Tarihin Girka

Juyin juya halin Neolithic ya isa Turai tun daga shekara ta 7000-6500 KZ lokacin da masu noma daga Gabas ta Tsakiya suka shiga tsibirin Girka daga Anatoliya ta hanyar tsibiri ta hanyar tekun Aegean.Farkon wuraren Neolithic tare da bunƙasa tattalin arzikin noma a Turai wanda aka yi kwanan watan 8500-9000 KZ ana samun su a Girka.Ƙabilu na farko na Girkanci, suna magana da magabata na yaren Mycenaean, sun isa babban yankin Girka a wani lokaci a zamanin Neolithic ko Farkon Bronze Age (c. 3200 KZ).

Wayewar Minoan a Crete ta daɗe daga kusan c.3000 KZ (Early Minoan) zuwa c.1400 KZ, da al'adun Helladic akan babban yankin Girka daga c.3200-c.3100 da c.2000-c.1900.An san ƙayyadaddun takamaiman bayani game da Minoans (ko da sunan Minoans shine roƙon zamani, wanda aka samo daga Minos, almara sarkin Crete), gami da tsarin rubutun su, wanda aka rubuta akan rubutun Linear A da ba a bayyana ba da kuma Cretan hieroglyphs.Da farko dai ’yan kasuwa ne da ke yin kasuwanci da yawa a ketare a duk yankin Bahar Rum.Wayewar Minoan ta shafi wasu bala'o'i na halitta kamar fashewar volcanic a Thera (c. 1628-1627 KZ) da girgizar ƙasa (kimanin 1600 KZ).A cikin 1425 KZ, gidajen sarauta na Minoan (sai dai Knossos) sun lalace ta hanyar wuta, wanda ya ba da damar Helenawa na Mycenaean, wanda al'adun Minoans suka rinjayi, su fadada zuwa Crete.Wayewar Minoan wacce ta gabaci wayewar Mycenaean akan Crete an bayyana shi ga duniyar zamani ta Sir Arthur Evans a cikin 1900, lokacin da ya saya sannan ya fara tono wani wuri a Knossos.

Wayewar Mycenaean ta samo asali kuma ta samo asali daga al'umma da al'adun zamanin Helladic na Farko da Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Girika.Ya fito a cikin c.1600 KZ, lokacin da al'adun Helladic a ƙasar Girka ta canza a ƙarƙashin rinjayar Minoan Crete kuma ya dade har zuwa rushewar gidajen Mycenaean a c.1100 KZ.Mycenaean Girka shine wayewar zamanin Helladic Bronze na tsohuwar Girka kuma shine tarihin tarihi na almara na Homer da galibin tatsuniyoyi da addini na Girka.Lokacin Mycenaean ya ɗauki sunansa daga wurin binciken kayan tarihi na Mycenae a arewa maso gabashin Argolid, a cikin Peloponnesos na kudancin Girka.Athens, Pylos, Thebes, da Tiryns suma mahimman wuraren Mycenaean ne.Jarumi aristocracy ne ya mamaye wayewar Mycenaean.Kusan 1400 KZ, Mycenaeans sun ba da ikon su zuwa Crete, tsakiyar tsakiyar Minoan, kuma sun karbi wani nau'i na rubutun Minoan mai suna Linear A don rubuta farkon nau'in Helenanci.Rubutun zamanin Mycenaean ana kiransa Linear B, wanda Michael Ventris ya fassara a cikin 1952.Mycenaeans sun binne manyansu a cikin kaburburan kudan zuma (tholoi), manyan dakunan binne masu madauwari tare da rufin rufi mai tsayi da madaidaiciyar hanyar shiga da aka lika da dutse.Sau da yawa sukan binne biredi ko wani nau'in kayan aikin soja tare da marigayin.Yawancin lokaci ana binne masu martaba da abin rufe fuska na zinari, tiaras, sulke, da kuma kayan ado na jauhari.An binne Mycenaean a zaune, kuma wasu daga cikin manyan mutane sun yi mummification.Kusan 1100-1050 KZ, wayewar Mycenaean ta rushe.An kori garuruwa da dama kuma yankin ya shiga abin da masana tarihi ke gani a matsayin "lokacin duhu".A wannan lokacin, Girka ta sami raguwar yawan jama'a da karatu.A al'adance Girkawa da kansu sun dora alhakin wannan raguwa a kan wani hari da wani gungun mutanen Girka, Dorians suka yi, duk da cewa akwai 'yan tsirarun shaidar archaeological game da wannan ra'ayi.

Rushewar zamanin Bronze na Marigayi lokaci ne na rugujewar al'umma a cikin karni na 12 KZ, tsakanin c.1200 da 1150. Rushewar ta shafi babban yanki na Gabashin Bahar Rum (Arewacin Afirka da Kudu maso Gabashin Turai) da Gabas ta Tsakiya, musammanMasar , Gabashin Libya, Balkans, Aegean, Anatolia, da Caucasus.Ba zato ba tsammani, tashin hankali, da ruguza al'ada ga yawancin wayewar Bronze Age, kuma ya kawo koma bayan tattalin arziki ga ikon yanki, musamman ya haifar da zamanin Duhu na Girka.Tattalin arzikin gidan sarauta na Mycenaean Girka, yankin Aegean, da Anatolia waɗanda ke da alaƙa da zamanin Bronze Age sun wargaje, suna rikiɗa zuwa ƙananan al'adun ƙauye na zamanin Dark Ages na Girka, wanda ya kasance daga kusan 1100 zuwa farkon sanannun zamanin Archaic a kusa. 750 KZ.Daular Hittiyawa ta Anatoliya da Levant ta ruguje, yayin da jihohi kamar Masarautar Assuriya ta Tsakiya a Mesofotamiya da sabuwar Masarautar Masar suka tsira amma sun raunana.Akasin haka, wasu mutane kamar Finisiyawa sun more ’yancin kai da iko tare da raguwar sojojin Masar da Assuriya a Yammacin Asiya.Dalilin da ya sa kwanan nan na sabani 1200 KZ ya zama farkon ƙarshen ƙarshen zamanin Bronze ya koma ga wani ɗan tarihi na Jamus, Arnold Hermann Ludwig Heeren.A cikin daya daga cikin tarihinsa na tsohuwar Girka daga 1817, Heeren ya bayyana cewa zamanin farko na tarihin Girkanci ya ƙare a kusan 1200 KZ, wanda ya danganta wannan kwanan wata akan faduwar Troy a 1190 bayan shekaru goma na yaƙi.Daga nan ya ci gaba a cikin 1826 har zuwa ƙarshen daular Masar ta 19 har zuwa kusan 1200 KZ.A cikin sauran ƙarni na 19 A.Z., a cikin shekara ta 1200 KZ, an ci gaba da yin wasu abubuwan da suka faru a cikin shekara ta 1200 KZ, ciki har da mamayar mutanen Teku, mamayewar Dorian, faɗuwar Girka ta Mycenaean, kuma a ƙarshe a cikin 1896 KZ an fara ambaton Isra'ila a kudancin Levant. rubuce akan Merneptah Stele.Tun a karni na 19 an gabatar da ra'ayoyin gasa na musabbabin rugujewar shekarun Bronze Age tun daga karni na 19, tare da yawancin abin da ya shafi lalata birane da garuruwa.Waɗannan sun haɗa da fashewar aman wuta, fari, cututtuka, girgizar ƙasa, mamayewar mutanen Teku ko ƙaura na Dorians, tabarbarewar tattalin arziki saboda ƙara ƙarfin ƙarfe, da canje-canjen fasahar soja da hanyoyin da suka kawo raguwar yaƙin karusai.Duk da haka, bincike na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa girgizar kasa ba ta da tasiri kamar yadda aka yi imani da ita a baya.Bayan rugujewar, canje-canje a hankali a cikin fasahar ƙarfe na ƙarfe ya haifar da ƙarshen Iron Age a cikin Eurasia da Afirka a cikin ƙarni na 1 KZ.

