cin nasara da yawa, wanda ya fara da kwace Riyadh daga Al Rashid.Wadannan yakukuwan sun kafa harsashin kasar Saudiyya ta Uku daga karshe kuma kasar Saudiyya ta zamani, wacce aka kafa a shekarar 1930. Ikhwan, sojojin kabilar Wahabiyawa da Badawiyya karkashin jagorancin Sultan bin Bajad Al-Otaibi da Faisal al-Duwaish, sun taka rawar gani a wadannan abubuwa. cin nasara.^[28]A shekara ta 1906, Abdulaziz ya kori Al Rashid daga Najd, yana samun karbuwa a matsayin abokin ciniki na Ottoman.A cikin 1913, ya kwace Al-Hasa daga hannun Daular Usmaniyya, inda ya sami iko da gabar Tekun Fasha da kuma ajiyar mai a nan gaba.Abdulaziz ya kauce wa Tawayen Larabawa, inda ya amince da mulkin Ottoman a 1914, kuma ya mai da hankali kan kayar da Al Rashid a arewacin Arabiya.A shekara ta 1920, Ikhwan suka kwace Asir a kudu maso yamma, kuma a 1921, Abdulaziz ya mamaye arewacin Larabawa bayan ya ci Al Rashid.^[29]Tun da farko Abdulaziz ya kaucewa mamaye Hejaz da Birtaniyya ke karewa.Sai dai a shekara ta 1923, bayan da Birtaniya ta janye goyon bayansa, sai ya kai hari ga kungiyar Hijaz, wanda ya kai ga ci a karshen shekarar 1925. A watan Janairun 1926, Abdulaziz ya ayyana kansa a matsayin Sarkin Hijaz, sannan a watan Janairun 1927 ya zama Sarkin Najd.Gudunmawar da Ikhwan suka taka a wadannan yakukuwan ya sauya Hijaz sosai, inda suka dora al'adun Wahabiyawa.^[30]Yarjejeniyar Jeddah a watan Mayun 1927 ta amince da 'yancin kai na daular Abdul-Aziz, wanda a lokacin ake kira daular Hejaz da Najd.^[29] Bayan cin Hejaz, Ikhwan ya nemi fadada yankunan Ingila amma Abdulaziz ya hana shi.An murkushe tawayen Ikhwan da ya haifar a yakin Sabilla a shekarar 1929. ^[31]A shekarar 1932 ne Masarautar Hejaz da Najd suka hade kai suka kafa daular Saudiyya.^[28] An kafa iyakoki tare da jihohi makwabta ta hanyar yarjejeniyoyin a cikin 1920s, kuma iyakar kudu da Yemen an ayyana ta ta 1934 Yarjejeniyar Ta'if bayan wani ɗan gajeren rikici na kan iyaka.^[32]

A daren 15 ga Janairun 1902, Ibn Saud ya jagoranci mutane 40 bisa katangar garin bisa bishiyar dabino mai karkata, ya kwace birnin. ©HistoryMaps

1902 Jan 15

Kwato birnin Riyadh

Riyadh Saudi Arabia

A cikin 1891, Muhammad bin Abdullah Al Rashid, abokin hamayyar gidan Saud, ya kame Riyadh, wanda ya jagoranci Ibn Saud mai shekaru 15 a lokacin da iyalinsa don neman mafaka.Da farko sun samu mafaka da kabilar Al Murrah Badouin, sannan suka koma kasar Qatar na tsawon watanni biyu, suka zauna a Bahrain a takaice, daga karshe kuma suka zauna a Kuwait da izinin Ottoman, inda suka zauna kusan shekaru goma.^[25]A ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 1901, Ibn Saud, tare da rakiyar dan uwansa Muhammad da sauran danginsa, suka kaddamar da farmaki a cikin Nejd, inda suka nufi kabilun da ke da alaka da Rashidawa.^[26] Duk da raguwar tallafin da mahaifinsa bai yarda da shi ba, Ibn Saud ya ci gaba da yakin neman zabensa, daga karshe ya isa Riyadh.A daren 15 ga Janairun 1902, Ibn Saud da wasu mutane 40 suka yi ma'aunin katangar garin ta hanyar amfani da dabino, inda suka yi nasarar kwace birnin Riyadh.An kashe gwamnan Rashidi Ajlan ne a farmakin da Abdullah bin Jiluwi ya kai, wanda ya zama kasar Saudiyya ta uku.^[27] Bayan wannan nasara, sarkin Kuwait Mubarak Al Sabah ya aika da ƙarin mayaka 70, karkashin jagorancin kanin Ibn Saud, Saad, don tallafa masa.Sannan Ibn Saud ya kafa gidansa a fadar kakansa Faisal bin Turki da ke Riyadh.^[26]

