Tarihin Portugal

Ƙabilun Pre-Celtic sun zauna a Portugal suna barin sawun al'adu na ban mamaki.Cynetes sun haɓaka rubutaccen harshe, sun bar stelae da yawa, waɗanda galibi ana samun su a kudancin Portugal.A farkon karni na farko KZ, tãguwar ruwa na Celts da yawa sun mamaye Portugal daga tsakiyar Turai kuma suka yi aure tare da jama'ar yankin don kafa kabilu daban-daban, tare da kabilu da yawa.Kasancewar Celtic a Portugal ana iya gano shi, a cikin faffadan fassarorin, ta hanyar shaidar archaeological da na harshe.Sun mamaye yawancin arewaci da tsakiyar Portugal;amma a kudanci, ba su iya kafa katangarsu ba, wanda ya ci gaba da kasancewa da halin da ba na Indo-Turai ba har sai da Romawa suka ci nasara.A kudancin Portugal, wasu ƙanana, ƙanana na dindindin na kasuwanci na bakin teku su ma Phoenician-Carthaginians ne suka kafa su.

Romanization ya fara ne da zuwan sojojin Romawa a cikin Iberian Peninsula a cikin 218 KZ a lokacinYaƙin Tsanani na Biyu da Carthage.Romawa sun nemi su ci Lusitania, yankin da ya haɗa da dukan Portugal na zamani a kudancin kogin Douro da Spanish Extremadura, tare da babban birninsa a Emerita Augusta (yanzu Mérida).Ma'adinai shi ne babban abin da ya sa Romawa sha'awar cin nasara a yankin: daya daga cikin manufofin Roma shine yanke hanyar Carthaginian zuwa ma'adinan Iberian tagulla, tin, zinariya, da azurfa.Romawa sun yi amfani da ma'adinan Aljustrel (Vipasca) da Santo Domingo a cikin Iberian Pyrite Belt wanda ya kai Seville.Yayin da kudancin abin da yake a yanzu Portugal ya kasance cikin sauƙi da Romawa suka mamaye, cin nasara a arewa ya samu ne kawai da wahala saboda juriya daga Serra da Estrela ta Celts da Lusitanians karkashin jagorancin Viriatus, wanda ya yi nasarar tsayayya da fadada Romawa tsawon shekaru.Viriatus, makiyayi daga Serra da Estrela wanda ya ƙware a dabarun yaƙi, ya yi yaƙi da Romawa, ya yi nasara a kan sojojin Roma da yawa a jere, har sai da maci amana da Romawa suka saya suka kashe shi a shekara ta 140 K.Z.An dade ana yabawa Viriatus a matsayin jarumi na farko na gaske a tarihin kasar Portugal.Duk da haka, shi ne ke da alhakin kai hare-hare a cikin wasu yankuna na Romanized na Kudancin Portugal da Lusitania waɗanda suka haɗa da cin zarafin mazauna.Yaƙin Iberian ya cika ƙarni biyu bayan zuwan Romawa, lokacin da suka ci sauran Cantabri, Astures da Gallaeci a Yaƙin Cantabrian a zamanin sarki Augustus (19 KZ).A cikin 74 AZ, Vespasian ya ba da Haƙƙin Latin ga yawancin gundumomin Lusitania.A cikin 212 AZ, Constitutio Antoniniana ya ba da izinin zama ɗan ƙasar Roman ga duk batutuwa masu kyauta na daular kuma, a ƙarshen karni, sarki Diocletian ya kafa lardin Gallaecia, wanda ya haɗa da arewacin Portugal na zamani, tare da babban birninsa a Bracara Augusta ( yanzu Braga).Baya ga hakar ma'adinai, Romawa kuma sun haɓaka aikin noma, akan wasu mafi kyawun ƙasar noma a daular.A cikin abin da yake yanzu Alentejo, an noma kurangar inabi da hatsi, kuma an bi sawun kamun kifi a bakin tekun Algarve, Póvoa de Varzim, Matosinhos, Troia da kuma bakin tekun Lisbon, don kera garum da hanyoyin kasuwanci na Roman ke fitarwa. zuwa ga dukan daular.An gudanar da hada-hadar kasuwanci ta hanyar tsabar kudi da kuma gina babbar hanyar sadarwa, gadoji da magudanan ruwa, kamar gadar Trajan a Aquae Flaviae (yanzu Chaves).

A cikin 409, tare da durkushewar daular Romawa, yankin Iberian ya kasance ƙarƙashin ƙabilun Jamusanci waɗanda Romawa ke kira da barbariyawa.A cikin 411, tare da kwangilar tarayya tare da Emperor Honorius, yawancin waɗannan mutane sun zauna a Hispania.Wata ƙungiya mai mahimmanci ta ƙunshi Suebi da Vandals a Gallaecia, waɗanda suka kafa Masarautar Suebi mai babban birninta a Braga.Sun zo su mallaki Aeminium (Coimbra) kuma, kuma akwai Visigoths a kudu.Suebi da Visigoths su ne kabilun Jamus waɗanda suka kasance mafi ɗorewa a cikin yankunan da suka dace da Portugal ta zamani.Kamar sauran wurare a Yammacin Turai, an sami koma baya sosai a rayuwar birane a lokacin duhu.Cibiyoyin Romawa sun ɓace bayan mamayewar Jamus ban da ƙungiyoyin coci, waɗanda Suebi suka haɓaka a ƙarni na biyar kuma Visigoths suka karbe su daga baya.Ko da yake Suebi da Visigoth sun kasance mabiyan Arianism da Priscillianism da farko, sun karɓi Katolika daga mazauna yankin.St. Martin na Braga ya kasance mai yin bishara na musamman a wannan lokacin.A cikin 429, Visigoths sun koma kudu don korar Alans da Vandals kuma suka kafa masarauta tare da babban birninta a Toledo.Daga 470, rikici tsakanin Suebi da Visigoths ya karu.A cikin 585, Sarkin Visigothic Liuvigild ya ci Braga kuma ya mamaye Gallaecia.Tun daga wannan lokacin, Iberian Peninsula ta haɗe a ƙarƙashin Masarautar Visigothic.

Yakin Umayyawa na Hispania, wanda kuma aka fi sani da mamayar Umayyawa na daular Visigothic, shine farkon fadada daular Umayyawa akan Hispania (a cikin yankin Iberian Peninsula) daga 711 zuwa 718. Yakin ya haifar da lalata daular Visigothic da masarautar Visigothic. kafa Umayyah Wilaya ta Al-Andalus.A lokacin halifancin halifa al-Walid na Umayyawa na shida (r. 705-715), dakaru karkashin jagorancin Tariq bn Ziyad sun sauka a farkon shekara ta 711 a Gibraltar a karkashin jagorancin rundunar da ta kunshi Berbers daga arewacin Afirka.Bayan ya kayar da Sarkin Visigothic Roderic a gagarumin yakin Guadalete, Tariq ya samu karfafuwa da rundunar Larabawa karkashin jagorancin babbansa walinsa Musa bn Nusayr ya ci gaba da zuwa arewa.A shekara ta 717, haɗin gwiwar Larabawa-Berber sun ketare Pyrenees zuwa Septimania.Sun ci gaba da zama a Gaul har zuwa 759.

Reconquista wani gini ne na tarihi na tsawon shekaru 781 a cikin tarihin tsibirin Iberian tsakanin mamayar da Umayyad suka mamaye Hispania a 711 da faduwar daular Nasrid ta Granada a 1492, inda masarautun Kirista suka fadada ta hanyar yaki kuma suka ci al- al. - Andalus, ko kuma yankunan Iberia da Musulmai ke mulki.Farkon Reconquista bisa al'ada yana da alamar yakin Covadonga (718 ko 722), nasara ta farko da sojojin Kirista suka yi a Hispania tun bayan mamayewar soja na 711 wanda hadin gwiwar sojojin Larabawa-Berber suka yi.'Yan tawayen da Pelagius ya jagoranta sun fatattaki sojojin musulmi a tsaunukan arewacin Hispania tare da kafa daular Asturia mai cin gashin kanta ta kiristoci.A ƙarshen karni na 10, wazirin Umayyad Almanzor ya yi yaƙin neman zaɓe na tsawon shekaru 30 don murkushe masarautun Kiristocin arewa.Sojojinsa sun mamaye arewa, har ma sun kori babban cocin Santiago de Compostela.Lokacin da gwamnatin Cordoba ta wargaje a farkon karni na 11, jerin kananan jahohin da suka gaje su da aka sani da taifas suka fito.Masarautun Arewa sun yi amfani da wannan hali, suka shiga cikin kasar Andalus;sun haifar da yakin basasa, sun tsoratar da raunanan taifa, suka sanya su biya haraji mai yawa (parias) don "kariya".Bayan sake dawowar musulmi a karkashin Almohad a karni na 12, manyan garuruwan Moorish a kudu sun fada hannun sojojin Kirista a karni na 13 bayan yakin Las Navas de Tolosa (1212) - Cordoba a 1236 da Seville a 1248 - barin kawai. yankin musulmi na Granada a matsayin jiha mai rahusa a kudu.Bayan mika wuya na Granada a cikin Janairu 1492, daukacin yankin Iberian sarakunan Kirista ne ke iko da su.A ranar 30 ga Yuli, 1492, sakamakon dokar Alhambra, an kori dukan al'ummar Yahudawa—wasu mutane 200,000 da karfi.An yi nasarar cin galaba a kan wasu dokoki (1499-1526) wanda ya tilasta musu musulunta a Spain, wadanda daga baya aka kore su daga yankin Iberian da umarnin Sarki Philip III a shekara ta 1609.