Zamanin Duhu na Girka (c. 1100 - c. 800 KZ) yana nufin lokacin tarihin Girkanci daga mamayewar Dorian da ake tsammani da kuma ƙarshen wayewar Mycenaean a ƙarni na 11 KZ zuwa haɓakar biranen Girka na farko a cikin 9th. karni KZ da almara na Homer da rubuce-rubuce na farko a cikin haruffan Helenanci a cikin karni na 8 KZ.Rushewar wayewar Mycenaean ya zo daidai da faduwar wasu manyan dauloli a gabas da ke kusa, musamman Hittiyawa daMasarawa .Ana iya danganta dalilin da wani mamayewar mutanen Teku dauke da makamai na ƙarfe.Lokacin da Dorians suka gangara zuwa Girka suma suna da kayan aikin ƙarfe na ƙarfe, suna tarwatsa Mycenaean da suka riga sun raunana.Lokacin da ya biyo bayan waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru ana kiransa gaba ɗaya da Zamanin Duhu na Girka.Sarakuna sun yi mulki a tsawon wannan lokacin har sai da aka maye gurbinsu da wani babban sarki, sannan kuma daga baya, a wasu yankuna, wani babban sarki a cikin manyan sarakuna - fitattun manyan mutane.Yakin ya rikide daga mai da hankali kan sojojin dawakai zuwa babban fifiko kan sojojin kasa.Saboda arha da ake samarwa da kuma samuwar gida, ƙarfe ya maye gurbin tagulla a matsayin ƙarfen zaɓi a kera kayan aiki da makamai.Sannu a hankali daidaita daidaito ya karu a tsakanin bangarori daban-daban na mutane, wanda ya kai ga tsige Sarakuna daban-daban da kuma tasowar iyali.A karshen wannan lokaci na tabarbarewar, wayewar kasar Girka ta shiga cikin wani sabon salo wanda ya yada duniyar Girka har zuwa tekun Black Sea da Spain.An sake koyon rubutun daga Phoenicians, daga ƙarshe ya bazu zuwa arewa zuwa Italiya da Gauls.

Tsohuwar Girka tana nufin wani lokaci na tarihin Girka wanda ya daɗe tun daga zamanin Duhu har zuwa ƙarshen zamani (c. 600 AD).A cikin amfani na kowa, yana nufin duk tarihin Girkanci kafin daular Roma, amma masana tarihi suna amfani da kalmar daidai.Wasu marubutan sun haɗa da lokutan wayewar Minoan da Mycenaean, yayin da wasu ke jayayya cewa waɗannan wayewa sun bambanta da al'adun Girkanci na baya don haka yakamata a ware su daban.A al'adance, an dauki zamanin tsohuwar Girka don farawa da ranar wasannin Olympics na farko a 776 KZ, amma yawancin masana tarihi yanzu sun tsawaita lokacin zuwa kusan 1000 KZ.Kwanan gargajiya na ƙarshen zamanin Girkanci na gargajiya shine mutuwar Alexander the Great a 323 KZ.Lokacin da ya biyo baya an lasafta shi azaman Hellenistic.Ba kowa ba ne ke ɗaukar lokutan Girkanci na gargajiya da na Hellenic a matsayin dabam;duk da haka, wasu marubuta suna ɗaukar wayewar tsohuwar Girka a matsayin ci gaba da gudana har zuwa zuwan Kiristanci a karni na 3 AD.Yawancin masana tarihi suna ɗaukar tsohuwar Girka a matsayin tushen tushen wayewar Yammacin Turai.Al'adar Girka ta kasance tasiri mai ƙarfi a cikin Daular Roma, wanda ke ɗauke da sigar ta zuwa sassa da yawa na Turai.Tsohuwar wayewar Girka ta yi tasiri sosai kan harshe, siyasa, tsarin ilimi, falsafa, fasaha, da gine-gine na duniyar zamani, musamman a lokacin Renaissance a Yammacin Turai da kuma a lokacin farfaɗowar zamani daban-daban a cikin ƙarni na 18 da 19 na Turai. Amurka.

A cikin karni na 8 KZ, Girka ta fara fitowa daga zamanin Duhu wanda ya biyo bayan faduwar wayewar Mycenaean.An yi hasarar karatun karatu kuma an manta da rubutun Mycenaean, amma Helenawa sun karɓi haruffan Phoenician, suna gyara shi don ƙirƙirar haruffan Girkanci.Daga kusan ƙarni na 9 KZ, rubutattun bayanai sun fara bayyana.An raba Girka zuwa ƙananan ƙananan al'ummomi masu cin gashin kansu, tsarin da aka tsara ta hanyar tarihin ƙasar Girka, inda kowane tsibiri, kwari, da fili ke katsewa da maƙwabtanta ta teku ko tuddai.Za a iya fahimtar zamanin Archaic a matsayin lokacin Orientalizing, lokacin da Girka ta kasance a gefen gaba, amma ba ƙarƙashin ikon daular Neo-Assyrian ba.Girka ta karɓi ɗimbin abubuwan al'adu daga Gabas, a cikin fasaha da kuma a cikin addini da tatsuniyoyi.Archaeologically, Archaic Girka yana da alamar tukwane na Geometric.

Girka na gargajiya lokaci ne na kusan shekaru 200 (ƙarni na 5 da na 4 KZ) a tsohuwar Girka, wanda yawancin yankunan gabashin Aegean da arewacin al'adun Girka (irin su Ionia da Makidoniya) ke samun 'yancin cin gashin kai daga Daular Farisa ( Farisa) . Yaƙe-yaƙe );kololuwar bunkasuwar dimokuradiyya ta Athens;Yaƙin Peloponnesia na ɗaya da na biyu ;da Spartan da kuma Theban hegemonies;da kuma faɗaɗa ƙasar Makidoniya ƙarƙashin Philip II.Mafi yawan farkon ma'anar siyasa, tunanin fasaha (ginin gine-gine, sassaka), tunanin kimiyya, wasan kwaikwayo, adabi da falsafar wayewar Yammacin Turai sun samo asali ne daga wannan lokaci na tarihin Girkanci, wanda ke da tasiri mai karfi a kan daular Romawa.Zamanin gargajiya ya ƙare bayan haɗewar da Philip II ya yi na galibin ƙasashen Girka da abokan gaba na Daular Farisa , wanda aka ci a cikin shekaru 13 a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe na Alexander the Great .A cikin mahallin fasaha, gine-gine, da al'adun tsohuwar Girka, zamanin gargajiya ya dace da mafi yawan ƙarni na 5th da 4th KZ (mafi yawan kwanakin da aka fi sani da shi shine faduwar azzalumin Athenia na ƙarshe a 510 KZ zuwa mutuwar Alexander Mai girma a cikin 323 KZ).Lokaci na gargajiya a wannan ma'ana yana bin zamanin Girkawan Duhu da zamanin Archaic kuma lokacin Hellenistic ya ci nasara.