Masarautar Hejaz ©HistoryMaps

1916 Jan 1 - 1925

Masarautar Hejaz

Jeddah Saudi Arabia

A matsayinsu na Halifofi, Sarakunan Ottoman sun nada Sharif na Makka, yawanci suna zabar dan gidan Hashimite amma suna haifar da kishiyoyin dangi don hana kafa tushe mai karfi.A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya , Sultan Mehmed V ya ayyana jihadi a kan ikon Entente.Turawan Ingila sun nemi su daidaita da Sharif, suna tsoron Hejaz na iya yin barazana ga hanyoyinsu na Tekun Indiya.A cikin 1914, Sharif, wanda ya yi taka tsantsan da niyyar Ottoman na tsige shi, ya amince ya goyi bayan Tawayen Larabawa da Birtaniyya ke goya baya, domin samun alkawuran daular Larabawa mai cin gashin kanta.Bayan da ya ga irin ayyukan da daular Usmaniyya ta yi kan ‘yan kishin Larabawa, ya jagoranci Hijaz cikin nasara, in ban da Madina.A cikin watan Yunin 1916, Hussein bin Ali ya ayyana kansa Sarkin Hejaz, tare da Entente ya amince da lakabinsa.^[36]Yarjejeniyar da aka cimma a baya ta bai wa Faransa damar mamaye Siriya ya takurawa Burtaniya.Duk da haka, sun kafa masarautu da Hashimiya ke mulki a Transjordan, Iraki , da Hejaz.Koyaya, rashin tabbas kan iyaka, musamman tsakanin Hejaz da Transjordan, ya taso saboda sauya iyakokin Ottoman Hejaz Vilayet.^{[37 <>]} Sarki Hussein bai amince da yerjejeniyar Versailles ba a 1919 kuma ya yi watsi da shawarar Biritaniya ta 1921 don karɓar tsarin da aka ba da izini, musamman game da Falasdinu da Siriya.^[37] Tattaunawar 1923-24 da ta kasa cimma nasara ta sa Birtaniya ta janye goyon bayan Hussein, suna goyon bayan Ibn Saud, wanda a karshe ya ci mulkin Hussein.^[38]

Sojoji a cikin Sojojin Larabawa a lokacin Tawayen Larabawa na 1916-1918, dauke da Tuta na Tawayen Larabawa da kuma hoto a cikin Hamadar Larabawa. ©Anonymous

1916 Jun 10 - 1918 Oct 25

Tawayen Larabawa

Middle East

A farkon karni na 20, Daular Ottoman ta ci gaba da kasancewa da girman kai fiye da mafi yawan kasashen Larabawa.Wannan yanki shi ne mosaic na sarakunan kabilanci, ciki har da Al Saud, wanda ya dawo daga gudun hijira a 1902. Sharif na Makka yana da matsayi mai mahimmanci, yana mulkin Hejaz.^[33]A cikin 1916, Hussein bin Ali, Sharif na Makka, ya kaddamar da tawayen Larabawa a kan Daular Usmaniyya .Birtaniya da Faransa sun goyi bayansa, ^[34] sannan kuma a yakin daular Usmaniyya a yakin duniya na daya , tawayen da nufin samun 'yancin kai na Larabawa da kafa wata kasa ta larabawa daya daga Aleppo na kasar Siriya zuwa Aden na kasar Yemen.Dakarun Larabawa da suka hada da Badawiyya da sauran su daga ko'ina cikin yankin, ba su hada da Al-Sa'ud da kawayensu ba, saboda doguwar gaba da Sharifan Makka da kuma mayar da hankali wajen fatattakar Al Rashid a cikin gida.Duk da cewa ba ta cimma burinta na dunkulewar kasa Larabawa ba, tawayen ya taka rawar gani sosai a bangaren Gabas ta Tsakiya, tare da daure sojojin daular Usmaniyya tare da ba da gudummawa wajen shan kaye da Ottoman a yakin duniya na daya ^[33.]Rabe-raben daular Usmaniyya bayan yakin duniya na daya ya ga Birtaniya da Faransa sun ja da baya kan alkawurran da suka yi wa Hussein na samar da kasar Larabawa.Ko da yake an san Hussein a matsayin Sarkin Hejaz, Birtaniya ta koma goyon bayanta ga Al Saud, ta bar Hussein a matsayin saniyar ware a fannin diflomasiyya da na soja.Sakamakon haka, tawayen Larabawa bai haifar da daular Larabawa ba amma ya ba da gudummawa wajen 'yantar da Larabawa daga ikon Ottoman.^[35]

Saudiyya ta mamaye Hejaz ©Anonymous

1924 Sep 1 - 1925 Dec

Saudiyya ta mamaye Hejaz

Jeddah Saudi Arabia

Yaƙin Saudiyya na Hejaz, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Yaƙin Saudi-Hashemite na Biyu ko Yaƙin Hejaz-Nejd, ya faru a 1924-25.Wannan rikici da ya kasance wani bangare ne na fafatawar da aka dade ana yi tsakanin ‘yan Hashimawa na Hijaz da kuma Saudiyya na Riyadh (Nejd), ya kai ga shigar da kungiyar Hijaz a cikin yankin Saudiyya, wanda ke nuni da kawo karshen mulkin Hashemi na Hijaz.Rikicin ya barke ne lokacin da aka hana mahajjata daga Nejd shiga wurare masu tsarki a Hejaz.^[39] Abdulaziz na Nejd ya fara kamfen a ranar 29 ga Agusta 1924, inda ya kame Taif da juriya kadan.Makka ta fada hannun sojojin Saudiyya a ranar 13 ga Oktoban 1924, bayan da Sharif Hussein bin Ali ya yi watsi da rokon taimakon Birtaniya.Bayan faduwar Makka, taron Musulunci a Riyadh a watan Oktoba 1924 ya amince da ikon Ibn Saud a kan birnin.Yayin da sojojin Saudiyya suka ci gaba, sojojin Hijazi sun watse.^[39] Madina ta mika wuya a ranar 9 ga Disamba 1925, sai Yanbu.Jeddah ta mamaye a cikin Disamba 1925, tare da sojojin Saudiyya sun shiga ranar 8 ga Janairu 1926, bayan shawarwarin da suka hada da Sarki bin Ali, Abdulaziz, da karamin jakadan Burtaniya.An nada Abdulaziz Sarkin Hijaz ne bayan nasarar da ya samu, sannan aka hade yankin zuwa daular Nejd da Hijaz karkashin mulkinsa.Hussein na Hejaz, bayan ya sauka, ya koma Aqaba don tallafa wa kokarin dansa na soja amma turawan Ingila suka yi masa gudun hijira zuwa Cyprus.^[40] Ali bin Hussein ya hau gadon sarautar Hijazi a cikin yakin, amma faduwar daular ta kai ga gudun hijira na daular Hashimiya.Duk da haka, Hashimiyawa sun ci gaba da mulki a Transjordan da Iraki.

