Tarihin Daular Usmaniyya

1352

Thrace

1421

Girma

appendices

haruffa

bayanin kula

nassoshi


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1299 - 1922

Tarihin Daular Usmaniyya



An kafa Daular Ottoman c.1299 na Osman I a matsayin ɗan ƙaramin beylik a arewa maso yammacin Asiya Ƙarama kusa da babban birnin Byzantine Constantinople.A cikin 1326, Ottomans sun kama Bursa kusa da Bursa, suna yanke Asiya Ƙarama daga ikon Byzantine.Daular Usmaniyya ta fara ketare Turai a cikin 1352, inda suka kafa matsuguni na dindindin a Çimpe Castle da ke Dardanelles a shekara ta 1354 kuma suka ƙaura babban birninsu zuwa Edirne (Adrianople) a cikin 1369. A lokaci guda kuma, yawancin ƙananan ƙasashen Turkawa a Asiya Ƙarama sun hade cikin ƙasashen Turai. budding Sultanate ta hanyar mamaye ko ayyana mubaya'a.Kamar yadda Sultan Mehmed II ya mamaye Constantinople (a yau mai suna Istanbul) a cikin 1453, ya mai da ta zuwa sabon babban birnin Ottoman, jihar ta girma zuwa babbar daula, ta fadada zurfi zuwa Turai, arewacin Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya.Tare da yawancin Balkans karkashin mulkin Ottoman a tsakiyar karni na 16, yankin Ottoman ya karu sosai a karkashin Sultan Selim I, wanda ya karbi Halifanci a 1517 yayin da Ottoman suka juya gabas suka ci yammacin Larabawa ,Masar , Mesopotamiya da Levant, a tsakanin sauran yankuna. .A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, yawancin bakin tekun Arewacin Afirka (sai dai Maroko) sun zama wani ɓangare na daular Ottoman.Daular ta kai kololuwarta karkashin jagorancin Suleiman mai girma a karni na 16, lokacin da ta taso daga Tekun Fasha a gabas zuwa Aljeriya a yamma, daga Yaman a kudu zuwa Hungary da wasu sassan Ukraine a arewa.Bisa ga kididdigar kididdigar daular Usmaniyya, mulkin Suleiman ya kasance mafi girma a zamanin Ottoman na gargajiya, inda al'adun Ottoman, fasaha, da kuma tasirin siyasa suka bunkasa.Daular ta kai iyakar iyakarta a shekara ta 1683, a jajibirin yakin Vienna.Daga shekara ta 1699 zuwa gaba, Daular Usmaniyya ta fara yin hasarar kasa a tsawon karni biyu masu zuwa saboda tabarbarewar cikin gida, yakin tsaro masu tsada, Turawan mulkin mallaka, da tawaye na kishin kasa a tsakanin al'ummominta na kabilu daban-daban.Ko ta yaya, bukatar zamani ta bayyana ga shugabannin daular a farkon karni na 19, kuma an aiwatar da gyare-gyaren gudanarwa da dama a kokarin dakile durkushewar daular, tare da samun nasarori daban-daban.Rashin raunin daular Usmaniyya a hankali ya haifar da tambayar Gabas a tsakiyar karni na 19.Masarautar dai ta zo karshe ne bayan shan kaye da aka yi mata a yakin duniya na daya , lokacin da kasashen kawance suka raba yankin da ya rage.A ranar 1 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 1922 ne gwamnatin Majalisar Dokokin Turkiyya ta soke wannan sarauta a hukumance a birnin Ankara bayan yakin ‘yancin kai na Turkiyya .Tsawon sama da shekaru 600 da mulkin daular Ottoman ke yi, ta bar wani babban tarihi a yankin gabas ta tsakiya da kuma kudu maso gabashin Turai, kamar yadda ake iya gani a cikin al'adu, al'adu, da abinci na kasashe daban-daban wadanda a da suke karkashin mulkinta.
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Ziyarci Shago

1299 - 1453
Tashin Daular Usmaniyyaornament
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1299 Jan 1 00:01 - 1323

Mafarkin Osman

Söğüt, Bilecik, Türkiye
Asalin Osman yana da duhu sosai, kuma kusan ba a san komai game da aikinsa ba kafin farkon ƙarni na sha huɗu.[1] Ana ba da kwanan wata na 1299 akai-akai a matsayin farkon mulkinsa, duk da haka wannan kwanan wata ba ta dace da kowane lamari na tarihi ba, kuma alama ce kawai.A shekara ta 1300 ya zama shugaban gungun kabilun makiyaya na Turkiyya, inda ya yi mulki a wani karamin yanki da ke kusa da garin Söğüt da ke arewa maso yammacin yankin Anatoliya na Bitiniya.Ya jagoranci kai hare-hare akai-akai akan Daular Rumawa da ke makwabtaka da ita.Nasarar ta ja hankalin mayaka ga mabiyansa, musamman bayan nasarar da ya samu a kan sojojin Rumawa a yakin Bapheus a shekara ta 1301 ko 1302. Aikin sojan Osman ya takaita ne kan kai hari domin a lokacin mutuwarsa, a shekara ta 1323-4, daular Usmaniyya ta yi. har yanzu ba a samar da ingantattun dabaru don yaƙin kewaye ba.[2] Ko da yake ya shahara saboda hare-haren da ya kai kan Rumawa, Osman kuma ya yi arangama da sojoji da yawa da kungiyoyin Tatar da kuma makwabciyar gwamnatin Germiyan.Osman ya kware wajen kulla alakar siyasa da kasuwanci tare da kungiyoyi na kusa, musulmi da Kirista.Tun da farko, ya jawo manyan mutane da yawa a gefensa, ciki har da Köse Mihal, wani shugaban ƙauyen Byzantine wanda zuriyarsa (wanda aka sani da Mihaloğulları) ya sami fifiko a cikin mayaka masu iyaka a hidimar Ottoman.Köse Mihal ya shahara saboda kasancewarsa Kiristan Girkanci;yayin da a karshe ya musulunta, fitacciyar rawar da ya taka ta tarihi ta nuna yadda Osman ya ke son hada kai da wadanda ba musulmi ba da kuma shigar da su cikin harkokinsa na siyasa.Osman I ya karfafa halaccin sa ta hanyar auren diyar Sheikh Edebali, wani fitaccen malamin addinin nan na yankin wanda aka ce shi ne shugaban wata al’ummar darwish a kan iyaka.Daga baya marubutan Ottoman sun ƙawata wannan taron ta hanyar kwatanta Osman a matsayin wanda ya taɓa yin mafarki yayin da yake zaune tare da Edebali, inda aka annabta cewa zuriyarsa za su yi sarauta bisa babbar daula.
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1323 Jan 1 - 1359

Ƙafafun zuwa Turai

Bursa, Türkiye
Bayan mutuwar Osman dansa Orhan ya gaje shi a matsayin shugaban daular Usmaniyya.Orhan ya lura da cin manyan garuruwan Bithynia, yayin da aka ci Bursa (Prusa) a 1326 kuma sauran garuruwan yankin sun fadi jim kadan bayan haka.[2] Tun daga shekara ta 1324, Ottomans suna amfani da ayyukan Seljuk, kuma sun haɓaka iyawar tsabar tsabar kudi da amfani da dabarun kewaye.A karkashin Orhan ne Daular Usmaniyya suka fara jan hankalin malaman Musulunci daga gabas don su zama masu gudanarwa da alkalai, kuma aka kafa medrese (Jami'a) ta farko a Iznik a shekara ta 1331. [3.]Baya ga yaki da Rumawa, Orhan ya kuma ci sarautar Karesi ta Turkiyya a shekara ta 1345-6, ta haka ya sanya dukkan hanyoyin da za a bi zuwa Turai a hannun Ottoman.Gogaggun mayaƙan Karesi an haɗa su cikin sojojin Ottoman, kuma sun kasance kadara mai kima a yaƙin neman zaɓe na gaba cikin ƙasashen Balkan.Orhan ya auri Theodora, 'yar yariman Rumawa John VI Cantacuzenus.A cikin 1346 Orhan ya fito fili ya goyi bayan John VI a hambarar da sarki John V Palaeologus.Lokacin da John na VI ya zama sarki na farko (1347-1354) ya yarda Orhan ya kai hari a tsibirin Gallipoli a shekara ta 1352, bayan haka ne Daular Usmaniyya suka sami mafaka ta farko a Turai a Çimpe Castle a 1354. Orhan ya yanke shawarar ci gaba da yaki da Turai, Anatolian. Turkawa sun zauna a Gallipoli da kewaye don tabbatar da ita a matsayin matattarar aikin soja a Thrace a kan Rumawa da Bulgeriya .Yawancin gabashin Thrace sojojin Ottoman ne suka mamaye su a cikin shekaru goma kuma an kai su ƙarƙashin ikon Orhan na dindindin ta hanyar ƙwaƙƙwaran mulkin mallaka.Nasara ta farko ta Thracian ta sanya Ottomans da dabara ta bibiyar duk manyan hanyoyin sadarwa na kan kasa da ke da alaƙa da Constantinople zuwa iyakokin Balkan, wanda ke ba da damar faɗaɗa ayyukan soja.Bugu da kari, kula da manyan tituna a Thrace keɓe Byzantium daga tuntuɓar ƙasa kai tsaye tare da duk wani ƙawayenta a yankin Balkan da Yammacin Turai.An tilasta wa Sarkin Byzantine John V ya sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya mara kyau tare da Orhan a cikin 1356 wanda ya gane asarar Thracian.A cikin shekaru 50 masu zuwa, Ottomans sun ci gaba da mamaye yankuna masu yawa a cikin Balkans, har zuwa arewa mai nisa har zuwa Serbia ta zamani.A yayin da Daular Usmaniyya ta karbe iko da hanyoyin shiga Turai, daular Usmaniyya ta samu gagarumar nasara a kan mahukuntan Turkiyya da ke yankin Anatoliya, domin a yanzu za su iya samun daukaka da dukiya mai dimbin yawa daga mamayar da aka yi a yankin Balkan.
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1329 Jun 10

Yaƙin Pelekanon

Çukurbağ, Nicomedia, İzmit/Koc
Bayan hawan Andronicus a shekara ta 1328, yankunan Imperial a Anatoliya sun ragu sosai daga kusan dukkanin yammacin Turkiyya ta zamani.Andronicus ya yanke shawarar sauke muhimman biranen Nicomedia da Nicaea da aka yi wa kawanya, kuma ya yi fatan maido da iyaka zuwa ga daidaito.Sarkin Byzantine Andronicus III ya tattara sojojin haya ya tashi zuwa Anatolia a yankin tsibirin Kocaeli.Amma a garuruwan Darica na yanzu, a wani wuri da ake kira Pelekanon, wanda ba shi da nisa da Üsküdar, ya gana da sojojin Orhan.A yakin Pelekanon da ya biyo baya, dakarun Orhan sun fatattaki sojojin Rumawa.Bayan haka Andronicus ya yi watsi da ra'ayin dawo da yankunan Kocaeli kuma bai sake gudanar da yakin fage da sojojin Ottoman ba.
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Siege na Nicaea
Siege na Nicaea ©HistoryMaps
1331 Jan 1

Siege na Nicaea

İznik, Bursa, Türkiye
A shekara ta 1326, ƙasashe da ke kewayen Nicaea sun faɗa hannun Osman I.Ya kuma kama birnin Bursa, inda ya kafa babban birnin da ke kusa da babban birnin Byzantine na Constantinople.A cikin 1328, Orhan, ɗan Osman, ya fara kewayen Nicaea, wanda ke cikin wani shinge na wucin gadi tun shekara ta 1301. Daular Usmaniyya ba ta da ikon sarrafa hanyar shiga garin ta hanyar tashar ruwa ta tafkin.Sakamakon haka, kewayen ya ɗauki shekaru da yawa ba tare da ƙarewa ba.A cikin 1329, Sarkin sarakuna Andronicus III ya yi ƙoƙari ya karya kewaye.Ya jagoranci rundunar agaji don kori Ottoman daga Nicomedia da Nicaea.Bayan wasu ƙananan nasarori, duk da haka, rundunar ta sha wahala a Pelekanon kuma ta janye.Lokacin da ya bayyana cewa babu wani tasiri na Imperial da zai iya mayar da iyaka da kuma kori Ottomans, birnin ya fadi a 1331.
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Siege na Nicomedia
Siege na Nicomedia ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1333 Jan 1

Siege na Nicomedia

İzmit, Kocaeli, Türkiye
Bayan shan kashi na Byzantine a Nicaea a 1331, asarar Nicomedia lokaci ne kawai ga Rumawa.Andronikos III Palaiologos, Sarkin Byzantine , yayi ƙoƙari ya ba wa shugaban Ottoman Orhan cin hanci, amma a cikin 1337, Nicomedia ya kai hari kuma ya fada hannun Ottomans.Daular Rumawa ba ta farfado daga wannan shan kashi ba;Garin karshe na yankin Anatoliya na Byzantium ya fadi, in ban da Philadelphia, wanda Germiyanid suka kewaye shi har zuwa 1396.
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Arewa maso yammacin Anatoliya
Gudanar da Arewa maso yammacin Anatoliya ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1345 Jan 1

Arewa maso yammacin Anatoliya

Bergama, İzmir, Türkiye
Orhan ya kuma ci sarautar Karesi ta Turkiyya a cikin 1345-6, don haka ya sanya dukkan hanyoyin da za a bi zuwa Turai a hannun Ottoman.Gogaggun mayaƙan Karesi an haɗa su cikin sojojin Ottoman, kuma sun kasance kadara mai kima a yaƙin neman zaɓe na gaba cikin ƙasashen Balkan.Tare da cin Karesi, kusan dukkanin arewa maso yammacin Anatoliya sun kasance a cikin Ottoman Beylik, kuma garuruwa hudu na Bursa, Nicomedia İzmit, Nicaea, İznik, da Pergamum (Bergama) sun zama matattarar ikonsa.Samun Karesi ya baiwa Ottoman damar fara mamaye kasashen Turai a Rumelia a fadin Dardanelles.
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Bakar Mutuwa
Bakar Mutuwa a Daular Byzantine. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1346 Jan 1

Bakar Mutuwa

İstanbul, Türkiye
Mutuwar Baƙar fata ta kasance barna ga ƙasar Byzantine.Ya isa Anatoliya a ƙarshen 1346 kuma ya isa Constantinople a shekara ta 1347. Kamar yadda yake a Turai, Mutuwar Baƙar fata ta kawar da wani adadi mai yawa na yawan jama'a a babban birnin kasar da sauran garuruwa tare da tsananta yanayin tattalin arziki da noma da aka rigaya a cikin birane da yankunan karkara.Mutuwar Baƙar fata ta lalata Byzantium musamman saboda ya faru ne bayan yaƙe-yaƙe biyu na yaƙin basasa, a cikin 1320s da 1340s, wanda ya bar jihar ta kwace tsabar kuɗi kuma ta kasance mai rauni ga shiga tsakani na Venetian , Genoese , da Ottoman da mamayewa.Daga shekara ta 1346 zuwa 1352, annobar ta addabi garuruwan Rumawa, inda ta rage yawan jama'arsu, ta kuma bar sojoji kadan don kare su.
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Thrace
Ottoman sun mamaye Thrace ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1352 Jan 1

Thrace

Thrace, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
Orhan ya yanke shawarar ci gaba da yaki da Turai, Turkawan Anatoliya sun zauna a ciki da kewayen Gallipoli don tabbatar da shi a matsayin tushen aikin soja a Thrace a kan Rumawa da Bulgeriya .Yawancin gabashin Thrace sojojin Ottoman ne suka mamaye su a cikin shekaru goma kuma an kai su ƙarƙashin ikon Orhan na dindindin ta hanyar ƙwaƙƙwaran mulkin mallaka.Nasara ta farko ta Thracian ta sanya Ottomans da dabara ta bibiyar duk manyan hanyoyin sadarwa na kan kasa da ke da alaƙa da Constantinople zuwa iyakokin Balkan, wanda ke ba da damar faɗaɗa ayyukan soja.Bugu da kari, kula da manyan tituna a Thrace keɓe Byzantium daga tuntuɓar ƙasa kai tsaye tare da duk wani ƙawayenta a yankin Balkan da Yammacin Turai.
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Cin nasara na Adrianople
Cin nasara na Adrianople ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1362 Jan 1 - 1386

Cin nasara na Adrianople

Edirne, Türkiye
Bayan kama Gallipoli da Daular Usmaniyya ta yi a shekara ta 1354, fadada Turkiyya a kudancin Balkan ya yi sauri.Babban makasudin ci gaba shine Adrianople, wanda shine birni na uku mafi mahimmanci na Byzantine (bayan Konstantinoful da Tasalonika).An yi sabani a tsakanin masana game da ranar faɗuwar Adrianople ga Turkawa saboda mabanbantan bayanan da aka samu a tushen tushen.Bayan da aka ci birnin, an sake masa suna Edirne.Cin da aka yi wa Adrianople ya kasance wani sauyi a tarihin Daular Usmaniyya a Turai.Madadin haka, sauye-sauyen Adrianople zuwa sabon babban birnin Ottoman na Edirne ya nuna wa al'ummar yankin cewa Ottoman sun yi niyyar zama na dindindin a Turai.
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Rumelia
Mulkin mallaka na Kwarin Martiza ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1363 Jan 1

Rumelia

Edirne, Türkiye
Orhan da Murad sun zaunar da Turkawa da Musulmai da yawa a Edirne a cikin kwarin Maritza.Wannan shine lokacin da muka fara jin kalmar 'timars' da 'timariots'.(duba shafi)Tsarin timar ya ba da tabbacin samun mafaka ga sojojin dawakan Turkiyya ga sojojin sarkin.Wannan mulkin mallaka ya haifar da kewayen Kudu maso Gabashin Turai, wanda a ƙarshe za a san shi da Rumelia.Rumelia za ta zama ƙasa ta biyu a tsakiya kuma ta kasance tsakiyar ƙasar Ottoman.A wasu hanyoyi, ya zama mafi mahimmanci fiye da Anatolia.Abubuwan ma'adinai da katako daga wannan sabuwar ƙasa sun ba wa sarakunan Ottoman daga baya hanyar cin nasara a sauran yankin Anatoliya.
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1363 Jan 1

Janissary kafa

Edirne, Türkiye
Kafa Janissaries ya kasance a zamanin mulkin Murad I (r. 1362-1389), mai mulki na uku na Daular Usmaniyya.Daular Usmaniyya ta kafa harajin kashi daya bisa biyar a kan duk bayin da aka dauka a yaki, kuma daga wannan tawaga na ma'aikata ne sarakunan suka fara gina kungiyar Janissary a matsayin runduna ta sirri mai biyayya ga sarki kadai.[26]Daga 1380s zuwa 1648, an tattara Janissaries ta hanyar tsarin devşirme, wanda aka soke a cikin 1648. [27] Wannan shi ne ɗaukar ( bautar ) yara maza waɗanda ba musulmi ba, [28] musamman Kiristoci na Anatolian da Balkan;Yahudawa ba su kasance ƙarƙashin devşirme ba, kuma ba su kasance yara daga dangin Turkic ba.Duk da haka akwai shaidar cewa Yahudawa sun yi ƙoƙari su shiga cikin tsarin.Ba a yarda da Yahudawa a cikin sojojin janisary ba, don haka a lokuta da ake zargi, za a aika da dukan rukunin zuwa ga Imperial Arsenal a matsayin ma'aikata.Takardun Ottoman daga harajin hunturu na 1603-1604 daga Bosniya da Albaniya sun rubuta don jawo hankali ga wasu yara kamar yadda watakila Yahudawa ne (şekine-i arz-ı yahudi).In ji Encyclopedia Britannica, “a zamanin farko, an saka dukan Kiristoci ba tare da nuna bambanci ba.[29]
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1371 Sep 26

Yakin Maritsa

Maritsa River
Ugljesa, wani ma'aikacin Sabiya ya gane hatsarin da Turkawa Ottoman suke da shi da ke kusa da ƙasashensa kuma ya yi ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar haɗin gwiwa a kansu.Tunaninsa shi ne ya kore su daga Turai maimakon ƙoƙarin kare kagara da garuruwa.Sojojin Serbia sun kai mutum 50,000 – 70,000.Despot Uglješa ya so kai harin ba-zata a kan Daular Usmaniyya a babban birninsu, Edirne, yayin da Murad I ke a yankin Asiya Karama.Sojojin Daular Usmaniyya sun fi kankanta sosai, malamin kasar Girka na kasar Bizantine Laonikos Chalkokondyles da majiyoyi daban-daban sun ba da adadin mutane 800 har zuwa 4,000, amma saboda dabarar da suka yi, ta hanyar kai farmaki cikin dare a sansanin Sabiya, Şâhin Paşa ya samu nasarar fatattakar sojojin Serbia. kuma kashe Sarki Vukašin da despot Uglješa.Dubban Sabiyawa ne aka kashe, kuma dubbai sun nutse a kogin Maritsa lokacin da suke ƙoƙarin guduwa.Bayan yaƙin, Maritsa ta gudu da jajayen jini.
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Bulgarian sun zama vassals ga Ottomans
Bulgarian sun zama vassals ga Ottomans. ©HistoryMaps
1373 Jan 1

Bulgarian sun zama vassals ga Ottomans

Bulgaria
A cikin 1373 Ivan Shishman, Bulgarian Emperror ya tilasta yin shawarwari kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya mai wulakanta: ya zama Ottoman vassal karfafa haɗin gwiwa tare da aure tsakanin Murad da 'yar'uwar Shishman Kera Tamara.Don ramawa, Ottoman sun mayar da wasu ƙasashen da aka ci nasara, ciki har da Ihtiman da Samokov.
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Yaƙin Dubrovnik
Yaƙin Dubrovnik ©HistoryMaps
1378 Jan 1

Yaƙin Dubrovnik

Paraćin, Serbia
A tsakiyar shekarun 1380 hankalin Murad ya sake mayar da hankali kan kasashen Balkan.Tare da Shishman ɗan ƙasar Bulgeriya , ya shagaltu da yaƙi da Wallachian Voievod Dan I na Wallachia (wajen 1383-86), a cikin 1385 Murad ya ɗauki Sofia, sauran mallakar Bulgarian ta ƙarshe a kudu da tsaunin Balkan, yana buɗe hanyar zuwa Niš, da ke da dabaru. tashar arewa mai mahimmancin babbar hanyar Vardar-Morava.Yaƙin Dubravnica shine farkon ambaton tarihi na kowane motsi na Ottoman zuwa yankin yarima Lazar.Sojojin Serbia sun yi nasara, ko da yake ba a cika samun cikakken bayani game da yakin ba.Bayan wannan yakin Turkawa ba su kutsa kai cikin Serbia ba sai 1386, lokacin da aka fatattaki sojojinsu a kusa da Pločnik.
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Siege na Sofia
Siege na Sofia ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1382 Jan 1

Siege na Sofia

Sofia, Bulgaria
Sifen Sofia ya faru ko dai a cikin 1382 ko 1385 a matsayin wani bangare na rikicin da ke gudana tsakanin Bulgaria da Daular Usmaniyya.A shekara ta 1373, Sarkin Bulgeriya Ivan Shishman, wanda ya fahimci ƙarfin Ottoman, ya shiga yarjejeniya ta vassalage kuma ya shirya wa 'yar uwarsa Kera Tamara ta auri Sultan Murad I don musanyawa don dawo da wasu kagaran da aka ci.Duk da wannan yarjejeniya ta zaman lafiya, a farkon shekarun 1380, Daular Usmaniyya ta ci gaba da yakin neman zabe tare da kewaye birnin Sofia mai matukar muhimmanci, wanda ke kula da muhimman hanyoyin sadarwa zuwa Sabiya da Macedonia.Abin takaici, bayanan tarihi na kewayen ba su da yawa.Da farko dai, Daular Usmaniyya sun yi yunkurin keta kariyar birnin, wanda bai yi nasara ba, inda suka jagoranci kwamandansu, Lala Shahin Pasha, don yin la'akarin yin watsi da kewayen.Sai dai wani maci amanar kasa dan kasar Bulgariya ya yi nasarar fitar da gwamnan birnin Ban Yanuka daga katangar da sunan farauta, lamarin da ya sa Turkawa suka kama shi.Da 'yan Bulgaria suka bar jagora, daga karshe suka mika wuya.An wargaza katangar birnin, kuma an girke dakarun Ottoman a wurin.Wannan nasara ta ba wa Ottoman damar ci gaba zuwa gaba zuwa arewa-maso-yamma, a ƙarshe sun kama Pirot da Niš a 1386, ta haka ne ya haifar da shinge tsakanin Bulgaria da Serbia.
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Ottoman sun kama Nis
Ottoman sun kama Nis ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1385 Jan 1