Tarihin lardin Portugal an ƙirƙira shi a al'ada daga sake mamaye Portus Cale (Porto) da Vímara Peres ya yi a 868. An ba shi ƙidayar ƙidaya kuma an ba shi ikon yankin iyaka tsakanin kogin Limia da Douro ta Alfonso III na Asturias.Kudancin Douro, wata karamar iyaka za a kafa shekaru da yawa bayan haka lokacin da Hermenegildo Guterres ya ci nasara da abin da zai zama gundumar Coimbra daga Moors.Wannan ya kawar da iyakar daga iyakar kudancin lardin Portugal, amma har yanzu ana fuskantar maimaita yakin neman zabe daga Halifancin Cordoba.Sake kwato Coimbra da Almanzor ya yi a cikin 987 ya sake sanya Gundumar Portugal a kan iyakar kudancin jihar Leonese na sauran kasancewar lardin farko.Yankunan kudu sun sake cin nasara a mulkin Ferdinand I na León da Castile, tare da Lamego ya fadi a cikin 1057, Viseu a 1058 kuma a ƙarshe Coimbra a 1064.

Gundumar ta ci gaba da samun yancin kai daban-daban a cikin Masarautar León kuma, a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci na rarrabuwa, Masarautar Galicia har zuwa 1071, lokacin da Count Nuno Mendes, wanda ke son samun yancin kai ga Portugal, ya ci nasara kuma ya kashe shi a yakin Pedroso ta Sarki. García II na Galicia, wanda daga nan ya shelanta kansa Sarkin Galicia da Portugal, karo na farko da aka yi amfani da taken sarauta dangane da Portugal.An soke gundumar mai cin gashin kanta, yankunanta sun rage a cikin kambin Galicia, wanda kuma ya kasance cikin manyan masarautun 'yan'uwan García, Sancho II da Alfonso VI na León da Castile.

A cikin 1093, Alfonso VI ya zabi surukinsa Raymond na Burgundy a matsayin kidaya na Galicia, sannan ya hada da Portugal ta zamani har zuwa kudu zuwa Coimbra, kodayake Alfonso da kansa ya ci gaba da rike mukamin sarki a wannan yanki.Duk da haka, damuwa da girman ikon Raymond ya jagoranci Alfonso a cikin 1096 don raba Portugal da Coimbra daga Galicia kuma ya ba su wani suruki, Henry na Burgundy, ya auri 'yar Alfonso VI ta shege Theresa.Henry ya zaɓi Guimarães a matsayin tushen tushen wannan sabuwar gundumar da aka kafa, Condado Portucalense, wanda aka sani a lokacin Terra Portucalense ko Província Portucalense, wanda zai kasance har sai Portugal ta sami 'yancin kai, wanda Masarautar León ta gane a 1143. Yankinta ya ƙunshi yawancin yankuna. yankin Portuguese na yanzu tsakanin kogin Minho da kogin Tagus.

A karshen karni na 11, jarumin Burgundian Henry ya zama kidaya na Portugal kuma ya kare 'yancin kai ta hanyar hade gundumar Portugal da gundumar Coimbra.Yaƙin basasa da ya barke tsakanin León da Castile ya taimaki ƙoƙarinsa kuma ya raba hankalin abokan gabansa.Ɗan Henry Afonso Henriques ya ɗauki iko da gundumar bayan mutuwarsa.Birnin Braga, cibiyar Katolika ba bisa ka'ida ba na yankin Iberian Peninsula, ta fuskanci sabuwar gasa daga wasu yankuna.Mahukuntan garuruwan Coimbra da Porto sun yi fafatawa da limaman Braga kuma sun bukaci yankin da aka sake ginawa ya samu 'yancin kai.Yaƙin São Mamede ya faru ne a ranar 24 ga Yuni 1128 kusa da Guimarães kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin taron koli na kafuwar Masarautar Portugal da yaƙin da ya tabbatar da 'Yancin Portugal.Dakarun Portugal karkashin jagorancin Afonso Henriques sun fatattaki sojojin da mahaifiyarsa Teresa ta Portugal da masoyinta Fernão Peres de Trava ke jagoranta.Bayan São Mamede, sarki na gaba ya sanya kansa "Prince of Portugal".Za a kira shi "Sarkin Portugal" daga 1139 kuma masarautun makwabta sun gane shi a cikin 1143.

Yakin Ourique wani yaki ne da ya gudana a ranar 25 ga watan Yulin 1139, inda sojojin kasar Portugal suka kidaya Afonso Henriques (na gidan Burgundy) suka fatattaki wadanda gwamnan Almoravid na Cordoba Muhammad Az-Zubayr Ibn Umar ya jagoranta. "Sarki Ismar" a cikin tarihin Kirista.Ba da daɗewa ba bayan yaƙin, an ce Afonso Henriques ya yi kira ga taron farko na manyan kadarori na Portugal a Lamego, inda aka ba shi kambi daga Primate Archbishop na Braga, don tabbatar da 'yancin kai na Portuguese daga Masarautar León.Wannan karya ce ta kishin ƙasa da limamai, manyan mutane, da magoya bayansa suka ci gaba da yi na maido da mulkin ƙasar Portugal da iƙirarin John IV, bayan ƙungiyar Iberian.Takardun da ke magana game da kadarori-babban sufaye ne daga gidan sufi na Alcobaça "sufi" don ci gaba da tatsuniyar da tabbatar da halaccin kambin Portuguese a cikin karni na 17.

Sifen Lisbon, daga 1 ga Yuli zuwa 25 ga Oktoba 1147, shine matakin soji wanda ya kawo birnin Lisbon karkashin ingantacciyar ikon Portuguese tare da korar masu mulkin Moorish.Sifen na Lisbon ɗaya ne daga cikin ƴan nasarorin Kiristanci na Crusade na Biyu — shi ne "Nasara ɗaya tilo na aikin duniya da sojojin mahajjata suka yi", watau Crusade Na Biyu, a cewar ɗan tarihi na zamanin Helmold na kusa, ko da yake wasu sun yi. an yi tambaya ko da gaske yana cikin wannan yakin.Ana ganin shi a matsayin babban yaƙin Faɗin Reconquista .'Yan Salibiyya sun amince su taimaka wa Sarkin ya kai hari Lisbon, tare da wata yarjejeniya mai karfi da ta yi wa 'yan Salibiyya fashin kayayyakin birnin da kuma kudin fansa na fursunonin da ake sa ran.An fara kawanya ne a ranar 1 ga Yuli.Birnin Lisbon a lokacin isowar ya kunshi iyalai dubu sittin, ciki har da 'yan gudun hijirar da suka tsere daga hare-haren Kiristoci daga garuruwan Santarém da ke makwabtaka da su da sauransu.Bayan watanni hudu, sarakunan Moorish sun amince da mika wuya a ranar 24 ga Oktoba, musamman saboda yunwa a cikin birni.Yawancin 'yan Salibiyya sun zauna a sabon garin da aka kwace, amma wasu daga cikin 'yan Salibiyya sun tashi suka ci gaba da tafiya kasa mai tsarki.Daga karshe Lisbon ta zama babban birnin kasar Portugal, a shekara ta 1255.

An ci Algarve, yankin kudancin Portugal, daga ƙarshe daga Moors a cikin 1249, kuma a cikin 1255 babban birnin ya koma Lisbon.MakwabciyarSpain ba za ta kammala Reconquista ba har sai 1492, kusan shekaru 250 daga baya.Iyakokin ƙasar Portugal sun kasance suna da ƙarfi sosai ga sauran tarihin ƙasar.Iyakar da Spain ta kasance kusan ba ta canzawa tun karni na 13.

1383-1385 na Portuguese interregnum ya kasance yakin basasa a tarihin Portuguese a lokacin da babu wani sarki mai sarauta na Portugal wanda ya yi sarauta.Haƙiƙa ta fara ne lokacin da Sarki Ferdinand I ya mutu ba tare da namiji ba kuma ya ƙare lokacin da aka naɗa Sarki John I a 1385 bayan nasarar da ya yi a lokacin Yaƙin Aljubarrota.Fotigal na fassara zamanin a matsayin farkon yunkurinsu na juriya na kasa don magance tsoma bakin Castilian, kuma Robert Durand yana ɗaukarsa a matsayin "babban mai bayyana wayewar ƙasa".Burgeoisie da manyan mutane sun yi aiki tare don kafa daular Aviz, reshe na Gidan Burgundy na Portuguese, amintacce akan kursiyin mai zaman kansa.Wannan ya bambanta da dogayen yaƙe-yaƙe na cikin gida a Faransa ( Yaƙin Shekaru ɗari ) da Ingila (Yaƙin Roses ), waɗanda ke da ƙungiyoyin maɗaukaki waɗanda ke faɗa da ƙarfi da tsarin sarauta.Yawancin lokaci ana san shi a Portugal azaman Rikicin 1383-1385 (Crise de 1383-1385).