Sojoji daga akhwan min taʽa Allahu akbar Rakumai dauke da Tutocin kasar Saudiyya ta Uku, da Tutar Daular Saud, Tuta da Sojojin akhwan. ©Anonymous

1927 Jan 1 - 1930

Tawayen Ikhwan

Nejd Saudi Arabia

A farkon karni na 20, rikice-rikicen kabilanci a Larabawa ya haifar da hadewa karkashin jagorancin Al Saud, musamman ta hanyar Ikhwan, sojojin kabilar Wahabist-Badouin karkashin jagorancin Sultan bin Bajad da Faisal Al Dawish.Bayan rugujewar Daular Usmaniyya bayan yakin duniya na daya , Ikhwan ya taimaka wajen mamaye kasar da ta kafa Saudiyya ta zamani a shekarar 1925. Abdulaziz ya ayyana kansa a matsayin Sarkin Hejaz a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1926 da Sarkin Nejd a ranar 27 ga Janairun 1927, inda ya canza sunansa daga 'Sultan'. zuwa 'King'.Bayan mamaye Hejaz, wasu kungiyoyin Ikhwan, musamman kabilar Mutair a karkashin Al-Dawish, sun nemi karin fadadawa zuwa wuraren kare Birtaniyya, wanda ya haifar da rikice-rikice da hasara mai yawa a yakin Kuwait-Najd Border War da kuma kai farmaki kan Transjordan.Wani babban rikici ya faru a kusa da Busaiya, Iraki , a cikin Nuwamba 1927, wanda ya haifar da asarar rayuka.Dangane da mayar da martani, Ibn Saud ya kira taron Al Riyadh a watan Nuwamba 1928, wanda ya samu halartar shugabannin kabilu da na addini 800, ciki har da 'yan Ikhwan.Ibn Saud ya yi adawa da yunƙurin faɗaɗa Ikhwan, tare da sanin haɗarin rikici da turawan Ingila .Duk da akidar Ikhwan na cewa wadanda ba Wahabiyawa ba kafirai ne, Ibn Saud ya san akwai yarjejeniyoyin da aka yi da Biritaniya kuma a baya-bayan nan ya samu amincewar Birtaniya a matsayin mai cin gashin kansa.Wannan ya sa Ikhwan suka yi tawaye a fili a watan Disamba 1928.Rikicin da ya barke tsakanin ‘yan gidan Saudat da Ikhwan ya barke a fili, har ya kai ga yakin Sabilla a ranar 29 ga Maris 1929, inda aka yi galaba a kan manyan ‘yan tawayen.An sake samun rikici a yankin Jabal Shammar a watan Agustan 1929, kuma Ikhwan sun kai hari kan kabilar Awazim a watan Oktoban 1929. Faisal Al Dawish ya gudu zuwa Kuwait amma daga baya turawan ingila suka tsare su suka mika shi ga Ibn Saud.An murkushe tawayen ne a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1930, tare da mika wuya wasu shugabannin Ikhwan suka mika wa Turawan mulkin mallaka.Bayan haka, an kawar da jagorancin Ikhwan, kuma an shigar da waɗanda suka tsira cikin rukunin Saudiyya na yau da kullun.An kashe Sultan bin Bajad, babban jagoran Ikhwan a shekara ta 1931, kuma Al Dawish ya mutu a gidan yarin Riyadh a ranar 3 ga Oktoba 1931.

1932

Zamantakewa ornament

Damam mai lamba 7, rijiyar mai inda aka fara gano tarin mai na kasuwanci a kasar Saudiyya a ranar 4 ga Maris, 1938. ©Anonymous