Ottoman sun kama Nis

Niš, Serbia
A shekara ta 1385, bayan wani hari na kwanaki 25, daular Usmaniyya ta kwace birnin Niš.Kame Niš ya baiwa Ottoman damar karfafa ikon da suke da shi a yankin da kuma kara fadada tasirinsu a yankin Balkan.Har ila yau, ta taka rawar gani wajen daura damarar daular Ottoman a tsakanin kasashen Bulgaria da Sabiya, lamarin da ya yi tasiri ga rigingimun da ke faruwa a yankin.
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Yaƙin Pločnik
Yaƙin Pločnik ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1386 Jan 1

Yaƙin Pločnik

Pločnik, Serbia
Murad ya kama Niš a cikin 1386, watakila ya tilasta Lazar na Serbia ya yarda da mulkin Ottoman ba da daɗewa ba.Yayin da ya zurfafa zurfi zuwa arewa - tsakiyar Balkans, Murad kuma yana da sojojin da ke tafiya zuwa yamma tare da '' Via Ingatia '' zuwa Macedonia, wanda ya tilasta matsayin vassal a kan sarakunan yanki waɗanda har zuwa lokacin suka tsere daga wannan lamarin.Wata tawaga ta isa gaɓar tekun Adriatic na Albaniya a shekara ta 1385. Wani kuma ya mamaye Tasalonika a shekara ta 1387. Haɗarin ’yancin kai na ƙasashen Kirista na Balkan ya ƙara bayyana a fili.Lokacin da al'amuran Anatoliya suka tilasta Murad ya bar yankin Balkan a shekara ta 1387, 'yan sanda na Serbia da Bulgaria sun yi ƙoƙarin yanke alakar su da shi.Lazar ya kafa haɗin gwiwa tare da Tvrtko I na Bosnia da Stratsimir na Vidin.Bayan da ya ki amincewa da bukatar da Ottoman ya yi masa na ya cika hakkinsa, an aike da sojoji a kansa.Lazar da Tvrtko sun hadu da Turkawa kuma suka ci su a Plocnik, yammacin Niš.Nasarar da ’yan uwansa sarakunan Kirista suka samu ya ƙarfafa Shishman don ya zubar da mulkin Ottoman tare da sake tabbatar da ’yancin kai na Bulgaria.
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Yaƙin Bileća
Yaƙin Bileća ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1388 Aug 26

Yaƙin Bileća

Bileća, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Murad ya dawo daga Anatolia a shekara ta 1388 kuma ya kaddamar da yakin walƙiya a kan sarakunan Bulgeriya Shishman da Sratsimir, waɗanda suka yi gaggawar tilastawa yin biyayya ga vassal.Sai ya bukaci Li'azaru ya yi shelar aikin sa kuma ya biya haraji.Da yake da tabbaci saboda nasarar da aka samu a Plocnik, yariman Serbian ya ƙi kuma ya juya ga Tvrtko na Bosnia da Vuk Brankovic, surukinsa kuma mai zaman kansa na arewacin Macedonia da Kosovo, don taimako a kan wani harin ramuwar gayya na Ottoman.An gwabza yakin Bileća a watan Agustan shekara ta 1388 tsakanin dakarun daular Bosnia karkashin jagorancin Grand Duke Vlatko Vuković, da daular Usmaniyya karkashin jagorancin Lala Şahin Pasha.Sojojin Ottoman sun kutsa kai cikin Hum, yankin kudancin masarautar.Bayan kwashe kwanaki ana kwasar ganima, maharan sun yi arangama da dakarun da ke karewa a kusa da garin Bileća da ke arewa maso gabashin Dubrovnik.Yaƙin ya ƙare da cin nasara da Ottoman.
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1389 Jan 1 - 1399

Haɗin kai Anatolia & Clash tare da Timur

Bulgaria
Bayezid na daya gaji sarautar sarki a lokacin da aka kashe mahaifinsa Murad.A cikin fusata kan harin, ya ba da umarnin kashe dukan waɗanda aka kama na Serbia;Bayezid, "Thunderbolt", ya ɓata lokaci kaɗan wajen faɗaɗa yaƙin Ottoman Balkan.Ya ci gaba da samun nasararsa ta hanyar kai farmaki a cikin Sabiya da kudancin Albaniya, wanda ya tilasta yawancin sarakunan yankin su shiga cikin rikici.Dukansu don tabbatar da iyakar kudancin babbar hanyar Vardar-Morava da kuma kafa tushe mai tushe don fadada dindindin zuwa yamma zuwa gabar tekun Adriatic, Bayezid ya zaunar da adadi mai yawa na ''yürüks'' tare da kwarin Vardar a Makidoniya.A cikin 1396 Sarkin Hungarian Sigismund ya ja da yaƙin yaƙi da Ottoman.Sojojin 'yan Salibiyya sun ƙunshi manyan sojojin Hungarian da na Faransanci, amma sun haɗa da wasu sojojin Wallachian.Ko da yake Sigismund ne ke jagoranta, ba ta da haɗin kai.'Yan Salibiyya sun tsallaka Danube, suka bi ta Vidin, suka isa Nikopol, inda suka hadu da Turkawa.Sojojin Faransa masu ƙarfi sun ƙi bin shirye-shiryen yaƙin Sigismund, wanda ya haifar da murkushe su.Saboda Sratsimir ya bar ‘yan Salibiyya su bi ta Vidin, Bayezid ya mamaye kasashensa, ya kama shi fursuna, ya kuma hade yankunansa.Tare da faɗuwar Vidin, Bulgaria ta daina wanzuwa, ta zama babbar ƙasar Kirista ta Balkan ta farko da ta ɓace gaba ɗaya ta hanyar mamaye Ottoman kai tsaye.Bayan Nikopol, Bayezid ya gamsu da harin Hungary, Wallachia, da Bosnia.Ya ci yawancin Albaniya ya kuma tilasta wa sauran sarakunan Albaniyawan da suka rage su zama ɓatanci.An gudanar da wani sabon kewaye na Constantinople amma an ɗaga shi a cikin 1397 bayan Emperor Manuel II, mai mulkin Bayezid, ya amince cewa sarkin ya tabbatar da duk sarakunan Byzantine na gaba.Bayezid ya tafi da sojojin da suka hada da farko na sojojin Balkan, ciki har da Sabiyawa karkashin jagorancin Lazarevic.Ba da da ewa ba ya fuskanci mamayar yankin Anatoliya daga shugaban tsakiyar Asiya Timur .Kusan 1400, Timur ya shiga Gabas ta Tsakiya.Timur ya ƙwace wasu ƙauyuka a gabashin Anatoliya kuma ya fara rikici da Daular Usmaniyya.A cikin watan Agusta, 1400, Timur da rundunarsa sun ƙone garin Sivas a ƙasa kuma suka shiga cikin ƙasa.Sojojinsu sun hadu a wajen Ankara, a yakin Ankara, a shekara ta 1402. An fatattaki Daular Usmaniyya, aka kama Bayezid fursuna, daga baya ya mutu a tsare.Yakin basasa, wanda ya kasance daga 1402 zuwa 1413, ya barke tsakanin 'ya'yan Bayezid da suka tsira.An san shi a cikin tarihin Ottoman a matsayin Interregnum, wannan gwagwarmaya ta dakatar da fadada Ottoman na dan lokaci a cikin Balkans.
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1389 Jun 15

Yakin Kosovo

Kosovo Polje
Da yawan sarakunan Serbia da Ottoman suka lalata a yakin Maritsa.Yarima Lazar, mai mulkin yankin arewacin tsohuwar daular (na Moravian Serbia), ya san barazanar Ottoman kuma ya fara shirye-shiryen diflomasiyya da na soja don yaƙi da su.An yi yakin Kosovo ne a ranar 15 ga watan Yunin 1389 tsakanin sojojin da Yariman Sabiya Lazar Hrebeljanović ya jagoranta da kuma sojojin mamaye daular Usmaniyya karkashin jagorancin Sultan Murad Hüdavendigâr.An yi yakin ne a filin Kosovo a cikin yankin da wani mai martaba dan kasar Serbia Vuk Branković ya mulki, a cikin abin da yake a yau Kosovo, kimanin kilomita 5 (3.1 mi) arewa maso yammacin birnin Pristina na zamani.Sojojin da ke ƙarƙashin Yarima Lazar sun ƙunshi nasa sojojin, wani rukunin da Branković ya jagoranta, da kuma wani rukunin da Sarki Tvrtko I ya aiko daga Bosnia, wanda Vlatko Vuković ya umarta.Yarima Lazar shi ne mai mulkin Serbia na Moravian kuma mafi girma a cikin sarakunan yankin Serbia na lokacin, yayin da Branković ya mulki gundumar Branković da sauran yankuna, ya amince da Lazar a matsayin mai mulkinsa.Tabbatattun bayanan tarihi na yakin ba su da yawa.An shafe yawancin sojojin biyu, kuma an kashe Lazar da Murad.Duk da haka, ma'aikatan Serbia sun ƙare kuma ba su da ikon kafa dakaru masu yawa a kan yakin Ottoman na gaba, wanda ya dogara da sababbin dakarun tsaro daga Anatolia.Saboda haka, sarakunan Serbian da ba su kasance masu mulkin Ottoman ba, sun zama haka a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.
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Sultan Bayezid
An shelanta Bayezid a matsayin sultan ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1389 Jun 16

Sultan Bayezid

Kosovo
Bayezid I (wanda aka fi sani da Yıldırım, "Thunderbolt") ya yi nasara a kan sultanship a kan kisan mahaifinsa Murad a lokacin yakin Kosovo.A cikin fusata kan harin, ya ba da umarnin kashe dukan waɗanda aka kama na Serbia;Beyazid ya zama sananne da Yıldırım, walƙiya, saboda saurin daularsa ta fadada.
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Haɗin kai na Anatoliya
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1390 Jan 1

Haɗin kai na Anatoliya

Konya, Turkey
Sarkin ya fara hada kan yankin Anatoliya karkashin mulkinsa.A cikin kamfen guda ɗaya na bazara da kaka na 1390, Bayezid ya ci nasara da beyliks na Aydin, Saruhan da Menteshe.Babban abokin hamayyarsa Sulayman, sarkin Karaman, ya mayar da martani inda ya hada kansa da sarkin Sivas, Kadi Burhan al-Din da sauran beylikan Turkiyya.Duk da haka, Bayezid ya ci gaba da mamaye sauran beylik (Hamid, Teke, da Germiyan), tare da kwace garuruwan Akşehir da Niğde, da kuma babban birninsu Konya daga Karaman.
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Siege na Constantinople
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1394 Jan 1

Siege na Constantinople

İstanbul, Türkiye
A cikin 1394, Bayezid ya kewaye (tsawon shinge) zuwa Constantinople, babban birnin Daular Byzantine.An gina sansanin Anadoluhisarı a tsakanin shekara ta 1393 zuwa 1394 a matsayin wani bangare na shirye-shiryen daular Usmania ta biyu a birnin Constantinople, wanda aka yi a shekara ta 1395. Tuni a shekara ta 1391, saurin mamayar daular Usmania a yankin Balkan ya katse birnin daga bayansa.Bayan gina katanga na Anadoluhisarı don sarrafa mashigin Bosporus, tun daga shekara ta 1394, Bayezid ya yi kokarin kashe garin don mika wuya ta hanyar killace shi ta kasa da kuma ta ruwa.Rashin jirgin ruwa ko makaman atilari da suka wajaba don ruguza wadannan bangayen ban mamaki ya sa wannan ya zama abin zubar da ciki.Wadannan darussa za su taimaka daga baya sarakunan Ottoman.A kan kiran sarkin Rumawa Manuel II Palaeologus, an shirya wani sabon yaƙin neman zaɓe don kayar da shi.
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Ottoman sun kai hari Wallachia
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1394 Oct 1

Ottoman sun kai hari Wallachia

Argeș River, Romania
Taimakon Wallachian da 'yan Bulgariya a kudancin Danube da ke yaki da Turkawa ya sa su shiga rikici da Daular Usmaniyya.A cikin 1394, Bayezid na daya ya haye kogin Danube yana jagorantar mutane 40,000, karfi mai ban sha'awa a lokacin, don kaiwa Wallachia, wanda Mircea dattijo ya yi mulki a lokacin.Mircea yana da maza kusan 10,000 kawai don haka ba zai iya tsira daga faɗa ba.Ya zaɓi yaƙar abin da za a kira yaƙin da a yanzu, ta hanyar kashe sojojin da ke hamayya da su da yunwa da kuma yin amfani da ƙananan hare-hare da ja da baya (wani nau'in yaƙin asymmetrical).Daular Usmaniyya sun fi yawa, amma a yakin Rovine, a kan gandun daji da fadama, Wallachians sun yi nasara a yakin da suka yi, suka hana sojojin Bayezid ci gaba da wuce Danube.
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Ottoman-Venetian Wars
Yakin Ottoman-Venetian na Farko ©Jose Daniel Cabrera Peña
1396 Jan 1 - 1718

Ottoman-Venetian Wars

Venice, Metropolitan City of V

Yakin Ottoman-Venetian jerin rikice-rikice ne tsakanin Daular Ottoman da Jamhuriyar Venice wanda ya fara a 1396 kuma ya dade har zuwa 1718.

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Yaƙin Nicopolis
Yaƙin Nicopolis ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1396 Sep 25

Yaƙin Nicopolis

Nicopolis, Bulgaria
A cikin 1396 Sarkin Hungarian Sigismund a karshe ya ja da yaki da Ottoman.Sojojin 'yan Salibiyya sun ƙunshi manyan sojojin Hungarian da na Faransanci, amma sun haɗa da wasu sojojin Wallachian.Ko da yake Sigismund ne ke jagoranta, ba ta da haɗin kai.'Yan Salibiyya sun tsallaka Danube, suka bi ta Vidin, suka isa Nikopol, inda suka hadu da Turkawa.Sojojin Faransa masu ƙarfi sun ƙi bin shirye-shiryen yaƙin Sigismund, wanda ya haifar da murkushe su.Saboda Sratsimir ya bar ‘yan Salibiyya su bi ta Vidin, Bayezid ya mamaye kasashensa, ya kama shi fursuna, ya kuma hade yankunansa.Tare da faɗuwar Vidin, Bulgaria ta daina wanzuwa, ta zama babbar ƙasar Kirista ta Balkan ta farko da ta ɓace gaba ɗaya ta hanyar mamaye Ottoman kai tsaye.
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Yakin Ankara
Yakin Ankara ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1402 Jul 20

Yakin Ankara

Ankara, Türkiye
An yi yakin Ankara ko Angora a ranar 20 ga Yuli 1402 a filin Çubuk kusa da Ankara, tsakanin sojojin Sultan Bayezid na Ottoman na Ottoman da Sarkin Daular Timurid, Timur .Yaƙin ya kasance babbar nasara ga Timur.Bayan yaƙin, Timur ya zarce ta yammacin Anatoliya zuwa gaɓar tekun Aegean, inda ya kewaye ya kuma kai birnin Smyrna, wani ƙaƙƙarfan mafaka na Ma'aikatan Asibitin Kirista.Yakin ya kasance bala'i ga kasar Ottoman, ya karya abin da ya rage kuma ya kawo kusan rugujewar daular.Mongols sun yi yawo cikin 'yanci a Anatoliya kuma ikon siyasa na Sultan ya karye.Wannan ya haifar da yakin basasa tsakanin 'ya'yan Bayezid da aka fi sani da Ottoman Interregnum.
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1402 Jul 21 - 1413

Ottoman Interregnum

Edirne, Türkiye
Bayan shan kayen da aka yi a Ankara ya biyo bayan tashin hankali a Masarautar.Mongols sun yi yawo cikin 'yanci a Anatoliya kuma ikon siyasa na Sultan ya karye.Bayan da aka kama Beyazid, sauran ’ya’yansa, Suleiman Çelebi, İsa Çelebi, Mehmed Çelebi, da Musa Çelebi sun gwabza da juna a wani abin da aka fi sani da Ottoman Interregnum.Ottoman Interregnum ya kawo ɗan gajeren lokaci na 'yancin kai ga jahohin Kirista na Balkan vassal.Suleyman, daya daga cikin 'ya'yan marigayi Sultan, ya rike babban birnin Ottoman a Edirne kuma ya ayyana kansa a matsayin mai mulki, amma 'yan uwansa sun ki gane shi.Daga nan sai ya kulla kawance da Byzantium, inda aka koma Thessaloniki, da Jamhuriyar Venice a 1403 don ƙarfafa matsayinsa.Mummunan halin Suleyman, duk da haka, ya juya wa 'yan Balkan nasa gaba da shi.A shekara ta 1410 ya sha kaye ya kashe dan uwansa Musa, wanda ya ci yankin Balkan na Ottoman tare da goyon bayan Sarkin Byzantine Manuel II, da Serbian Despot Stefan Lazarevic, Wallachian Voievod Mircea, da kuma 'ya'yan sarakunan Bulgaria biyu na karshe.Daga nan sai Musa ya fuskanci kanensa Mehmed, wanda ya 'yantar da kansa daga hannun 'yan mulkin mallaka na Mongol, kuma ya rike Daular Ottoman.Da yake nuna damuwa da samun 'yancin kai na ’yan baranda Kirista na Balkan, Musa ya juya musu baya.Abin baƙin cikin shine, ya mayar da azuzuwan tsarin mulki da kasuwanci na Musulunci a ƙasashen Balkan ta hanyar ci gaba da fifita ƴan ƙasa don samun goyon bayan jama'a.An firgita, sarakunan ɓangarorin Kirista na Balkan sun juya ga Mehmed, haka kuma manyan sojojin Ottoman, na addini, da shugabannin kasuwanci.A cikin 1412 Mehmed ya mamaye Balkans, ya ɗauki Sofia da Nis, kuma ya haɗa kai da Lazarevys Serbs.A cikin shekara mai zuwa, Mehmed ya ci Musa da nasara a wajen Sofia.An kashe Musa, kuma Mehmed I (1413-1421) ya fito a matsayin shi kaɗai ne mai mulkin wata ƙasa ta Ottoman.
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1413 Jan 1 - 1421

Maido da Daular Usmaniyya

Edirne, Türkiye
Lokacin da Mehmed Çelebi ya tsaya a matsayin mai nasara a shekara ta 1413 ya nada kansa rawani a Edirne (Adrianople) a matsayin Mehmed I. Nasa ne aikin maido da Daular Ottoman zuwa tsohuwar daukakarta.Daular ta sha wahala sosai daga interregnum;Mongols har yanzu suna kan gaba a gabas, kodayake Timur ya mutu a 1405;da yawa daga cikin masarautun Kirista na kasashen Balkan sun wargaje daga ikon Ottoman;kuma ƙasar, musamman yankin Anatoliya, ta sha wahala sosai daga yaƙin.Mehmed ya koma babban birnin Bursa zuwa Adrianople.Ya fuskanci mummunan yanayi na siyasa a yankin Balkan.Ma'aikatansa na Bulgarian , Serbian, Wallachian, da Byzantine vassals sun kasance masu zaman kansu.Ƙabilun Albaniya sun haɗa kai zuwa ƙasa guda, kuma Bosnia ta kasance mai cin gashin kai, kamar yadda Moldavia ta yi.Hungary ta ci gaba da riƙe burin yanki a cikin Balkans, kuma Jamhuriyar Venice ta mallaki dukiya da yawa a bakin tekun Balkan.Kafin mutuwar Bayezid, ikon da Ottoman ya yi a yankin Balkan ya bayyana tabbas.A ƙarshen interregnum, wannan tabbacin ya zama kamar buɗe don tambaya.Mehmed gabaɗaya ya ɗauko hanyar diflomasiyya a maimakon yin tada kayar baya wajen tunkarar lamarin.Yayin da ya gudanar da balaguron balaguro zuwa ƙasashen Turai makwabta, wanda ya dawo da yawancin Albaniya ga ikon Ottoman kuma ya tilasta wa Sarkin Bosnia-Ban Tvrtko II Kotromanić (1404-09, 1421-45), tare da manyan sarakunan yankin Bosnia da yawa, don karɓar aikin Ottoman na yau da kullun. , Mehmed ya gudanar da yakin gaske guda ɗaya kawai tare da Turawa - ɗan gajeren rikici da rashin yanke shawara tare da Venice.Sabon sultan ya fuskanci matsalolin gida.Tsoffin manufofin Musa sun haifar da rashin jin daɗi a tsakanin ƙanana na yankin Balkan na Ottoman.A shekara ta 1416 an yi wani gagarumin tawaye na Musulmi da Kirista a Dobruja, karkashin jagorancin Musa tsohon amintaccen Şeyh Bedreddin, da Wallachian voivode Mircea I. Bedreddin ya yi wa'azi kamar haɗa Musulunci, Kiristanci , da Yahudanci guda ɗaya. imani da kyautata zamantakewar manoma da makiyaya ’yanci tare da kashe darussa na ofishin Ottoman da kwararru.Mehmed ya murkushe tawaye kuma Bedreddin ya mutu.Daga nan sai Mircea ya mamaye Dobruja, amma Mehmed ya kori yankin a shekara ta 1419, inda ya kwace sansanin Danubian na Giurgiu kuma ya tilasta wa Wallachia komawa cikin rudani.Mehmed ya shafe sauran tsawon mulkinsa yana sake tsara tsarin mulkin Ottoman da ya rushe.Lokacin da Mehmed ya mutu a 1421, daya daga cikin 'ya'yansa, Murad, ya zama sarki.
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1421 Jan 1 - 1451