An gwabza yakin Aljubarrota tsakanin Masarautar Portugal da Sarautar Castile a ranar 14 ga Agusta 1385. Sojojin da Sarki John I na Portugal da Janar Nuno Álvares Pereira suka ba da umarni tare da goyon bayan kawayen Ingila sun yi adawa da sojojin Sarki John na I. na Castile tare da abokansa Aragonese, Italiyanci da Faransanci a São Jorge, tsakanin garuruwan Leiria da Alcobaça, a tsakiyar Portugal.Sakamakon ya kasance babban nasara ga Portuguese, yana kawar da burin Castilian zuwa kursiyin Portuguese, ya kawo karshen rikicin 1383-85 da kuma tabbatar da Yahaya a matsayin Sarkin Portugal.An tabbatar da 'yancin kai na Portuguese kuma an kafa sabuwar daular, House of Aviz.Rikicin kan iyaka da sojojin Castilian zai ci gaba har sai mutuwar John I na Castile a 1390, amma waɗannan ba su haifar da wata barazana ga sabuwar daular ba.

Yarjejeniyar Windsor ita ce kawancen diflomasiyya da aka kulla tsakanin Portugal da Ingila a ranar 9 ga Mayu 1386 a Windsor kuma aka hatimce ta da auren Sarki John I na Portugal (Gidan Aviz) zuwa Philippa na Lancaster, 'yar John na Gaunt, Duke na 1st na Lancaster. .Tare da nasarar da aka samu a Yaƙin Aljubarrota, da maharba na Ingilishi suka taimaka, an gane John I a matsayin Sarkin Portugal wanda ba a jayayya ba, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen rikicin 1383-1385.Yarjejeniyar Windsor ta kafa yerjejeniyar taimakon juna tsakanin kasashen.Yarjejeniyar ta haifar da kawance tsakanin Portugal da Ingila da ke ci gaba da aiki har zuwa yau.

A farkon 1400s, Portugal ta jefa ido don samun Ceuta.Da fatan shan Ceuta ya ba wa matasa damar samun wadata da daukaka.Babban mai tallata balaguron Ceuta shine João Afonso, mai kula da harkokin kuɗi na sarki.Matsayin Ceuta da ke daura da mashigar Gibraltar ya ba shi ikon mallakar daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin kasuwancin zinare na Sudan ta wuce-da-ka-yi;kuma hakan na iya baiwa Portugal damar fafatawa da abokin hamayyarta mafi hatsari, Castile.A safiyar ranar 21 ga Agusta 1415, John I na Portugal ya jagoranci 'ya'yansa maza da sojojinsu a wani harin ba-zata a kan Ceuta, ya sauka a Playa San Amaro.Yaƙin da kansa ya yi kusan gabatowa, domin mutane 45,000 da suka yi tafiya a cikin jiragen ruwa 200 na Portugal sun kama masu tsaron Ceuta.Da dare aka kame garin.Mallakar Ceuta a kaikaice zai haifar da ƙarin fadada Portuguese.Babban yanki na fadada Portuguese, a wannan lokacin, shine bakin tekun Maroko, inda akwai hatsi, da shanu, da sukari, da kayan masaku, da kifi, fatu, kakin zuma, da zuma.Ceuta ya daure shi kadai na tsawon shekaru 43, har sai da matsayin birnin ya hade tare da daukar Ksar es-Seghir (1458), Arzila da Tangier (1471).Yarjejeniyar Alcáçovas (1479) da kuma ta Tordesilhas (1494) ta amince da birnin a matsayin mallakar Portuguese.

A cikin 1415, Portuguese sun mamaye birnin Ceuta na Arewacin Afirka, da nufin samun gindin zama a Maroko, don sarrafa kewayawa ta mashigin Gibraltar, fadada addinin Kiristanci tare da goyon bayan Paparoma, da matsin lamba na manyan mutane don ayyukan almara da riba. na yakin, yanzu da Portugal ta gama Reconquista a kan Iberian Peninsula.Daga cikin mahalarta aikin akwai matashin Yarima Henry Navigator.An nada gwamnan tsarin Kristi a cikin 1420, yayin da da kansa ke rike da riba mai riba a kan albarkatun Algarve, ya jagoranci rawar da ya taka wajen karfafa binciken ruwa na Portuguese har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1460. Ya ba da gudummawa wajen daukar nauyin balaguro a gabar tekun Mauritania, yana tara rukuni. na 'yan kasuwa, masu ruwa da tsaki, masu ruwa da tsaki da kuma mahalarta masu sha'awar hanyoyin teku.Daga baya ɗan'uwansa Yarima Pedro ya ba shi ikon mallakar duk wani ribar kasuwanci a yankunan da aka gano.A shekara ta 1418, guguwa ta kori wasu kyaftin din Henry guda biyu João Gonçalves Zarco da Tristão Vaz Teixeira zuwa Porto Santo tsibirin da ba kowa a gabar tekun Afirka wanda watakila Turawa sun san shi tun karni na 14.A cikin 1419 Zarco da Teixeira sun yi ƙasa a Madeira.Sun dawo tare da Bartolomeu Perestrelo kuma an fara zama na Portuguese na tsibirin.A can, an noma alkama da kuma daga baya, kamar yadda a cikin Algarve, ta Genoese , zama ayyukan riba.Wannan ya taimaka musu da Yarima Henry su zama masu arziki.

A cikin 1434, Gil Eanes ya wuce Cape Bojador, kudancin Maroko.Tafiyar ta nuna mafarin bincike na Portuguese na Afirka.Kafin wannan taron, kadan ne aka sani a Turai game da abin da ya wuce cape.A ƙarshen karni na 13 da farkon 14th, waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙarin yin kasuwanci a can sun ɓace, wanda ya haifar da tatsuniyoyi na dodanni na teku.Wasu koma baya sun faru: a cikin 1436 Paparoma ya amince da Canaries a matsayin Castilian a hukumance - tun da farko an amince da su a matsayin Fotigal;a cikin 1438, an ci Portuguese a cikin balaguron soji zuwa Tangier.

A lokacin faɗaɗa yanki da tattalin arziƙi na zamanin Ganowa, ƴan ƙasar Portugal ne suka daidaita masana'antar kuma suka bazu daga yammacin Afirka zuwa kudu maso gabashin Asiya.Feitorias na Portuguese sun kasance mafi yawan wuraren kasuwanci masu ƙarfi sun zauna a yankunan bakin teku, an gina su don daidaitawa kuma ta haka ne suka mamaye kasuwancin gida na samfurori tare da mulkin Portuguese (da kuma zuwa Turai).Sun yi aiki lokaci guda a matsayin kasuwa, sito, tallafi ga kewayawa da kwastam kuma ana gudanar da su ta hanyar feitor ("factor") da ke da alhakin sarrafa ciniki, siye da ciniki da samfuran a madadin sarki da karɓar haraji (yawanci 20%).Henry the Navigator ne ya kafa feitoria na farko a ƙasashen waje a cikin 1445 a tsibirin Arguin, kusa da bakin tekun Mauritania.An gina ta ne domin jawo hankalin musulmi yan kasuwa da kuma mamaye harkokin kasuwanci a hanyoyin da ake bi a Arewacin Afirka.Ya zama abin koyi ga sarkar feitoria na Afirka, Elmina Castle ya kasance sananne.Tsakanin ƙarni na 15 zuwa na 16, sarkar kusan sansanoni 50 na Portuguese ko dai an ajiye su ko kuma suna kiyaye feitoria a gabar tekun Yamma da Gabashin Afirka, Tekun Indiya, Sin, Japan, da Kudancin Amirka.Babban masana'antu na Indies na Gabas ta Portugal, sun kasance a Goa, Malacca, Ormuz, Ternate, Macao, da kuma mafi kyawun mallaka na Bassein wanda ya ci gaba da zama cibiyar hada-hadar kudi ta Indiya a matsayin Bombay (Mumbai).Kasuwancin zinare da bayi a gabar tekun Guinea, da kayan yaji a Tekun Indiya, da rake a Sabuwar Duniya ne suka yi musu jagora.An kuma yi amfani da su don kasuwancin gida mai triangular tsakanin yankuna da yawa, kamar Goa-Macau-Nagasaki, samfuran kasuwanci kamar sukari, barkono, kwakwa, katako, dawakai, hatsi, gashin tsuntsaye daga tsuntsayen Indonesiya, duwatsu masu daraja, siliki da siliki daga Gabas. , a tsakanin sauran kayayyakin.A cikin Tekun Indiya, ana aiwatar da ciniki a cikin masana'antun Portuguese kuma an haɓaka su ta hanyar tsarin ba da lasisin jirgin ruwa: cartazes.Daga feitorias, samfurori sun tafi babban tashar jiragen ruwa a Goa, sannan zuwa Portugal inda aka sayar da su a cikin Casa da Índia, wanda kuma ya gudanar da fitarwa zuwa Indiya.A can aka sayar da su, ko kuma a sake fitar da su zuwa masana'antar Royal Portuguese da ke Antwerp, inda aka rarraba su ga sauran ƙasashen Turai.Sauƙaƙan samarwa da kariya ta ruwa, masana'antun sun yi aiki a matsayin sansanonin 'yan mulkin mallaka.Sun ba da tsaro, duka ga Portuguese, da kuma a wasu lokuta ga yankunan da aka gina su, suna ba da kariya daga sabani na yau da kullum da fashi.Sun yarda Portugal ta mamaye kasuwanci a cikin tekun Atlantika da Indiya, ta kafa daula mai girman gaske tare da ƙarancin albarkatun ɗan adam da yanki.A tsawon lokaci, feitoria wani lokaci ana ba da lasisi ga ƴan kasuwa masu zaman kansu, wanda ke haifar da wasu rikice-rikice tsakanin masu zaman kansu masu cin zarafi da al'ummomin gida, kamar a cikin Maldives.