1938 Mar 4

An Gano Mai A Kasar Saudiyya

Dhahran Saudi Arabia

A cikin shekarun 1930, an fara samun rashin tabbas game da wanzuwar mai a Saudiyya.Sai dai kuma, sakamakon gano man da Bahrain ta yi a shekarar 1932, Saudiyya ta fara binciken nata.^[41] Abdul Aziz ya ba da izini ga Kamfanin Mai na Standard na California don hako mai a Saudi Arabia.Wannan ya kai ga gina rijiyoyin mai a Dhahran a karshen shekarun 1930.Duk da kasa samun man fetur mai yawa a rijiyoyi shida na farko (Dammam No. 1–6), an ci gaba da hakar mai a Rijiyar ta 7, karkashin jagorancin Masanin ilimin kasa dan kasar Amurka Max Steineke da kuma taimakon Badawiyyan Saudiya Khamis Bin Rimthan.^[42] A ranar 4 ga Maris, 1938, an gano babban mai a zurfin kusan mita 1,440 a cikin Rijiyar No. 7, tare da fitowar yau da kullun cikin sauri.^{[43 <>]} A wannan rana, an hako ganga 1,585 na mai daga rijiyar, kuma bayan kwana shida wannan adadin ya karu zuwa ganga 3,810 a kullum.^[44]A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu da bayan yakin duniya na biyu, yawan man da Saudiyya ke hakowa ya karu sosai, wanda ya kai ga biyan bukatun kasashen kawance.Don haɓaka kwararar mai, Aramco (Kamfanin Mai na Larabawa) ya gina bututun ruwa zuwa Bahrain a cikin 1945.Gano man fetur ya kawo sauyi ga tattalin arzikin Saudiyya, wanda ya sha fama duk da irin nasarorin da Abdulaziz ya samu a fannin soji da na siyasa.An fara samar da cikakken man fetur a cikin 1949, bayan ci gaban farko a 1946 da aka jinkirtar da yakin duniya na biyu .^[45] Wani muhimmin lokaci a cikin dangantakar Saudiyya da Amurka ya faru a cikin Fabrairu 1945 lokacin da Abdulaziz ya gana da shugaban Amurka Franklin D. Roosevelt a cikin jirgin USS Quincy.Sun kulla wata muhimmiyar yarjejeniya, wacce har yanzu tana aiki a yau, na Saudiyya na samar da man fetur ga Amurka a matsayin kariya ga sojojin Amurka na gwamnatin Saudiyya.^[46] Tasirin kudi na wannan hako mai ya yi yawa: tsakanin 1939 zuwa 1953, kudaden shigar mai na Saudiyya ya karu daga dala miliyan 7 zuwa sama da dala miliyan 200.Sakamakon haka, tattalin arzikin masarautar ya dogara sosai kan kudin shigar mai.

Tare da mahaifinsa Sarki Abdulaziz (mai zaune) kuma ɗan'uwansa Yarima Faisal (sarki daga baya, hagu), farkon shekarun 1950. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).

1953 Jan 1 - 1964

Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia

Bayan da ya zama sarki a shekara ta 1953 bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa, Saud ya aiwatar da sake fasalin gwamnatin Saudiyya, inda ya kafa al'adar sarkin da ke jagorantar majalisar ministoci.Ya yi niyyar kulla huldar abokantaka da Amurka tare da tallafawa kasashen Larabawa a yakin da suke da Isra'ila.A lokacin mulkinsa, Saudiyya ta shiga kungiyar 'yan ba ruwanmu a shekarar 1961.Tattalin arzikin Masarautar ya samu ci gaba sosai saboda karuwar hako mai, wanda kuma ya kara tasirinta a siyasance a duniya.Duk da haka, wannan dukiyar kwatsam ta kasance takobi mai kaifi biyu.Ci gaban al'adu, musamman a yankin Hejaz, ya haɓaka tare da ci gaban kafofin watsa labaru kamar jaridu da rediyo.Amma duk da haka, kwararowar baƙi ya ƙara ɗaga sha'awar kyamar baki.A lokaci guda kuma, kuɗin da gwamnati ke kashewa ya zama almubazzaranci da almubazzaranci.Duk da sabbin arzikin man fetur da aka samu, Masarautar ta fuskanci kalubalen kudi, da suka hada da gibin gwamnati da kuma bukatar karbar bashi daga kasashen waje, musamman saboda yadda ake kashe kudade a lokacin mulkin Sarki Saud a shekarun 1950.^[47]Saudat, wanda ya gaji mahaifinsa Abdulaziz (Ibn Saud) a shekarar 1953, ana kallonsa a matsayin mai almubazzaranci da kashe kudi, wanda ya jagoranci masarautar cikin matsalar kudi.A zamanin mulkinsa ya yi fama da tabarbarewar kudi da rashin mayar da hankali ga ci gaba.Sabanin haka, Faisal, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin ƙwararren minista kuma jami'in diflomasiyya, ya kasance mai ra'ayin mazan jiya da ci gaba.Ya damu da tabarbarewar tattalin arzikin masarautar a karkashin mulkin Saudiyya da kuma dogaro da kudaden shigar mai.Yunkurin da Faisal ya yi na kawo sauyi a harkokin kudi da kuma zamanantar da shi, tare da burinsa na aiwatar da manufofin tattalin arziki mai dorewa, ya sa shi saba wa manufofin Saudat.Wannan babban bambance-bambancen da ake samu a harkokin mulki da harkokin kudi ya haifar da dagula tashe-tashen hankula a tsakanin ’yan’uwan biyu, wanda hakan ya sa Faisal ya maye gurbin Saudat a matsayin sarki a shekara ta 1964. Har ila yau, hawan Faisal ya fuskanci matsin lamba daga dangin sarki da shugabannin addini, wadanda suka damu da rashin gudanar da ayyukan Saudat da ke damun su. kwanciyar hankali da makomar masarautar.Wannan dai ya kasance abin damuwa na musamman idan aka yi la’akari da yakin cacar-bakin Larabawa tsakanin Jamhuriyyar Larabawa ta Gamel Abdel Nasser da kuma masarautun Larabawa masu goyon bayan Amurka.Saboda haka, an tuɓe Saudat a matsayin Faisal a 1964. ^[48]

Shugabannin Larabawa sun hadu a Alkahira, Satumba 1970. Daga hagu zuwa dama: Muammar Gaddafi (Libya), Yasser Arafat (Palestine), Jaafar al-Nimeiri (Sudan), Gamal Abdel Nasser (Misira), Sarki Faisal (Saudi Arabia) da Sheikh Sabah (Kuwait) ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).