Hellenistic Hellenistic lokaci ne na tarihi na ƙasar bayan Girka ta gargajiya, tsakanin mutuwar Alexander the Great a shekara ta 323 KZ da kuma hadewa da Jamhuriyar Romawa na gargajiya na Achaean League.Wannan ya ƙare a Yaƙin Koranti a shekara ta 146 K.Z., nasara mai tsanani da Romawa suka yi a Peloponnese wanda ya kai ga halaka Korinti kuma ya kai zamanin Girka na Roma.Ƙarshen Hellenistic na Girka ya kasance tare da Yaƙin Actium a shekara ta 31 KZ, lokacin da sarki Augustus na gaba ya ci sarauniya Ptolemaic ta Girka Cleopatra VII da Mark Antony, shekara ta gaba ta karbi Alexandria, babbar cibiyar karshe ta Hellenistic Girka.A lokacin Hellenistic muhimmancin Girka daidai a cikin masu magana da harshen Girka ya ragu sosai.Manyan cibiyoyin al'adun Hellenistic sune Alexandria da Antakiya, babban birninPtolemaic Masar da Seleucid Siriya bi da bi.Birane irin su Pergamon, Afisa, Rhodes da Seleucia su ma suna da mahimmanci, kuma ƙara yawan biranen Gabashin Bahar Rum ya kasance halin lokacin.

A soja, Girka da kanta ta ƙi har Romawa sun ci ƙasar (168 KZ a gaba), ko da yake al'adun Girka za su ci nasara da rayuwar Romawa.Ko da yake zamanin mulkin Romawa a ƙasar Girka ya fara ne tun daga korar Koranti da Lucius Mummius na Roma ya yi a shekara ta 146 KZ, Macedonia ta riga ta shiga ƙarƙashin ikon Romawa tare da cin nasara da sarki Perseus na Romawa Aemilius Paullus a Pydna. a shekara ta 168 KZ.Romawa sun raba yankin zuwa ƙananan jumhuriya huɗu, kuma a shekara ta 146 K.Z., Makidoniya ta zama lardi a hukumance, babban birninta a Tasalonika.Sauran jihohin Girka a hankali kuma a ƙarshe sun ba da girmamawa ga Roma ta kawo ƙarshen cin gashin kansu na de jure.Romawa sun bar mulkin gida ga Helenawa ba tare da yin wani ƙoƙari na kawar da tsarin siyasa na gargajiya ba.Gora a Athens ta ci gaba da kasancewa cibiyar rayuwar jama'a da siyasa.Dokar Caracalla a cikin AZ 212, Constitutio Antoniniana, ta ba da izinin zama ɗan ƙasa a wajen Italiya ga duk mazan da ba su da 'yanci a cikin daular Romawa, tare da haɓaka yawan al'ummomin larduna daidai da birnin Roma.Muhimmancin wannan doka ta tarihi ce, ba ta siyasa ba.Ya kafa tushen haɗin kai inda za a iya amfani da tsarin tattalin arziki da na shari'a na jihar a ko'ina cikin Bahar Rum kamar yadda aka taɓa yi daga Laum zuwa duk Italiya.A aikace ba shakka, haɗin kai bai faru daidai ba.Ƙungiyoyin da suka riga sun haɗa kai da Roma, irin su Girka, sun sami tagomashi da wannan doka, idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda ke nesa, matalauta, ko kuma baƙi kamar Biritaniya, Falasdinu, koMasar .Dokar ta Caracalla ba ta sa aka fara aiwatar da tsarin da ya kai ga mika mulki daga Italiya da Yamma zuwa Girka da Gabas ba, sai dai ya kara kaimi, wanda ya kafa harsashi na hawan karni na Girka, a matsayin Gabas. Daular Roma, a matsayin babban iko a Turai da Bahar Rum a tsakiyar zamanai.

Rarraba daular zuwa Gabas da Yamma da kuma rugujewar Daular Rumawa ta Yamma, ci gaba ne da ke kara jaddada matsayin Girkawa a cikin daular kuma daga karshe ya ba su damar gane su gaba daya.Matsayin jagorancin Konstantinoful ya fara ne lokacin da Constantine mai girma ya mayar da Byzantium zuwa sabon babban birnin daular Roma, daga nan kuma aka san shi da Konstantinoful, inda ya sanya birnin a tsakiyar Hellenism, wani haske ga Helenawa wanda ya dade har zuwa zamanin yau. .Adadin Constantine Mai Girma da Justinian sun mamaye lokacin 324-610.Dangane da al'adar Romawa, sarakunan sun nemi su ba da tushe don abubuwan da suka faru daga baya da kuma kafa daular Byzantine.Ƙoƙarin tabbatar da iyakokin daular da kuma maido da yankunan Romawa ya yi alama a ƙarni na farko.A lokaci guda kuma, ƙayyadaddun samuwar da kafa koyarwar Orthodox, amma kuma jerin rikice-rikicen da suka samo asali daga bidi'o'in da suka ci gaba a cikin iyakokin daular, sun nuna farkon lokacin tarihin Byzantine.A farkon lokaci na tsakiyar Byzantine zamanin (610-867), daular da aka kai wa duka biyu da tsohon abokan gaba ( Farisiwa , Lombards, Avars da Slavs) da kuma ta sababbi, bayyana a karon farko a tarihi (Larabawa, Bulgars). ).Babban abin da ya faru a wannan lokaci shi ne cewa hare-haren makiya ba a kebe su ne a kan iyakokin jihar ba amma an fadada su har zuwa babban birnin kasar.Hare-haren na Slavs sun rasa halayensu na lokaci-lokaci da na ɗan lokaci kuma sun zama ƙauyuka na dindindin waɗanda suka rikide zuwa sababbin jihohi, da farko masu adawa da Konstantinoful har zuwa Kiristanci.Rumawa suna kiran waɗannan jihohin a matsayin Sclavinias.Daga ƙarshen karni na 8, daular ta fara farfadowa daga mummunan tasirin mamayewa na gaba, kuma an fara sake mamaye yankin Girka.An kawo Helenawa daga Sicily da Asiya Ƙarama a matsayin mazauna.An kori Slavs zuwa Asiya Ƙarama ko kuma an haɗa su kuma an kawar da Sclavinias.A tsakiyar karni na 9, Girka ta zama Bizantine kuma, kuma biranen sun fara farfadowa saboda ingantacciyar tsaro da maido da ingantaccen iko na tsakiya.