A cikin 1470s, jiragen ruwa na kasuwanci na Portuguese sun isa Gold Coast.A cikin 1471, Portuguese sun kama Tangier, bayan shekaru na ƙoƙari.Shekaru goma sha ɗaya bayan haka, an gina kagara na São Jorge da Mina a garin Elmina da ke Tekun Zinariya a Tekun Gine.

A shekara ta 1488, Bartolomeu Dias ya zama matuƙin jirgin ruwa na farko na Turai da ya zagaya iyakar kudancin Afirka kuma ya nuna cewa hanya mafi inganci ta kudu don jiragen ruwa tana cikin buɗaɗɗen teku, da kyau zuwa yammacin gabar tekun Afirka.Binciken da ya yi ya tabbatar da hanyar teku tsakanin Turai da Asiya yadda ya kamata.

Yarjejeniyar Tordesillas, wacce aka sanya hannu a Tordesillas, Spain a ranar 7 ga Yuni 1494, kuma ta tabbata a Setúbal, Portugal, ta raba sabbin ƙasashen da aka gano a wajen Turai tsakanin Masarautar Portugal da Masarautar Sipaniya (Crown of Castile), tare da gasar 370 na meridian yamma tsibirin Cape Verde, kusa da gabar yammacin Afirka.Wannan layin ya kasance kusan rabin tsakanin tsibiran Cape Verde (da Portuguese) da tsibiran da Christopher Columbus ya shiga a tafiyarsa ta farko (wanda ake da'awar Castile da León), mai suna a cikin yarjejeniyar Cipangu da Antillia (Cuba da Hispaniola).Ƙasar da ke gabas na Portugal ne kuma ƙasashen yamma zuwa Castile, wanda ke canza wani yanki na farko da Paparoma Alexander VI ya gabatar.Spain ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar, 2 Yuli 1494, da Portugal, 5 Satumba 1494. An raba daya gefen duniya bayan 'yan shekarun da suka gabata da Yarjejeniyar Zaragoza, wanda aka sanya hannu a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 1529, wanda ya ayyana antimeridian zuwa layin. na ƙaddamar da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun yarjejeniyar Tordesillas.Asalin waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin biyu ana adana su a Babban Taskar Indies a Spain da kuma a Taskar Tarihi ta Torre do Tombo a Portugal.Duk da karancin bayanai game da yanayin Sabuwar Duniya, Portugal daSpain sun mutunta yarjejeniyar.Sauran ƙasashen Turai duk da haka ba su sa hannu kan yarjejeniyar ba kuma gabaɗaya sun yi watsi da ita, musamman waɗanda suka zama Furotesta bayan Gyaran .

Binciken da Portuguese ta gano hanyar teku zuwa Indiya ita ce tafiya ta farko da aka yi rikodin kai tsaye daga Turai zuwa yankin Indiya, ta hanyar Cape of Good Hope.Karkashin umarnin mai binciken dan kasar Portugal Vasco da Gama, an gudanar da shi a zamanin Sarki Manuel I a 1495-1499.La'akari daya daga cikin mafi ban mamaki tafiye-tafiye na Age of Discovery, shi ya qaddamar da Portuguese Maritime cinikayya a Fort Cochin da sauran sassa na Tekun Indiya, da soja gaban da ƙauyuka na Portuguese a Goa da Bombay.

A cikin Afrilu 1500, na biyu Portuguese India Armada, karkashin jagorancin Pedro Álvares Cabral, tare da tawagar kwararrun kaftin, ciki har da Bartolomeu Dias da Nicolau Coelho, sun ci karo da gabar tekun Brazil yayin da yake karkata zuwa yamma a cikin Tekun Atlantika yayin da yake yin babban "volta do mar" don kaucewa samun kwanciyar hankali a yankin Gulf of Guinea.A ranar 21 ga Afrilu 1500, an ga wani dutse mai suna Monte Pascoal, kuma a ranar 22 ga Afrilu, Cabral ya sauka a bakin tekun, a Porto Seguro.Ganin cewa ƙasar tsibiri ce, sai ya sanya mata suna Ilha de Vera Cruz (Island of the True Cross).Balaguron da ya gabata na Vasco da Gama zuwa Indiya ya riga ya rubuta alamun ƙasa da yawa kusa da yammacin buɗe hanyarta ta Tekun Atlantika, a cikin 1497. An kuma nuna cewa Duarte Pacheco Pereira na iya gano bakin tekun Brazil a 1498, mai yiwuwa arewa maso gabas, amma Har yanzu ba a san ainihin yankin balaguron da yankunan da aka bincika ba.A gefe guda kuma, wasu masana tarihi sun nuna cewa mai yiwuwa ƴan ƙasar Portugal sun ci karo da ƙwanƙolin kudancin Amirka tun da farko yayin da suke tafiya a cikin jirgin ruwa na "volta do mar" (a cikin Kudu maso yammacin Atlantic), don haka dagewar Sarki John II na motsa layin zuwa yammacin layin. An amince da yarjejeniyar Tordesillas a shekara ta 1494. Daga gabar tekun gabas, rundunar ta juya zuwa gabas don ci gaba da tafiya zuwa kudancin Afirka da Indiya.Saukowa a cikin Sabuwar Duniya kuma ya isa Asiya, balaguron ya haɗa nahiyoyi hudu a karon farko a tarihi.

Yakin Diu yaki ne na ruwa da aka yi a ranar 3 ga Fabrairun 1509 a Tekun Arabiya, a tashar jiragen ruwa na Diu, Indiya, tsakanin daular Portugal da rundunar hadin gwiwa ta Sultan na Gujarat,Mamlûk Burji Sultanate naMasar , da Zamorin. na Calicut tare da goyon bayan Jamhuriyar Venice da Daular Ottoman .Nasarar Portuguese ta kasance mai mahimmanci: babban kawancen musulmi ya sha kashi sosai, yana sauƙaƙa dabarun Portuguese na sarrafa Tekun Indiya don hanyar kasuwanci zuwa Cape of Good Hope, kewaya kasuwancin kayan yaji na tarihi wanda Larabawa da Venetian ke sarrafawa ta hanyar Bahar Maliya Gulf Persian.Bayan yaƙin, Masarautar Portugal ta yi hanzarin kama wasu manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa a cikin Tekun Indiya da suka haɗa da Goa, Ceylon, Malacca, Bom Baim da Ormuz.Asarar yankin ya gurgunta masarautar Mamluk Sultanate da Gujarat Sultanate.Yaƙin ya haifar da haɓakar daular Portuguese kuma ya kafa ikonsa na siyasa fiye da karni.Ƙarfin Portuguese a Gabas zai fara raguwa tare da korar Goa da Bombay-Bassein, Yaƙin Maido da Portuguese da kuma mulkin mallaka na Holland na Ceylon.Yakin Diu yaki ne na rugujewa irin na Lepanto da na Trafalgar, kuma daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci a tarihin sojojin ruwa na duniya, domin shi ne mafarin mamayar turawa akan tekunan Asiya wanda zai dawwama har zuwa duniya ta biyu. Yaki

Yunkurin da Portugal ta yi a Goa ya faru ne lokacin da gwamna Afonso de Albuquerque ya kwace birnin a shekara ta 1510 daga hannun Adil Shahis.Goa, wanda ya zama babban birnin Indies na Gabas ta Portugal da yankunan Indiyawan Portugal irin su Bom Baim, ba ya cikin wuraren da Albuquerque ya kamata ya ci.Ya yi hakan ne bayan an ba shi goyon baya da ja-gorancin Timoji da dakarunsa.Manuel I na Portugal ya ba Albuquerque umarni don kama Hormuz, Aden da Malacca kawai.