1964 Jan 1 - 1975

Faisal na Saudiyya

Saudi Arabia

Bayan saukar Sarki Saudat, Sarki Faisal ya fara zamanance da gyare-gyare, inda ya mai da hankali kan kishin Islama, kyamar gurguzu, da goyon bayan Falasdinu.Ya kuma nemi rage tasirin jami’an addini.Daga 1962 zuwa 1970, Saudiyya ta fuskanci kalubale masu yawa daga yakin basasar Yemen.^[49] Rikicin ya taso ne tsakanin 'yan sarautar Yemen da 'yan jamhuriya, tare da Saudiyya na goyon bayan 'yan sarautu a kan 'yan jamhuriyarMasar da ke goyon bayan Masar.Tun a shekara ta 1967 ne rikici tsakanin Saudiyya da Yemen ya ragu, bayan janyewar sojojin Masar daga Yemen.A cikin 1965, Saudi Arabia da Jordan sun yi musayar yankuna, inda Jordan ta bar wani babban yanki na hamada don wani karamin bakin teku kusa da Aqaba.An raba yankin tsaka mai wuya na Saudi-Kuwaiti a shekara ta 1971, tare da ci gaba da raba albarkatun mai.^[48]Yayin da sojojin Saudiyya ba su shiga yakin kwanaki shida a watan Yunin 1967 ba, gwamnatin Saudiyyar daga baya ta ba da tallafin kudi ga Masar, Jordan, da Siriya, inda ta ba da tallafin kowace shekara don taimakon tattalin arzikinsu.Wannan taimakon wani bangare ne na dabarun yankin Saudiyya da ya bayyana matsayinta a siyasar Gabas ta Tsakiya.^[48]A lokacin yakin Larabawa da Isra'ila a shekara ta 1973, Saudiyya ta shiga kauracewa mai na Larabawa kan Amurka da Netherlands.A matsayinta na memba na kungiyar OPEC, yana daga cikin matsakaicin karin farashin mai da aka fara a shekarar 1971. Bayan yakin ya yi tashin gwauron zabi na farashin mai, wanda ya kara habaka arzikin kasar Saudiyya da kuma tasirinsa a duniya.^[48]Tattalin arzikin Saudiyya da ababen more rayuwa sun bunƙasa tare da gagarumin taimako daga Amurka.Wannan hadin gwiwa ya haifar da dangantaka mai karfi amma mai sarkakiya tsakanin kasashen biyu.Kamfanonin Amurka sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa masana'antar man fetur ta Saudiyya, kayayyakin more rayuwa, zamanantar da gwamnati, da masana'antar tsaro.^[50]Mulkin Sarki Faisal ya kare ne da kashe shi a shekara ta 1975 da dan uwansa Yarima Faisal bin Musa'id ya yi.^[51]

Wani Ba’amurke a tashar sabis ya karanta game da tsarin rabon mai a wata jarida ta rana;wata alama a bayan fage ta nuna cewa babu mai.1974 ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).