Daular Latin kasa ce ta ‘yan Salibiyya ta ‘yan Salibiyya wadda shugabannin yakin Crusade na hudu suka kafa a kasashen da aka kwace daga Daular Rumawa .Daular Latin an yi niyya ne don maye gurbin daular Byzantine a matsayin daular Rome da yammacin turai suka amince da ita a gabas, tare da wani sarkin Katolika da aka nada a madadin sarakunan Roman Orthodox na Gabas.Tun da farko dai an yi kira ne da yakin Crusad na hudu domin kwato birnin Kudus da musulmi ke iko da shi, amma jerin al'amuran tattalin arziki da siyasa sun kai ga sojojin 'yan Salibiyya sun kori birnin Constantinople, babban birnin Daular Rumawa.Tun da farko, shirin shi ne mayar da tsohon Sarkin Bizantine Ishaku na II Angelos, wanda Alexios III Angelos ya kwace, kan karagar mulki.Dan Ishaku Alexios IV ya yi alkawarin ba da taimakon kudi da na soja da ‘yan Salibiyya suka yi niyyar ci gaba da zuwa Kudus.Lokacin da 'yan Salibiyya suka isa Konstantinoful lamarin cikin sauri ya rikide ya zama maras dadi kuma yayin da Ishaku da Alexios suka yi mulki a takaice, 'yan Salibiyya ba su sami kudin da suka yi fata ba.A watan Afrilun 1204, sun kama kuma suka wawushe dukiyoyin birnin.'Yan Salibiyya sun zaɓi nasu sarki daga cikin nasu mukamai, Baldwin na Flanders, kuma sun raba yankin daular Byzantine zuwa wasu sabbin jahohin 'yan ta'adda na vassal.Nan da nan aka kalubalanci ikon Daular Latin daga jihohin Rump na Byzantine karkashin jagorancin dangin Laskaris (wanda ke da alaƙa da daular Angelos na 1185-1204) a Nicaea da dangin Komnenos (wanda ya yi sarauta a matsayin sarakunan Byzantine 1081-1185 ) a Trebizond.Daga 1224 zuwa 1242 dangin Komnenos Doukas, kuma suna da alaƙa da Angeloi, sun ƙalubalanci ikon Latin daga Tasalonika.Daular Latin ta kasa samun rinjaye na siyasa ko na tattalin arziki a kan sauran ikon Latin da aka kafa a tsoffin yankuna na Byzantine bayan yakin Crusade na hudu, musamman Jamhuriyar Venice , kuma bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci na farko na nasarorin soja ya ci gaba da tafiya a hankali. raguwa saboda akai-akai yaki da Bulgaria a arewa da kuma daban-daban da'awar Byzantine.Daga ƙarshe, Daular Nice ta dawo da Konstantinoful kuma ta maido da Daular Byzantine a ƙarƙashin Michael VIII Palaiologos a shekara ta 1261. Sarkin Latin na ƙarshe, Baldwin II, ya tafi gudun hijira, amma sarautar ta tsira, tare da masu riya da yawa har zuwa ƙarni na 14.

Girkawa sun kasance a cikin Peloponnese har zuwa 1460, kuma Venetian da Genoese sun manne da wasu tsibiran, amma a farkon karni na 16 duk babban yankin Girka da yawancin tsibiran Aegean daular Ottoman ta yi mulkin mallaka, ban da biranen tashar jiragen ruwa da yawa har yanzu. da Venetian suka yi (Nafplio, Monemvasia, Parga da Methone mafi mahimmancin su).Tsibirin Cyclades, a tsakiyar Aegean, Ottomans sun mamaye su a hukumance a cikin 1579, kodayake suna ƙarƙashin matsayin vassal tun daga 1530s.Cyprus ta fadi a shekara ta 1571, kuma Venetian sun ci gaba da rike Crete har zuwa shekara ta 1669. Daular Ionia ba ta taba mulkin Ottoman ba, ban da Kefalonia (daga 1479 zuwa 1481 da kuma daga 1485 zuwa 1500), kuma ta ci gaba da zama karkashin mulkin Jamhuriyar Venice. .Ya kasance a cikin tsibiran Ionian inda aka haifi ƙasar Girka ta zamani, tare da ƙirƙirar Jamhuriyar Tsibirin Bakwai a 1800.Ottoman Girka al'umma ce mai yawan kabilu.Duk da haka, ra'ayi na zamani na Yammacin Turai na al'adu da yawa, ko da yake a kallon farko ya bayyana ya dace da tsarin gero, ana ganin bai dace da tsarin Ottoman ba.Girkawa da hannu ɗaya an ba su wasu gata da 'yanci;da daya kuma sun gamu da wani zalunci da ya samo asali daga munanan ayyuka na jami’an gudanarwarta wanda gwamnatin tsakiya ke da iko da shi kawai ba tare da cikawa ba.Lokacin da Ottoman ya isa, ƙaura biyu na Girka sun faru.Hijira ta farko ta ƙunshi masu hankali na Girka yin ƙaura zuwa Yammacin Turai da kuma yin tasiri ga zuwan Renaissance.Hijira ta biyu ta ƙunshi Helenawa suna barin filayen tsibirin Girka da sake zama a cikin tsaunuka.Tsarin gero ya ba da gudummawa ga haɗin kan kabilanci na Girkawa na Orthodox ta hanyar rarraba al'ummomi daban-daban a cikin daular Usmania bisa addini.Helenawa da ke zaune a filayen a lokacin mulkin Ottoman, ko dai Kiristoci ne da suka magance nauyin mulkin ƙasashen waje ko kuma Kiristocin crypto-Kiristoci (Musulman Girka waɗanda suke asirce na bangaskiyar Orthodox na Girkanci).Wasu Helenawa sun zama crypto-Kiristoci don kauce wa haraji mai yawa kuma a lokaci guda suna bayyana ainihin su ta hanyar ci gaba da dangantakar su da Cocin Orthodox na Girka.Duk da haka, Girkawa waɗanda suka musulunta kuma ba Kiristocin crypto-Kiristoci ba ana ɗaukarsu "Turkawa" (Musulmi) a idanun Helenawa na Orthodox, ko da ba su ɗauki harshen Turkiyya ba.Daular Usmaniyya ta mallaki mafi yawan kasar Girka har zuwa farkon karni na 19.Na farko mai cin gashin kansa, tun daga tsakiyar zamanai, an kafa kasar Hellenic a lokacin yakin juyin juya halin Faransa, a shekara ta 1800, shekaru 21 kafin barkewar juyin juya halin Girka a babban yankin Girka.Ita ce Jamhuriyar Septinsular tare da Corfu a matsayin babban birnin kasar.

Tawayen Ottoman na 1567-1572 jerin rikice-rikice ne tsakanin Albaniya , Girka da sauran 'yan tawaye da Daular Usmaniyya a farkon karni na 16.Rikicin zamantakewa ya kara tsananta a wannan lokaci ta hanyar tabarbarewar gwamnatin Ottoman, da tabarbarewar tattalin arziki, da kuma halin da ake ciki na gwamnatin Ottoman.Jagororin boren sun yi nasara da farko kuma suna sarrafa wurare masu mahimmanci da sanduna, musamman a Epirus, Girka ta Tsakiya, da Peloponnese.Sai dai kungiyar ba ta da tsarin da ya kamata.Turawan yamma ne suka ingiza su da taimakonsu;musamman ta Jamhuriyar Venice, da kuma nasarar da Kungiyar Mai Tsarki ta samu a kan rundunar Ottoman a yakin Lepanto, a cikin Nuwamba 1571, ya haifar da ƙarin ayyukan juyin juya hali.Sai dai Venice ta janye goyon bayanta ga 'yan tawayen tare da sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta bai daya da Daular Usmaniyya.Don haka ne ‘yan tawayen suka yi watsi da su kuma sojojin daular Usmaniyya sun yi ta kashe-kashe da dama bayan boren da aka yi a lokacin murkushe yunkurin.A cikin tsarin sasantawa, yankuna daban-daban da suka keɓance har yanzu ba su da ikon Ottoman kuma sabbin tawaye sun barke, kamar na Dionysios Skylosophos a 1611.