Kame Malacca a shekara ta 1511 ya faru ne lokacin da gwamnan Portuguese Indiya Afonso de Albuquerque ya ci birnin Malacca a shekara ta 1511. Birnin Malacca mai tashar jiragen ruwa yana sarrafa kunkuntar mashigin mashigin mashigin mashigin, ta inda duk kasuwancin teku tsakanin China da Indiya ya tattara.Kame Malacca ya samo asali ne sakamakon wani shiri da Sarki Manuel I na Portugal ya yi, wanda tun a shekara ta 1505 ya yi niyyar doke Castilians zuwa Gabas mai nisa, da kuma aikin Albuquerque na kafa harsasai ga Indiyawan Portugal, tare da Hormuz, Goa da Aden. , don a karshe sarrafa kasuwanci da kuma dakile safarar musulmi a cikin tekun Indiya. Da ya fara tashi daga Cochin a cikin Afrilu 1511, balaguron ba zai iya juyawa ba saboda sabawar iskar damina.Idan da kasuwancin ya gaza, Portuguese ba za su iya fatan ƙarfafawa ba kuma da sun kasa komawa sansaninsu a Indiya.Shi ne mamaye yanki mafi nisa a tarihin ɗan adam har zuwa lokacin.

Rikicin Ottoman-Portuguese (1538 zuwa 1559) jerin gwano ne na sojoji masu dauke da makamai tsakanin Daular Fotigal da Daular Usmaniyya tare da kawancen yanki a ciki da wajen Tekun Indiya, Gulf Persian, da Bahar Maliya.Wannan lokacin rikici ne a lokacin arangamar Ottoman-Portuguese.

A cikin 1542 ɗan Jesuit ɗan mishan Francis Xavier ya isa Goa a hidimar Sarki John III na Portugal, mai kula da Ƙungiyar Apostolic Nunciature.A lokaci guda Francisco Zeimoto, António Mota, da sauran 'yan kasuwa sun isaJapan a karon farko.A cewar Fernão Mendes Pinto, wanda ya yi iƙirarin cewa yana cikin wannan tafiya, sun isa birnin Tanegashima, inda jama'ar yankin suka gamsu da makaman turai, wanda nan da nan Japan za ta yi wani babban sikeli.A shekara ta 1557, hukumomin kasar Sin sun ba wa Portuguese damar zama a Macau ta hanyar biyan kuɗi na shekara-shekara, suna samar da ɗakin ajiya a cikin cinikayyar cinikayya tsakanin Sin, Japan da Turai.A cikin 1570 Portuguese sun sayi tashar jiragen ruwa na Japan inda suka kafa birnin Nagasaki, don haka ya samar da cibiyar kasuwanci wanda shekaru da yawa ya kasance tashar jiragen ruwa daga Japan zuwa duniya.

Ƙungiyar Iberian tana nufin ƙungiyar dynastic na Masarautar Castile da Aragon da Masarautar Portugal a ƙarƙashin Kambin Castilian wanda ya kasance tsakanin 1580 zuwa 1640 kuma ya kawo dukan tsibirin Iberian, da kuma mallakar Portuguese na ketare, a ƙarƙashin Sarkin Habsburg na Spain Philip. II, Philip III da kuma Philip IV.Ƙungiyar ta fara ne bayan rikicin maye gurbi na Portugal da kuma yaƙin da ya biyo baya na maye gurbin Portugal, kuma ya daɗe har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa gidan Braganza a matsayin sabuwar daular Portugal.Sarkin Habsburg, shine kawai abin da ya haɗu da masarautu da yankuna da yawa, waɗanda majalisun gwamnatoci daban-daban guda shida na Castile, Aragon, Portugal, Italiya, Flanders da Indies suka mulki.Gwamnatoci, cibiyoyi da al'adun doka na kowace masarauta sun kasance masu zaman kansu ba tare da juna ba.Dokokin Alien (Leyes de extranjería) sun ƙaddara cewa ɗan ƙasa na masarauta ɗaya baƙo ne a duk sauran masarautu.

Yakin Maido da Fotigal shi ne yaƙin da aka yi tsakanin Portugal daSpain wanda ya fara da juyin juya halin Portugal na 1640 kuma ya ƙare da yarjejeniyar Lisbon a 1668, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen ƙungiyar Iberian.Lokacin daga 1640 zuwa 1668 ya kasance alamar tashe-tashen hankula na lokaci-lokaci tsakanin Portugal da Spain, da kuma gajerun batutuwan yaƙe-yaƙe masu tsanani, yawancin abin da ya faru ta hanyar rikice-rikicen Mutanen Espanya da Portuguese tare da ikon Iberian ba.Spain ta shigayakin shekaru talatin har zuwa 1648 da yakin Franco-Spanish har zuwa 1659, yayin da Portugal ta shiga yakin Dutch-Portuguese har zuwa 1663. A karni na sha bakwai da kuma bayan haka, wannan lokacin rikice-rikice na lokaci-lokaci an san shi kawai, a cikin Portugal da sauran wurare, a matsayin Yaƙin Yaƙi.Yaƙin ya kafa Gidan Braganza a matsayin sabuwar daular Portugal, wanda ya maye gurbin House of Habsburg wanda ya kasance tare da kambin Portuguese tun lokacin rikicin na 1581.

A shekara ta 1693, an gano zinare a Minas Gerais a Brazil.Manyan binciken zinare da, daga baya, lu'u-lu'u a Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso da Goiás sun haifar da "gurwar zinare", tare da kwararar bakin haure.Kauyen ya zama sabuwar cibiyar tattalin arziki na daular, tare da saurin sulhu da wasu rikice-rikice.Wannan zagayowar zinare ya haifar da ƙirƙirar kasuwa na cikin gida kuma ya jawo babban adadin baƙi.Gudun zinare ya ƙara yawan kudaden shiga na kambin Portuguese, wanda ya ɗauki kashi biyar na duk ma'adinan da aka haƙa, ko kuma "na biyar".Karkatawa da fasa kwauri sun kasance akai-akai, tare da hatsaniya tsakanin Paulistas (mazaunan São Paulo) da Emboabas ('yan gudun hijira daga Portugal da sauran yankuna a Brazil), don haka gabaɗayan tsarin kula da harkokin mulki ya fara a 1710 tare da kyaftin na São Paulo da Minas Gerais.A shekara ta 1718, São Paulo da Minas Gerais sun zama kyaftin biyu, tare da ƙauyuka takwas da aka ƙirƙira a ƙarshen.Kambin ya kuma takaita aikin hakar lu'u-lu'u a cikin ikonsa da kuma ga 'yan kwangila masu zaman kansu.Duk da cinikin zinari a duniya, masana'antar shuka ta zama kan gaba wajen fitar da kayayyaki zuwa Brazil a wannan lokacin;sukari ya ƙunshi kashi 50% na abubuwan da ake fitarwa (tare da zinariya a 46%) a cikin 1760.Zinariya da aka gano a cikin Mato Grosso da Goiás ya haifar da sha'awa don ƙarfafa iyakokin yamma na mulkin mallaka.A cikin 1730s tuntuɓar ma'aikatan Spain sun faru akai-akai, kuma Mutanen Espanya sun yi barazanar ƙaddamar da balaguron soja don cire su.Wannan ya kasa faruwa kuma a cikin 1750s Portuguese sun sami damar dasa tushen siyasa a yankin.

Girgizar kasa ta Lisbon ta 1755, wacce aka fi sani da babbar girgizar kasa ta Lisbon, ta shafi Portugal, yankin Iberian Peninsula, da Arewa maso yammacin Afirka a safiyar ranar Asabar, 1 ga Nuwamba, Idin Dukan Waliyyai, da misalin karfe 09:40 na lokacin gida.A hade da gobarar da ta biyo baya da kuma tsunami, girgizar kasar ta kusan lalata Lisbon da yankunan da ke makwabtaka da ita gaba daya.Masana kimiyyar girgizar kasa sun kiyasta girgizar kasar Lisbon tana da ma'aunin girma na 7.7 ko mafi girma a ma'aunin lokacin, tare da tsakiyarta a cikin Tekun Atlantika kimanin kilomita 200 (120 mi) yamma-kudu maso yammacin Cape St. Vincent da kuma kimanin kilomita 290 (180 mi) kudu maso yammacin kasar. Lisbon.A tarihin tarihi, ita ce girgizar ƙasa ta uku da aka sani da ta taɓa birnin (bayan waɗanda suka faru a 1321 da 1531).Alkaluma sun nuna cewa adadin wadanda suka mutu a Lisbon ya kai tsakanin mutane 12,000 zuwa 50,000, lamarin da ya sa ta kasance daya daga cikin girgizar kasa mafi muni a tarihi.Girgizar kasar ta kara dagula al'amuran siyasa a kasar Portugal tare da kawo cikas ga burin kasar na mulkin mallaka.Masana falsafar wayewar Turai sun tattauna sosai kuma suka ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin taron, kuma sun zaburar da manyan ci gaba a cikin ilimin addini.Kamar yadda girgizar kasa ta farko ta yi nazari a kimiyance kan illolinta a kan wani yanki mai girman gaske, ta kai ga haifar da kimiyyar yanayi na zamani da injiniyan girgizar kasa.