Girma

Edirne, Türkiye
Mulkin Murad ya damu da tashin hankali tun da wuri.Sarkin Byzantine , Manuel II, ya saki 'mai riya' Mustafa Çelebi daga tsare kuma ya amince da shi a matsayin halaltaccen magajin gadon sarautar Bayezid I (1389-1402).Jirgin ruwan Byzantine ne ya saukar da mai yin riya a yankin turawa na sarkin musulmi kuma ya samu ci gaba cikin sauri.Da yawa daga cikin sojojin daular Usmaniyya suka shiga tare da shi, kuma ya ci nasara da kashe tsohon sojan nan Bayazid Pasha, wanda Murad ya aiko domin yakar shi.Mustafa ya ci sojojin Murad ya kuma ayyana kansa Sarkin Adrianople (Ederne na zamani).Daga nan ya haye Dardanelles zuwa Asiya da runduna masu yawa amma Murad ya kori Mustafa.Rundunar Mustafa ta wuce da yawa zuwa Murad II.Mustafa ya fake a birnin Gallipoli, amma sarkin da wani kwamandan Genoa mai suna Adorno ya taimaka masa sosai, ya kewaye shi a can ya mamaye wurin.Sarkin Musulmi ya dauki Mustafa ya kashe shi, sannan ya juya hannunsa ga Sarkin Roma ya kuma bayyana kudurinsa na hukunta Palaiologos saboda kiyayyar da suka nuna ta hanyar kama Konstantinoful.Daga nan sai Murad na biyu ya kafa wata sabuwar runduna mai suna Azeb a shekara ta 1421 inda suka ratsa daular Rumawa suka kewaye Konstantinoful.A yayin da Murad ke yiwa birnin kawanya, Rumawa tare da hadin gwiwar wasu kasashen yankin Anadolu na Turkiyya masu cin gashin kansu, sun aika da kanin sarkin musulmi Küçük Mustafa (wanda yake dan shekara 13 kacal) domin ya yi wa sarkin tawaye tawaye tare da yiwa Bursa kawanya.Dole ne Murad ya yi watsi da kewayen Konstantinoful domin ya fuskanci ɗan'uwansa mai tawaye.Ya kama Yarima Mustafa ya kashe shi.An hade jihohin Anatoliya da suka dade suna kulla masa makirci - Aydinids, Germiyanids, Menteshe da Teke - kuma daga yanzu sun zama wani bangare na masarautar Ottoman.Murad II ya shelanta yaki da Jamhuriyar Venice , Masarautar Karamanid, Serbia da Hungary .An ci Karamanid a shekara ta 1428 sannan Venice ta janye a shekara ta 1432 bayan shan kashi a Siege na biyu na Tasalonika a shekara ta 1430. A cikin 1430s Murad ya kame yankuna masu yawa a yankin Balkan kuma ya yi nasarar mamaye Serbia a shekara ta 1439. A 1441 daular Roman Empire kuma ya shiga Poland. kawancen Serbian-Hungarian.Murad II ya ci yakin Varna a 1444 da John Hunyadi.Murad II ya bar gadon sarautarsa ​​a shekara ta 1444 ga dansa Mehmed II , amma wani tawaye na Janissary [4] a daular ya tilasta masa komawa.A shekara ta 1448 ya yi galaba a kan hadakar Kiristoci a yakin Kosovo na biyu.[5] Lokacin da aka tabbatar da gaban Balkan, Murad II ya juya gabas don cin nasara ga ɗan Timur, Shah Rokh, da masarautun Karamanid da Çorum-Amasya.A cikin 1450 Murad II ya jagoranci sojojinsa zuwa Albaniya kuma ya yi rashin nasara ya kewaye Castle na Kruje a kokarin da ya yi na fatattakar adawar da Skanderbeg ke jagoranta.A cikin hunturu na 1450-1451, Murad II yayi rashin lafiya, kuma ya mutu a Edirne.Dansa Mehmed II (1451-1481) ya gaje shi.
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1451 Jan 1 - 1481

Mehmed's Conquests

İstanbul, Türkiye
A lokacin mulkin Mehmed na biyu na Nasara na farko, ya yi galaba a kan ‘yan Salibiyya da John Hunyadi ya jagoranta bayan da Hungarian kutsawa cikin kasarsa ya karya sharuddan zaman lafiya na Szeged.Lokacin da Mehmed II ya sake hawa kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 1451, ya karfafa sojojin ruwa na Ottoman tare da yin shiri don kai hari ga Konstantinoful.Yana da shekaru 21, ya ci Konstantinoful kuma ya kawo ƙarshen daular Byzantine.Bayan cin nasara, Mehmed ya yi ikirarin nada sunan Kaisar na Daular Roma, bisa hujjar cewa Constantinople ya kasance wurin zama kuma babban birnin daular Roma ta gabas tun bayan da aka keɓe ta a shekara ta 330 AZ ta Sarkin sarakuna Constantine I. Mehmed na biyu yana kallon ƙasar Ottoman a matsayin ƙasa. ci gaba da daular Rum har tsawon rayuwarsa, yana ganin kansa a matsayin "ci gaba" daular maimakon "maye gurbin" shi.Mehmed ya ci gaba da mamaye yankin Anatoliya tare da sake hadewa da kuma kudu maso gabashin Turai har zuwa yammacin Bosnia.A gida ya yi gyare-gyare da yawa na siyasa da zamantakewa, ya ƙarfafa fasaha da kimiyya, kuma a ƙarshen mulkinsa, shirinsa na sake ginawa ya canza Konstantinoful zuwa babban birnin daular.Ana yi masa kallon jarumi a Turkiyya ta zamani da kuma sassan duniyar musulmi.Daga cikin abubuwan da aka sanyawa gundumar Fatih na Istanbul da gadar Fatih Sultan Mehmet da masallacin Fatih sunansa.
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1453 - 1566
Zamanin gargajiyaornament
Fadar Topkapi
Zanen Sultan Selim III yana riƙe da masu sauraro a gaban Ƙofar Felicity. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1459 Jan 1

Fadar Topkapi

Cankurtaran, Topkapı Palace, F
Bayan da Sultan Mehmed II ya mamaye Konstantinoful a shekara ta 1453, babban fadar Konstantinoful ya kasance kango.Da farko an kafa kotun Ottoman ne a tsohon fadar (Eski Saray), a yau wurin jami'ar Istanbul da ke dandalin Beyazit.Mehmed na biyu ya ba da umarnin a fara ginin fadar Topkapı a shekara ta 1459. A cewar wani labari na masanin tarihi Critobulus na Imbros sarkin musulmi "ya kula da kiran manyan ma'aikata daga ko'ina - magina da masu sassaƙa duwatsu da massassaƙa ... Gama yana yin manyan gine-gine. gine-ginen da ya kamata a gani kuma ya kamata ta kowace fuska su yi tafiya tare da mafi girma da mafi kyawun abubuwan da suka gabata."
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Tashi na sojojin ruwa na Ottoman
Tashi na Sojojin Ruwa na Daular Ottoman. ©HistoryMaps
1463 Jan 1 - 1479 Jan 25

Tashi na sojojin ruwa na Ottoman

Peloponnese, Greece
An yi yakin Ottoman-Venetian na farko tsakanin Jamhuriyar Venice tare da kawayenta da Daular Usmaniyya daga 1463 zuwa 1479. An yi yakin jim kadan bayan kwace Constantinople da ragowar daular Byzantine da Ottoman suka yi, ya yi sanadin asarar mutane da dama. Hannun Venetian a Albania da Girka, mafi mahimmanci tsibirin Negroponte (Euboea), wanda ya kasance kariyar Venetian tsawon ƙarni.Yakin kuma ya ga saurin fadada sojojin ruwa na Ottoman, wanda ya sami damar kalubalantar Venetian da Asibitin Knights don samun fifiko a Tekun Aegean.A cikin shekarun da aka rufe na yakin, jamhuriyar ta yi nasarar mayar da asarar da ta yi ta hanyar mallakar daular Crusader na Cyprus.
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1481 Jan 1 - 1512

Ƙarfafa Ottoman

İstanbul, Türkiye
Bayezid II ya hau kan karagar Ottoman a shekara ta 1481. Kamar mahaifinsa, Bayezid II ya kasance majibincin al'adun yammaci da gabas.Ba kamar sauran sarakuna ba, ya yi aiki tuƙuru don ganin an gudanar da harkokin siyasar cikin gida cikin lumana, wanda hakan ya sa shi a matsayin “Adalci”.A tsawon mulkinsa, Bayezid na biyu ya sha kamfe da dama don cin galaba a kan mallakar Venetia a Morea, inda ya bayyana daidai wannan yanki a matsayin mabuɗin samun ikon sojojin ruwa na Ottoman na gaba a Gabashin Bahar Rum.A cikin 1497, ya tafi yaƙi da Poland kuma ya yi nasara a kan sojojin Poland 80,000 masu ƙarfi a lokacin yakin Moldavia.Ƙarshen waɗannan yaƙe-yaƙe ya ​​ƙare a 1501 tare da Bayezid II ya mallaki dukan Peloponnese.Tawayen gabas, irin na Qizilbash, sun addabi mafi yawan mulkin Bayezid II, kuma sau da yawa suna samun goyon bayan shah na Farisa , Ismail I, wanda yake da sha'awar inganta addinin Shi'a don tauye ikon daular Ottoman.Haƙiƙa an yi wa gwamnatin Ottoman a yankin Anatoliya barazana sosai a wannan lokacin kuma a wani lokaci an kashe wazirin Bayezid na biyu, Hadım Ali Pasha a yaƙi da tawayen Şahkulu.A cikin shekarun ƙarshe na Bayezid II, a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 1509, Constantinople ya yi barna da girgizar ƙasa, kuma yaƙi ya ci gaba tsakanin 'ya'yansa Selim da Ahmet.Selim ya dawo daga Crimea kuma, tare da goyon bayan Janissaries, ya ci Ahmed kuma ya kashe shi.Daga nan sai Bayezid na biyu ya sauka daga karagar mulki a ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 1512 kuma ya tafi ritaya a kasarsa ta Demotika, amma ya rasu a hanya, aka binne shi kusa da masallacin Bayezid, a birnin Constantinople.
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1492 Jul 1

Hijirar Yahudawa da Musulmi

Spain
A watan Yulin 1492, sabuwar kasarSpain ta kori Yahudawa da Musulmai a matsayin wani bangare na Inquisition na Spain.Bayezid na biyu ya aika da sojojin ruwan Daular Usmaniyya karkashin jagorancin Admiral Kemal Reis zuwa kasar Spain a shekara ta 1492 domin kwashe su lafiya zuwa kasashen Ottoman.Ya aika da shela a ko'ina cikin daular cewa za a yi maraba da 'yan gudun hijira.[6] Ya baiwa 'yan gudun hijira izinin zama a cikin daular Usmaniyya kuma su zama 'yan kasar Ottoman.Ya yi ba'a game da halin Ferdinand II na Aragon da Isabella I na Castile wajen korar mutane masu amfani ga talakawansu."Kun yi ƙoƙari ku kira Ferdinand mai mulki mai hikima," in ji shi ga fādawansa, "wanda ya talauta ƙasarsa ya wadata tawa!"[7]Musulmai da yahudawan al-Andalus sun ba da gudumawa da yawa wajen bunkasar daular Usmaniyya ta hanyar bullo da sabbin dabaru, dabaru da fasaha.Yahudawan Sephardic ne suka kafa na'urar bugu na farko a Constantinople (wanda yanzu Istanbul) ya kafa a shekara ta 1493. An ruwaito cewa a karkashin mulkin Bayezid, Yahudawa sun sami ci gaba da bunkasar al'adu, tare da halartar malamai irin su Talmudist kuma masanin kimiyya Mordecai Comtino;masanin falaki kuma mawaki Sulemanu ben Iliya Sharbiṭ ha-Zahab;Shabbethai ben Malkiel Cohen, da mawaƙin liturgical Menahem Tamar.
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Dangantakar Ottoman-Mughal
Kamfen Farkon Babur ©Osprey Publishing
1507 Jan 1

Dangantakar Ottoman-Mughal

New Delhi, Delhi, India
Alakar Mughal Sarkin Babur na farko da Daular Usmaniyya ba ta da kyau saboda Selim I ya baiwa abokin hamayyar Babur Ubaydullah Khan da makullan ashana da igwa.[44 <>] A shekara ta 1507, lokacin da aka umarce shi da ya karɓi Selim I a matsayin Suzerain haƙƙinsa, Babur ya ƙi ya tara masu hidimar Qizilbash don yakar sojojin Ubaydullah Khan a yaƙin Ghazdewan a 1512. A 1513 Selim I ya yi sulhu da Babur (yana jin tsoro). cewa zai shiga Safa’awa), ya aika Ustad Ali Quli da Mustafa Rumi, da sauran Turkawa da dama da suka hada da Turkawa, domin su taimaka wa Babur a yakinsa;Wannan taimako na musamman ya tabbatar da zama tushen dangantakar Mughal da Ottoman nan gaba.[44] Daga gare su, ya kuma ɗauki dabarar yin amfani da maƙarƙashiya da igwa a filin (maimakon kawai a cikin kewaye), wanda zai ba shi muhimmiyar fa'ida a Indiya.[45] Babur ya kira wannan hanya a matsayin “na’urar Ottoman” saboda amfani da ita a baya da Daular Usmaniyya ta yi a lokacin yakin Kaldiya.
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1512 Jan 1 - 1520

Daular Usmaniyya

İstanbul, Türkiye
Duk da tsawon shekaru takwas kacal, mulkin Selim ya shahara saboda gagarumin fadada daular, musamman cin nasararsa tsakanin 1516 zuwa 1517 na dukkan Mamluk Sultanate naMasar , wanda ya hada da dukkan Levant, Hejaz, Tihamah da Masar kanta.A jajibirin mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1520, daular Usmaniyya ta kai kimanin kilomita miliyan 3.4 (milyan 1.3 sq mi), wanda ya karu da kashi saba'in a lokacin mulkin Selim.[8]Yunkurin da Selim ya yi a yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya na duniyar musulmi, musamman ma tunaninsa na matsayin mai kula da hanyoyin hajji zuwa Makka da Madina, ya kafa daular Usmaniyya a matsayin kasar musulmi ta farko.Nasarar da ya yi ya mayar da yankin yanki da al'adu na daular daga yankin Balkan zuwa Gabas ta Tsakiya.Ya zuwa karni na sha takwas, nasarar da Selim ya yi wa Mamluk Sultanate ya zama abin sha'awa a matsayin lokacin da Daular Usmaniyya ta karbe jagorancin sauran kasashen musulmi, saboda haka ana tunawa da Selim a matsayin Halifan Ottoman na farko, duk da cewa labaran wani jami'i ne. Canja wurin ofishin halifanci daga daular Mamluk Abbasid zuwa daular Usmaniyya wani abu ne daga baya.
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1514 Aug 23

Farkon Rikici da Safavid Farisa

Çaldıran, Beyazıt, Çaldıran/Va
Rikicin Ottoman- Safavid na farko ya ƙare a Yaƙin Chaldiran a cikin 1514, kuma ya biyo bayan rikicin iyaka na ƙarni.Yaƙin Chaldiran ya ƙare da gagarumin nasara ga daular Usmaniyya akan daular Safawiyya.Sakamakon haka ne Daular Usmaniyya suka mamaye Gabashin Anatoliya da arewacin Iraki daga hannun Safawid Iran .Ya nuna farkon faɗaɗa Ottoman zuwa Gabashin Anatoliya ( Armeniya ta Yamma), da kuma dakatar da faɗaɗa Safavid zuwa yamma.[20] Yaƙin Chaldiran ya kasance farkon shekaru 41 na yaƙin barna, wanda kawai ya ƙare a shekara ta 1555 tare da yarjejeniyar Amasya.Ko da yake Mesopotamiya da Gabashin Anatoliya (Armeniya ta Yamma) a ƙarshe Safavidwa sun sake cin nasara a ƙarƙashin mulkin Shah Abbas Mai Girma (r. 1588-1629), yarjejeniyar Zuhab ta 1639 za ta ba da su ga Ottoman na dindindin.A Chaldiran, Daular Usmaniyya tana da dakaru mafi girma, mafi inganci wadanda adadinsu ya kai 60,000 zuwa 100,000 da kuma manyan manyan bindigogi masu yawa, yayin da sojojin Safavid suka kai kimanin 40,000 zuwa 80,000 kuma ba su da makaman atilare a wurinsu.Shi dai Isma'il na daya shugaban Safawawa ya samu rauni kuma an kusa kama shi a lokacin yakin.Shugaban Daular Usmaniyya Selim I ne ya kama matansa, inda a kalla daya ya auri daya daga cikin 'yan siyasar Selim.Isma'il ya yi ritaya zuwa fadarsa kuma ya fice daga aikin gwamnati bayan wannan shan kaye kuma bai sake shiga yakin neman zabe ba.Bayan nasarar da suka samu, sojojin Ottoman sun shiga zurfafa zuwa cikin Farisa , inda suka mamaye babban birnin Safavid, Tabriz a takaice, tare da wawashe dukiyar daular Farisa.Yakin yana daya daga cikin manya-manyan muhimmancin tarihi domin ba wai kawai ya kawar da ra'ayin cewa Murshid na Shi'a-Qizilbash ma'asumi ba ne, har ma ya jagoranci sarakunan Kurdawa wajen tabbatar da ikonsu da sauya mubaya'arsu daga Safawiwa zuwa Daular Usmaniyya.
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1516 Jan 1 - 1517 Jan 22

Yakin Mamluk Misira

Egypt
Yakin Ottoman-Mamluk na 1516-1517 shine babban rikici na biyu tsakanin Masarautar Mamluk Sultanate da DaularUsmaniyya , wanda ya kai ga faduwar masarautar Mamluk da hadewar Levant, Masar, da Hejaz a matsayin lardunan daular Usmaniyya.[26] Yakin ya mayar da daular Usmaniyya daga wani daula a gefen duniyar Musulunci, wanda akasari yake a yankin Anatoliya da yankin Balkan, zuwa wata babbar daula da ta mamaye yawancin kasashen Musulunci na gargajiya, wadanda suka hada da garuruwan Makka, Alkahira, Damascus. , da kuma Aleppo.Duk da wannan faɗaɗa, wurin zama na ikon siyasa na daular ya kasance a Konstantinoful.[27]Dangantakar da ke tsakanin Daular Usmaniyya da Mamluks ta kasance gaba tun bayan faduwar Konstantinoful zuwa Daular Usmaniyya a shekara ta 1453;Jihohin biyu dai sun yi kokawa wajen sarrafa cinikin kayan yaji, kuma daular Usmaniyya ta yi burin karbe iko da garuruwa masu tsarki na Musulunci.[28] Rikicin farko, wanda ya dade daga 1485 zuwa 1491, ya haifar da rashin jituwa.A shekara ta 1516, Ottomans ba su da wata damuwa - Sultan Selim I ya riga ya ci nasara da Farisa Safawad a yakin Kaldiran a 1514 - kuma sun juya da cikakken ƙarfinsu ga Mamluks, waɗanda suka yi mulki a Siriya da Masar, don kammala yakin Ottoman na cin nasara. Gabas ta Tsakiya.Daular Usmaniyya da Mamluks sun tara sojoji 60,000.Sai dai kuma sojojin Mamluk 15,000 ne kawai aka horar da mayaka, sauran kuma ‘yan aikin soja ne kawai wadanda ba su san korar mikiya ba.Hakan ya sa akasarin Mamluk suka gudu, sun kauce daga fagen daga, har ma sun kashe kansu.Bugu da kari, kamar yadda ya faru da Safawawa a yakin kasar Kaldiya, fashewar igwa da bindigu na Daular Usmaniyya sun tsorata dawakan Mamluk wadanda suka yi ta tsere ta kowace fuska.Yakin daular Mamluk kuma ya bude yankunan Afirka ga Daular Usmaniyya.A cikin karni na 16, ikon Ottoman ya kara fadada yammacin Alkahira, tare da bakin tekun arewacin Afirka.Corsair Hayreddin Barbarossa ya kafa sansani a Aljeriya, kuma daga baya ya cim ma nasarar Tunis a shekara ta [1534] .Bugu da kari, mamayar ta sanya Ottoman iko da manyan garuruwa biyu mafi girma a duniya a lokacin - Constantinople da Alkahira.Cin Masarautar Masar ya sami riba sosai ga daular yayin da ta samar da ƙarin haraji fiye da kowane yanki na Ottoman kuma yana ba da kusan kashi 25% na duk abincin da ake ci.Duk da haka, Makka da Madina su ne mafi muhimmanci a cikin dukan garuruwan da aka ci tun da a hukumance ta sanya Selim da zuriyarsa halifofi na dukkanin duniyar musulmi har zuwa farkon karni na 20.Bayan kama shi a birnin Alkahira, an kawo halifa Al-Mutawakkil na Uku zuwa Konstantinoful, inda a karshe ya mika mukaminsa na halifa ga magajin Selim, Suleiman the Magnificent.Wannan ya kafa Khalifancin Ottoman, tare da Sultan a matsayin shugabanta, ta haka ne aka mayar da ikon addini daga Alkahira zuwa ga karagar Ottoman.
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1520 Jan 1 - 1566

Mallakar Tekuna

Mediterranean Sea
Suleiman mai girma ya fara tayar da bore a karkashin jagorancin gwamnan da Ottoman ya nada a Damascus.A watan Agusta, 1521, Suleiman ya kama birnin Belgrade, wanda a lokacin yana karkashin ikon Hungary .A 1522, Suleiman ya kama Rhodes.Ranar 29 ga Agusta, 1526, Suleiman ya ci Louis II na Hungary a yakin Mohács.A cikin 1541 Suleiman ya mamaye mafi yawan Hungary na yau, wanda aka sani da Great Alföld, kuma ya nada dangin Zápolya a matsayin masu mulkin mallaka na Transylvania mai cin gashin kansa, jihar vassal na Daular.Yayin da yake iƙirarin ɗaukacin mulkin, Ferdinand I na Ostiriya ya yi mulki a kan abin da ake kira "Royal Hungary" (Slovakia na yanzu, Hungary ta Arewa maso Yamma da yammacin Croatia), yanki wanda ya kafa iyaka na dan lokaci tsakanin Habsburgs da Ottomans.Daular Safawad ta Shi'a ta yi mulkin Farisa da Iraki ta zamani.Suleiman yayi kamfe guda uku akan Safawa.A cikin farko, babban birnin Bagadaza mai tarihi ya fada hannun sojojin Suleiman a shekara ta 1534. Yaƙin neman zaɓe na biyu, 1548-1549, ya haifar da ribar Ottoman na wucin gadi a Tabriz da Azerbaijan, kasancewar dawwamamme a lardin Van, da kuma wasu garu a Jojiya.Yaƙin neman zaɓe na uku (1554–55) martani ne ga hare-haren Safavid masu tsada a cikin lardunan Van da Erzurum a gabashin Anatoliya a cikin 1550–52.Dakarun Ottoman sun kame Yerevan, Karabakh da Nakhjuwan tare da rusa fadoji, da gidaje da lambuna.Ko da yake Sulieman ya yi barazana ga Ardabil, lamarin soji ya kasance mai tsauri a ƙarshen kakar yaƙin neman zaɓe ta 1554.Tahmasp ya aika da jakada zuwa wurin sanyi na Suleiman a Erzurum a watan Satumba na 1554 don ya kai karar zaman lafiya.Tasiri a kalla a wani bangare na matsayin soja na Daular Ottoman dangane da Hungary, Sulieman ya amince da wasu sharudda na wucin gadi.Amintacciyar Aminci ta Amasya da aka sanya hannu a watan Yuni mai zuwa ita ce amincewa ta farko ta diflomasiyya ta Daular Safawida ta Ottomans.A karkashin zaman lafiya, Ottoman sun amince da mayar da Yerevan, Karabakh da Nakhjuwan ga Safavids sannan kuma za su rike Iraki da gabashin Anatoliya.Suleiman ya amince da ba wa ‘yan Shi’a Safawad damar yin hajji a Makka da Madina da kuma kaburburan limamai a Iraki da Larabawa da sharadin cewa shah ya soke taburru, la’antar halifofin Rashidun uku na farko.Zaman lafiya ya kawo karshen tashin hankali tsakanin masarautun biyu na tsawon shekaru 20.An mamaye manyan yankuna na Arewacin Afirka har zuwa yammacin Aljeriya.Kasashen Barbary na Tripolitania, Tunisia da Aljeriya sun zama lardunan daular.Satar fasaha da 'yan fashin Barbary na Arewacin Afirka suka yi daga baya ya kasance cikin yakin da ake yi da Spain, kuma fadada Ottoman yana da alaƙa da mamayar ruwa na ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin Tekun Bahar Rum.Sojojin ruwa na Ottoman suma suna rike da Tekun Bahar Maliya, kuma suna rike da Tekun Fasha har zuwa shekara ta 1554, lokacin da sojojin ruwan Daular Portugal suka fatattaki jiragensu a yakin Tekun Oman.Turawan Portugal za su ci gaba da fafatawa da sojojin Suleiman domin samun iko da Aden.A shekara ta 1533 Khair ad Din da Turawa suka fi sani da Barbarossa, aka nada Admiral-in-Chief na sojojin ruwa na Daular Usmaniyya wadanda ke yakar sojojin ruwanSpain .A shekara ta 1535 Sarkin Roma Mai Tsarki na Habsburg, Charles V (Charles I na Spain) ya samu gagarumar nasara a kan Daular Usmaniyya a Tunis, amma a shekara ta 1536 Sarki Francis na farko na Faransa ya hada kai da Suleiman da Charles.A shekara ta 1538, Khair ad Din ya yi galaba akan rundunar Charles V a yakin Preveza, wanda ya tabbatar da gabashin Bahar Rum ga Turkawa na tsawon shekaru 33.Francis I ya nemi taimako daga Suleiman, sannan ya aika da wani jirgin ruwa karkashin jagorancin Khair ad Din wanda ya yi nasara a kan Mutanen Espanya, suka yi nasarar kwato Naples daga hannunsu.Suleiman ya ba shi sarautar beylerbey.Ɗaya daga cikin sakamakon kawancen shi ne ƙaƙƙarfan ƙawancen teku tsakanin Dragut da Andrea Doria, wanda ya bar arewacin Bahar Rum da kudancin Bahar Rum a hannun Ottoman.
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1522 Jun 26 - Dec 22