Yaƙin Cretan wani rikici ne tsakanin Jamhuriyar Venice da ƙawayenta (shugaba a cikinsu Knights na Malta , Papal States da Faransa ) a kan Daular Ottoman da Barbary States, saboda an yi yaƙi da tsibirin Crete, Venice. mafi girma kuma mafi arziƙi a ketare.Yaƙin ya ci gaba daga 1645 zuwa 1669 kuma an yi yaƙi a Crete, musamman a birnin Candia, da kuma yawan ayyukan sojan ruwa da hare-hare a kusa da Tekun Aegean, tare da Dalmatiya ya ba da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na biyu.Duk da cewa Ottomans sun mamaye yawancin Crete a cikin ƴan shekarun farko na yaƙin, sansanin soja na Candia (Heraklion na zamani), babban birnin Crete, ya yi nasara cikin nasara.Tsawaita kawayenta, "Kishiyar Troy" kamar yadda Lord Byron ya kira ta, ya tilastawa bangarorin biyu su mai da hankali kan samar da sojojinsu a tsibirin.Ga 'yan Venetia musamman, begensu na samun nasara a kan babban sojojin Ottoman a Crete ya kasance cikin nasarar kashe mata abinci da kayan taimako.Don haka yakin ya rikide zuwa jerin gwanon jiragen ruwa tsakanin sojojin ruwa biyu da abokan kawancensu.Venice ta sami taimakon al'ummomin Yammacin Turai daban-daban, waɗanda Paparoma ya yi musu gargaɗi kuma a cikin farfaɗowar ruhin crusading, ya aika maza, jiragen ruwa da kayayyaki "domin kare Kiristendam".A cikin yakin, Venice ta ci gaba da kasancewa mafi girma na sojan ruwa, ta lashe mafi yawan ayyukan sojan ruwa, amma kokarin da aka yi na toshe Dardanelles ya yi nasara a wani bangare kawai, kuma Jamhuriyar Jamhuriyar ba ta da isassun jiragen ruwa da za su iya yanke jigilar kayayyaki da ƙarfafawa zuwa Crete.Daular Usmaniyya ta samu cikas a kokarinsu na rudanin cikin gida, da kuma karkatar da sojojinsu zuwa arewa zuwa Transylvania da masarautar Habsburg.Rikicin da aka dade ya kawo gajiyar tattalin arzikin Jamhuriyar, wanda ya dogara da kasuwanci mai riba da Daular Usmaniyya.A cikin 1660s, duk da ƙarin taimako daga wasu al'ummomin Kirista, gajiyar yaƙi ya taso. A gefe guda kuma, Ottoman sun sami nasarar ci gaba da ƙarfafa sojojinsu a Crete kuma sun sake ƙarfafawa a ƙarƙashin jagorancin iyali na Köprülü, sun aika da babban balaguro na ƙarshe. a 1666 karkashin kulawar Grand Vizier kai tsaye.Wannan ya fara mataki na ƙarshe kuma mafi zubar da jini na Siege na Candia, wanda ya ɗauki fiye da shekaru biyu.Ya ƙare tare da yin sulhu da mika wuya na sansanin soja, tare da rufe makomar tsibirin da kuma kawo karshen yakin a cikin nasarar Ottoman.A cikin yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta ƙarshe, Venice ta riƙe ƴan sansanonin tsibiri keɓe daga Crete, kuma ta sami wasu nasarori na yanki a Dalmatia.Sha'awar Venetian na sake dawowa zai jagoranci, bayan shekaru 15, zuwa sabon yakin, wanda Venice za ta yi nasara.Crete, duk da haka, za ta kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Ottoman har zuwa 1897, lokacin da ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta;A ƙarshe an haɗa shi da Girka a 1913.

Tawayen Orlov wani boren Girika ne da ya barke a shekara ta 1770. Ya kasance a tsakiyar Peloponnese, kudancin Girka da kuma wasu sassan Girka ta Tsakiya, Thessaly da kuma Crete.Tawayen ya barke ne a watan Fabrairun 1770 bayan isowar Admiral Alexei Orlov, kwamandan sojojin ruwa na Rasha a lokacin yakin Russo-Turkish (1768-1774), a yankin Mani Peninsula.Ya zama babban mafari ga Yaƙin 'Yanci na Girka (wanda ya barke a cikin 1821), wani ɓangare ne na Catherine Babban abin da ake kira "Shirin Girkanci" kuma a ƙarshe Ottoman ya murkushe shi.

Yaƙin samun 'yancin kai na Girka , wanda kuma aka sani da juyin juya halin Girka na 1821 ko kuma juyin juya halin Girka, ya kasance nasara na samun 'yancin kai da 'yan juyin juya halin Girka suka yi da Daular Usmaniyya tsakanin 1821 zuwa 1829. Daga baya Masarautar Burtaniya , Masarautar Faransa ta taimaka wa Girkawa. , da kuma Rasha , yayin da Ottoman ke taimaka wa 'yan uwansu na Arewacin Afirka, musamman eyalet naMasar .Yakin ya kai ga samuwar Girka ta zamani.Girikawa a fadin duniya ne ke bikin juyin juya hali a matsayin ranar ‘yancin kai a ranar 25 ga Maris.

Otto, basarake Bavaria, ya yi sarauta a matsayin Sarkin Girka tun daga kafuwar sarauta a ranar 27 ga Mayu 1832, a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar London, har zuwa lokacin da aka hambarar da shi a ranar 23 ga Oktoba 1862. Ɗan sarki Ludwig I na Bavaria na biyu, Otto ya hau gadon sarauta. sabuwar sarautar Girka da aka kafa yana ɗan shekara 17. Tun farko an gudanar da gwamnatinsa a ƙarƙashin majalisar wakilai uku da ta ƙunshi jami'an kotunan Bavaria.Bayan da ya kai rinjaye, Otto ya cire masu mulki lokacin da suka nuna rashin amincewa da mutane, kuma ya yi mulki a matsayin cikakken sarki.Daga ƙarshe dai buƙatun da talakawansa suka yi na kafa tsarin mulki sun yi yawa, kuma a cikin fuskantar tawaye masu dauke da makamai (amma marasa jini), Otto ya ba da kundin tsarin mulki a shekara ta 1843.A tsawon mulkinsa Otto ya kasa magance talaucin Girka da kuma hana tsoma bakin tattalin arziki daga waje.Siyasar Girka a wannan zamani ta ginu ne bisa alaka da manyan kasashe uku da suka tabbatar wa Girka yancin kai, wato Birtaniya, Faransa da kuma Rasha, kuma ikon Otto na ci gaba da goyon bayan manyan kasashen duniya shi ne mabudin ci gaba da mulki.Domin ya kasance mai ƙarfi, Otto dole ne ya buga muradun kowane mabiyin Girika na Manyan Ƙwararru a kan sauran, yayin da ba ya harzuka Manyan Ƙungiyoyin.Lokacin da sojojin ruwa na Burtaniya suka kame Girka a cikin 1850 da kuma a cikin 1854, don dakatar da Girka daga kai hari kan Daular Ottoman a lokacin Yaƙin Crimean , matsayin Otto a tsakanin Helenawa ya sha wahala.A sakamakon haka, an yi yunkurin kashe Sarauniya Amalia, kuma a karshe a cikin 1862 an kori Otto yayin da yake cikin karkara.Ya mutu a gudun hijira a Bavaria a 1867.

George I ya kasance Sarkin Girka daga 30 Maris 1863 har zuwa kisan gilla a 1913. Asalinsa yarima ne dan kasar Denmark, an haife shi a Copenhagen, kuma da alama yana son yin aiki a Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Danish.Yana da shekaru 17 kacal a lokacin da majalisar dokokin kasar Girka ta zabe shi a matsayin sarki, wadda ta hambarar da Otto wanda ba shi da farin jini.Manyan Mahukunta ne suka ba da shawara kuma sun goyi bayan nadin nasa: Burtaniya ta Burtaniya da Ireland, daular Faransa ta biyu da daular Rasha .Ya auri Grand Duchess Olga Constantinovna na Rasha a 1867, kuma ya zama sarki na farko na sabuwar daular Girka.Biyu daga cikin 'yan uwansa, Alexandra da Dagmar, sun yi aure a cikin dangin sarauta na Birtaniya da na Rasha.Sarki Edward VII na Birtaniya da Sarkin sarakuna Alexander III na Rasha surukansa ne, kuma George V na Birtaniya, Kirista X na Denmark, Haakon VII na Norway, da Nicholas II na Rasha su ne yayansa.Mulkin George na kusan shekaru 50 (mafi tsayi a tarihin Girka na zamani) yana da alaƙa da ribar yanki yayin da Girka ta kafa matsayinta a Turai kafin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya .Biritaniya ta ba da tsibirin Ionian cikin lumana a cikin 1864, yayin da aka mamaye Thessaly daga Daular Usmaniyya bayan yakin Rasha-Turkiyya (1877-1878) .Ba koyaushe Girka ba ta ci nasara a burinta na yanki;An ci nasara a yakin Greco-Turkish (1897).