Pombal ya tabbatar da fifikonsa ta hanyar gudanar da jajircewarsa na girgizar ƙasar Lisbon a shekara ta 1755, ɗaya daga cikin girgizar ƙasa mafi muni a tarihi;ya kiyaye zaman lafiyar jama'a, ya shirya ayyukan agaji, da kuma kula da sake gina babban birnin kasar cikin salon gine-ginen Pombaline.An nada Pombal a matsayin Sakataren Gwamnati na Harkokin Cikin Gida a cikin 1757 kuma ya ƙarfafa ikonsa a lokacin al'amarin Távora na 1759, wanda ya haifar da kisa na manyan membobin jam'iyyar aristocratic kuma ya ba da damar Pombal ya murkushe Ƙungiyar Yesu .A cikin 1759, Yusufu ya ba Pombal lakabin Count of Oeiras da, a cikin 1769, na Marquis na Pombal.Babban jagoran estrangeirado ya yi tasiri sosai ta lura da manufofin kasuwancin Biritaniya da na cikin gida, Pombal ya aiwatar da sauye-sauyen kasuwanci, ya kafa tsarin kamfanoni da guilds da ke jagorantar kowace masana'antu.Wadannan yunƙurin sun haɗa da ƙaddamar da yankin ruwan inabi na Douro, wanda aka ƙirƙira don tsara yadda ake samarwa da cinikin giya na tashar jiragen ruwa.A cikin manufofin kasashen waje, ko da yake Pombal yana son rage dogaron Portuguese ga Burtaniya, ya kiyaye kawancen Anglo-Portuguese, wanda ya yi nasarar kare Portugal daga mamayewarSpain a lokacin Yaƙin Shekaru Bakwai .Ya kori Jesuit a shekara ta 1759, ya kafa ginshikin makarantun firamare da sakandare na gwamnati, ya gabatar da koyar da sana’o’i, ya samar da daruruwan sabbin mukaman koyarwa, ya kara sassan ilmin lissafi da kimiyyar dabi’a a Jami’ar Coimbra, sannan ya bullo da sabbin haraji don biyan wadannan kudade. gyara.Pombal ya aiwatar da manufofin cikin gida na sassaucin ra'ayi, gami da haramcin shigo da bayi baƙar fata a cikin Portugal daPortuguese Indiya , kuma ya raunana Inquisition na Portuguese sosai, da ba da yancin ɗan adam ga Sabbin Kiristoci.Duk da waɗannan gyare-gyare, Pombal ya yi mulkin kama-karya, yana tauye 'yancin ɗan adam, yana murkushe adawar siyasa, kuma ya haɓaka cinikin bayi zuwa Brazil.Bayan hawan Sarauniya Maria I a shekara ta 1777, an kori Pombal daga ofisoshi kuma a karshe an kai shi gudun hijira zuwa ga gidajensa, inda ya mutu a shekara ta 1782.

Mamayewar Mutanen Espanya na Portugal tsakanin 5 ga Mayu zuwa 24 ga Nuwamba 1762 wani yanki ne na soji a cikin Yakin Shekaru Bakwai indaSpain da Faransa suka sha kaye a hannun Anglo-Portuguese Alliance tare da babban juriya.Ya shiga da farko sojojin Spain da Portugal har sai da Faransa da Birtaniya suka shiga cikin rikici a gefen abokansu.Har ila yau, yakin ya yi kaurin suna wajen yakin da ake yi a kasar mai tsaunuka, wanda ya katse kayayyaki daga kasar Spain, da kuma makiyaya masu kiyayya, wanda ya aiwatar da wata mummunar manufa ta duniya yayin da sojojin mamaya suka tunkaro wanda ya sa maharan cikin yunwa da karancin kayan aikin soji tare da tilasta musu su. don ja da baya tare da asara mai yawa, galibi daga yunwa, cututtuka, da ƙaura.

Kotun masarautar Portugal ta koma daga Lisbon zuwa yankin Portuguese na Brazil a cikin dabarun ja da baya na Sarauniya Maria I ta Portugal, Yarima Regent John, dangin sarauta na Braganza, kotunta, da manyan jami'ai, kusan mutane 10,000, a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba 1807. Jirgin ya faru ne a ranar 27 ga watan, amma saboda yanayin yanayi, jiragen sun sami damar tashi ne kawai a ranar 29 ga Nuwamba.Gidan sarautar Braganza sun tafi Brazil kwanaki kadan kafin sojojin Napoleon su mamaye Lisbon a ranar 1 ga Disamba.Kambin Portuguese ya kasance a Brazil daga 1808 har zuwa juyin juya halin Liberal na 1820 ya jagoranci dawowar John VI na Portugal a ranar 26 ga Afrilu 1821.Shekaru goma sha uku, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, yayi aiki a matsayin babban birnin Masarautar Portugal a cikin abin da wasu masana tarihi suka kira juyin juya hali na birni (watau mulkin mallaka wanda ke aiwatar da mulki a kan gaba daya daular).Lokacin da kotun ta kasance a Rio ya kawo gagarumin canje-canje ga birnin da mazaunanta, kuma ana iya fassara su ta hanyoyi da yawa.Ya yi tasiri sosai kan al'ummar Brazil, tattalin arziki, ababen more rayuwa, da siyasa.Canja wurin sarki da kotun masarautar "ya wakilci matakin farko na samun 'yancin kai na Brazil, tun da nan da nan sarki ya bude tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Brazil zuwa jigilar kayayyaki na kasashen waje kuma ya mayar da babban birnin mulkin mallaka ya zama wurin zama na gwamnati."

Yakin Peninsular (1807-1814) shine rikicin soja da aka yi a yankin Iberian da Spain, Portugal, da Ingila suka yi a kan mamaya da mamaye sojojin Faransa na farko a lokacin yakin Napoleon.A cikin Spain, ana la'akari da shi tare da Yaƙin 'Yancin Mutanen Espanya.Yakin ya fara ne lokacin da sojojin Faransa da Spain suka mamaye kasar Portugal a shekarar 1807 ta hanyar wucewa ta kasar Sipaniya, kuma ya yi kamari ne a shekara ta 1808 bayan Napoleon Faransa ta mamaye kasar Spain, wadda ita ce kawarta.Napoleon Bonaparte ya tilasta wa Ferdinand VII da mahaifinsa Charles IV murabus sannan ya dora dan uwansa Joseph Bonaparte a kan karagar Sipaniya kuma ya kaddamar da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Bayonne.Yawancin Mutanen Espanya sun yi watsi da mulkin Faransa kuma sun yi yaƙi mai zubar da jini don kawar da su.Yakin da aka yi a mashigar ya ci gaba har zuwa lokacin da kawance na shida ya yi nasara kan Napoleon a shekara ta 1814, kuma ana daukarsa a matsayin daya daga cikin yakin 'yantar da kasa na farko kuma yana da matukar muhimmanci ga bullar manyan yakin neman zabe.

Ƙasar Ingila ta Portugal, Brazil da Algarves wata masarauta ce mai yawan nahiyar da aka kafa ta hanyar ɗaukaka mulkin mallaka na Portugal mai suna Jahar Brazil zuwa matsayin masarauta da kuma haɗin kai tare da Masarautar Brazil tare da Masarautar Portugal da Masarautar. na Algarves, wanda ya zama ƙasa ɗaya mai kunshe da masarautu uku.Ƙasar Ingila ta Portugal da Brazil da kuma Algarves an kafa su ne a shekara ta 1815, bayan da aka mika kotun ta Portugal zuwa Brazil a lokacin da sojojin Napoleon suka mamaye Portugal, kuma ta ci gaba da wanzuwa kusan shekara guda bayan komawar kotun zuwa Turai, kasancewar. de facto ya narke a cikin 1822, lokacin da Brazil ta yi shelar 'yancin kai.Rushewar Ƙasar Ingila ta sami karbuwa daga Portugal kuma aka tsara de jure a cikin 1825, lokacin da Portugal ta amince da daular Brazil mai cin gashin kanta.A lokacin wanzuwarta Ƙasar Ingila ta Portugal, Brazil da Algarves ba su dace da dukan daular Portuguese ba: maimakon haka, United Kingdom ita ce babban birni na transatlantic wanda ke kula da daular mulkin mallaka na Portugal, tare da dukiyarta na kasashen waje a Afirka da Asiya. .Don haka, daga mahangar kasar Brazil, daukaka zuwa matsayi na masarauta da samar da kasar Burtaniya na nuni da sauyin matsayi, daga na mulkin mallaka zuwa na memba daidai da na wata kungiyar siyasa.A sakamakon juyin juya halin Liberal na 1820 a Portugal, ƙoƙarin yin sulhunta 'yancin kai har ma da haɗin kai na Brazil, ya haifar da rushewar ƙungiyar.