Siege na Rhodes

Rhodes, Greece
Sifen Rhodes na 1522 shine ƙoƙari na biyu kuma ƙarshe na nasara da Daular Ottoman ta yi na korar Knights na Rhodes daga tsibirin tsibirin su kuma ta haka ne aka tabbatar da ikon Ottoman na Gabashin Bahar Rum.Sifen farko a 1480 bai yi nasara ba.Duk da kakkarfar tsaro, an ruguza katangar cikin watanni shida da makaman atilare da nakiyoyi na Turkiyya.Sigewa na Rhodes ya ƙare da nasarar Ottoman.Komawar Rhodes wani babban mataki ne na ikon Ottoman a gabashin tekun Mediterrenean kuma ya sauƙaƙa hanyoyin sadarwa na ruwa sosai tsakanin Constantinople da Alkahira da kuma tashar jiragen ruwa na Levantine.Daga baya, a cikin 1669, daga wannan tushe Turkawa Ottoman sun kwace Crete Venetian.
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Yakin Ottoman-Habsburg
Sojojin Ottoman sun kunshi manyan makamai masu linzami da makamai masu linzami, dawakai da mayaƙa, wanda ya mai da su duka iri-iri da ƙarfi. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1526 Jan 1 - 1791

Yakin Ottoman-Habsburg

Central Europe
An yi yakin Ottoman – Habsburg daga karni na 16 zuwa na 18 tsakanin Daular Ottoman da daular Habsburg, wanda a wasu lokuta Masarautar Hungary , Yaren mutanen Poland –Lithuanian Commonwealth, da HabsburgSpain ke tallafawa.Yaƙe-yaƙe sun mamaye yaƙin neman zaɓe a Hungary, gami da Transylvania (yau a Romania ) da Vojvodina (yau a Serbia), Croatia, da tsakiyar Serbia.A karni na 16, daular Usmaniyya ta zama babbar barazana ga kasashen turai, inda jiragen ruwa na Ottoman suka kwashe kayayyakin Venetian a cikin tekun Aegean da Ionia da kuma 'yan fashin Barbary da ke goyon bayan Ottoman suka kwace kayayyakin Spain a yankin Maghreb.Canjin Farotesta , Faransa-Habsburg kishiya da yawan rikice-rikicen cikin gida na Daular Roma Mai Tsarki sun raba hankalin Kiristoci daga rikicinsu da Ottoman.A halin yanzu, daular Ottoman dole ne su yi gwagwarmaya da daular Safawad ta Farisa da kuma kadan daga cikinMamluk Sultanate , wanda aka ci nasara kuma ya shiga cikin daular.Da farko dai, mamayar Ottoman a Turai sun sami gagarumar nasara tare da gagarumin nasara a Mohács sun rage kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku (tsakiyar) na Masarautar Hungary zuwa matsayin daular Ottoman.Daga baya, Amincin Westphalia da Yaƙin Nasara na Sipaniya a ƙarni na 17 da 18 bi da bi sun bar Daular Austriya a matsayin mallakin gidan Habsburg kaɗai.Bayan da aka yi wa birnin Vienna hari a shekara ta 1683, Habsburgs suka tara babbar gamayyar manyan kasashen Turai da aka fi sani da Holy League, inda suka ba su damar yakar Daular Usmaniyya da kuma samun iko da kasar Hungary.Babban Yaƙin Turkiyya ya ƙare tare da gagarumin nasara mai ƙarfi a Zenta.Yaƙe-yaƙe sun ƙare bayan shiga Ostiriya a yakin 1787-1791, wanda Austria ta yi yaƙi da Rasha .Rikicin tsaka-tsaki tsakanin Ostiriya da daular Usmania ya ci gaba a tsawon karni na sha tara, amma ba su taba yin fada da juna a yakin duniya na daya ba, bayan da aka narkar da daulolin biyu.
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1533 Jan 1 - 1656

Sarkin Musulmi

İstanbul, Türkiye
Sarautar mata wani lokaci ne da mata da uwayen Sarakunan Daular Usmaniyya suka yi tasiri na ban mamaki na siyasa.Wannan lamari ya faru ne daga kusan 1533 zuwa 1656, wanda ya fara a zamanin mulkin Suleyman, tare da aurensa da Hürrem Sultan (wanda aka fi sani da Roxelana), kuma ya ƙare da mulkin Turhan Sultan.Wadannan matan ko dai su ne matan Sarkin Musulmi, wadanda ake kira Haseki sultans, ko kuma uwayen Sarkin Musulmi, wadanda aka fi sani da ingantattun sultan.Da yawa daga cikinsu sun fito daga cikin bayi, kamar yadda ake tsammani a lokacin mulkin sarki tun lokacin da aka yi la'akari da ra'ayin gargajiya na aure bai dace da sarkin ba, wanda ba a tsammanin yana da wata alaka ta sirri fiye da aikinsa na gwamnati.A wannan lokaci, hasashe da sarakunan da suka inganta sun kasance suna da ikon siyasa da zamantakewa, wanda ya ba su damar yin tasiri a harkokin yau da kullum na daular da gudanar da ayyukan jin kai tare da neman gina gine-gine irin su babban masallacin Haseki Sultan da fitaccen Valide. Masallacin Sultan dake Eminönü.A farkon rabin karni na 17, sarakuna shida, wadanda da dama daga cikinsu yara ne, suka hau karagar mulki.Sakamakon haka, ingantattun sarakunan sun yi mulki kusan ba tare da hamayya ba, a lokacin da 'ya'yansu suke mulki, da kuma lokacin tsaka-tsaki.[8] Ba kowa ya yarda da su ba.Duk da alakar da suke da ita kai tsaye da sarakunan, su kan fuskanci turjiya daga ’yan uwa, da kuma ra’ayin jama’a.Inda mazan da suka gabace su suka sami tagomashi a wurin jama'a ta hanyar cin galaba na soja da kwarjini, shugabannin mata dole ne su dogara da bukukuwan sarauta da gina abubuwan tarihi da ayyukan jama'a.Irin waɗannan ayyukan jama'a, waɗanda aka fi sani da hayrat ko ayyukan ibada, galibi ana yin su da yawa da sunan sarkin musulmi, kamar yadda al'adar matan Musulunci ta sarakuna ta kasance.[9]Abubuwan da suka fi daurewa da yawa daga cikin matan sarakuna da uwayen sarakuna su ne manyan ayyukan da suka yi na jama'a, yawanci ta hanyar masallatai da makarantu da abubuwan tarihi.Ginawa da kula da waɗannan ayyuka sun samar da ingantaccen tattalin arziki a cikin wani lokaci da ke fama da tabarbarewar tattalin arziƙi da cin hanci da rashawa yayin da kuma ya bar alamomi masu ƙarfi da dorewa na iko da alherin masarautar.Duk da yake samar da ayyukan jama'a ya kasance wajibi ne a kodayaushe na sarki, sarakuna irin su mahaifiyar Suleyman da matarsa ​​sun gudanar da ayyukan da suka fi kowace mace da ta gabace su girma da daukaka - da mafi yawan maza.[9]
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1536 Sep 28

Hayreddin Barbarossa ya doke Kungiyar Mai Tsarki

Preveza, Greece
A cikin 1537, yana ba da umarni ga manyan jiragen ruwa na Ottoman, Hayreddin Barbarossa ya kama wasu tsibiran Aegean da Ionian na Jamhuriyar Venice , wato Syros, Aegina, Ios, Paros, Tinos, Karpathos, Kasos, da Naxos, don haka ya haɗa Duchy na Naxos. zuwa Daular Usmaniyya.Daga nan bai yi nasara ba ya kewaye sansanin Venetia na Corfu kuma ya lalata gabar tekun Calabrian da ke hannun Spain a kudancin Italiya.[89] A cikin fuskantar wannan barazana, Paparoma Paul III a cikin Fabrairu 1538 a cikin taru "Holy League", wanda ya hada da Papal States, Habsburg Spain, Jamhuriyar Genoa , Jamhuriyar Venice, da Knights na Malta . don fuskantar rundunar Ottoman karkashin Barbarossa.[90]A cikin 1539 Barbarossa ya dawo kuma ya kama kusan dukkanin sauran wuraren kiristoci a cikin Tekun Ionian da Aegean.An rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tsakanin Venice da Daular Usmaniyya a watan Oktoban 1540, inda Turkawa suka karbe ikon mallakar mallakar Venetian a cikin Morea da Dalmatia da na tsibiran Venetian a da a cikin Tekun Aegean, Ionian, da Gabashin Adriatic.Venice kuma ta biya harajin zinare 300,000 na yakin daular Usmaniyya.Tare da nasara a Preveza da nasarar da ta biyo baya a yakin Djerba a 1560, Ottomans sun yi nasara wajen tunkude kokarin Venice daSpain , manyan masu adawa da juna a cikin Bahar Rum, don dakatar da yunkurinsu na sarrafa teku.Daular Ottoman a cikin manyan fadace-fadacen jiragen ruwa a Tekun Bahar Rum ya kasance ba a kalubalanci ba har zuwa yakin Lepanto a 1571.
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1538 Jan 1 - 1560

Yaƙi don Spice

Persian Gulf (also known as th
Gano sabbin hanyoyin kasuwanci na teku da kasashen yammacin Turai suka yi ya ba su damar kaucewa mulkin mallaka na Ottoman.Bayan tafiye-tafiye na Vasco da Gama, wani ƙaƙƙarfan sojojin ruwan Portugal ya mamaye Tekun Indiya a farkon ƙarni na 16.Ya yi barazana ga biranen gabar tekun Larabawa daIndiya .Gano Cape of Good Hope a cikin 1488 na Portuguese ya haifar da jerin yakin sojojin ruwa na Ottoman-Portuguese a cikin Tekun Indiya a cikin karni na 16.A halin da ake ciki dai ya fara ne a shekarar 1517 da Daular Usmaniyya ta mamaye tekun Bahar Maliya a lokacin da Selim na daya ya hadekasar Masar zuwa daular Usmaniyya bayan yakin Ridaniya.Mafi yawan yankin da ake zaune a Jazirar Larabawa (Hejaz da Tihamah) ba da jimawa ba sun fada hannun Daular Usmaniyya da son rai.Piri Reis, wanda ya shahara da Taswirar Duniya, ya gabatar da ita ga Selim 'yan makonni kadan bayan Sarkin Musulmi ya isa Masar.Rabon da ya shafi Tekun Indiya ya ɓace;ana jayayya cewa mai yiwuwa Selim ya karbe ta, domin ya kara yin amfani da shi wajen tsara balaguron soji a nan gaba a wannan bangaren.Hasali ma, bayan mamayar daular Usmaniyya a tekun Bahar Rum, an fara adawa da Ottoman da Portugal.A cikin 1525, lokacin mulkin Suleiman I (dan Selim), an nada Selman Reis, tsohon corsair, a matsayin Admiral na wani karamin jirgin ruwa na Ottoman a cikin Bahar Maliya wanda ke da alhakin kare garuruwan bakin teku na Ottoman daga hare-haren Portuguese.A cikin 1534, Suleiman ya mamaye yawancin Iraki kuma a shekara ta 1538 Ottomans sun isa Basra a kan Tekun Farisa.Daular Ottoman har yanzu tana fuskantar matsalar bakin tekun Portuguese da ke sarrafa su.Yawancin garuruwan bakin teku a yankin Larabawa sun kasance ko dai tashar jiragen ruwa na Portuguese ko vassals na Portuguese.Wani dalili na hamayyar Ottoman da Portugal shine tattalin arziki.A cikin karni na 15, manyan hanyoyin kasuwanci daga Gabas mai Nisa zuwa Turai, hanyar da ake kira kayan yaji, ta bi ta Bahar Maliya da Masar.Amma bayan da aka yi wa Afirka dawafi, kudaden shiga na kasuwanci na raguwa.[21] Yayin da Daular Ottoman ta kasance babbar karfin teku a Tekun Bahar Rum, ba zai yiwu a canja wurin sojojin ruwa na Ottoman zuwa Bahar Maliya ba.Don haka aka gina wani sabon jirgin ruwa a Suez kuma aka sanya masa suna "Fit ɗin Indiya".Bayan dalilin balaguron balaguro a Tekun Indiya, duk da haka, gayyata ce daga Indiya.Wannan yakin ya faru ne a bayan yakin Habasha-Adal.Daular Usmaniyya da kawayenta na cikin gida sun mamaye kasar Habasha a shekara ta 1529.Taimakon Portuguese, wanda Sarkin sarakuna Dawit II ya fara nema a 1520, a ƙarshe ya isa Massawa a zamanin sarki Galawdewos.Cristóvão da Gama (dan na biyu na Vasco da Gama) ne ya jagoranci rundunar kuma ya hada da masu rike da makamai 400, da bindigogi masu saukar ungulu da dama, da wasu 'yan doki na kasar Portugal da kuma wasu masu sana'a da sauran wadanda ba mayakan ba.Asalin burin Ottoman na duba mamayar Portuguese a cikin teku da kuma taimaka wa sarakunan Indiyawa musulmi ba a cimma su ba.Wannan ya kasance duk da abin da marubuci ya kira "yawan fa'ida a kan Portugal", saboda daular Ottoman ta kasance mafi arziƙi kuma mafi yawan jama'a fiye da Portugal, suna da addini iri ɗaya kamar yadda yawancin mazauna bakin teku na Tekun Indiya da sansanonin sojojin ruwa suka fi kusa da su. gidan wasan kwaikwayo na ayyuka.Duk da karuwar kasancewar Turai a cikin Tekun Indiya, kasuwancin Ottoman da gabas ya ci gaba da bunkasa.Alkahira, musamman, ta amfana daga haɓakar kofi na Yemen a matsayin sanannen kayan masarufi.Kamar yadda gidajen kofi suka bayyana a cikin birane da garuruwa a fadin daular, Alkahira ta zama babbar cibiyar kasuwancinta, tana ba da gudummawa ga ci gaba da wadatarta a cikin karni na sha bakwai da mafi yawa na karni na sha takwas.Tare da karfin iko da Tekun Bahar Maliya, Ottoman sun sami nasarar yin jayayya game da sarrafa hanyoyin kasuwanci zuwa Portuguese kuma sun ci gaba da samun babban matakin kasuwanci tare da daular Mughal a cikin karni na 16.[22]Ba za su iya kayar da Portuguese ba ko kuma barazanar jigilar su, Ottomans sun kaurace wa wani muhimmin aiki, inda suka zabi maimakon samar da abokan gaba na Portuguese irin su Aceh Sultanate, kuma abubuwa sun koma ga Matsayi.[23] Portuguese a nasu bangaren sun tilasta dangantakarsu ta kasuwanci da diflomasiyya da Safavid Farisa , makiyin Daular Usmaniyya.A hankali aka samu tsagaita wuta, inda aka ba wa Ottoman damar sarrafa hanyoyin da ke kan hanyar zuwa Turai, ta haka ne aka ajiye Basra, wadda Turawan Fotigal suka yi sha’awar samu, sannan aka ba ‘yan Portugal damar mamaye cinikin teku zuwa Indiya da Gabashin Afirka.[24] Daga nan ne Daular Usmaniyya suka karkata akalarsu zuwa Tekun Bahar Maliya, wanda suka yi ta fadadawa a baya, tare da mallakar Masar a 1517, da Aden a 1538. [25.]
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1550 - 1700
Canji na Daular Usmaniyyaornament
Zamanin Sauyi a Daular Usmaniyya
Gidan kofi na Ottoman a Istanbul. ©HistoryMaps
1550 Jan 1 - 1700

Zamanin Sauyi a Daular Usmaniyya

Türkiye
Canji na Daular Usmaniyya, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Era of Transformation, ya zama wani lokaci a cikin tarihin Daular Usmaniyya daga c.1550 da c.1700, wanda ya kasance kusan daga ƙarshen mulkin Suleiman Mai Girma zuwa Yarjejeniyar Karlowitz a ƙarshen Yaƙin Ƙungiyar Mai Tsarki.Wannan lokacin yana da sauye-sauye masu ban mamaki na siyasa, zamantakewa, da tattalin arziki, wanda ya haifar da daular ta sauya daga tsarin fadada, daular ubanci zuwa daular mulki bisa akidar tabbatar da adalci da aiki a matsayin mai kare Musulunci na Sunna.[9] Waɗannan sauye-sauyen sun kasance a cikin babban ɓangaren rikice-rikicen siyasa da tattalin arziki a ƙarshen 16th da farkon ƙarni na 17th, sakamakon hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, yaƙi, da ƙungiyoyin siyasa.Duk da haka duk da waɗannan rikice-rikicen daular ta kasance mai ƙarfi a siyasance da tattalin arziki, [10] kuma ta ci gaba da daidaitawa da ƙalubalen duniya mai canzawa.Karni na 17 an taba siffanta shi a matsayin lokacin koma baya ga Daular Usmaniyya, amma tun daga shekarun 1980 masana tarihi na Daular Usmaniyya suka kara yin watsi da wannan siffa, inda suka bayyana shi a matsayin lokacin rikici, daidaitawa, da canji.
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1550 Jan 2

Haɓakawa & Ragewar Tsarin Timar

Türkiye
A cikin rabin na biyu na karni na 16, daular ta shiga cikin matsin tattalin arziki saboda hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, wanda a lokacin yana tasiri ga Turai da Gabas ta Tsakiya.Da haka ne Ottoman suka canza da yawa daga cikin cibiyoyi waɗanda a baya suka ayyana daular, a hankali sun wargaza tsarin Timar don haɓaka dakaru na zamani na muskete, da ninka girman tsarin mulki har sau huɗu don samun sauƙin tattara kudaden shiga.Timar kyauta ce ta ƙasa daga sarakunan Daular Usmaniyya tsakanin ƙarni na sha huɗu zuwa na sha shida, tare da kuɗin harajin shekara ƙasa da akçes 20,000.Abubuwan da aka samu daga ƙasar sun zama diyya ga aikin soja.An san mai riƙe timar da timariot.Idan kudaden da aka samu daga timar sun kasance daga 20,000 zuwa 100,000 akçes, ana kiran kyautar filin zeamet, kuma idan sun kasance sama da 100,000 akçes, kyautar za a kira hass.A ƙarshen karni na sha shida tsarin Timar na mallakar ƙasa ya fara raguwar da ba za a iya murmurewa ba.A cikin 1528, Timariot ya zama mafi girma a cikin sojojin Ottoman.Sipahis ne ke da alhakin kashe kuɗin kansu, ciki har da tanadi a lokacin yaƙin neman zaɓe, kayan aikin su, samar da maza masu taimako (cebelu) da valets (gulam).Da aka fara amfani da sabbin fasahohin soja, musamman bindiga, Sipahis, wadanda suka taba zama kashin bayan sojojin daular Usmaniyya, sun zama wadanda ba su da amfani.Dogayen yaƙe-yaƙe masu tsada da sarakunan Daular Usmaniyya suka yi a kan Habsburgs da Iraniyawa sun buƙaci a kafa runduna ta zamani da kwararrun sojoji.Saboda haka, ana buƙatar kuɗi don kula da su.Ainihin, bindigar ta fi doki arha.[12] A farkon shekarun da suka gabata na karni na goma sha bakwai, yawancin kudaden shiga Timar an kawo su cikin taskar ta tsakiya a matsayin madadin kudi (bedel) don kebewa daga aikin soja.Tun da ba a ƙara buƙatar su ba, lokacin da masu riƙe Timar suka mutu, ba za a sake sanya hannun jarin su ba, amma an kawo su ƙarƙashin ikon sarauta.Da zarar an sami iko kai tsaye za a mayar da filin da ba kowa a fili zuwa Tax Farms (muqata'ah) domin a samu karin kudaden shiga ga gwamnatin tsakiya.[13]
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Cin nasara a Cyprus
An kashe Marco Antonio Bragadin, kwamandan Venetian na Famagusta, bayan da Daular Usmaniyya ta karbe birnin. ©HistoryMaps
1570 Jun 27 - 1573 Mar 7

Cin nasara a Cyprus

Cyprus
Yakin Ottoman–Venetian na Hudu, wanda kuma aka sani da Yaƙin Cyprus an yi yaƙi tsakanin 1570 zuwa 1573. An yi yaƙi tsakanin Daular Usmaniyya da Jamhuriyar Venice , ta ƙarshe ta haɗa da Ƙungiyar Mai Tsarki, gamayyar ƙasashen Kirista da aka kafa a ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka. auspices na Paparoma, wanda ya hada daSpain (tare da Naples da Sicily), Jamhuriyar Genoa , Duchy na Savoy, da Knights Hospitaller , Grand Duchy na Tuscany, da sauranItaliyanci jihohin.Yakin, wanda shi ne babban abin da ya faru a zamanin mulkin Sultan Selim II, ya fara ne da mamayar da Ottoman suka yi a tsibirin Cyprus da Venetian ke rike da shi.Babban birnin kasar Nicosia da wasu garuruwa da dama sun fada cikin gaggawa ga sojojin Ottoman mafi girma, inda Famagusta kawai ya bar hannun Venetian.An jinkirta ƙarfafawar Kirista, kuma Famagusta ya fadi a watan Agustan 1571 bayan kewaye na watanni 11.Bayan watanni biyu, a yakin Lepanto, hadaddiyar rundunar kiristoci ta lalata rundunar Ottoman, amma sun kasa cin gajiyar wannan nasara.Ottomans sun sake gina sojojin ruwa da sauri kuma Venice ta tilasta yin shawarwarin zaman lafiya na daban, ta ba da Cyprus ga Ottomans kuma ta biya haraji na 300,000 ducats.
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1571 Oct 7

Yaƙin Lepanto

Gulf of Patras, Greece
Yaƙin Lepanto wani yaƙin sojan ruwa ne wanda ya faru a ranar 7 ga Oktoba 1571 lokacin da rundunar ƙungiyar Holy League, haɗin gwiwar jihohin Katolika (wanda ya ƙunshiSpain da yankunanta na Italiya, da dama na Italiya masu zaman kansu, da Dokar Soja ta Malta) da Paparoma Pius na Biyu ya yi don ceto yankin Famagusta na Venetian da ke tsibirin Cyprus (Turkawa suka yi wa kawanya a farkon shekara ta 1571) ya haifar da gagarumar galaba a kan rundunar Daular Usmaniyya a gabar Tekun Patras.Dukkan membobin wannan kawance suna kallon sojojin ruwan Ottoman a matsayin wata babbar barazana, ga tsaron cinikin teku a tekun Bahar Rum, da kuma tsaron nahiyar Turai kanta.Nasarar da kungiyar mai tsarki ta samu na da matukar muhimmanci a tarihin kasashen Turai da na Daular Usmaniyya, wanda ke nuni da sauyin da sojojin daular Usmaniyya suka yi a tekun Mediterrenean, duk da cewa yakin Ottoman a nahiyar Turai zai ci gaba da wanzuwa tsawon wani karni.An daɗe ana kwatanta shi da yaƙin Salamis, duka don daidaitawa da dabara da kuma mahimmancin mahimmancin da yake da shi wajen kare Turai daga faɗaɗa daular.Hakanan yana da mahimmancin alama a lokacin da Turai ta yi wa nata yaƙe-yaƙe na addini bayan gyare-gyaren Furotesta .
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Littafin Haske
©Osman Hamdi Bey
1574 Jan 1