An kafa Jihar Cretan a cikin 1898, bayan shiga tsakani da Manyan Mahukunta ( United Kingdom , Faransa ,Italiya , Austria- Hungary , Jamus da Rasha ) suka yi a tsibirin Crete.A shekara ta 1897, tawayen Cretan ya jagoranci daular Usmaniyya wajen shelanta yaki a kan kasar Girka, wanda ya sa kasashen Birtaniya, Faransa, Italiya da Rasha suka shiga tsakani kan cewa Daular Usmaniyya ba za ta iya ci gaba da rike madafun iko ba.Wannan shi ne share fage na mamaye tsibirin na ƙarshe zuwa Masarautar Girka, wanda ya faru a cikin 1908 da de jure a 1913 bayan Yaƙin Balkan na Farko .

Yakin Balkan yana nufin jerin tashe-tashen hankula guda biyu da suka faru a cikin ƙasashen Balkan a cikin 1912 da 1913. A cikin yaƙin Balkan na farko, ƙasashen Balkan huɗu na Girka , Serbia, Montenegro da Bulgaria sun shelanta yaƙi da Daular Usmaniyya kuma suka ci ta. a cikin wannan tsari na kwace daular Ottoman daga lardunan Turai, inda ta bar Gabashin Thrace a karkashin Daular Usmaniyya.A cikin Yaƙin Balkan na biyu, Bulgaria ta yi yaƙi da dukkan mayaƙan asali huɗu na farkon yaƙin.Haka kuma ta fuskanci hari daga kasar Romania daga arewa.Daular Ottoman ta rasa mafi yawan yankunanta a Turai.Ko da yake ba a shiga a matsayin mai gwagwarmaya ba, Ostiriya-Hungary ya zama mai rauni kamar yadda Serbia mai girma ta matsawa ga haɗin gwiwar mutanen Slavic ta Kudu.Yaƙin ya kafa mataki don rikicin Balkan na 1914 kuma ta haka ya zama "shafi ga yakin duniya na farko ".A farkon karni na 20, Bulgaria, Girka, Montenegro da Serbia sun sami 'yancin kai daga Daular Usmaniyya, amma manyan al'ummomin kabilunsu sun kasance karkashin mulkin Ottoman.A shekara ta 1912, waɗannan ƙasashe sun kafa ƙungiyar Balkan.Yakin Balkan na farko ya fara ne a ranar 8 ga Oktoban 1912, lokacin da kasashe mambobin kungiyar suka kai wa Daular Usmania hari, kuma ya kare bayan watanni takwas tare da rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar London a ranar 30 ga Mayu 1913. Yakin Balkan na biyu ya fara ne a ranar 16 ga Yuni 1913, lokacin da Bulgaria. , ba ta gamsu da asarar da ta yi a ƙasar Makidoniya ba, ta kai hari kan tsoffin abokan kawancenta na Balkan League.Hadin gwiwar sojojin Sabiya da na Girka, tare da manyan adadinsu sun dakile harin da Bulgaria ta yi da kuma kai wa Bulgaria hari ta hanyar mamaye ta daga yamma da kudu.Romania, kasancewar ba ta shiga cikin rikicin ba, tana da rundunonin dakaru da za su kai farmaki tare da mamaye Bulgaria daga arewacin kasar wanda ya saba wa yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tsakanin jihohin biyu.Daular Ottoman kuma ta kai hari ga Bulgaria kuma ta ci gaba a Thrace tana maido da Adrianople.A sakamakon yerjejeniyar Bucharest, Bulgaria ta yi nasarar maido da mafi yawan yankunan da ta samu a yakin Balkan na farko.Duk da haka, an tilastawa mika tsohon Ottoman kudancin lardin Dobruja zuwa Romania.Yaƙe-yaƙe na Balkan sun kasance alama ce ta kawar da ƙabilanci tare da kowane ɓangaren da ke da alhakin kisan gillar da aka yi wa farar hula tare da taimakawa wajen tayar da zalunci daga baya ciki har da laifukan yaki a lokacin yakin Yugoslavia na 1990.

Barkewar yakin duniya na daya a shekara ta 1914 ya haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna a siyasar kasar ta Girka, inda sarki Constantine na daya mai sha'awar Jamus ya yi kira da a yi tsaka mai wuya yayin da firaminista Eleftherios Venizelos ya matsawa Girka ta shiga kawancen.Rikicin da ke tsakanin masarautu da ’yan Venize a wasu lokuta yakan haifar da yakin basasa kuma aka san shi da Schism na kasa.A cikin 1917, Allies sun tilasta Constantine ya yi murabus don goyon bayan dansa Alexander da Venizelos sun dawo a matsayin Firayim Minista.A karshen yakin, manyan kasashen duniya sun amince cewa birnin Smyrna (Izmir) na Ottoman da kuma yankinsa mai yawan al'ummar Girka, a mika shi ga kasar Girka.Sojojin Girka sun mamaye Smyrna a shekara ta 1919, kuma a shekara ta 1920 gwamnatin Ottoman ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Sèvres;Yarjejeniyar ta tanadi cewa nan da shekaru biyar za a gudanar da taro a Smyrna kan ko yankin zai shiga Girka.Sai dai masu kishin kasa na Turkiyya karkashin jagorancin Mustafa Kemal Ataturk sun hambarar da gwamnatin Ottoman tare da shirya wani kamfen na soji kan sojojin Girka, wanda ya haifar da yakin Greco-Turkish (1919-1922).Wani babban filin farmaki na Girka ya tsaya a cikin 1921, kuma zuwa 1922 sojojin Girka sun koma baya.Dakarun Turkiyya sun sake kwace Smyrna a ranar 9 ga Satumban 1922, tare da cinnawa birnin wuta tare da kashe 'yan Girka da Armeniya da yawa.Yarjejeniyar Lausanne (1923) ce ta kawo karshen yakin, inda aka yi musayar al'umma tsakanin Girka da Turkiyya bisa tushen addini.Fiye da Kiristocin Orthodox miliyan daya ne suka bar Turkiyya don musayar Musulmai 400,000 daga Girka.Abubuwan da suka faru na 1919-1922 ana ɗaukarsu a Girka a matsayin lokacin bala'i na musamman na tarihi.Tsakanin 1914 zuwa 1923, an kiyasta cewa Girkawa daga 750,000 zuwa 900,000 ne suka mutu a hannun Turkawa Daular Usmaniyya, abin da masana da dama suka kira kisan kare dangi.