Juyin juya halin sassaucin ra'ayi na 1820 juyin juya halin siyasar Portugal ne wanda ya barke a shekara ta 1820. Ya fara ne da tawayen sojoji a birnin Porto, a arewacin Portugal, wanda cikin sauri da lumana ya bazu zuwa sauran kasar.Juyin juya halin ya haifar da komawa a cikin 1821 na Kotun Portuguese zuwa Portugal daga Brazil, inda ta gudu a lokacin yakin Peninsular , kuma ya fara lokacin tsarin mulki wanda aka amince da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1822 da kuma aiwatar da shi.Ra'ayoyin masu sassaucin ra'ayi na motsi yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan al'ummar Portugal da kungiyar siyasa a karni na sha tara.

'Yancin kai na Brazil ya ƙunshi jerin abubuwan da suka faru na siyasa da na soja waɗanda suka kai ga samun 'yancin kai ga Masarautar Brazil daga Burtaniya ta Portugal, Brazil da Algarves a matsayin daular Brazil.Yawancin abubuwan da suka faru sun faru a Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, da São Paulo tsakanin 1821-1824.An yi bikin ne a ranar 7 ga Satumba, ko da yake akwai takaddama ko ainihin 'yancin kai ya faru ne bayan Siege na Salvador a ranar 2 ga Yulin 1823 a Salvador, Bahia inda aka yi yakin 'yancin kai.Koyaya, ranar 7 ga Satumba ita ce ranar tunawa da ranar a 1822 da yarima mai jiran gado Dom Pedro ya ayyana 'yancin kai na Brazil daga dangin sarauta a Portugal da tsohuwar Burtaniya ta Portugal, Brazil da Algarves.Yarjejeniya ta yau da kullun ta zo tare da wata yarjejeniya bayan shekaru uku, wacce sabuwar Daular Brazil da Masarautar Portugal suka sanya hannu a ƙarshen 1825.

A lokacin da Turawan mulkin mallaka suka yi tsayin daka a karni na 19, Portugal ta rasa yankinta a Kudancin Amurka da duk wasu sansanonin Asiya.A wannan lokaci, Turawan mulkin mallaka sun mayar da hankali wajen faɗaɗa sansanonin sa a Afirka zuwa yankuna masu girman al'umma don yin gogayya da sauran ƙasashen Turai a can.Portugal ta matsa zuwa cikin yankin Angola da Mozambique, kuma masu bincike Serpa Pinto, Hermenegildo Capelo da Roberto Ivens na daga cikin Turawa na farko da suka tsallaka Afirka yamma zuwa gabas.A lokacin mulkin mallaka na Portugal na Angola, an kafa birane, garuruwa da wuraren kasuwanci, an bude hanyoyin jirgin kasa, an gina tashar jiragen ruwa, an kuma bunkasa al'ummar Yammacin Turai sannu a hankali, duk da zurfin al'adun gargajiya na Angola wanda 'yan tsirarun sarakunan Turai suka kasance. ba son ko sha'awar kawar da shi ba.

Ultimatum na Biritaniya na 1890 wa'adi ne da gwamnatin Burtaniya ta ba da ranar 11 ga Janairu 1890 zuwa Masarautar Portugal.Ƙaddamarwar ta tilasta janyewar sojojin Portugal daga yankunan da Portugal ta yi iƙirari bisa ga binciken tarihi da bincike na baya-bayan nan, amma United Kingdom ta yi iƙirari bisa ingantaccen mamaya.Portugal ta yi yunƙurin neman wani yanki mai girma tsakanin ƙasashen Mozambique da Angola da ta yi wa mulkin mallaka da suka haɗa da mafi yawan ƙasashen Zimbabwe da Zambia a yau da kuma wani yanki mai girma na Malawi, wanda aka haɗa cikin taswirar “Rose-colored Map” na Portugal.A wani lokaci ana ikirarin cewa adawar gwamnatin Burtaniya ta samo asali ne saboda ikirarin Portugal din ya ci karo da burinsu na samar da layin dogo na Cape zuwa Alkahira, wanda ke danganta yankunan da ta yi wa mulkin mallaka daga kudancin Afirka da na arewa.Da alama hakan ba zai yuwu ba, domin a 1890 Jamus ta riga ta mallaki Jamus ta Gabashin Afirka, a yanzu Tanzaniya, kuma Sudan ta kasance mai cin gashin kanta a ƙarƙashin Muhammad Ahmad.Maimakon haka, Cecil Rhodes ya matsa wa gwamnatin Biritaniya don ɗaukar mataki, wanda Kamfaninsa na Afirka ta Kudu ya kafa a 1888 a kudancin Zambezi da Kamfanin Lakes na Afirka da kuma mishan na Burtaniya a arewa.

Juyin juya hali na 5 ga Oktoba na 1910 shine hambarar da mulkin masarautar Portugal da aka yi shekaru aru-aru da kuma maye gurbinsa da Jamhuriyar Fotigal ta farko.Sakamakon juyin mulkin da jam'iyyar Republican ta Portugal ta shirya.A shekara ta 1910, Masarautar Portugal ta kasance cikin rikici mai zurfi: fushi na kasa game da 1890 British Ultimatum, kudaden gidan sarauta, kisan gillar da aka yi wa Sarki da magajinsa a 1908, canza ra'ayi na addini da zamantakewa, rashin zaman lafiya na jam'iyyun siyasa biyu (Progressive). da Regenerador), mulkin kama-karya na João Franco, da kuma gazawar da gwamnatin ta yi na iya daidaitawa da zamani, duk sun haifar da tsangwama ga Masarautar.Masu goyon bayan jamhuriyar, musamman jam'iyyar Republican, sun sami hanyoyin da za su yi amfani da wannan lamarin.Jam'iyyar Republican ta gabatar da kanta a matsayin daya tilo da ke da shirin da zai iya komawa kasar da ta rasa matsayinta da kuma sanya Portugal kan hanyar ci gaba.Bayan da sojoji suka jajirce wajen yakar kusan sojoji dubu biyu da ma’aikatan ruwa da suka yi tawaye a tsakanin ranakun 3 zuwa 4 ga watan Oktoba na shekarar 1910, an yi shelar Jamhuriyar Nijar da karfe 9 na safiyar gobe daga baranda na babban dakin taro na Lisbon City Hall a Lisbon.Bayan juyin juya hali, gwamnatin wucin gadi karkashin jagorancin Teófilo Braga ta jagoranci makomar kasar har zuwa lokacin da aka amince da kundin tsarin mulki a shekara ta 1911 wanda ya nuna farkon jamhuriya ta farko.Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, tare da kafa jamhuriyar, an canza alamun kasa: taken kasa da tuta.Juyin juya halin ya samar da wasu 'yanci na farar hula da na addini.

Jamhuriyar Fotigal ta farko tana da tsawon shekaru 16 a tarihin kasar Portugal, tsakanin karshen wa'adin mulkin tsarin mulki wanda juyin juya halin 5 ga Oktoba 1910 ya yi da juyin mulkin 28 ga Mayu 1926.Ƙungiyar ta ƙarshe ta kafa mulkin kama-karya na soja da aka sani da Ditadura Nacional (yan mulkin kama-karya na ƙasa) wanda zai biyo bayan gwamnatin Estado Novo (sabuwar jiha) ta António de Oliveira Salazar.Shekaru goma sha shida na Jamhuriya ta farko ta ga shugabanni tara da ma'aikatu 44, kuma gabaɗaya sun kasance mafi yawan sauyi tsakanin Masarautar Portugal da Estado Novo fiye da lokacin gudanar da mulki.

Tun farko Portugal ba ta kasance cikin tsarin kawancen da ke cikin yakin duniya na daya ba, don haka ta kasance tsaka tsaki a farkon rikicin a shekara ta 1914. Amma ko da yake Portugal da Jamus sun kasance cikin zaman lafiya a hukumance sama da shekara guda da rabi bayan barkewar yakin duniya na farko. Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, an yi ƙulla yarjejeniya da yawa tsakanin ƙasashen biyu.Portugal ta so ta bi buƙatun Biritaniya na taimako da kuma kare ƙasashen da ta yi wa mulkin mallaka a Afirka, abin da ya haifar da arangama da sojojin Jamus a kudancin Portugal Angola, wadda ke da iyaka da Jamus ta Kudu-maso-Yammacin Afirka, a 1914 da 1915 (duba yaƙin neman zaɓe na Jamus a Angola).Har ila yau an taso ne tsakanin Jamus da Portugal sakamakon yakin da Jamus ta yi da jiragen ruwa na U-Bot, wanda ke neman katange kasar Birtaniya, a wancan lokaci kasuwa mafi muhimmanci ta kayayyakin Portuguese.Daga karshe dai tashe-tashen hankula sun haifar da kwace wasu jiragen ruwan Jamus da aka yi garkuwa da su a tashar jiragen ruwa na kasar Portugal, inda Jamus ta mayar da martani ta hanyar ayyana yaki a ranar 9 ga Maris 1916, da sauri bayan da Portugal ta sake bayyana ra'ayinsu.Kimanin sojojin Portuguese 12,000 ne suka mutu a lokacin yakin duniya na daya, ciki har da 'yan Afirka da suka yi aiki a cikin sojojinta a fagen mulkin mallaka.Mutuwar farar hula a Portugal ya zarce 220,000: 82,000 da yunwa ta haifar da 138,000 da mura ta Sipaniya.