Littafin Haske

Türkiye
A shekara ta 1574, Taqi al-Din (1526-1585) ya rubuta babban aikin Larabci na ƙarshe akan ilimin gani, mai suna "Littafin Hasken ɗalibin hangen nesa da hasken gaskiyar abubuwan gani", wanda ya ƙunshi binciken gwaji a cikin juzu'i uku. akan hangen nesa, hasken haske, da jujjuyawar haske.Littafin ya yi bayani ne game da tsarin haske, yaduwarsa da jujjuyawar duniya, da alakar haske da launi.A cikin juzu'i na farko, ya yi magana ne game da "yanayin haske, tushen haske, yanayin yaduwar haske, samuwar gani, da tasirin haske ga ido da gani".A cikin juzu'i na biyu, ya ba da "tabbacin gwaji na ƙayyadaddun tunani na haɗari da haske mai mahimmanci, cikakken tsari na dokokin tunani, da bayanin gini da amfani da kayan aikin jan karfe don auna tunani daga jirgin sama, mai siffar zobe. , Silindrical, da madubai na juzu'i, ko maɗaukaki ko maɗaukaki."Juzu'i na uku "yana nazarin muhimmiyar tambaya game da bambance-bambancen da haske ke fuskanta yayin tafiya a cikin matsakaici masu yawa daban-daban, watau yanayin hasken da aka cire, samuwar refraction, yanayin hotuna da aka samo ta hanyar hasken da aka cire."
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Ci gaban Astronomical
Masana ilmin taurarin Daular Usmaniyya suna aiki a kusa da Taqī al-Dīn a cibiyar sa ido ta Istanbul. ©Ala ad-Din Mansur-Shirazi
1577 Jan 1 - 1580

Ci gaban Astronomical

İstanbul, Türkiye
Ilimin falaki ya kasance muhimmin darasi a Daular Usmaniyya.Ali Quşhji, daya daga cikin manyan masana ilmin falaki na jihar, ya yi nasarar yin taswirar duniyar wata, ya kuma rubuta littafi na farko da ya bayyana siffofin wata.A lokaci guda kuma, an samar da sabon tsarin don Mercury.Mustafa ibn Muwaqqit da Muhammad Al-Qunawi, wani mahimmin masanin falaki na daular Usmaniyya, sun yi lissafin farko na lissafin taurari da auna mintuna da sakan.Daga baya Taqi al-Din ya gina cibiyar Constantinople Observatory na Taqi ad-Din a shekara ta 1577, inda ya gudanar da binciken falaki har zuwa shekara ta 1580. Ya samar da wani Zij (mai suna Unbored Pearl) da kasidun taurari wadanda suka fi na zamaninsa, Tycho Brahe. da kuma Nicolaus Copernicus.Taqi al-Din kuma shi ne masanin falaki na farko da ya yi amfani da ma'auni goma sha ɗaya a cikin abubuwan da ya lura da shi maimakon ɓangarorin jima'i da mutanen zamaninsa da magabata ke amfani da su.Ya kuma yi amfani da hanyar Abū Rayhān al-Bīrunī na “lura da maki uku”.A cikin bishiyar Nabk, Taqi al-Din ya bayyana abubuwa guda uku da cewa "biyu daga cikinsu suna adawa ne a cikin husufi sannan na uku a duk inda ake so."Ya yi amfani da wannan hanyar don ƙididdige ƙayyadaddun yanayin kewayar Rana da motsi na shekara-shekara na apogee, haka ma Copernicus a gabansa, da Tycho Brahe jim kaɗan bayan haka.Haka nan kuma ya kirkiro wasu nau’o’in na’urorin ilmin taurari da suka hada da ingantattun agogon falaki na inji tun daga shekara ta 1556 zuwa 1580. Saboda agogon kallo da sauran kayan aikin Taqi al-Din mafi inganci.[29]Bayan rugujewar dakin kallo na Constantinoful na Taqi al-Din a shekara ta 1580, ayyukan falaki sun tsaya cak a cikin daular Usmaniyya, har zuwa lokacin da aka gabatar da heliocentrism na Copernic a 1660, lokacin da masanin Ottoman Ibrahim Efendi al-Zigetvari Tezkireci ya fassara aikin Noël Duret na Faransanci. a 1637) zuwa Larabci.[30]
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Tawayen Tattalin Arziki da Al&#39;umma
Tawayen Celali a Anatoliya. ©HistoryMaps
1590 Jan 1 - 1610

Tawayen Tattalin Arziki da Al'umma

Sivas, Türkiye
Musamman bayan shekarun 1550, da karuwar zalunci da gwamnonin kananan hukumomi ke yi da kuma karbar sabbin kudade da haraji, kananan al’amura sun fara faruwa tare da karuwa.Bayan fara yaƙe-yaƙe da Farisa , musamman bayan shekara ta 1584, Janissaries sun fara kwace filayen ma’aikatan gona don yin sama da fadi da su, da kuma ba da lamuni mai yawa tare da riba mai yawa, wanda hakan ya sa kudaden shiga na harajin jihar ya ragu sosai.A shekara ta 1598 wani shugaban Sekban, Karayazıcı Abdülhalim, ya haɗa ƙungiyoyin da ba su gamsu da su ba a yankin Anatolia Eyalet, kuma ya kafa tushe mai ƙarfi a Sivas da Dulkadir, inda ya sami damar tilasta wa garuruwa su yi masa godiya.[11] An ba shi mukamin gwamna na Çorum, amma ya ki mukamin kuma lokacin da aka tura sojojin daular Usmaniyya a kansu, sai ya ja da baya tare da dakarunsa zuwa Urfa, yana neman mafaka a wani kagara mai kagara, wanda ya zama cibiyar juriya na tsawon watanni 18.Saboda tsoron cewa sojojinsa za su yi masa tawaye, sai ya bar gidan, sojojin gwamnati suka ci shi, kuma ya mutu bayan wani lokaci a cikin 1602 saboda dalilai na halitta.Daga nan sai dan uwansa Deli Hasan ya kwace Kutahya da ke yammacin yankin Anatoliya, amma daga baya sai aka samu tallafin gwamna da shi da mabiyansa.[11]Tawayen Celali, jerin tawaye ne a yankin Anatoliya na sojojin da ba na ka'ida ba karkashin jagorancin shugabannin 'yan fashi da jami'an larduna da aka fi sani da celalî [11] kan ikon daular Usmaniyya a karshen karni na 16 da farkon zuwa tsakiyar karni na 17.Tawaye na farko da ake kira irin wannan ya faru ne a shekara ta 1519, a zamanin Sultan Selim I, kusa da Tokat a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Celâl, mai wa'azin Alevi.Tarihin Ottoman ya yi amfani da sunan Celâl daga baya a matsayin jumla na ƙungiyoyin tawaye a yankin Anatoliya, waɗanda yawancinsu ba su da wata alaƙa ta musamman da asalin Celal.Kamar yadda masana tarihi ke amfani da shi, "Tawayen Celali" suna magana ne da farko ga ayyukan 'yan fashi da masu fada a yankin Anatoliya daga c.1590 zuwa 1610, tare da na biyu kalaman na Celali aiki, a wannan lokaci jagorancin tawaye gwamnonin larduna maimakon 'yan fashi shugabannin, dawwama daga 1622 zuwa murkushe tawaye na Abaza Hasan Pasha a 1659. Wadannan tawaye sun kasance mafi girma kuma mafi dadewa a cikin tarihin daular Usmaniyya.Babban tashe-tashen hankula sun haɗa da sekbans (dakaru na musketeers ba bisa ka'ida ba) da sipahis (masan doki da tallafin ƙasa ke kiyayewa).Tawayen ba yunƙurin hambarar da gwamnatin Ottoman ba ne amma sun kasance martani ne ga rikicin zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙin da ya samo asali daga abubuwa da yawa: matsin lamba na alƙaluma biyo bayan haɓakar yawan jama'a da ba a taɓa ganin irinsa ba a ƙarni na 16, wahalar yanayi mai alaƙa da ƙaramin ƙanƙara, a faduwar darajar kudin, da kuma tara dubunnan masu fafutuka na Sekban ga sojojin Daular Usmaniyya a lokacin yake-yakensu da Habsburgs da Safavids , wadanda suka koma 'yan fashi lokacin da aka korisu.Shugabannin Celali sukan nemi bai wuce a nada su gwamnonin larduna a cikin daular ba, yayin da wasu ke fafutuka kan wasu dalilai na siyasa, kamar kokarin Abaza Mehmed Pasha na hambarar da gwamnatin Janissary da aka kafa bayan juyin mulkin Osman II a 1622, ko kuma na Abaza Hasan Pasha. sha'awar hambarar da babban vizier Köprülü Mehmed Pasha.Shugabannin Ottoman sun fahimci dalilin da ya sa 'yan tawayen Celali ke yin buƙatu, don haka suka ba wa wasu daga cikin shugabannin Celali ayyukan gwamnati don dakatar da tawaye da kuma mayar da su cikin tsarin.Sojojin Ottoman sun yi amfani da karfi wajen fatattakar wadanda ba su samu aikin yi ba suka ci gaba da yaki.Tawayen Celali dai ya kare ne a lokacin da shugabanin da suka fi karfi suka zama wani bangare na tsarin Ottoman sannan kuma sojojin daular Usmaniyya suka fatattaki masu rauni.Janissaries da tsaffin 'yan tawaye da suka shiga daular Usmaniyya sun yi yaki don ci gaba da rike sabbin ayyukan gwamnati.
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1593 Jul 29 - 1606 Nov 11

Dogon Yakin Turkiyya

Hungary
Dogon Yakin Turkiyya ko Yakin Shekaru Goma sha Uku wani yakin kasa ne da bai kai ga yanke hukunci ba tsakanin Masarautar Habsburg da Daular Usmaniyya, musamman kan Sarakunan Wallachia, Transylvania, da Moldavia.An gudanar da shi daga 1593 zuwa 1606 amma a Turai wani lokaci ana kiranta Yaƙin Shekaru Goma Sha Biyar, wanda aka yi la'akari da yakin Turkiyya na 1591-92 wanda ya kama Bihać.Manyan mahalarta yakin su ne Masarautar Habsburg, Daular Transylvania, Wallachia, da Moldavia da ke adawa da Daular Usmaniyya.Ferrara, Tuscany, Mantua, da Papal State suma sun shiga wani ɗan ƙaramin hali.Dogon Yaƙi ya ƙare tare da Aminci na Zsitvatorok a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 1606, tare da ƙananan yankuna ga manyan masarautu guda biyu - Ottomans sun ci nasara a sansanin Eger, Esztergom, da Kanisza, amma sun ba da yankin Vác (wanda suka mamaye tun daga lokacin). 1541) zuwa Austria.Yarjejeniyar ta tabbatar da gazawar Ottoman na kara kutsawa cikin yankunan Habsburg.Hakanan ya nuna cewa Transylvania ta wuce ikon Habsburg.Yarjejeniyar ta daidaita yanayi a kan iyakar Habsburg-Ottoman.
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1603 Sep 26 - 1618 Sep 26

Ottoman sun rasa Yammacin Iran da Caucasus

Iran

Yakin Ottoman-Safavid na 1603-1618 ya kunshi yake-yake guda biyu tsakanin Safawidiya Farisa karkashin Abbas I na Farisa da Daular Usmaniyya karkashin Sultans Mehmed III, Ahmed I, da Mustafa I. Yakin farko ya fara ne a shekara ta 1603 kuma ya kare da nasara a Safavid 1612, lokacin da Farisa ta sake dawowa kuma ta sake kafa ikonta a kan Caucasus da Iran ta Yamma, wanda aka rasa a yarjejeniyar Constantinople a 1590. Yaƙin na biyu ya fara a 1615 kuma ya ƙare a 1618 tare da ƙananan yankuna.

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1622 Jan 1

Dokar Farko

İstanbul, Türkiye
A Istanbul, sauye-sauyen yanayin siyasar daular sun kai ga watsi da al'adar Ottoman ta 'yan uwantaka na sarauta, da kuma tsarin gwamnati wanda ya dogara da ikon kansa na sarki.Canjin yanayin ikon Sultan ya haifar da rikice-rikicen siyasa da yawa a cikin ƙarni na 17, yayin da masu mulki da ƙungiyoyin siyasa ke kokawa don samun iko a kan gwamnatin daular.A shekara ta 1622 an hambarar da Sultan Osman II a wani boren Janissary.Babban jami'in shari'a na daular ya ba da izini ga tsarin mulkinsa na baya, wanda ke nuna raguwar mahimmancin sarkin a siyasar Ottoman.Duk da haka, ba a taɓa yin tambaya game da fifikon daular Ottoman gaba ɗaya ba.
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1623 Jan 1 - 1639

Yakin Karshe da Safad Farisa

Mesopotamia, Iraq
Yakin Ottoman-Safavid na 1623-1639 shi ne na karshe na jerin tashe-tashen hankula da aka gwabza tsakanin Daular Usmaniyya da Daular Safavid , sannan manyan kasashe biyu na Yammacin Asiya, kan iko da Mesopotamiya.Bayan nasarar farko da Farisa suka yi wajen kwato Bagadaza da galibin Irakin na zamani, bayan da suka yi hasarar shekaru 90, yakin ya zama mai daure kai yayin da Farisawa suka kasa kara matsawa zuwa cikin Daular Usmaniyya, kuma daular Usmaniyya da kansu suka shagala da yake-yake a Turai kuma suka raunana. ta tashin hankali.Daga karshe dai Daular Usmaniyya sun sami nasarar kwato Bagadaza, inda suka yi tafka asara mai yawa a yakin karshe, kuma rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Zuhab ya kawo karshen yakin da nasarar Ottoman.Kusan a magana, yarjejeniyar ta maido da iyakokin 1555, tare da Safavids sun kiyaye Dagestan, gabashin Jojiya, Armeniya ta Gabas, da Jamhuriyar Azerbaijan ta yau, yayin da yammacin Jojiya da yammacin Armeniya suka shiga karkashin mulkin Ottoman.Gabashin Samtskhe (Meskheti) ya yi hasara ga Ottomans da kuma Mesofotamiya.Duk da cewa Iraniyawa sun sake kwace wasu sassan Mesofotamiya a takaice daga baya a tarihi, musamman a zamanin mulkin Nader Shah (1736-1747) da Karim Khan Zand (1751-1779), tun daga nan ya kasance a hannun Ottoman har zuwa bayan yakin duniya na daya. .
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Maida oda
Karamin zanen Ottoman da ke nuna Murad IV yayin abincin dare ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1623 Sep 10 - 1640 Feb 8

Maida oda

Türkiye
Murad IV shi ne Sarkin Musulmi na Daular Usmaniyya daga 1623 zuwa 1640, wanda aka san shi duka don maido da ikon gwamnati da kuma rashin tausayi na hanyoyinsa.Har sai da ya karbi cikakken iko a ranar 18 ga Mayu 1632, mahaifiyarsa, Kösem Sultan, ta yi mulkin daular a matsayin mai mulki.Murad IV ya haramta barasa, taba, da kofi a Constantinople.[39] Ya ba da umarnin kisa saboda karya wannan haramcin.Ya maido da ka'idojin shari'a ta hanyar tsauraran hukunce-hukunce, gami da kisa;ya taba shake wani babban basarake saboda dalilin da ya sa jami'in ya lakada wa surukarsa duka.Mulkinsa ya kasance sananne ga Yaƙin Ottoman-Safavid, wanda sakamakonsa zai raba Caucasus tsakanin manyan sarakunan biyu na kusan ƙarni biyu.Sojojin Ottoman sun yi nasarar cin galaba a Azerbaijan, suka mamaye Tabriz, Hamadan, suka kama Bagadaza a 1638. Yarjejeniyar Zuhab da ta biyo bayan yakin gabaɗaya ta sake tabbatar da iyakokin kamar yadda Amincin Amasya ya amince, tare da Gabashin Jojiya, Azerbaijan, da Dagestan suka zauna Farisa. Yammacin Georgia ya zauna Ottoman.Mesopotamiya ya yi hasara ga Farisawa.[40] Iyakokin da aka kayyade a sakamakon yakin, sun fi ko žasa daidai da layin iyaka na yanzu tsakanin Iraki da Iran .Murad IV da kansa ya jagoranci sojojin Ottoman a shekarun karshe na yakin.
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Yana da kyau gaske
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1630 Jan 1 - 1680

Yana da kyau gaske

Balıkesir, Türkiye
Kadızadelis wani yunkuri ne na tsattsauran ra'ayi a cikin daular Usmaniyya a karni na goma sha bakwai wanda ya biyo bayan Kadızade Mehmed (1582-1635), mai wa'azin Musulunci mai farfaɗo.Kadızade da mabiyansa sun kasance kishiyoyin Sufanci da addinin da ya shahara.Sun yi Allah wadai da da yawa daga cikin ayyukan Ottoman da Kadızade ke jin bidi'ah ne "bidi'o'in da ba na Musulunci ba", tare da nuna sha'awar goyon bayan "farfado da imani da ayyukan al'ummar Musulmi na farko a karni na farko/na bakwai" ("wani umarni da kyakkyawa da hani da munanan ayyuka").[16]Kadızade Mehmed ya ci gaba da zage-zage da zafafan kalamai masu zafi, ya zaburar da mabiya da dama su shiga cikin harkokinsa tare da kawar da duk wata barna da aka samu a cikin daular Usmaniyya.Shugabannin kungiyar sun rike mukaman hukuma a matsayin masu wa'azi a manyan masallatai na Bagadaza, kuma "sun hada magoya bayansa tare da goyon baya daga cikin gwamnatin Ottoman".[17] Tsakanin shekara ta 1630 zuwa 1680 an sami tashe-tashen hankula masu yawa da suka faru tsakanin Kadizadelis da waɗanda suka ƙi.Yayin da wannan yunkuri ya ci gaba, masu fafutuka sun zama "masu tashin hankali" kuma an san Kadızadelis suna shiga "masallatai, tekkes da gidajen kofi na Ottoman don yanke hukunci ga wadanda suka saba wa tsarin addininsu."[18]Kadizadelis sun gaza wajen aiwatar da ayyukansu;duk da haka yakin nasu ya jaddada rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin tsarin addini a cikin al'ummar Ottoman.Gado na Kadizadeli daga wannan zamani zuwa wancan ya kasance cikin rugujewar shuwagabannin da suka samu kwarin guiwar wani malami Birgivi wanda ya kara bunkasa harkar Kadizade.Ci gaban addini da Kadizade ya samu a yankin Daular Usmaniyya ya karfafa gwagwarmayar kin jinin mulkin kama karya.Daga karshe dai manyan malamai na imani sun ci gaba da tallafawa tauhidin sufanci.Malamai da malamai da dama sun yi nuni da cewa Kadizadelis sun kasance masu son kai ne da munafunci;tunda akasarin sukan nasu ya ginu ne a kan cewa sun kasance a gefuna na al'umma kuma suna jin nisantar sauran tsarin zamantakewa.Malamai sun ji saboda an raba su da dama da mukamai a cikin daular Usmaniyya, Kadizadelis sun dauki matsayin da suka yi, don haka aka jefa su a matsayin masu kawo gyara a maimakon haka.
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1640 Feb 9 - 1648 Aug 8

Decadence da Rikici

Türkiye
A shekarun farko na mulkin Ibrahim ya ja da baya daga siyasa ya koma ga haraminsa don jin dadi da jin dadi.A lokacin mulkinsa, haramun sun sami sabbin kayan alatu na kayan kamshi da turare, masaku da kayan ado.Ƙaunar mata da fursunoni ya sa shi ya sami daki gaba ɗaya wanda aka yi masa layi da lynx da sable.Saboda sha'awar sa da furs, Faransawa sun yi masa lakabi da "Le Fou de Fourrures."Kösem Sultan ta kula da danta ta wajen ba shi budurwoyi da ta saya daga kasuwar bayi, da kuma mata masu kiba, wadanda ya ke so.[41]Kara Mustafa Pasha ya kasance a matsayin Grand Vizier a cikin shekaru hudu na farko na mulkin Ibrahim, ya sa daular ta tabbata.Tare da yarjejeniyar Szön (15 Maris 1642) ya sabunta zaman lafiya da Ostiriya kuma a wannan shekarar ya dawo da Azov daga Cossacks.Haka kuma Kara Mustafa ya daidaita kudin tare da sake fasalin kudin kasar, ya nemi daidaita tattalin arzikin kasar da sabon binciken filaye, da rage yawan gidajen kwana, da cire wadanda ba sa ba da gudummawar albashin ma’aikata na jihar, da kuma dakile ikon gwamnonin larduna masu bijirewa.A cikin waɗannan shekarun, Ibrahim ya nuna damuwa game da mulkin daular da kyau, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin rubutun hannu da aka rubuta tare da Grand Vizier.Ibrahim ya shiga ƙarƙashin rinjayar mutane dabam-dabam da ba su dace ba, irin su uwargidan sarkin harem Şekerpare Hatun da charlatan Cinci Hoca, waɗanda suka yi kamar suna warkar da ciwon jiki na Sarkin Musulmi.Na biyun, tare da abokansa Silahdar Yusuf Agha da Sultanzade Mehmed Pasha, sun wadata kansu da cin hanci, kuma daga ƙarshe sun yi amfani da isasshen iko don tabbatar da hukuncin kisa na Grand Vizier Ḳara Muṣṭafā.Cinci Hoca ya zama Kadiasker (Babban Alkali) na Anatolia, Yusuf Agha ya zama Kapudan Pasha (Grand Admiral) kuma Sultanzade Mehmed ya zama Grand Vizier.[42]A shekara ta 1644, ma'aikatan jirgin Malta sun kama wani jirgin ruwa dauke da manyan alhazai zuwa Makka.Tun lokacin da 'yan fashin suka yi wa tashar jiragen ruwa a Crete, Kapudan Yusuf Pasha ya ƙarfafa Ibrahim ya mamaye tsibirin.Wannan ya fara dogon yaƙi da Venice wanda ya ɗauki tsawon shekaru 24—Kreeta ba za ta faɗi gaba ɗaya ƙarƙashin mulkin Ottoman ba har sai 1669. Duk da faɗuwar La Serenissima, jiragen ruwa na Venetian sun ci nasara a ko'ina cikin Aegean, suna kama Tenedos (1646) tare da toshe Dardanelles.Rashin jin daɗin jama'a ya samo asali ne sakamakon toshewar yankin Dardanelles na Venetian—wanda ya haifar da karanci a babban birnin kasar—da kuma sanya haraji mai yawa a lokacin tattalin arzikin yaƙi don biyan bukatun Ibrahim.A shekara ta 1647 Grand Vizier Salih Pasha, Kösem Sultan, da şeyhülislam Abdürrahim Efendi suka yi rashin nasara suka yi shirin tsige sarkin tare da maye gurbinsa da daya daga cikin 'ya'yansa.An kashe Salih Pasha, kuma aka fitar da Kösem Sultan daga harami.A shekara mai zuwa ne Janisarai da ‘yan uwa suka yi tawaye.A ranar 8 ga watan Agustan 1648, cin hanci da rashawa Grand Vizier Aḥmed Pasha ya shake shi kuma ya tarwatsa shi ta hanyar wasu fusatattun mutane, yana samun laƙabi da sunan "Hezarpare" ("gudubu").A wannan ranar ne aka kama Ibrahim aka tsare shi a fadar Topkapı.Kösem ta ba da izinin faduwar danta, tana mai cewa "A ƙarshe ba zai bar ku ko ni da rai ba. Za mu rasa iko da gwamnati. Al'umma gabaɗaya sun lalace. A gaggauta tsige shi daga kan karagar mulki."Dan Ibrahim mai shekaru shida Meḥmed ya zama sarki.An shake Ibrahim ne a ranar 18 ga Agusta 1648. Mutuwarsa ita ce ta biyu a tarihin daular Usmaniyya.
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1645 Jan 1 - 1666