1973 Oct 1

1973 Rikicin Mai

Middle East

A farkon shekarun 1970, duniya ta ga wani sauyi na girgizar kasa a yanayin makamashi, yayin da rikicin mai na 1973 ya haifar da girgiza a duk fadin duniya.Wannan muhimmin al'amari ya kasance da jerin abubuwa masu mahimmanci da suka faru, sakamakon tashe-tashen hankula na siyasa da yanke shawarar tattalin arziki da za su canza har abada yadda al'ummomi ke kallo da sarrafa albarkatun makamashinsu.An kafa matakin ne a shekarar 1970 lokacin da kungiyar kasashe masu arzikin man fetur (OPEC) ta yanke shawara mai kyau na murza sabuwar tsokar tattalin arzikinta.Kungiyar OPEC da ta kunshi kasashe masu arzikin man fetur a Gabas ta Tsakiya, ta gudanar da wani taro a birnin Bagadaza, inda ta amince da kara farashin mai da kashi 70 cikin 100, lamarin da ke zama mafarin sabon zamani a fagen siyasar yankin mai.Kasashen da ke hako mai sun kuduri aniyar samun karin karfin iko kan albarkatunsu da kuma tattaunawa da kamfanonin mai na yammacin Turai.Juyin juya halin, duk da haka, ya zo a cikin 1973 lokacin da tashin hankali na geopolitical a Gabas ta Tsakiya ya karu.Dangane da goyon bayan da Amurka ta ba Isra'ila a lokacin yakin Yom Kippur, OPEC ta yanke shawarar amfani da makamin mai a matsayin kayan siyasa.A ranar 17 ga Oktoba, 1973, OPEC ta ayyana takunkumin hana man fetur, wanda ya shafi kasashen da ake ganin suna goyon bayan Isra'ila.Wannan takunkumin ya kasance mai canza wasa, wanda ya haifar da rikicin makamashi a duniya.Sakamakon takunkumin kai tsaye, farashin mai ya yi tashin gwauron zabi da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba, inda farashin gangar mai ya ninka sau hudu daga dala 3 zuwa dala 12.An ji tasirin hakan a duk duniya yayin da karancin mai ya haifar da dogayen layukan mai a gidajen mai, da hauhawar farashin mai, da koma bayan tattalin arziki a kasashe da dama da ke dogaro da mai.Rikicin ya haifar da firgici da fargaba a Amurka, wadda ta dogara sosai kan man da ake shigowa da su daga kasashen waje.A ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, 1973, Shugaba Richard Nixon ya ba da sanarwar ƙaddamar da Independence na Project, ƙoƙarin ƙasa don rage dogaro da Amurka kan mai na waje.Wannan yunƙurin ya nuna mafarin saka hannun jari a madadin hanyoyin samar da makamashi, da matakan kiyaye makamashi, da faɗaɗa haƙar mai a cikin gida.A cikin wannan rikici, Amurka karkashin jagorancin shugaba Nixon, ta nemi yin shawarwarin tsagaita bude wuta a yankin gabas ta tsakiya, wanda a karshe ya kai ga kawo karshen yakin Yom Kippur.Matakin da aka dauka na rikicin ya taimaka wajen sassauta tashin hankali, lamarin da ya sa kungiyar OPEC ta dage takunkumin a watan Maris na shekarar 1974. Duk da haka, darussan da aka koya a lokacin rikicin sun dade, kuma duniya ta fahimci raunin dogaron da ta ke da shi kan albarkatu mai iyaka da siyasa.Rikicin mai na 1973 yana da sakamako mai nisa, wanda ya tsara manufofin makamashi da dabarun shekaru masu zuwa.Ya fallasa raunin da tattalin arzikin duniya ke fama da shi ga rugujewar makamashi tare da sake mayar da hankali kan tsaron makamashi.Kasashe sun fara rarraba hanyoyin samar da makamashi, da saka hannun jari kan fasahohin makamashin da ake sabunta su, da rage dogaro da man fetur na Gabas ta Tsakiya.Bugu da kari, rikicin ya daukaka matsayin OPEC a matsayin babban jigo a siyasar kasa da kasa, tare da jaddada muhimmancin mai a matsayin makamin dabaru da tattalin arziki.

Sojojin Saudiyya suna fafatawa a karkashin kasa ta Qaboo da ke karkashin Masallacin Harami na Makkah, 1979 ©Anonymous

1975 Jan 1 - 1982

Khalid na Saudiyya

Saudi Arabia

Sarki Khalid ya gaji dan uwansa Sarki Faisal, kuma a lokacin mulkinsa daga 1975 zuwa 1982, Saudiyya ta samu ci gaban tattalin arziki da zamantakewa.An sabunta hanyoyin samar da ababen more rayuwa da tsarin ilimi na kasar cikin hanzari, kuma manufofin kasashen waje suna da alaka da karfafa alaka da Amurka.Manyan abubuwa guda biyu a cikin 1979 sun yi tasiri sosai kan manufofin gida da na waje na Saudiyya:1. Juyin juya halin Musulunci na Iran : Akwai fargabar cewa 'yan Shi'a marasa rinjaye a lardin Gabashin Saudiyya, inda ake da rijiyoyin mai, za su iya yin tawaye a karkashin jagorancin juyin juya halin Musulunci.Wannan fargabar ta kara tsananta sakamakon tarzomar adawa da gwamnati a yankin a shekarun 1979 da 1980.2. Kwace Masallacin Harami da masu tsatsauran ra'ayin Islama suka yi: Masu tsattsauran ra'ayin sun kasance wani bangare ne na fahimtar da gwamnatin Saudiyya ta yi na cin hanci da rashawa da kaucewa ka'idojin Musulunci.Wannan lamari ya girgiza masarautar Saudiyya matuka.^[52]Dangane da mayar da martani, masarautar Saudiyya ta tilasta bin ka'idojin Musulunci da na gargajiya na Saudiyya (kamar rufe gidajen sinima) tare da kara wa Malamai (malaman addini) rawar da suke takawa wajen gudanar da mulki.Koyaya, waɗannan matakan sun yi nasara kaɗan kaɗan, yayin da tunanin Islama ya ci gaba da girma.^[52]Sarki Khalid ya ba wa Yarima mai jiran gado Fahd nauyi, wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gudanar da harkokin kasa da kasa da na cikin gida.Ci gaban tattalin arziki ya ci gaba cikin sauri, inda Saudiyya ta fi taka rawar gani a siyasar yankin da kuma harkokin tattalin arzikin duniya.^[] ^[48] A game da iyakokin kasa da kasa, an cimma yarjejeniyar raba yankin tsaka-tsakin Saudiyya da Iraki a shekara ta 1981, inda aka kammala a shekarar 1983 ^[.]