Juyin mulkin 28 ga Mayu 1926, wani lokaci ana kiransa juyin juya halin Mayu 28 ko, a lokacin mulkin Estado Novo (Turanci: Sabuwar Jiha), juyin juya halin kasa (Portuguese: Revolução Nacional), juyin mulkin soja ne na asalin kishin kasa. wanda ya kawo karshen rashin kwanciyar hankali da Jamhuriyyar Farko ta Fotigal kuma ta fara shekaru 48 na mulkin kama-karya a Portugal.Gwamnatin da nan da nan ya haifar da juyin mulkin, Ditadura Nacional (National Dictatorship), za a sake canza shi zuwa Estado Novo (New State), wanda hakan zai kasance har zuwa juyin juya halin Carnation a 1974.

Ditadura Nacional ita ce sunan da aka ba gwamnatin da ke mulkin Portugal daga 1926, bayan sake zaben Janar Óscar Carmona a kan mukamin shugaban kasa, har zuwa 1933. Zamanin mulkin kama-karya na soja wanda ya fara bayan juyin mulkin 28 ga Mayu 1926. état ana kiransa da Ditadura Militar (Soja Dictatorship).Bayan aiwatar da sabon tsarin mulki a 1933, gwamnatin ta canza suna zuwa Estado Novo (New State).Ditadura Nacional, tare da Estado Novo, sun kafa tarihin tarihi na Jamhuriyar Portugal ta Biyu (1926-1974).

Estado Novo ita ce kasar Portugal mai kamfani da aka kafa a cikin 1933. Ya samo asali ne daga Ditadura Nacional ("National Dictatorship") da aka kafa bayan juyin mulkin 28 ga Mayu 1926 a kan dimokiradiyya amma Jamhuriyar Farko ta farko.Tare, Ditadura Nacional da Estado Novo masana tarihi sun amince da su a matsayin Jamhuriyar Fotigal ta Biyu (Portuguese: Segunda República Portuguesa).António de Oliveira Salazar, wanda shi ne Shugaban Majalisar Ministoci daga 1932 ne ya kirkiri Estado Novo, wanda ya samu kwarin guiwar akidun masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, na farkisanci da mulkin kama karya.Estado Novo na ɗaya daga cikin gwamnatocin da suka fi dadewa a Turai a cikin ƙarni na 20.Masu adawa da kwaminisanci, gurguzu, syndicalism, anarchism, liberalism da anti-colonialism, mulkin ya kasance mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, kamfanoni, kishin kasa da kuma farkisanci a yanayi, yana kare addinin Katolika na gargajiya na Portugal.Manufarta ta yi hasashen dawwamar da ƙasar Portugal a matsayin ƙasa mai yawan jama'a a ƙarƙashin koyarwar lusotropicalism, tare da Angola, Mozambique, da sauran yankuna na Portugal a matsayin faɗaɗa ita kanta Portugal, kasancewar ta zama tushen wayewa da kwanciyar hankali ga al'ummomin ketare na Afirka da Asiya. dukiya.A karkashin Estado Novo, Portugal ta yi ƙoƙari ta dawwamar da daular da ta daɗe da shekaru aru-aru mai faɗin murabba'in kilomita 2,168,071 (837,097 sq mi), yayin da sauran tsoffin 'yan mulkin mallaka, a wannan lokacin, sun fi yarda da kiraye-kirayen duniya na cin gashin kai. da 'yancin kai na yankunansu na ketare.Portugal ta shiga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) a 1955 kuma ta kasance memba ta kafa NATO (1949), OECD (1961), da EFTA (1960).A 1968, an nada Marcelo Caetano firaminista ya maye gurbin Salazar tsoho kuma mai rauni;ya ci gaba da share fagen hada-hadar tattalin arziki tare da Turai da kuma wani mataki na samun 'yanci na tattalin arziki a kasar, inda ya cimma rattaba hannu kan wata muhimmiyar yarjejeniyar ciniki cikin 'yanci tare da kungiyar tattalin arzikin Turai (EEC) a shekarar 1972.Daga 1950 har zuwa mutuwar Salazar a 1970, Portugal ta sami karuwar GDP ga kowane mutum a matsakaicin matsakaicin shekara na 5.7 bisa dari.Duk da gagarumin ci gaban tattalin arziki, da haɗin gwiwar tattalin arziki, ta faɗuwar Estado Novo a 1974, Portugal har yanzu tana da mafi ƙarancin kudin shiga ga kowane mutum da mafi ƙarancin karatu a Yammacin Turai (ko da yake wannan ma ya kasance gaskiya ne bayan faɗuwar, kuma ya ci gaba da zuwa na yanzu).A ranar 25 ga Afrilun 1974, juyin juya halin Carnation a Lisbon, juyin mulkin soja wanda jami'an soji na Portugal na hagu suka shirya - Ƙungiyar Sojoji (MFA) - ta kai ga ƙarshen Estado Novo.

A farkon yakin duniya na biyu a shekara ta 1939, gwamnatin Portugal ta sanar a ranar 1 ga Satumba cewa kawancen Anglo-Portuguese mai shekaru 550 ya ci gaba da wanzuwa, amma tun da Birtaniyya ba ta nemi taimakon Portuguese ba, Portugal tana da 'yancin kasancewa tsaka tsaki a yakin. kuma zai yi haka.A cikin aide-mémoire na 5 Satumba 1939, Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta tabbatar da fahimtar.Yayin da mulkin Adolf Hitler ya mamaye Turai, tsaka-tsakin Portugal ya zama ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin tserewa na ƙarshe na Turai.Portugal ta sami damar ci gaba da kasancewa cikin tsaka mai wuya har zuwa 1944, lokacin da aka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar soji don ba Amurka izinin kafa sansanin soji a Santa Maria a cikin Azores kuma ta haka matsayinta ya canza zuwa mara-kai don goyon bayan kawance.

Yakin Turawan mulkin mallaka na Portugal wani rikici ne na tsawon shekaru 13 da aka gwabza tsakanin sojojin Portugal da yunƙurin kishin ƙasa da suka kunno kai a ƙasashen Afirka ta Portugal a tsakanin 1961 zuwa 1974. Gwamnatin Portugal mai ra'ayin mazan jiya a lokacin, Estado Novo, ta yi juyin mulki a 1974. , kuma sauyin gwamnati ya kawo karshen rikicin.Yaƙin ya kasance ƙaƙƙarfan gwagwarmayar akida a cikin Lusophone Afirka, ƙasashe da ke kewaye, da ƙasar Portugal.

Juyin juya halin Carnation juyin mulkin soja ne na jami'an soji masu ra'ayin hagu wadanda suka hambarar da gwamnatin Estado Novo mai iko a ranar 25 ga Afrilu 1974 a Lisbon, wanda ya haifar da manyan canje-canje na zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, yanki, al'umma, da siyasa a Portugal da yankunanta na ketare ta hanyar Processo Revolucionário. Ina Curso.Ya haifar da sauye-sauyen Portuguese zuwa dimokuradiyya da kuma kawo karshen yakin mulkin mallaka na Portugal.Juyin juya halin ya fara ne a matsayin juyin mulkin da kungiyar Sojoji ta shirya (Portuguese: Movimento das Forças Armadas, MFA), wanda ya kunshi jami'an soji wadanda ke adawa da gwamnatin, amma ba da jimawa ba aka hade shi da wani gangamin gwagwarmayar fararen hula da ba a zata ba.An fara tattaunawa da ƙungiyoyin 'yancin kai na Afirka, kuma a ƙarshen 1974, an janye sojojin Portugal daga Guinea Portuguese, wadda ta zama ƙasa memba na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.Hakan ya biyo baya a cikin 1975 bayan samun 'yancin kai na Cape Verde, Mozambique, São Tomé da Principe da Angola a Afirka da kuma ayyana 'yancin kai na Gabashin Timor a kudu maso gabashin Asiya.Wadannan al'amuran sun haifar da gudun hijirar jama'ar Portugal da yawa daga yankunan Afirka ta Portugal (mafi yawa daga Angola da Mozambique), wanda ya haifar da 'yan gudun hijirar Portuguese fiye da miliyan - retornados.Juyin juya halin kabilanci ya samo sunansa ne sakamakon kusan ba a harba harsasai da kuma wata ma’aikaciyar gidan abinci Celeste Caeiro ta yi wa sojoji carnations a lokacin da jama’a suka fantsama kan tituna domin murnar kawo karshen mulkin kama-karya, tare da sauran masu zanga-zangar da suka bi sawu tare da tarwatsa carnation. bakin bindiga da kan kayan sojoji.A Portugal, 25 ga Afrilu hutu ne na kasa wanda ke tunawa da juyin juya hali.