Yakin Cretan

Crete, Greece
Yaƙin Cretan wani rikici ne tsakanin Jamhuriyar Venice da ƙawayenta (shugaba a cikinsu Knights na Malta , Papal States da Faransa ) a kan Daular Ottoman da Barbary States, saboda an yi yaƙi da tsibirin Crete, Venice. mafi girma kuma mafi arziƙi a ketare.Yaƙin ya ci gaba daga 1645 zuwa 1669 kuma an yi yaƙi a Crete, musamman a birnin Candia, da kuma yawan ayyukan sojan ruwa da hare-hare a kusa da Tekun Aegean, tare da Dalmatiya ya ba da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na biyu.Duk da cewa Ottomans sun mamaye yawancin Crete a cikin ƴan shekarun farko na yaƙin, sansanin soja na Candia (Heraklion na zamani), babban birnin Crete, ya yi nasara cikin nasara.Tsawaita kawayen da aka yi ya tilastawa bangarorin biyu mayar da hankalinsu kan samar da sojojin da suke a tsibirin.Ga 'yan Venetia musamman, begensu na samun nasara a kan babban sojojin Ottoman a Crete ya kasance cikin nasarar kashe mata abinci da kayan taimako.Don haka yakin ya rikide zuwa jerin gwanon jiragen ruwa tsakanin sojojin ruwa biyu da abokan kawancensu.Venice ta sami taimakon al'ummomin Yammacin Turai daban-daban, waɗanda Paparoma ya yi musu gargaɗi kuma a cikin farfaɗowar ruhin crusading, ya aika maza, jiragen ruwa da kayayyaki "domin kare Kiristendam".A cikin yakin, Venice ta ci gaba da kasancewa mafi girma na sojan ruwa, ta lashe mafi yawan ayyukan sojan ruwa, amma kokarin da aka yi na toshe Dardanelles ya yi nasara a wani bangare kawai, kuma Jamhuriyar Jamhuriyar ba ta da isassun jiragen ruwa da za su iya yanke jigilar kayayyaki da ƙarfafawa zuwa Crete.Daular Usmaniyya ta samu cikas a kokarinsu na rudanin cikin gida, da kuma karkatar da sojojinsu zuwa arewa zuwa Transylvania da masarautar Habsburg.Rikicin da aka dade ya kawo gajiyar tattalin arzikin Jamhuriyar, wanda ya dogara da kasuwanci mai riba da Daular Usmaniyya.A cikin 1660s, duk da ƙarin taimako daga wasu al'ummomin Kirista, gajiyar yaƙi ya taso. A gefe guda kuma, Ottoman sun sami nasarar ci gaba da ƙarfafa sojojinsu a Crete kuma sun sake ƙarfafawa a ƙarƙashin jagorancin iyali na Köprülü, sun aika da babban balaguro na ƙarshe. a 1666 karkashin kulawar Grand Vizier kai tsaye.Wannan ya fara mataki na ƙarshe kuma mafi zubar da jini na Siege na Candia, wanda ya ɗauki fiye da shekaru biyu.Ya ƙare tare da yin sulhu da mika wuya na sansanin soja, tare da rufe makomar tsibirin da kuma kawo karshen yakin a cikin nasarar Ottoman.A cikin yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta ƙarshe, Venice ta riƙe ƴan sansanonin tsibiri keɓe daga Crete, kuma ta sami wasu nasarori na yanki a Dalmatia.Sha'awar Venetian na sake dawowa zai jagoranci, bayan shekaru 15, zuwa sabon yakin, wanda Venice za ta yi nasara.Crete, duk da haka, za ta kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Ottoman har zuwa 1897, lokacin da ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta;A ƙarshe an haɗa shi da Girka a 1913.
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Kwanciyar hankali karkashin Mehmed IV
Mehmed IV yana matashi, akan hanyar Istanbul zuwa Edirne a 1657 ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1648 Jan 1 - 1687

Kwanciyar hankali karkashin Mehmed IV

Türkiye
Mehmed IV ya hau karagar mulki yana dan shekara shida bayan da aka hambare mahaifinsa a wani juyin mulki.Mehmed ya ci gaba da zama sarki na biyu mafi dadewa a tarihin Ottoman bayan Suleiman Mai Girma.Yayin da shekarun farko da na ƙarshe na mulkinsa ke da alaƙa da shan kashi na soja da rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa, a tsakiyar shekarunsa ya lura da farfaɗo da dukiyar daular da ke da alaƙa da zamanin Köprülü.Mehmed IV dai mutanen zamanin sun san shi a matsayin mai mulki na musamman, kuma ana kiransa da gazi, ko kuma “jarumi mai tsarki” saboda rawar da ya taka a yawancin yaƙe-yaƙe da aka yi a tsawon mulkinsa.Karkashin mulkin Mehmed IV, daular ta kai tsayin daka wajen fadada yankunanta a Turai.
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Zamanin Köprülü
Grand Vizier Köprülü Mehmed Pasha (1578-1661). ©HistoryMaps
1656 Jan 1 - 1683

Zamanin Köprülü

Türkiye
Zamanin Köprülü wani lokaci ne da manyan jiga-jigai daga dangin Köprülü suka mamaye siyasar Daular Usmaniyya.Zamanin Köprülü wani lokaci an fi bayyana shi a matsayin lokacin daga 1656 zuwa 1683, kamar yadda a cikin waɗannan shekarun ne ’yan uwa suka riƙe ofishin babban magatakarda ba tare da katsewa ba, yayin da sauran lokacin suka mamaye shi ba da daɗewa ba.Köprülüs gabaɗaya ƙwararrun ƙwararrun masu gudanarwa ne kuma ana yaba su da sake farfado da arzikin daular bayan wani lokaci na shan kashi na soji da rashin kwanciyar hankali na tattalin arziki.An yi gyare-gyare da dama a karkashin mulkinsu, wanda ya baiwa daular damar warware rikicin kasafin kudinta da kuma kawar da rikicin bangaranci a cikin daular.Tashin hankalin Köprülü ya samo asali ne sakamakon rikicin siyasa da ya samo asali daga gwagwarmayar kudi na gwamnati tare da matsananciyar bukatar karya shingen da Venetian ya yi wa Dardanelles a yakin Cretan da ke gudana.Don haka, a watan Satumba na 1656 Valide Sultan Turhan Hatice ya zaɓi Köprülü Mehmed Pasha a matsayin babban ma'aikaci, tare da ba shi tabbacin cikakken tsaro na ofis.Ta yi fatan kawancen siyasa tsakanin su biyu zai dawo da arzikin daular Usmaniyya.Köprülü ya yi nasara a ƙarshe;gyare-gyaren da ya yi ya baiwa daular damar karya katangar Venetian da kuma maido da iko ga Transylvania mai tawaye.Duk da haka, waɗannan nasarorin sun zo da tsadar rayuwa a rayuwa, yayin da babban ma'aikacin ya aiwatar da kisan kiyashi da yawa na sojoji da jami'an da ya ɗauka cewa ba su da aminci.Mutane da yawa suna ganin rashin adalci, waɗannan tsarkakewa sun haifar da babbar tawaye a 1658, jagorancin Abaza Hasan Pasha.Bayan da aka murkushe wannan tawaye, iyalin Köprülü sun kasance babu ƙalubale a siyasance har sai da suka gaza cin Vienna a shekara ta 1683. Köprülü Mehmed da kansa ya mutu a shekara ta 1661, sa’ad da ɗansa Fazıl Ahmed Pasha ya gaje shi.gyare-gyaren da aka yi a lokacin Yaƙin Ƙungiya Mai Tsarki na 1683-99 ya yi tasiri sosai a Daular Ottoman.Bayan girgizar farko ta hasarar Hungary, shugabancin daular ta fara wani tsari mai ɗorewa na gyare-gyare da nufin ƙarfafa rundunar soji da ƙungiyar kasafin kuɗi na jihar.Wannan ya hada da gina rundunar galleons na zamani, halalta da harajin siyar da sigari da sauran kayan alatu, da gyara harkokin kudaden wakafi da tara haraji, da kawar da rugujewar albashin ma’aikata, da gyara tsarin cizye. tara, da kuma sayar da gonakin haraji na rayuwa wanda aka sani da malikâne.Wadannan matakan sun baiwa daular Ottoman damar warware gibin kasafin kudinta da shiga karni na sha takwas da rarar rarar kudi.[19]
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Ottomans sun sami mafi yawan Ukraine
Yaƙi a kan Tutar Turkiyya ta Józef Brandt. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1672 Jan 1 - 1676

Ottomans sun sami mafi yawan Ukraine

Poland
Abubuwan da suka haifar da yakin Poland -Ottoman na 1672-1676 za a iya gano su zuwa shekara ta 1666. Petro Doroshenko Hetman na Zaporizhian Host, da nufin samun iko da Ukraine amma yana fuskantar shan kashi daga wasu bangarorin da ke fafutukar neman ikon yankin, a wani yunkuri na karshe na kiyaye wannan yanki. ikonsa a Ukraine, ya sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Sultan Mehmed IV a 1669 wanda ya amince da Cossack Hetmanate a matsayin mai mulkin Ottoman Empire.[83]A cikin 1670, duk da haka, Hetman Doroshenko ya sake ƙoƙari ya mallaki Ukraine, kuma a cikin 1671 Khan na Crimea, Adil Giray, mai goyon bayan Commonwealth, ya maye gurbinsa da wani sabon, Selim I Giray, da Sarkin Ottoman.Selim ya shiga cikin kawance tare da Doroshenko's Cossacks;amma kuma kamar a cikin 1666-67 sojojin Cossack-Tatar sun sha kashi a hannun Sobieski.Sannan Selim ya sake sabunta mubaya’a ga Sarkin Musulmin, ya kuma nemi a taimaka masa, wanda Sarkin ya amince da hakan.Don haka rikicin kan iyaka da ba bisa ka'ida ba ya rikide zuwa yaki na yau da kullun a shekara ta 1671, yayin da a yanzu daular Usmaniyya ta shirya tura runfunan ta na yau da kullun zuwa fagen fama a kokarinta na neman mallakar wannan yanki da kanta.[84]Dakarun Ottoman wadanda adadinsu ya kai 80,000 da Grand Vizier Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed da Sarkin Ottoman Mehmed IV suka jagoranta, suka mamaye Ukraine a watan Agusta, sun kwace sansanin Commonwealth a Kamieniec Podolski tare da kewaye Lwów.Ba tare da shirye-shiryen yaƙi ba, Commonwealth Sejm an tilasta wa sanya hannu kan Amincin Buczacz a cikin Oktoba waccan shekarar, wanda ya ba da Ottomans na Commonwealth na Ukraine.A cikin 1676, bayan 16,000 na Sobieski sun yi tsayin daka na tsawon mako biyu na Żurawno, da mutane 100,000 a karkashin Ibrahim Pasha, an sanya hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya, Yarjejeniyar Żurawno.[84] Yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta juyar da wasu daga Buczacz: Ottomans sun kiyaye kusan kashi biyu cikin uku na yankunan da suka samu a 1672, kuma Commonwealth ba ta zama tilas ta biya kowane irin haraji ga Daular ba;Daular Usmaniyya ta saki da yawa daga cikin fursunonin Poland.
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1683 Jul 14 - 1699 Jan 26

Yaƙe-yaƙe na Ƙungiyar Mai Tsarki

Austria
Bayan wasu ƴan shekaru na zaman lafiya, Daular Usmaniyya, wadda ta sami kwarin guiwar nasarori a yammacin ƙasashen Poland-Lithuania Commonwealth, ta kai hari ga masarautar Habsburg.Turkawa sun kusa kame Vienna, amma John III Sobieski ya jagoranci kawancen kiristoci da suka ci nasara a yakin Vienna (1683), wanda ya dakile mulkin daular Usmaniyya a kudu maso gabashin Turai.Paparoma Innocent XI ne ya ƙaddamar da sabuwar Ƙungiyar Mai Tsarki kuma ta ƙunshi Daular Roman Mai Tsarki (wanda Habsburg Austria ke shugabanta), Ƙasar Poland –Lithuanian Commonwealth da Jamhuriyar Venetian a 1684, Rasha ta haɗa a 1686. Yaƙin Mohács na biyu (1687) ya kasance. mugun kaye ga Sultan.Turkawa sun fi samun nasara a fagen siyasar Poland kuma sun sami damar rike Podolia yayin yakin da suka yi da kungiyar Commonwealth ta Poland-Lithuania.Shigar da Rasha ta yi shi ne karon farko da kasar ta shiga kawancen kasashen Turai a hukumance.Wannan shi ne farkon jerin yakin Rasha-Turkiyya, wanda na karshe shine yakin duniya na daya .A sakamakon yakin Crimean da yakin Azov, Rasha ta kama babban sansanin Ottoman na Azov.Bayan yakin Zenta mai mahimmanci a cikin 1697 da ƙananan rikici (kamar yakin Podhajce a 1698), Ƙungiyar ta lashe yakin a 1699 kuma ta tilasta Daular Ottoman ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Karlowitz.Daular Usmaniyya ta mika mafi yawan kasashen Hungary, Transylvania da Slavonia, da kuma wasu sassan Croatia, ga masarautar Habsburg yayin da Podolia ta koma Poland.Yawancin Dalmatia sun wuce zuwa Venice, tare da Morea (kasar Peloponnese), wanda Ottomans suka sake cin nasara a 1715 kuma suka sake dawowa a cikin Yarjejeniyar Passarowitz na 1718.
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Fadada Tsardom na Rasha
Mehmed the Hunter-Avcı Mehmet Paintings wanda aka ba da izini a karni na 17 (1657). ©Claes Rålamb
1686 Jan 1 - 1700

Fadada Tsardom na Rasha

Azov, Rostov Oblast, Russia
Bayan gazawar Turkiyya na daukar Vienna a 1683, Rasha ta shiga Austria, Poland , da Jamhuriyar Venice a cikin Kungiyar Mai Tsarki (1684) don korar Turkawa zuwa kudu.Rasha da Poland sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta har abada ta 1686. An yi kamfen guda uku a arewacin Bahar Maliya.A lokacin yakin, sojojin Rasha sun shirya yakin Crimean na 1687 da 1689 duka wanda ya ƙare a cin nasara na Rasha.[32] Duk da wannan koma baya, Rasha ta kaddamar da yakin Azov a 1695 da 1696, kuma bayan tada shi a 1695 [33] ta yi nasarar mamaye Azov a 1696. [34.]Dangane da shirye-shiryen yaki da Daular Sweden, Tsar Peter Mai Girma na Rasha ya sanya hannu kan yerjejeniyar Karlowitz tare da Daular Ottoman a 1699. Yarjejeniyar Constantinople ta gaba a 1700, ta ba da Azov, sansanin Taganrog, Pavlovsk da Mius zuwa Rasha da kuma ya kafa jakadan Rasha a Konstantinoful, kuma ya tabbatar da dawowar duk fursunonin yaki.Har ila yau, Sarkin ya tabbatar da cewa, 'yan kasarsa, Cossacks, ba za su kai farmaki kan Daular Usmaniyya ba, yayin da Sarkin Musulmi ya tabbatar da cewa na karkashinsa, 'yan Tatar Crimea, ba za su kai wa Rasha hari ba.
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1687 Aug 12

Juyawar arziki a Turai

Nagyharsány, Hungary
An yi yakin Mohács na biyu a ranar 12 ga Agusta 1687 tsakanin sojojin Ottoman Sultan Mehmed IV, wanda Grand-Vazier Sari Süleyman Paşa ya ba da umarni, da sojojin Sarkin Roma Mai Tsarki Leopold I, wanda Charles na Lorraine ya jagoranta.Sakamakon ya kasance babbar nasara ga 'yan Austriya.Sojojin Daular Usmaniyya sun yi asara mai dimbin yawa, inda aka yi kiyasin mutuwar mutane 10,000, da kuma hasarar mafi yawan makamanta na bindigu (kimanin bindigu 66) da kuma yawancin kayan tallafi.Bayan yakin, daular Usmaniyya ta fada cikin rikici mai zurfi.An yi bore a tsakanin sojojin.Kwamanda Sari Suleyman Pasa ya tsorata cewa sojojinsa za su kashe shi kuma ya gudu daga umurninsa, da farko zuwa Belgrade sannan zuwa Konstantinoful.Lokacin da labarin cin nasara da mutiny ya isa Constantinople a farkon Satumba, an nada Abaza Siyavuş Pasha a matsayin kwamanda kuma a matsayin Grand Vizier.Duk da haka, kafin ya karbi ragamar shugabancinsa, sojojin Ottoman gaba daya sun wargaje, kuma sojojin gidan Ottoman (Janisary da Sipahis) sun fara komawa sansaninsu na Konstantinoful karkashin nasu manyan hafsoshi.Ko da Grand Vizier's regent a Konstantinoful ya firgita da boye.An kashe Sari Suleyman Pasa.Sultan Mehmed IV ya nada kwamandan Bosphorus Straits Köprülü Fazıl Mustafa Pasha a matsayin babban magatakarda na Grand Vizier a Constantinople.Ya yi shawara da shugabannin sojojin da suka wanzu da kuma sauran jagororin daular Usmaniyya.Bayan haka, a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba aka yanke shawarar tsige Sultan Mehmed IV tare da nada Suleiman II a matsayin sabon Sarkin Musulmi.Rushewar sojojin Ottoman ya baiwa sojojin Imperial Habsburg damar mamaye yankuna masu yawa.Sun kwace Osijek, Petrovaradin, Sremski Karlovci, Ilok, Valpovo, Požega, Palota da Eger.Yawancin Slavonia da Transylvania a yau sun kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin Imperial.A ranar 9 ga Disamba an shirya wani abinci na Pressburg (yau Bratislava, Slovakia), kuma Archduke Joseph ya sami sarauta a matsayin sarki na farko na gado na Hungary, kuma an ayyana sarakunan Habsburg a matsayin sarakuna shafaffu na Hungary.Shekara guda daular Ottoman ta gurgunce, kuma sojojin Imperial Habsburg sun shirya kama Belgrade su kutsa cikin yankin Balkan.
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1697 Sep 11

Rushewar ikon Ottoman na tsakiyar Turai

Zenta, Serbia
A ranar 18 ga Afrilun 1697, Mustafa ya hau balaguron sa na uku, yana shirin mamaye ƙasar Hungary.Ya bar Edirne da rundunar mutane 100,000.Sultan ya dauki umarni na sirri, ya kai Belgrade a karshen bazara, a ranar 11 ga Agusta.Mustafa ya tara majalisar yaki washegari.A ranar 18 ga Agusta Ottomans sun bar Belgrade sun nufi arewa zuwa Szeged.A wani harin ba-zata, dakarun daular Habsburg karkashin jagorancin Yarima Eugene na Savoy sun yi artabu da sojojin Turkiyya a lokacin da suke tsaka da tsallaka kogin Tisza a Zenta mai tazarar kilomita 80 daga arewa maso yammacin Belgrade.Dakarun Habsburg sun yi sanadin mutuwar dubban mutane, ciki har da Grand Vizier, sun tarwatsa sauran, suka kame baitul-malin daular Usmaniyya, suka kuma zo da irin wadannan alamu na babban ikon Ottoman kamar Hatimin Daular da ba a taba kamawa ba.A daya bangaren kuma, hasarar da kawancen kasashen Turai suka yi ya yi kadan.Bayan shekaru goma sha huɗu na yaƙi, yaƙin da aka yi a Zenta ya zama sanadin zaman lafiya;A cikin watanni masu shiga tsakani na bangarorin biyu sun fara tattaunawar zaman lafiya a Sremski Karlovci karkashin kulawar jakadan Ingila a Constantinople, William Paget.Ta hanyar yarjejeniyar Karlowitz, da aka sanya hannu a kusa da Belgrade a ranar 26 ga Janairu 1699, Ostiriya ta sami iko da Hungary (sai dai Banat na Temesvar da ƙaramin yanki na Gabashin Slavonia), Transylvania, Croatia da Slavonia.An sake shigar da wani yanki na yankunan da aka dawo cikin Masarautar Hungary;Sauran an tsara su a matsayin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban a cikin masarautar Habsburg, kamar Masarautar Transylvania da Frontier na Soja.Turkawa sun kiyaye Belgrade da Sabiya, Sava ta zama iyakar arewa mafi kusa da Daular Usmaniyya da Bosnia lardin iyaka.Nasarar da aka yi a karshe ta sa baki daya janyewar Turkawa daga kasar Hungary tare da nuna alamar kawo karshen mamayar daular Usmaniyya a Turai.
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1700 - 1825
Tsayawa & Gyaraornament
Lamarin Edirne
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1703 Jan 1

Lamarin Edirne

Edirne, Türkiye
Abin da ya faru na Edirne tawaye ne na janisary wanda ya fara a Constantinople (yanzu Istanbul) a cikin 1703. Tawayen ya kasance martani ne ga sakamakon yarjejeniyar Karlowitz da rashin Sultan Mustafa II daga babban birnin kasar.Karuwar karfin tsohon malamin sarkin musulmi, Şeyhülislam Feyzullah Efendi da tabarbarewar tattalin arzikin daular sakamakon noman haraji su ma sune musabbabin boren.A sakamakon taron Edirne, an kashe Şeyhülislam Feyzullah Efendi, kuma aka hambarar da Sultan Mustafa II daga mulki.An maye gurbin Sarkin da dan uwansa, Sultan Ahmed III.Taron Edirne ya ba da gudummawa ga raguwar ikon sultanate da karuwar ikon janissaries da kadis.
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1710 Jan 1 - 1711

An duba faɗaɗa Rasha

Prut River
Baya ga asarar Banat da asarar wucin gadi na Belgrade (1717-1739), iyakar Ottoman a kan Danube da Sava ta kasance barga a cikin karni na sha takwas.Fadada Rasha, duk da haka, ya gabatar da babbar barazana da girma.Don haka, an yi marhabin da Sarki Charles XII na Sweden a matsayin abokin kawance a daular Usmaniyya bayan da Rashawa suka sha kaye a yakin Poltava na 1709 a tsakiyar Ukraine (wani bangare na Babban Yakin Arewa na 1700-1721).Charles XII ya lallashi Sarkin Daular Usmaniyya Ahmed III ya shelanta yaki da Rasha.Yaƙin Russo-Ottoman na 1710-1711, wanda kuma aka sani da Yaƙin Pruth River, wani ɗan gajeren rikici ne na soja tsakanin Tsardom na Rasha da Daular Ottoman.Babban yakin ya faru ne a tsakanin 18-22 Yuli 1711 a cikin kwarin kogin Pruth kusa da Stănilești (Stanilesti) bayan Tsar Peter I ya shiga masarautar Ottoman vassal na Moldavia, bayan daular Ottoman ta ayyana yaki da Rasha.Mutanen Rasha 38,000 da ba su yi shiri ba tare da Moldavia 5,000, sun sami kansu a kewaye da Sojojin Ottoman karkashin Grand Vizier Baltaci Mehmet Pasha.Bayan shafe kwanaki uku ana gwabza fada da munanan raunuka an ba wa Tsar da sojojinsa izinin ficewa bayan sun amince su yi watsi da kagara na Azov da yankinsa.Nasarar Ottoman ta kai ga yerjejeniyar Pruth wadda yerjejeniyar Adrianople ta tabbatar.Ko da yake an fara samun labarin nasarar a birnin Constantinople, jam'iyyar da ba ta gamsu da yakin ba ta mayar da ra'ayi na gaba daya kan Baltacı Mehmet Pasha, wanda aka zarge shi da karbar cin hanci daga Peter Great.Daga nan sai Baltacı Mehmet Pasha ya samu sauki daga ofishinsa.
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Ottoman sun dawo da Morea
Ottoman sun dawo da Morea. ©HistoryMaps
1714 Dec 9 - 1718 Jul 21