Sakataren tsaron Amurka Dick Cheney ya gana da ministan tsaron Saudiyya Sultan bin Abdulaziz, inda suka tattauna kan yadda za a tunkari mamayar Kuwait;1 ga Disamba, 1990. ©Sgt. Jose Lopez

1982 Jan 1 - 2005

Fahad na Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia

Sarki Fahd ya gaji Khalid a matsayin sarkin Saudiyya a shekara ta 1982, inda ya ci gaba da kulla alaka ta kut da kut da Amurka tare da inganta sayayyar soji daga Amurka da Birtaniya .A shekarun 1970 da 1980, Saudiyya ta zama kasa mafi yawan man fetur a duniya, wanda ya haifar da gagarumin sauyi a cikin al'ummarta da tattalin arzikinta, wanda mafi yawan kudin shigar mai ya yi tasiri.Wannan lokacin ya sami saurin bunƙasa birane, haɓaka ilimi na jama'a, kwararar ma'aikata daga ƙasashen waje, da kuma fallasa sabbin kafofin watsa labarai, waɗanda suka canza dabi'un al'ummar Saudiyya tare.Koyaya, tsarin siyasa ya kasance ba a canza ba, tare da dangin sarauta suna riƙe da ƙarfi sosai, yana haifar da rashin jituwa tsakanin Saudis da ke neman shiga gwamnati.^[48]Mulkin Fahd (1982-2005) ya kasance da manya-manyan abubuwa, ciki har da mamayar Iraqi a Kuwait a shekarar 1990. Saudiyya ta shiga cikin kawancen yaki da Iraki, Fahad kuwa saboda tsoron harin Iraqi ya gayyaci sojojin Amurka da na hadin gwiwa zuwa kasar Saudiyya.Sojojin Saudiyya sun shiga ayyukan soji, amma kasancewar sojojin kasashen waje ya haifar da karuwar ta'addancin Musulunci a cikin kasar da kuma kasashen waje, musamman bayar da gudunmuwa wajen ganin bayan Saudiyyar da ke da hannu a harin na ranar 11 ga Satumba.^[48] Kasar ta kuma fuskanci tabarbarewar tattalin arziki da karuwar rashin aikin yi, lamarin da ya haifar da tashe tashen hankula da rashin gamsuwa da dangin sarki.Dangane da mayar da martani, an gabatar da ƙayyadaddun gyare-gyare kamar Babban Doka, amma ba tare da sauye-sauye masu mahimmanci ga matsayin siyasa ba.Fahd ya ki amincewa da dimokuradiyya karara, yana mai son gudanar da mulki ta hanyar shawarwari (shura) daidai da ka'idojin Musulunci.^[48]Bayan bugun jini a cikin 1995, Yarima Abdullah ya ɗauki alhakin gwamnati na yau da kullun.Ya ci gaba da yin gyare-gyare mai sauƙi kuma ya ƙaddamar da manufofin ketare mai nisa daga Amurka, musamman ƙin goyon bayan mamayar da Amurka ta yi wa Iraki a 2003.^[48] Canje-canje a ƙarƙashin Fahd kuma sun haɗa da faɗaɗa Majalisar Tuntuba da kuma, a wani gagarumin yunkuri, ba wa mata damar halartar zamanta.Duk da gyare-gyaren doka kamar sake fasalin kundin laifuka a 2002, cin zarafin ɗan adam ya ci gaba.Ficewar Amurka da akasarin sojojin daga Saudiyya a shekara ta 2003 ya kawo karshen sojojin da aka yi tun a yakin Gulf na 1991, duk da cewa kasashen sun kasance kawaye.^[48]A farkon shekarun 2000 ne aka samu karuwar ayyukan ta'addanci a Saudiyya, ciki har da harin bama-bamai na 2003 a Riyadh, wanda ya kai ga daukar tsauraran matakai na gwamnati kan ta'addanci.^[53] A wannan lokacin kuma an sami karuwar kiraye-kirayen yin gyare-gyaren siyasa, wanda aka misalta shi da gagarumin koke na masana Saudiyya da zanga-zangar jama'a.Sai dai duk da wadannan kiraye-kirayen, gwamnatin ta fuskanci kalubale da suka hada da karuwar tashe-tashen hankula a shekarar 2004, tare da kai hare-hare da kuma asarar rayuka, musamman kan baki da jami'an tsaro.Yunkurin da gwamnati ta yi na dakile ‘yan bindiga, ciki har da tayin afuwa, ya samu karancin nasara.^[54]

Sarki Abdullah tare da Vladimir Putin a ranar 11 ga Fabrairu 2007 ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).