Jamhuriya ta Hellenic ta biyu kalma ce ta tarihi ta zamani da ake amfani da ita don yin nuni ga kasar Girka a lokacin mulkin jamhuriya tsakanin 1924 zuwa 1935. Ta mamaye kusan yanki na Girka na zamani (ban da Dodecanese) kuma tana iyaka da Albania , Yugoslavia. Bulgaria , Turkey da kuma Italiyanci Aegean Islands.Ana amfani da kalmar Jumhuriya ta biyu don bambanta ta da jamhuriyoyin farko da na uku.Majalisar dokokin kasar ce ta sanar da faduwar masarautun a ranar 25 ga Maris 1924. Kasar da ke da yawan jama'a miliyan 6.2 a shekarar 1928, ta mamaye fadin kasa mai fadin kilomita 130,199 (50,270 sq mi).A cikin tarihinta na shekaru goma sha ɗaya, jamhuriya ta biyu ta ga wasu muhimman al'amura na tarihi a tarihin Girka na zamani sun bayyana;daga mulkin kama-karya na soja na farko na Girka, zuwa tsarin mulkin dimokuradiyya na ɗan gajeren lokaci wanda ya biyo baya, daidaita dangantakar Greco-Turkiyya wadda ta daɗe har zuwa shekarun 1950, da kuma ƙoƙarin farko na nasara na inganta masana'antu a cikin al'umma.An kawar da Jamhuriyar Hellenic ta Biyu a ranar 10 ga Oktoban 1935, kuma an tabbatar da soke ta ta hanyar kuri'ar raba gardama a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba na wannan shekarar da aka yarda da cewa ta shiga cikin magudin zabe.Faduwar jamhuriyar daga ƙarshe ta ba da hanya ga ƙasar Girka ta zama ƙasa mai jam'iyya guda ɗaya, lokacin da Ioannis Metaxas ya kafa 4 ga watan Agusta a 1936, wanda ya dawwama har zuwa lokacin da Axis ta mamaye Girka a 1941.

Tarihin soja na Girka a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu ya fara ne a ranar 28 ga Oktoba 1940, lokacin da Sojojin Italiya suka mamaye Girka daga Albania , suka fara yakin Greco-Italian.Sojojin Girka sun dakatar da mamayewa na dan lokaci kuma suka tura Italiyawa zuwa Albaniya.Nasarar da Girka ta samu ya tilastawa Jamus na Nazi shiga tsakani.Jamusawa sun mamaye Girka da Yugoslavia a ranar 6 ga Afrilu 1941, kuma sun mamaye kasashen biyu a cikin wata guda, duk da taimakon da Birtaniyya ke baiwa Girka a matsayin wata tawagar balaguro.An kamalla mamaye kasar Girka a watan Mayu tare da kame Crete daga iska, ko da yake Fallschirmjäger (Jami'an 'yan sandan Jamus) sun yi mummunar barna a cikin wannan aiki da Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (Babban Umurnin Jamus) ya yi watsi da manyan ayyukan jiragen sama na saura. na yakin.Karkashin albarkatun da Jamus ta yi a yankin Balkan ma wasu masana tarihi na ganin ya jinkirta kaddamar da mamayewar Tarayyar Sobiyet da wani wata mai muhimmanci, wanda ya yi barna a lokacin da sojojin Jamus suka gaza kwace birnin Moscow.An mamaye Girka kuma aka raba tsakanin Jamus,Italiya , da Bulgaria , yayin da Sarki da gwamnati suka gudu zuwa gudun hijira aMasar .Ƙoƙarin farko na juriya da makamai a lokacin rani 1941 an murkushe su daga ikon Axis, amma ƙungiyar Resistance ta sake farawa a cikin 1942 kuma ta girma sosai a cikin 1943 da 1944, ta 'yantar da manyan sassan ƙasar tsaunuka tare da ɗaure manyan sojojin Axis.Rikicin siyasa tsakanin kungiyoyin Resistance ya barke a cikin rikicin cikin gida a tsakaninsu a karshen shekara ta 1943, wanda ya ci gaba har zuwa lokacin bazara na shekara ta 1944. Ita ma gwamnatin Girka da ke gudun hijira ta kafa sojojinta nata, wadanda suka yi aiki da yaki tare da Birtaniya a Gabas ta Tsakiya. Arewacin Afirka, da Italiya.Gudunmawar sojojin ruwa na Girka da na 'yan kasuwa, musamman, na da matukar muhimmanci ga al'amuran kawance.An 'yantar da Mainland Girka a watan Oktoban 1944 tare da janyewar Jamus a gaban sojojin Red Army da ke ci gaba, yayin da sojojin Jamus suka ci gaba da kasancewa a tsibirin Aegean har zuwa karshen yakin.Yaki da mamaya sun durkusar da kasar, kuma tattalin arzikinta da ababen more rayuwa sun lalace.A shekara ta 1946, yakin basasa ya barke tsakanin gwamnatin masu ra'ayin rikau da ke samun goyon bayan kasashen waje da kuma 'yan daba masu ra'ayin rikau, wanda ya kai har shekara ta 1949.

Yaƙin basasa na Girka shine babban karo na farko na yakin cacar baka .An yi yaƙi tsakanin 1944 da 1949 a Girka tsakanin sojojin kishin ƙasa / waɗanda ba Marxist na Girka (Birtaniya ta ba da tallafin kuɗi da farko, kuma daga baya ta Amurka ) da Sojojin Dimokuradiyya na Girka (ELAS), wanda shine reshen soja. na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Girka (KKE).Rikicin ya haifar da nasara ga Birtaniya - kuma daga baya sojojin gwamnatin Amurka da ke goyon bayan, wanda ya kai ga Girka ta karbi kudaden Amurka ta hanyar Truman Doctrine da Marshall Plan, da kuma zama mamba na NATO, wanda ya taimaka wajen bayyana ma'auni na akida. na iko a cikin Aegean ga dukan Cold War.Kashi na farko na yakin basasa ya faru ne a 1943-1944.Ƙungiyoyin gwagwarmayar Markisanci da waɗanda ba na Marxist ba sun gwabza da juna a cikin rikicin 'yan'uwan juna don kafa jagorancin ƙungiyar gwagwarmayar Girka.A kashi na biyu (Disamba 1944), 'yan gurguzu masu tasowa, da ke iko da galibin kasar Girka, sun fuskanci gwamnatin Girka da ta dawo gudun hijira, wadda aka kafa karkashin inuwar kawancen kasashen yammacin Turai a birnin Alkahira, kuma da farko sun hada da ministoci shida masu alaka da KKE. .A kashi na uku (wanda wasu ke kiransa da "Zagaye na Uku"), dakarun 'yan daba da KKE ke iko da su sun fafata da gwamnatin Girka wadda kasashen duniya suka amince da ita wacce aka kafa bayan zaben da KKE ta kauracewa zaben.Duk da cewa an san shigar da KKE a cikin tashe-tashen hankula a duk duniya, jam'iyyar ta kasance doka har zuwa 1948, ta ci gaba da daidaita hare-hare daga ofisoshinta na Athens har zuwa lokacin da aka haramta.Yakin da ya gudana daga shekarar 1946 zuwa 1949, ya kasance yana fama da yakin sari-ka-noke tsakanin dakarun KKE da dakarun gwamnatin Girka musamman a tsaunukan arewacin Girka.Yakin dai ya kare ne da harin bam da NATO ta kai kan Dutsen Grammos da kuma kashin karshe da dakarun KKE suka yi.Yaƙin basasa ya bar ƙasar Girka da gadar siyasa.Sakamakon haka, ita ma kasar Girka ta shiga kawance da Amurka tare da shiga kungiyar tsaro ta NATO, yayin da dangantaka da makwabtanta masu ra'ayin gurguzu na arewacin kasar, masu goyon bayan Tarayyar Soviet da kuma masu tsaka tsaki, suka yi tsami.