Ottoman sun dawo da Morea

Peloponnese, Greece
An yi yakin Ottoman-Venetian na Bakwai tsakanin Jamhuriyar Venice da Daular Ottoman tsakanin 1714 zuwa 1718. Shi ne rikici na karshe tsakanin masu iko biyu, kuma ya ƙare da nasarar Ottoman da asarar babban mallakar Venice a tsibirin Girka. Peloponnese (Morea).Venice ta sami ceto daga babban shan kashi ta hanyar shiga tsakani na Ostiriya a 1716. Nasarar Austrian ta kai ga sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Passarowitz a 1718, wanda ya kawo karshen yakin.Wannan yakin kuma ana kiransa Yaƙin Morean na Biyu, Yaƙin Kananan Ko, a cikin Croatia, Yaƙin Sinj.
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Ottomans sun yi asarar ƙarin ƙasashen Balkan
Yaƙin Petrovaradin. ©Jan Pieter van Bredael
1716 Apr 13 - 1718 Jul 21

Ottomans sun yi asarar ƙarin ƙasashen Balkan

Smederevo, Serbia
A matsayin martani a matsayin mai bada garantin yarjejeniyar Karlowitz, Austrian sun yi barazana ga daular Usmaniyya, wanda ya sa ta shelanta yaki a cikin Afrilu 1716. A 1716, Yarima Eugene na Savoy ya ci Turkawa a yakin Petrovaradin.Yarima Eugene ya mamaye Banat da babban birninsa Timişoara a watan Oktoban shekara ta 1716. A shekara ta 1716, bayan da 'yan Austriya suka mamaye Belgrade, Turkawa sun nemi zaman lafiya, kuma an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Passarowitz a ranar 21 ga Yuli 1718.Habsburgs sun sami iko da Belgrade, Temesvár (sansanin Ottoman na ƙarshe a Hungary), yankin Banat, da wasu sassan arewacin Serbia.Wallachia (mai mulkin Ottoman vassal) ya ba da Oltenia (Ƙananan Wallachia) ga Masarautar Habsburg, wadda ta kafa Banat na Craiova.Turkawa sun rike iko da yankin kudu da kogin Danube kawai.Yarjejeniyar ta tanadi Venice ta mikawa Morea ga Ottomans, amma ta ci gaba da rike tsibiran Ionian kuma ta samu nasara a Dalmatia.
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Lokacin Tulip
Fountain Ahmed III misali ne na gine-ginen zamanin Tulip ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1718 Jul 21 - 1730 Sep 28

Lokacin Tulip

Türkiye
Zaman Tulip wani lokaci ne a cikin tarihin Ottoman daga yarjejeniyar Passarowitz a ranar 21 ga Yuli 1718 zuwa Tawayen Patrona Halil a ranar 28 ga Satumba 1730. Wannan lokaci ne mai cike da lumana, a lokacin da Daular Ottoman ta fara karkatar da kanta a waje.Karkashin jagorancin surukin Sultan Ahmed III, Grand Vizier Nevşehirli Damat İbrahim Pasha, daular Usmaniyya ta fara aiwatar da sabbin manufofi da shirye-shirye a wannan lokacin, wanda ya kafa na'urar buga buga littattafai ta farko a cikin 1720s, [31] da kuma kasuwanci da masana'antu ingantattu.Grand Vizier ya damu da inganta dangantakar kasuwanci da haɓaka kudaden shiga na kasuwanci, wanda zai taimaka wajen bayyana komawa ga lambuna da kuma salon jama'a na kotun Ottoman a wannan lokacin.Grand Vizier ya kasance mai matukar sha'awar tulip kwararan fitila, inda ya kafa misali ga jiga-jigan Istanbul wadanda suka fara mutunta nau'in tulip na fenti mara iyaka da kuma murnar yanayin lokacinsa.Matsayin tufa na Ottoman da al'adun kayan masarufi sun haɗa da sha'awar tulip.A cikin Istanbul, ana iya samun tulips daga kasuwannin furanni zuwa fasahar filastik zuwa siliki da yadi.Tulip kwararan fitila za a iya samu a ko'ina;Bukatun ya karu a cikin al'ummar da aka fi sani da su inda za a iya samun su a gidaje da lambuna.
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Rikicin Ottoman-Russo a Crimea
Sojojin daular Rasha (karni na 18). ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1735 May 31 - 1739 Oct 3

Rikicin Ottoman-Russo a Crimea

Crimea
Yakin Russo-Turkiyya na 1735-1739 tsakanin Daular Rasha da Daular Usmaniyya ya faru ne sakamakon yakin daular Usmaniyya da Farisa da ci gaba da kai hare-hare daga Tatar na Crimea.[46 <>] Har ila yau, yakin yana wakiltar gwagwarmayar da Rasha ke ci gaba da yi na samun damar shiga Tekun Bahar Rum.A shekara ta 1737, masarautar Habsburg ta shiga yaki a bangaren Rasha, wanda aka sani a tarihin tarihi da yakin Austro-Turkish na 1737-1739.
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Ottomans sun yi hasarar ƙarin ƙasa ga Rashawa
Rushewar jiragen ruwa na Turkiyya a yakin Chesme, 1770 ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1768 Jan 1 - 1774

Ottomans sun yi hasarar ƙarin ƙasa ga Rashawa

Eastern Europe
Yakin Russo-Turkiyya na 1768-1774 babban rikici ne na makami wanda ya ga makaman Rasha sun yi nasara a kan Daular Usmaniyya.Nasarar da Rasha ta samu ya kawo sassan Moldavia, Yedisan tsakanin kogunan Bug da Dnieper, da Crimea cikin tasirin Rasha.Ta hanyar jerin nasarorin da Daular Rasha ta samu ta haifar da gagarumin rinjaye na yankuna, ciki har da cin nasara kai tsaye a kan yawancin yankin Pontic-Caspian, ƙasa da yankin Ottoman ya kasance an mamaye kai tsaye fiye da yadda ake zato saboda gwagwarmayar gwagwarmaya tsakanin tsarin diflomasiyyar Turai. tabbatar da daidaiton iko wanda ya yarda da sauran kasashen Turai kuma ya kauce wa mulkin Rasha kai tsaye kan Gabashin Turai.Duk da haka, Rasha ta iya amfani da damar daular Ottoman da ta raunana, da kawo karshen yakin shekaru bakwai, da kuma janyewar Faransa daga harkokin Poland don tabbatar da kanta a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan karfin soja na nahiyar.Asara da Turkiyya ta yi sun hada da kashin diflomasiyya da ke ganin koma bayanta a matsayin barazana ga Turai, da rasa ikon da take da shi na kebantaccen gero, da kuma fara cece-ku-ce a Turai game da tambayar Gabashin da za ta yi tasiri a harkokin diflomasiyyar Turai har zuwa rushewar Daular Usmaniyya a cikin bayan yakin duniya na daya.Yarjejeniyar Küçük Kaynarca ta 1774 ta kawo ƙarshen yaƙin kuma ta ba da ’yancin yin ibada ga ’yan ƙasar Kirista na lardunan Wallachia da Moldavia da Ottoman ke iko da su.A karshen karni na 18, bayan da aka sha kashi da dama a yakin da aka yi da kasar Rasha, wasu mutanen daular Usmaniyya sun fara ganin cewa sauye-sauyen da Peter Mai girma ya yi ya baiwa Rashawa gaba, kuma dole ne Ottoman su ci gaba da tafiya da kasashen yamma. fasaha don gujewa ci gaba da cin nasara.[55]
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Gyaran Sojan Daular Usmaniyya
Janar Aubert-Dubayet tare da Ofishin Jakadancinsa wanda Grand Vizier ya karbe shi a cikin 1796, zanen Antoine-Laurent Castellan. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1787 Jan 1

Gyaran Sojan Daular Usmaniyya

Türkiye
Lokacin da Selim III ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 1789, an kaddamar da wani gagarumin kokari na kawo sauyi na soja, wanda aka yi niyyar tabbatar da daular Usmaniyya.Sarkin Musulmi da wadanda suka kewaye shi sun kasance masu ra'ayin mazan jiya kuma suna son a kiyaye halin da ake ciki.Babu wani mai mulki a Masarautar da ke da sha'awar sauyin zamantakewa.Selim III a cikin 1789 zuwa 1807 ya kafa rundunar "Nizam-i Cedid" (sabon tsari) don maye gurbin sojojin da ba su da inganci da rashin inganci.Tsohon tsarin ya dogara ga Janissaries, waɗanda suka rasa tasirin aikin soja.Selim ya bi tsarin sojan Yamma a hankali.Zai yi tsada ga sabon sojoji, don haka dole ne a kafa sabuwar baitulmali.Sakamakon haka shi ne Porte a yanzu tana da ƙwararrun sojojin da turawa suka horar da su sanye da makamai na zamani.Duk da haka tana da ƙasa da sojoji 10,000 a zamanin da sojojin Yamma suka fi girma sau goma zuwa hamsin.Bugu da ƙari, Sarkin Musulmi yana tada hankali ga ingantattun ikon siyasa na gargajiya.Sakamakon haka ba kasafai ake amfani da shi ba, baya ga amfani da shi wajen yakar sojojin Napoléon a Gaza da Rosetta.An narkar da sabuwar sojojin ta hanyar abubuwan da suka haifar da kifar da Selim a 1807, amma ya zama abin koyi na sabon Sojojin Ottoman da aka kirkira daga baya a karni na 19.[35] [36]
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Mamayewar Faransa a Masar
Yaƙin Pyramids, Louis-François, Baron Lejeune, 1808 ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1798 Jul 1 - 1801 Sep 2

Mamayewar Faransa a Masar

Egypt
A lokacin,Masar ta kasance lardin Ottoman tun shekara ta 1517, amma a yanzu ta fita daga ikon Ottoman kai tsaye, kuma ta kasance cikin rikici, tare da rashin jituwa tsakanin manyan masu mulkina Mamluk .A Faransa , salon "Masar" ya kasance a kan gaba - masana kimiyya sun yi imanin cewa Masar ita ce shimfiɗar jariri na wayewar Yammacin Turai kuma suna son cinye ta.Yaƙin Faransa a Masar da Siriya (1798-1801) yaƙin neman zaɓe na Napoleon Bonaparte ne a yankunan Ottoman na Masar da Siriya, wanda ya yi shelar kare muradun kasuwancin Faransa da kafa masana'antar kimiyya a yankin.Ita ce babbar manufar yaƙin neman zaɓe na Bahar Rum na 1798, jerin ayyukan sojojin ruwa waɗanda suka haɗa da kama Malta da tsibirin Crete na Girka, daga baya suka isa tashar jiragen ruwa na Alexandria.Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya ƙare da shan kaye ga Napoleon, wanda ya kai ga janye sojojin Faransa daga yankin.Baya ga muhimmancinsa a faffadan yakin juyin juya halin Faransa, yakin ya yi tasiri mai karfi ga daular Usmaniyya gaba daya, musamman kasashen Larabawa.Mamaya ya nuna fifikon soji, fasaha, da ƙungiyoyi na ƙasashen yammacin Turai zuwa Gabas ta Tsakiya.Wannan ya haifar da sauye-sauye na zamantakewa a yankin.Shi dai wannan mamayar ya gabatar da abubuwan kirkire-kirkire na yammacin turai, irinsu na'urorin buga littattafai, da ra'ayoyi, irin su 'yan sassaucin ra'ayi da kishin kasa, zuwa yankin gabas ta tsakiya, wanda daga karshe ya kai ga kafa 'yancin kai da zamanantar da kasar Masar karkashin Muhammad Ali Pasha a farkon rabin karni na 19 da kuma a ƙarshe Nahda, ko Larabawa Renaissance.Ga masana tarihi na zamani, zuwan Faransa shine farkon farkon Gabas ta Tsakiya na zamani.[53 <>] Da ban mamaki da Napoleon ya yi wa sojojin Mamluk na al'ada a yakin dala ya zama abin tunatarwa ga zamanantar da sarakunan musulmi don aiwatar da sauye-sauye na soja.[54]
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juyin juya halin Serbia
Yaƙin Misar, zanen. ©Afanasij Scheloumoff
1804 Feb 14 - 1817 Jul 26

juyin juya halin Serbia

Balkans
Juyin Juyin Juya Halin Sabiya wani yunkuri ne na kasa da sauyin tsarin mulki a Sabiya wanda ya faru tsakanin 1804 zuwa 1835, inda wannan yanki ya samo asali daga lardin Ottoman zuwa yankin 'yan tawaye, daular tsarin mulki, da Sabiya ta zamani.[56] Sashe na farko na lokacin, daga 1804 zuwa 1817, ya kasance alama ce ta mummunar gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai daga Daular Usmaniyya tare da tayar da makami guda biyu, wanda ya ƙare tare da tsagaita wuta.Daga baya lokacin (1817-1835) ya shaida zaman lumana na ƙarfafa ikon siyasa na Serbia mai cin gashin kansa, wanda ya ƙare a cikin amincewa da haƙƙin mallaka na mulkin gado na sarakunan Serbia a 1830 da 1833 da kuma fadada yankunan sarauta na matasa.[57] Amincewa da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na farko a cikin 1835 ya kawar da feudalism da saɓo, kuma ya sanya ƙasar suzerain.Wadannan al'amura sun nuna tushen Sabiya ta zamani.[58] A tsakiyar 1815, tattaunawar farko ta fara tsakanin Obrenović da Marashli Ali Pasha, gwamnan Ottoman.Sakamakon ya kasance amincewa da mulkin Serbian da Daular Ottoman ta yi.Kodayake jihar vassal na Porte (harajin haraji na shekara), ya kasance, a mafi yawan al'amura, ƙasa mai zaman kanta.
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Kabakçı Mustafa a matsayin mai mulkin daular
Kabakci Mustafa ©HistoryMaps
1807 May 25 - May 29

Kabakçı Mustafa a matsayin mai mulkin daular

İstanbul, Türkiye
Sultan Selim na uku mai neman sauyi wanda ke karkashin jagorancin juyin juya halin Faransa yayi kokarin gyara cibiyoyin daular.An kira shirinsa Nizamı cedit (New Order).Duk da haka, waɗannan ƙoƙarin sun gamu da sukar masu ra'ayin.Jami'an tsaron sun ji tsoron a horar da su a salon yammacin duniya kuma masu addini suna adawa da hanyoyin da ba na musulmi ba a cibiyoyin zamani.Mazauna tsakiyar birnin kuma sun yi adawa da Nizamı Cedit saboda sabbin haraji don tallafawa shirin da kuma cin hanci da rashawa na Ottoman Porte.[85]A ranar 25 ga Mayu 1807 Raif Mehmet, ministan Bosphorous, ya yi ƙoƙari ya shawo kan yamaks (wani rukuni na musamman na sojoji waɗanda ke da alhakin kare Bosphorous da 'yan fashin Cossack daga Ukraine) su sa sabon tufafi.Ya bayyana a fili cewa mataki na gaba zai zama horo na zamani.Amma yamaks sun ki sanya wadannan kakin kuma sun kashe Raif Mehmet.Ana ɗaukar wannan lamarin a matsayin farkon tawaye.Daga nan ne yamaks suka fara tattaki zuwa Istanbul, babban birnin kasar kimanin kilomita 30 (mil 19).A karshen ranar farko sun yanke shawarar zabar shugaba kuma suka zabi Kabakçı Mustafa a matsayin shugabansu.(Daular Usmaniyya ta kasance cikin rashin kwanciyar hankali tare da daular Rasha a lokacin yakin hadin gwiwa na hudu tsakanin daular Faransa da daular Rasha, don haka yawancin sojojin suna gaban yaki).Kwanaki biyu Kabakçı ya isa Istanbul ya fara mulkin babban birnin kasar.Hasali ma Kabakçı ya kasance karkashin jagorancin Köse Musa da Sheikh ul-Islam Topal Ataullah.Ya kafa kotu tare da lissafo sunaye 11 na manyan masu hannu da shuni na Nizami Cedit da za a kashe.A cikin kwanaki da dama an kashe wasu sunaye da azabtarwa.Sannan ya nemi a soke duk wata cibiyoyi da aka kafa a cikin iyakokin Nizamı Cedit wanda dole ne sarkin ya amince.Ya kuma bayyana rashin amincewarsa da sarkin ya kuma nemi ya dauki sarakunan daular Usmaniyya guda biyu (sarakunan da za su zo nan gaba wato Mustafa IV da Mahmud II) a karkashin kariyarsa.Bayan wannan mataki na karshe Selim III yayi murabus (ko kuma fetwa ta Ataullah ta tilasta masa yin murabus) a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1807. [86] An nada Mustafa IV a matsayin sabon sarki.
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1821 Feb 21 - 1829 Sep 12

Yaƙin 'Yancin Girika

Greece
Juyin Juyin Juya Halin Girka ba lamari ne da ya keɓanta ba;yunƙurin maido da ƴancin kai da dama sun yi nasara a tsawon tarihin zamanin Ottoman.A cikin 1814, an kafa wata ƙungiya ta sirri da ake kira Filiki Eteria (Ƙungiyoyin Abokai) da nufin 'yantar da Girka , ƙarfafawa ta hanyar juyin juya hali, wanda ya zama ruwan dare a Turai a lokacin.Filiki Eteria ya shirya kaddamar da tawaye a cikin Peloponnese, da Danubian Principalities da Constantinople.Tawayen farko ya fara ne a ranar 21 ga Fabrairun 1821 a Masarautun Danubian, amma ba da jimawa ba Daular Usmaniyya suka kakkabe ta.Wadannan abubuwan sun bukaci Helenawa a cikin Peloponnese (Morea) suyi aiki kuma a ranar 17 ga Maris 1821, Maniots sun fara ayyana yaki.A cikin Satumba 1821, Girkawa, karkashin jagorancin Theodoros Kolokotronis, kama Tripolitsa.Tawaye a Crete, Makidoniya, da Girika ta Tsakiya sun barke, amma daga baya aka murkushe su.A halin da ake ciki, jiragen ruwa na Girka na wucin gadi sun sami nasara a kan sojojin ruwa na Ottoman a cikin Tekun Aegean kuma sun hana dakarun Ottoman zuwa ta teku.Sarkin Daular Usmaniyya ya kira Muhammad Ali naMasar , wanda ya amince ya tura dansa Ibrahim Pasha zuwa kasar Girka tare da sojoji domin murkushe tawaye domin samun galaba a yankin.Ibrahim ya sauka a Peloponnese a watan Fabrairun 1825 kuma ya kawo mafi yawan yankin karkashin ikon Masar a karshen wannan shekarar.Garin Missolongi ya fadi a watan Afrilun 1826 bayan da Turkawa suka mamaye tsawon shekara guda.Duk da gazawar mamayar da aka yi wa Mani, Athens ita ma ta fadi kuma tunanin juyin juya hali ya ragu.A wannan lokacin, manyan ƙasashe uku— Rasha , Britaniya , da Faransa —sun yanke shawarar shiga tsakani, inda suka aike da sojojin ruwa zuwa ƙasar Girka a shekara ta 1827. Bayan labarin cewa rundunar Ottoman da Masar ta haɗu za ta kai hari a tsibirin Hydra, ƙawance na Turai. Sojojin ruwa sun kama sojojin ruwan Ottoman a Navarino.Bayan tsagaita bude wuta na tsawon mako guda, yakin Navarino ya kai ga halakar da sojojin Ottoman-Masar tare da juya igiyar ruwa don goyon bayan masu juyin juya hali.A shekara ta 1828, sojojin Masar sun janye daga matsin lamba daga sojojin Faransa.Dakarun Ottoman na Peloponnese sun mika wuya kuma masu juyin juya hali na Girka sun ci gaba da karbe tsakiyar Girka.Daular Usmaniyya ta shelanta yaki akan kasar Rasha inda ta baiwa sojojin kasar damar shiga yankin Balkan dake kusa da Konstantinoful.Wannan ya tilasta wa Ottomans amincewa da cin gashin kai na Girka a cikin yarjejeniyar Adrianople da cin gashin kai ga Serbia da sarakunan Romania.Bayan shekaru tara na yaki, daga karshe aka amince da kasar Girka a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta karkashin yarjejeniyar London ta watan Fabrairun 1830. Tattaunawar da aka yi a shekara ta 1832 ta kai ga taron London da yarjejeniyar Constantinople, wadda ta bayyana iyakokin karshe na sabuwar kasar kuma ta kafa Prince Otto. na Bavaria a matsayin sarki na farko na Girka.
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Bala&#39;i Mai Kyau
Gawarwakin Janissary na ƙarni sun rasa tasirin aikinsu a ƙarni na 17. ©Anonymous
1826 Jun 15

Bala'i Mai Kyau

İstanbul, Türkiye
A farkon karni na 17, gawawwakin Janissary sun daina aiki a matsayin ƙwararrun sojojin soja, kuma sun zama masu gata na gado, kuma keɓe su daga biyan haraji ya sa ba su da daɗi sosai a idanun sauran jama'a.Yawan Janissaries ya karu daga 20,000 a 1575 zuwa 135,000 a 1826, kimanin shekaru 250 daga baya.[37] Yawancin mutane ba sojoji ba ne amma har yanzu suna karɓar albashi daga daular, kamar yadda ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyar suka yi umarni tun lokacin da ta yi amfani da veto mai tasiri akan jihar kuma ta ba da gudummawa ga ci gaba da koma bayan daular Usmaniyya.Duk wani Sarkin da ya yi yunkurin rage masa matsayi ko mulki nan take ko dai a kashe shi ko a tsige shi.Yayin da dama da iko suka ci gaba da karuwa a cikin kungiyar Janissary, ya fara lalata daular.Bayan lokaci ya bayyana a fili cewa don daular ta dawo da matsayinta a matsayin babban iko na Turai, yana buƙatar maye gurbin Janissary corps da sojojin zamani.Lokacin da Mahmud na biyu ya fara kafa sabuwar sojoji tare da daukar ’yan bindigar Turawa, sai Janissaries suka yi kaca-kaca a kan titunan babban birnin Daular Usmaniyya, amma Sipahis babban jami’in soja ya tuhume su da tilasta musu komawa cikin bariki.Masana tarihi na Turkiyya sun yi iƙirarin cewa sojojin da ke yaƙi da Janissary, wanda ke da yawan gaske, sun haɗa da mazauna yankin da suka ƙi jinin Janissary na tsawon shekaru.Sarkin ya sanar da su cewa yana kafa sabuwar runduna mai suna Sekban-ı Cedit, wanda aka tsara da kuma horar da su ta hanyar zamani na Turai (kuma sabbin sojojin za su kasance na Turkiyya).Janissaries suna ganin cibiyarsu tana da mahimmanci ga rayuwar Daular Usmaniyya, musamman ga Rumelia, kuma a baya sun yanke shawarar cewa ba za su taba bari a rushe ta ba.Don haka, kamar yadda aka yi hasashe, suka ɓata, suna zuwa fadar Sarkin Musulmi.Daga nan sai Mahmud na biyu ya fito da tutarAnnabi Muhammadu daga cikin Amana mai tsarki, yana nufin dukkan muminai na gaskiya da su taru a karkashinta, don haka su karfafa adawa da ‘yan Janisara.[38 <>] A faɗan da ya biyo baya an kona bariki na Janissary da bindigogi, wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar Janisar 4,000;an kashe karin wasu a kazamin fadan da aka yi a kan titunan birnin Konstantinoful.Wadanda suka tsira ko dai sun gudu ko kuma a daure su, Sarkin Musulmi ya kwace musu dukiyoyinsu.A karshen shekara ta 1826 an kashe Janissaries da aka kama, wadanda suka hada da sauran rundunonin, ta hanyar yanke kawunansu a sansanin Tasalonika wanda nan da nan ya zo da ake kira "Hasumiyar Jini".An kashe shugabannin Janissary kuma Sarkin Musulmi ya kwace dukiyoyinsu.Kananan Janissaries an yi gudun hijira ko kuma a daure su.An kashe dubban Janissaries, kuma ta haka ne aka kawo karshen oda.Wani sabon gawawwaki na zamani mai suna Asakir-i Mansure-i Muhammediye ("Sojojin Nasara na Muhammadu") Mahmud II ya kafa domin gadin Sarkin Musulmi da maye gurbin Janissaries.
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1828 - 1908
Ragewa & Zamantakewaornament
Algeria ta sha kashi a hannun Faransa
“Al’amarin Masoya” wanda shi ne dalilin mamaya. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1830 Jun 14 - Jul 7