2005 Jan 1 - 2015

Abdullahi na Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia

Kanin Sarki Fahd, Abdullah, ya zama Sarkin Saudiyya a shekara ta 2005, yana ci gaba da manufar kawo sauyi a tsakankanin bukatun neman sauyi.^{[55 <>]} A lokacin mulkin Abdullah, tattalin arzikin Saudiyya, wanda ya dogara sosai kan man fetur, ya fuskanci kalubale.Abdullah ya inganta iyakantaccen tsari, mai zaman kansa, da saka hannun jari na waje.A shekarar 2005, bayan shafe shekaru 12 ana tattaunawa, Saudiyya ta shiga kungiyar kasuwanci ta duniya.^[] ^[56] Duk da haka, kasar ta fuskanci binciken kasa da kasa game da cinikin makamai na Al-Yamamah na £43bn da Birtaniyya, wanda ya haifar da cece-kuce na dakatar da binciken damfarar Birtaniyya a shekarar 2006. , a cikin takaddamar shari'a a Burtaniya game da dakatar da binciken cin hanci da rashawa.^[58]A cikin dangantakar kasa da kasa, Sarki Abdullah ya yi hulda da shugaban Amurka Barack Obama a shekara ta 2009, kuma a shekarar 2010, Amurka ta tabbatar da cinikin makamai na dala biliyan 60 da Saudiyya.^[60] Hotunan da Wikileaks ya yi a shekara ta 2010 game da tallafin da Saudiyya ke baiwa kungiyoyin ta'addanci ya dagula dangantakar Amurka da Saudiyya, amma ana ci gaba da cinikin makamai.^[60] A cikin gida, kame jama'a wata babbar dabara ce ta tsaro da ta'addanci, tare da tsare daruruwan wadanda ake zargi tsakanin 2007 da 2012. ^[61]Yayin da rikicin Larabawa ya kunno kai a shekara ta 2011, Abdullah ya sanar da karin dala biliyan 10.7 wajen kashe kudaden jin dadin jama'a amma bai gabatar da sauye-sauyen siyasa ba.^[62] Saudiyya ta haramta zanga-zangar jama'a a shekara ta 2011 kuma ta dauki tsatsauran ra'ayi kan tashe tashen hankula a Bahrain.^[63] Kasar ta fuskanci suka kan batutuwan da suka shafi kare hakkin bil adama, ciki har da batun fyade na Qatif da kuma yadda masu zanga-zangar Shi'a ke yi.^[64]Har ila yau, haƙƙin mata ya ci gaba, tare da zanga-zangar alama ta nuna adawa da dokar hana direbobi mata a 2011 da 2013, wanda ya haifar da sauye-sauye ciki har da 'yancin jefa kuri'a da wakilcin mata a majalisar Shura.^{[65 <]} > Yaƙin neman yancin maza na Saudiyya, wanda masu fafutuka irin su Wajeha al-Huwaider ke jagoranta, ya samu karbuwa a lokacin mulkin Abdullah.^[66]A cikin manufofin kasashen waje, Saudiyya ta goyi bayan sojojinMasar kan masu kishin Islama a shekara ta 2013 tare da adawa da shirin nukiliyar Iran .^{[67 <>]} Ziyarar ta shugaba Obama a shekara ta 2014 tana da nufin ƙarfafa dangantakar Amirka da Saudiyya, musamman dangane da Siriya da Iran.^{[67 <>]} A wannan shekarar, Saudi Arabiya ta fuskanci mummunar barkewar cutar numfashi ta Gabas ta Tsakiya (MERS), wanda ya haifar da canji a cikin ministan lafiya.A shekarar 2014, an kama jami’an soji 62 da ake zargi da alaka da ta’addanci, lamarin da ke bayyana matsalolin tsaro da ake fuskanta.^{[68 <>]} Mulkin sarki Abdullah ya ƙare da mutuwarsa a ranar 22 ga Janairu, 2015, ɗan uwansa Salman ya gaje shi.

Salman, Shugaban Amurka Donald Trump, da Shugaban Masar Abdel Fattah el-Sisi a wajen taron Riyadh na 2017. ©The White house

2015 Jan 1

Salman na Saudiyya

Saudi Arabia

Bayan rasuwar Sarki Abdallah a shekarar 2015, Yarima Salman ya hau gadon sarautar Saudiyya a matsayin Sarki Salman.Ya gudanar da sake fasalin gwamnati, tare da soke sassan da dama.^{[69 <>]} Shigar da sarki Salman ya yi a yakin basasar Yemen na biyu ya nuna wani gagarumin mataki na manufofin ketare.A shekara ta 2017, ya nada dansa, Mohammed bin Salman (MBS), a matsayin yarima mai jiran gado, wanda tun daga nan ne ya zama shugaban kasa.Fitattun ayyukan da MBS ya yi sun hada da tsare sarakuna da 'yan kasuwa 200 a Ritz-Carlton da ke Riyadh a wani gangamin yaki da cin hanci da rashawa.^[70]MBS ya jagoranci Saudi Vision 2030, da nufin karkatar da tattalin arzikin Saudiyya fiye da dogaro da man fetur.^[71] Ya aiwatar da gyare-gyare na rage ikon 'yan sandan addini na Saudiyya da kuma ciyar da 'yancin mata, ciki har da 'yancin tuki a 2017, ^[72] bude wuraren kasuwanci ba tare da izinin waliyyi ba a cikin 2018, da kuma riƙe yara bayan kisan aure.Sai dai kuma MBS ya fuskanci suka daga kasashen duniya kan yadda yake da hannu a kisan dan jarida Jamal Khashoggi da sauran batutuwan kare hakkin bil adama a karkashin mulkinsa.

Appendices

APPENDIX 1

Saudi Arabia's Geographic Challenge

APPENDIX 2

Why 82% of Saudi Arabians Just Live in These Lines

APPENDIX 3

Geopolitics of Saudi Arabia

Characters

Last ruler of the First Saudi State

King and Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia

King of Saudi Arabia

King and Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia

Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia

Founder of Wahhabi movement

Last Emir of Nejd

Founder of the First Saudi State and Saud dynasty

King of Hejaz

Emirs of Jabal Shammar

King of Saudi Arabia

King of Saudi Arabia

King and Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia

Founder of the Second Saudi State

King of Saudi Arabia

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