A cikin 1950s da 1960s, Girka ta haɓaka cikin sauri, da farko tare da taimakon tallafi da lamuni na Shirin Marshall Plan, kuma don rage tasirin gurguzu.A cikin 1952, ta shiga NATO, Girka a fili ta zama wani ɓangare na Yammacin Yamma na Yaƙin Cold .Amma a cikin al'ummar Girka, an ci gaba da rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin bangaren hagu da na dama.Tattalin arzikin Girka ya ci gaba ta hanyar bunƙasa a fannin yawon buɗe ido.An ba da sabon kulawa ga 'yancin mata, kuma a cikin 1952 an tabbatar da zaɓen mata a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki, cikakken daidaiton tsarin mulki ya biyo baya, kuma Lina Tsaldari ta zama ministar mata ta farko cikin shekaru goma.Mu'ujizar tattalin arzikin Girka shine lokacin ci gaban tattalin arziki mai dorewa, gabaɗaya daga 1950 zuwa 1973. A wannan lokacin, tattalin arzikin Girka ya karu da matsakaicin 7.7%, na biyu a duniya sai Japan.

Gwamnatin Girka ko tsarin mulkin Kanar ya kasance mulkin kama-karya na soji na hannun dama wanda ya mulki kasar Girka daga 1967 zuwa 1974. A ranar 21 ga Afrilun 1967, wasu gungun Kanal din sun hambarar da gwamnatin rikon kwarya wata guda kafin a shirya zabe wanda Cibiyar Cibiyar Georgios Papandreou ta amince ta yi nasara. .Tsarin mulkin kama-karya ya kasance da manufofin al'adu na dama, kyamar gurguzu, takurawa 'yancin jama'a, da dauri, azabtarwa, da gudun hijira na abokan adawar siyasa.Georgios Papadopoulos ne ya mulki ta daga 1967 zuwa 1973, amma yunƙurin sabunta goyon bayansa a cikin 1973 raba gardama kan masarautu da tabbatar da mulkin demokraɗiyya a hankali ya kawo karshen wani juyin mulki da Dimitrios Ioannidis mai ra'ayin rikau ya yi, wanda ya mulki ta har zuwa ranar 24 ga Yuli 1974 matsin lamba na mamayewar Turkiyya na Cyprus, wanda ya kai ga Metapolitefsi ("canjin mulki") ga dimokuradiyya da kafa Jamhuriyar Hellenic ta Uku.

Juyin mulkin 1974 a Cyprus wani juyin mulki ne na soji da sojojin Girka a Cyprus, da dakarun tsaron kasar Cyprus da kuma sojojin Girka na 1967-1974 suka yi.A ranar 15 ga Yulin 1974 masu yunkurin juyin mulkin sun tsige shugaban kasar Cyprus Archbishop Makarios III daga mukaminsa tare da maye gurbinsa da mai rajin kishin kasa Nikos Sampson.An bayyana gwamnatin Sampson a matsayin wata ‘yar tsana, wadda babbar manufarta ita ce mamaye tsibirin da Girka;a cikin gajeren lokaci, masu juyin mulkin sun yi shelar kafa "Jamhuriyar Hellenic of Cyprus".Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na kallon juyin mulkin a matsayin haramtacce.

Jamhuriya ta Hellenic ta Uku lokaci ne a cikin tarihin Girka na zamani wanda ya samo asali daga 1974, tare da faduwar mulkin soja na Girka da kuma kawar da mulkin mallaka na Girka, zuwa yau.Ana la'akari da lokaci na uku na mulkin jamhuriya a Girka, wanda ya biyo bayan Jamhuriya ta Farko a lokacin Yaƙin 'Yancin Kai na Girka (1821-1832) da Jamhuriya ta Biyu a lokacin soke mulkin wucin gadi a 1924-1935.Ana amfani da kalmar "Metapolitefsi" gabaɗayan lokaci, amma wannan kalmar an taƙaita shi daidai da farkon lokacin, wanda ya fara daga faduwar mulkin soja kuma ya ƙare a cikin sauye-sauyen dimokuradiyya na ƙasar.Yayin da jamhuriyar Helenawa ta farko da ta biyu ba a gama amfani da ita ba sai a cikin mahallin tarihi, ana amfani da kalmar jamhuriyar Hellenic ta Uku akai-akai.Jamhuriyar Hellenic ta Uku tana da alaƙa da haɓaka 'yancin walwala na zamantakewa, yanayin Turai na Girka da rinjayen siyasa na jam'iyyun ND da PASOK.A gefe mara kyau, lokacin ya haɗa da cin hanci da rashawa, tabarbarewar wasu ma'auni na tattalin arziki kamar basussukan jama'a, da son zuciya, galibi a fagen siyasa da ofisoshin jihohi.

Bayan maido da mulkin dimokuradiyya, kwanciyar hankali da ci gaban tattalin arzikin Girka ya inganta sosai.Girka ta koma NATO a 1980, ta shiga Tarayyar Turai (EU) a 1981 kuma ta karbi kudin Euro a matsayin kudinta a 2001. Sabbin kudaden kayayyakin more rayuwa daga EU da karuwar kudaden shiga daga yawon shakatawa, jigilar kaya, sabis, masana'antar haske da masana'antar sadarwa sun kawo Girkawa. yanayin rayuwa da ba a taɓa yin irinsa ba.Ana ci gaba da zaman dar-dar a tsakanin Girka da Turkiyya kan Cyprus da kuma takaita iyakokin tekun Aegean amma alakar ta lafa sosai bayan girgizar kasa da ta afku a baya, da farko a Turkiyya sannan kuma a Girka, da nuna juyayi da taimako na karimci daga talakawan Girka da Turkawa. duba Diplomacy girgizar kasa).

Tabarbarewar tattalin arzikin duniya a shekarar 2008 ta shafi kasar Girka, da ma sauran kasashen dake cikin kasashen da ke amfani da kudin Euro.Tun daga karshen shekarar 2009 ne aka fara fargaba a kasuwannin saka hannun jari na rikicin basussukan da kasar Girka ke da shi dangane da yadda kasar Girka ke iya biyan basussukan da take bin kasar, duba da karuwar basukan da gwamnatin kasar ke fuskanta.An nuna wannan rikicin na kwarin gwiwa ta hanyar faɗaɗa haɓakar haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin swaps na bashi idan aka kwatanta da sauran ƙasashe, mafi mahimmanci Jamus.Rage basussukan gwamnatin Girka zuwa matsayin lamuni ya haifar da fargaba a kasuwannin hada-hadar kudi.A ranar 2 ga watan Mayun shekarar 2010, kasashe masu amfani da kudin Euro da asusun ba da lamuni na duniya sun amince da bayar da lamuni na Yuro biliyan 110 ga kasar Girka, bisa sharadin aiwatar da tsauraran matakan tsuke bakin aljihu.A cikin Oktoba 2011, shugabannin Tarayyar Turai su ma sun amince da shawarar cire kashi 50% na bashin Girka da ake bin masu lamuni masu zaman kansu, yana ƙara yawan Rukunin Ƙimar Kuɗi na Turai zuwa kusan Yuro tiriliyan 1, da kuma buƙatar bankunan Turai su cimma kashi 9% na jari don rage haɗarin. na yaduwa zuwa wasu kasashe.Waɗannan matakan tsuke bakin aljihu ba su da farin jini ga jama'ar Girka, wanda ya haifar da zanga-zanga da tashe tashen hankula.Gabaɗaya, tattalin arzikin ƙasar Girka ya fuskanci koma bayan tattalin arziki mafi tsayi na duk wani ci-gaban tattalin arzikin da ya ci gaba har zuwa yau.A sakamakon haka, an inganta tsarin siyasar Girka, an ƙara wariyar launin fata, kuma dubban daruruwan Helenawa masu ilimi sun bar kasar.