Algeria ta sha kashi a hannun Faransa

Algiers, Algeria
A lokacin Yaƙin Napoleon , Masarautar Algiers ta sami fa'ida sosai daga kasuwanci a cikin tekun Bahar Rum, da kuma yawan shigo da abinci da Faransa ta yi, wanda aka saya akan bashi.Dey na Algiers ya yi ƙoƙari ya magance raguwar kudaden shiga da yake samu ta hanyar ƙara haraji, wanda manoma na cikin gida suka bijirewa, ƙara rashin zaman lafiya a cikin ƙasar da kuma haifar da karuwar fashin jiragen ruwa a kan jigilar 'yan kasuwa daga Turai da matasa Amurka ta Amurka .A cikin 1827, Hussein Dey, Dey na Aljeriya, ya bukaci Faransawa su biya bashin shekaru 28 da aka yi kwangila a 1799 ta hanyar sayen kayayyaki don ciyar da sojojin Napoleon Campaign a Masar .Jakadan Faransa Pierre Deval ya ki bayar da amsoshi masu gamsarwa ga dey, kuma cikin fushi Hussein Dey ya taba karamin jakadan da wukar tashi.Charles X ya yi amfani da wannan a matsayin uzuri don fara katange tashar jiragen ruwa na Algiers.An fara mamaye Algiers ne a ranar 5 ga Yulin 1830 tare da wani harin bam da sojojin ruwa suka yi da wani jirgin ruwa karkashin Admiral Duperré da saukar da sojoji karkashin Louis Auguste Victor de Ghaisne, comte de Bourmont.Nan da nan Faransawa sun fatattaki sojojin Hussein Dey, shugaban Deylikal, amma tsayin daka na 'yan asalin ya yadu.Mamaye ya nuna ƙarshen ƙarni da dama na Mulkin Algiers, da farkon Faransa Aljeriya.A cikin 1848, an tsara yankunan da aka ci a kusa da Algiers zuwa sassa uku, wanda ke bayyana yankunan Aljeriya na zamani.
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1831 Jan 1 - 1833

Yaƙin Masar na farko-Ottoman

Syria
A shekara ta 1831, Muhammad Ali Pasha ya tayar wa Sultan Mahmud II saboda rashin amincewa da na biyu ya ba shi gwamnonin Greater Syria da Crete, wanda Sultan ya yi masa alkawarin musanya don aika taimakon soja don kawar da tawayen Girka (1821-1829). Wanda a ƙarshe ya ƙare tare da samun yancin kai na ƙasar Girka a 1830. Wannan kamfani ne mai tsada ga Muhammad Ali Pasha, wanda ya yi hasarar rundunarsa a yaƙin Navarino a 1827. Ta haka ne aka fara yaƙin Ottoman na farkona Masar (1831-1833), lokacin. wanda sojojin da Faransa ta horar da Muhammad Ali Pasha karkashin jagorancin dansa Ibrahim Pasha suka fatattaki sojojin daular Usmaniyya a lokacin da suka shiga yankin Anatoliya, inda suka isa birnin Kütahya da ke da nisan kilomita 320 (mil 200) daga babban birnin kasar, Constantinople.Masar ta mamaye kusan dukkanin Turkiyya baya ga birnin Istanbul inda tsananin sanyi ya tilasta masa ya yi sansani a Konya tsawon lokacin da tashar Sublime Porte ta kai ga kulla kawance da Rasha, sannan sojojin Rasha suka isa yankin Anatoliya, tare da tare hanyarsa ta zuwa. babban birnin kasar.[59 <>] Zuwan mulkin Turawa zai zama babban ƙalubale ga sojojin Ibrahim su ci nasara.Tsananin faɗaɗa tasirin da Rasha ke da shi a Daular Usmaniyya da kuma yuwuwar ta na kawo cikas ga ma'auni, matsin lamba na Faransa da Birtaniyya ya tilasta wa Muhammad Ali da Ibrahim amincewa da yarjejeniyar Kütahya.A karkashin matsugunan, an ba da lardunan Sham ne ga Masar, sannan aka nada Ibrahim Pasha a matsayin gwamna-janar na yankin.[60]
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Maido da Ottoman Suzerainty na Masar &amp; Levant
Tortosa, 23 ga Satumba 1840, jirgin HMS Benbow, Carysfort da Zebra suka kai hari, karkashin Kyaftin JF Ross, RN ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1839 Jan 1 - 1840

Maido da Ottoman Suzerainty na Masar & Levant

Lebanon
Yaƙin Ottomanna Masar na Biyu ya kasance daga 1839 zuwa 1840 kuma an gwabza da shi musamman a Siriya.A shekara ta 1839, Daular Usmaniyya ta koma ta sake mamaye yankunan da Muhammad Ali ya bata a yakin daular Usmaniyya da Masar ta farko.Daular Usmaniyya ta mamaye kasar Siriya, amma bayan shan kaye a yakin Nezib ya bayyana daf da rugujewa.A ranar 1 ga Yuli, rundunar Ottoman ta tashi zuwa Alexandria kuma ta mika wuya ga Muhammad Ali.Biritaniya, Ostiriya da sauran kasashen Turai, sun yi gaggawar shiga tsakani tare da tilasta wa Masar amincewa da yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya.Daga watan Satumba zuwa Nuwamba 1840, hadaddiyar rundunar sojojin ruwa da ta kunshi jiragen ruwa na Birtaniya da Ostiriya, sun katse hanyoyin sadarwa na tekun Ibrahim da Masar, sannan turawan Ingila suka mamaye Beirut da Acre.Ranar 27 ga Nuwamba, 1840, Yarjejeniyar Alexandria ta faru.Babban Admiral Charles Napier na Burtaniya ya cimma yarjejeniya da gwamnatin Masar, inda ta yi watsi da ikirarin da take yi wa Syria, ta mayar da rundunar Ottoman ta hanyar amincewa da Muhammad Ali da ‘ya’yansa maza a matsayin halaltattun sarakunan Masar.[61]
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1839 Jan 1 - 1876

Tanzimat Reforms

Türkiye
Tanzimat wani lokaci ne na gyarawa a cikin Daular Usmaniyya wanda ya fara da Gülhane Hatt-ı Şerif a 1839 kuma ya ƙare da Zaman Tsarin Mulki na Farko a 1876. Zaman Tanzimat ya fara ne da manufar, ba na sauye-sauye na gaske ba, amma na zamani, yana so. don karfafa tushen zamantakewa da siyasa na Daular Usmaniyya.An siffanta ta da yunƙuri iri-iri na sabunta daular Usmania da kuma tabbatar da yankinta na yankinta daga ƙungiyoyin masu kishin ƙasa na cikin gida da kuma ƙetaren iko na waje.Sauye-sauyen sun karfafa Ottomanism a tsakanin kabilu daban-daban na Daular tare da yunkurin dakile bullar kishin kasa a Daular Usmaniyya.An yi sauye-sauye da yawa don inganta ƴancin jama'a, amma Musulmai da yawa suna kallonsu a matsayin wani tasiri na waje a duniyar Musulunci.Wannan hasashe ya dagula yunkurin kawo sauyi da jihar ke yi.[47] A lokacin Tanzimat, jerin sauye-sauyen tsarin mulki na gwamnati sun haifar da rundunonin soja na zamani na zamani, gyare-gyaren tsarin banki, yanke hukuncin luwadi, maye gurbin dokar addini da dokar duniya [48] da guild tare da masana'antu na zamani.An kafa ma'aikatar Post ta Ottoman a Constantinople (Istanbul) a ranar 23 ga Oktoba 1840. [49]
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1853 Oct 16 - 1856 Mar 30

Yakin Crimean

Crimea
An yi yakin Crimean daga Oktoba 1853 zuwa Fabrairu 1856 tsakanin Daular Rasha da kawancen nasara na ƙarshe na Daular Ottoman, Faransa , Burtaniya da Sardinia-Piedmont.Abubuwan da suka haddasa yakin sun hada da koma bayan daular Usmaniyya, da fadada daular Rasha a yakin Rasha da Turkiyya da suka gabata, da kuma fifikon kasashen Birtaniya da Faransa don kiyaye daular Usmaniyya don kiyaye daidaiton iko a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Turai.Gaban gaba ya zauna a cikin kewayen Sevastopol, wanda ya shafi mummunan yanayi ga sojoji a bangarorin biyu.A ƙarshe Sevastopol ya faɗi bayan watanni goma sha ɗaya, bayan Faransawa sun kai hari ga Fort Malakoff.Da ke zama saniyar ware da kuma fuskantar mummunan fata na mamayewar kasashen yamma idan yakin ya ci gaba, Rasha ta kai karar neman zaman lafiya a watan Maris na shekara ta 1856. Faransa da Birtaniya sun yi maraba da ci gaban, saboda rashin farin jinin cikin gida.Yarjejeniyar Paris, da aka sanya hannu a ranar 30 ga Maris 1856, ta kawo karshen yakin.Ya haramta wa Rasha sansanin jiragen ruwan yaki a tekun Black Sea.Kasashen Ottoman vassal na Wallachia da Moldavia sun zama masu cin gashin kansu.Kiristoci a Daular Ottoman sun sami digiri na daidaito a hukumance, kuma Cocin Orthodox ya sake samun iko da majami'un Kirista a cikin takaddama.Yaƙin Crimean ya kawo sauyi ga daular Rasha.Yakin ya raunana Sojojin Rasha na Imperial, ya kwashe baitul-mali da kuma raunana tasirin Rasha a Turai.
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Hijira na Crimean Tatars
Caffa a cikin kango bayan da Rasha ta mamaye Crimea. ©De la Traverse
1856 Mar 30

Hijira na Crimean Tatars

Crimea
Yaƙin Crimean ya haifar da ƙaura daga cikin Tatar na Crimea, kimanin 200,000 daga cikinsu sun ƙaura zuwa Daular Usmaniyya a ci gaba da raƙuman ƙaura.[62] A ƙarshen Yaƙin Caucasian, 90% na Circassians an tsarkake su ta kabilanci [63] kuma an kori su daga ƙasashensu a cikin Caucasus kuma suka gudu zuwa Daular Ottoman, [64] wanda ya haifar da zama na 500,000 zuwa 700,000 Circassians a ciki. Turkiyya.[65] Wasu ƙungiyoyin Circassian suna ba da adadi mafi girma, jimlar 1-1.5 miliyan kora ko aka kashe.'Yan gudun hijirar Tatar na Crimea a karshen karni na 19 sun taka rawar gani musamman wajen neman zamanantar da ilimin Ottoman da kuma da farko inganta tsarin Pan-Turkiyya da kuma fahimtar kishin kasar Turkiyya.[66]
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Tsarin Mulkin Ottoman na 1876
Taron Majalisar Ottoman na farko a 1877 ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1876 Jan 1

Tsarin Mulkin Ottoman na 1876

Türkiye
Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Daular Usmaniyya, wanda kuma aka sani da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1876, shine tsarin mulkin farko na Daular Usmaniyya.[50] Mambobin Matasan Ottoman ne suka rubuta, musamman Midhat Pasha, a zamanin Sultan Abdul Hamid II (1876-1909), kundin tsarin mulkin yana aiki daga 1876 zuwa 1878 a lokacin da aka sani da Zaman Tsarin Mulki na Farko, kuma daga 1908 zuwa 1922 a zamanin Tsarin Mulki na Biyu.Bayan rugujewar siyasar Abdul Hamid a waki'ar ranar 31 ga Maris, an yi wa kundin tsarin mulki kwaskwarima domin mika karin iko daga Sarkin Musulmi da Majalisar Dattawan da aka nada zuwa majalisar da jama'a suka zaba: Majalisar Wakilai.A ci gaba da karatunsu a nahiyar Turai, wasu daga cikin 'yan sabuwar gwamnatin Ottoman sun kammala cewa, sirrin nasarar Turai bai ta'allaka ne kawai da nasarorin fasaha da ta samu ba, har ma da kungiyoyin siyasarta.Bugu da ƙari, tsarin sake fasalin da kansa ya cika ƙaramin yanki na manyan mutane tare da imanin cewa gwamnatin tsarin mulki za ta zama abin da ake so a kan mulkin kama-karya da kuma ba ta dama mai kyau don yin tasiri ga manufofin.Mulkin Sultan Abdülaziz mai cike da rudani ya kai ga tsige shi a shekara ta 1876, kuma bayan wasu ‘yan watanni masu wahala, aka yi shelar kundin tsarin mulkin Ottoman wanda sabon sarkin musulmi, Abdul Hamid II, ya yi alkawarin tabbatar da shi.[51]
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1877 Apr 24 - 1878 Mar 3

'Yancin Balkan

Balkans
Yakin Russo-Turkiyya na 1877-1878 rikici ne tsakanin Daular Ottoman da hadin gwiwar daular Rasha da ta hada da Bulgaria , Romania , Serbia, da Montenegro .[67] An yi yaƙi a cikin Balkans da a cikin Caucasus, ya samo asali ne a farkon karni na 19 na al'ummar Balkan.Ƙarin abubuwan sun haɗa da manufofin Rasha na dawo da asarar yankuna da aka jure a lokacin yakin Crimean na 1853-56, sake kafa kanta a cikin Bahar Black da kuma goyon bayan yunkurin siyasa na yunkurin 'yantar da al'ummomin Balkan daga Daular Ottoman.Kawancen da Rasha ke jagoranta sun yi nasara a yakin, inda suka mayar da Daular Usmaniyya har zuwa kofar Konstantinoful, lamarin da ya kai ga shiga tsakani na manyan kasashen yammacin Turai.A sakamakon haka, Rasha ta yi nasarar da'awar larduna a cikin Caucasus, wato Kars da Batum, sannan kuma ta mamaye yankin Budjak.Mahukuntan Romania, Serbia, da Montenegro, wanda kowannensu ya sami yancin kai na wasu shekaru, a hukumance ya ayyana yancin kai daga Daular Usmaniyya.Bayan kusan ƙarni biyar na mulkin Ottoman (1396-1878), Mulkin Bulgeriya ya zama wata ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta ta Bulgaria tare da goyon baya da shiga soja daga Rasha.
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Masar ta sha kashi a hannun turawan Ingila
Yakin Tel el-Kebir (1882). ©Alphonse-Marie-Adolphe de Neuville
1882 Jul 1 - Sep

Masar ta sha kashi a hannun turawan Ingila

Egypt
Firayim Ministan Burtaniya Benjamin Disraeli ya ba da shawarar maido da yankunan Ottoman na yankin Balkan a lokacin taron Majalisar Berlin, kuma daga baya Birtaniyya ta karbi ragamar mulkinCyprus a shekara ta [1878.] Tawaye – Sarkin Musulmi Abdul Hamid na biyu ya yi matukar rugujewa domin ya hada sojojinsa, saboda tsoron hakan zai haifar da juyin mulki.An kawo karshen boren ne da yakin Anglo-Egypt tare da mamaye kasar.Ta haka ne aka fara Tarihin Masar a karkashin Turawan Ingila.[87 <] > Yayin da ake nufin shiga tsakani na Biritaniya ya kasance ɗan gajeren lokaci, amma ya ci gaba har zuwa 1954. An mai da Masar mulkin mallaka sosai har zuwa 1952.
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Ofishin Jakadancin Jamus
Sojojin Ottoman a Bulgaria. ©Nikolay Dmitriev
1883 Jan 1

Ofishin Jakadancin Jamus

Türkiye
An ci nasara a yakin Rasha-Turkiyya (1877-1878), Sultan Abdülhamid II, na Daular Usmaniyya, ya nemi taimakon Jamus don sake tsara sojojin Ottoman, ta yadda za ta iya yin tir da ci gaban daular Rasha .An aika Baron von der Goltz.Goltz ya sami wasu gyare-gyare, kamar tsawaita lokacin karatu a makarantun soji da kuma ƙara sabbin manhajoji na kwasa-kwasan ma'aikata a Kwalejin yaƙi.Daga 1883 zuwa 1895, Goltz ya horar da wadanda ake kira "Goltz tsara" na jami'an Ottoman, wadanda da yawa daga cikinsu za su je su taka rawar gani a cikin harkokin soja da siyasa na Ottoman.[68] .[68 <] > Halartar laccocinsa, inda ya nemi ya koya wa ɗalibansa falsafar falsafarsa ta "al'umma a hannunka", abin alfahari da farin ciki ne ga ɗalibansa.[68]
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Kisan Hamiyan
An binne 'yan kasar Armeniya da kisan kiyashin a wani kabari da ke makabartar Erzerum. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1894 Jan 1 - 1897

Kisan Hamiyan

Türkiye
Kisan Hamidiya [69] wanda kuma ake kira kisan kiyashin Armeniya, kisan kiyashin ne na Armeniyawa a daular Usmaniyya a tsakiyar shekarun 1890.Kiyasin asarar da aka yi ya kai daga 100,000 [70] zuwa 300,000, [71] wanda ya haifar da yara marayu 50,000.[72] An sanya wa kisan kiyashi sunan Sultan Abdul Hamid II, wanda a kokarinsa na ci gaba da rike daular mulkin daular Usmaniyya da ke ruguzawa, ya sake tabbatar da addinin Islama a matsayin akidar kasa.[73 <>] Duk da cewa kisan kiyashin an yi shi ne akan Armeniyawa, a wasu lokuta sun rikiɗe zuwa ɓangarorin ƙiyayya da kiristoci, ciki har da kisan kiyashin Diyarbekir, inda aƙalla a cewar wata majiya ta zamani, an kashe Assuriyawa 25,000.[74]An fara kisan kiyashin ne a cikin daular Usmaniyya a shekara ta 1894, kafin ya zama ruwan dare a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.Yawancin kisan gilla sun faru ne a tsakanin 1894 zuwa 1896. Kisan gillar ya fara barkewa a shekara ta 1897, bayan Allah wadai da Abdul Hamid na duniya.An dauki tsauraran matakai a kan al'ummar Armeniya da aka dade ana zalunta yayin da gwamnati ta yi watsi da kiran da ta yi na sake fasalin al'umma da kyautata mu'amala.Daular Usmaniyya ba ta ba wa wadanda aka kashen alawus alawus-alawus ba saboda shekarunsu ko jinsinsu, wanda a sakamakon haka, sun karkashe dukkan wadanda abin ya shafa da karfin tsiya.[75 <>] Tashar telegraph ta yaɗa labaran kashe-kashen da ake yi a duniya, abin da ya kai ga yin la’akari da su sosai a kafofin watsa labarai na Yammacin Turai da Arewacin Amirka.
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1897 Apr 18 - May 20

Yaƙin Greco-Turkish na 1897

Greece
Yakin Ottoman-Greek na 1897 yaki ne da aka yi tsakanin Masarautar Girka da Daular Ottoman.Dalilinsa na kai tsaye ya haɗa da matsayin lardin Ottoman na Crete, wanda yawancin mutanen Girka suka daɗe suna son haɗin gwiwa da Girka.Duk da nasarar da Ottoman ya samu a filin wasa, an kafa jihar Cretan mai cin gashin kanta a karkashin Ottoman suzerainty a shekara mai zuwa (sakamakon shiga tsakani na manyan masu iko bayan yakin), tare da Yarima George na Girka da Denmark a matsayin Babban Kwamishinansa na farko.Yakin ya sanya sojoji da jami'an siyasa na kasar Girka don yin gwaji a wani yakin bude baki a hukumance a karon farko tun bayan yakin 'yancin kai na kasar Girka a shekara ta 1821. Ga Daular Ottoman, wannan kuma shi ne yunkurin yaki na farko na gwada sojojin da aka sake shiryawa. tsarin.Dakarun Ottoman sun yi aiki ne a karkashin jagorancin rundunar sojan Jamus (1883-1895) ta Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz, wanda ya sake tsara sojojin Ottoman bayan cin nasara a yakin Rasha-Turkish na 1877-1878 .Rikicin ya tabbatar da cewa Girka ba ta shirya yaƙi ba.Tsare-tsare, kagara da makamai ba su kasance ba, tarin jami’an rundunar bai dace da ayyukansa ba, kuma horo bai isa ba.A sakamakon haka, mafi girma a lambobi, mafi kyawun tsari, - kayan aiki da jagorancin Ottoman, wanda ya kunshi mayakan Albaniya masu kwarewa, sun kori sojojin Girka zuwa kudu daga Thessaly kuma suka yi barazanar Athens, [52] kawai don dakatar da wuta lokacin da Manyan Mahukunta ne suka lallashin Sarkin Musulmi ya amince da a yi amfani da makamai.
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1908 - 1922
Cin nasara & Rushewaornament
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1908 Jul 1

Matashin Juyin Juya Halin Turkiyya

Türkiye
Komitin Union and Progress (CUP), wata kungiyar matasan Turkawa, ta tilasta wa Sultan Abdul Hamid II mayar da kundin tsarin mulkin Ottoman tare da kiran majalisar, wanda ya haifar da siyasar jam'iyyu da yawa a cikin daular.Tun daga juyin juya halin matasan Turkiyya zuwa karshen daular shine Zamanin Tsarin Mulki na Biyu na tarihin Daular Usmaniyya.Fiye da shekaru talatin da suka gabata, a cikin 1876, an kafa tsarin mulkin tsarin mulki a karkashin Abdul Hamid a cikin wani lokaci da aka sani da Zaman Tsarin Mulki na Farko, wanda ya shafe shekaru biyu kacal kafin Abdul Hamid ya dakatar da shi kuma ya maido da mulkin kama karya ga kansa.An fara juyin juya hali ne da jirgin Ahmed Niyazi dan jam'iyyar CUP ya tashi zuwa tsaunukan Albaniya.Ba da dadewa ba sai aka hada shi da İsmail Enver da Eyub Sabri.Sun yi hulɗa tare da Albaniyawan gida kuma sun yi amfani da haɗin gwiwar su a cikin Salonica na tushen Sojoji na Uku don tayar da babban tawaye.Kisan kashe-kashe daban-daban na Unionist Fedai shi ma ya taimaka wajen ganin Abdul Hamid.Tare da tawaye masu ra'ayin tsarin mulki a cikin lardunan Rumelian da CUP ta haifar, Abdul Hamid ya jagoranci tare da sanar da maido da kundin tsarin mulki, ya kira majalisa, ya kuma yi kira da a gudanar da zabe.Bayan yunkurin juyin juya hali na masarauta wanda aka fi sani da abin da ya faru a ranar 31 ga Maris don goyon bayan Abdul Hamid a shekara mai zuwa, an cire shi kuma dan uwansa Mehmed V ya hau kan karagar mulki.
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1911 Sep 29 - 1912 Oct 18

Ottoman sun yi hasarar yankunan Arewacin Afirka

Tripoli, Libya
An yi yakin Turco-Italian tsakanin MasarautarItaliya da Daular Usmaniyya daga ranar 29 ga Satumba 1911, zuwa 18 ga Oktoba 1912. A sakamakon wannan rikici, Italiya ta kwace Ottoman Tripolitania Vilayet, wanda manyan lardunan Fezzan ne. Cyrenaica, da kuma Tripoli kanta.Waɗannan yankuna sun zama yankunan Tripolitania na Italiya da Cyrenaica, waɗanda daga baya za su haɗu zuwa Italiyanci Libya.Yakin ya kasance farkon yakin duniya na farko .Membobin kungiyar Balkan, da suka fahimci raunin Ottoman da kuma kishin kasa na Balkan da suka yi tasiri, sun kai hari daular Usmaniyya a watan Oktoba 1912, suka fara yakin Balkan na farko kwanaki kadan kafin karshen yakin Italo-Turkiyya.
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1912 Oct 8 - 1913 May 30

Yakin Balkan na Farko

Balkan Peninsula
Yaƙin Balkan na farko ya kasance daga Oktoba 1912 zuwa Mayu 1913 kuma ya haɗa da ayyukan ƙungiyar Balkan (sarakunan Bulgaria , Serbia, Girka da Montenegro ) akan Daular Ottoman.Hadakar rundunonin sojojin kasashen Balkan sun yi galaba a kan na farko a lamba (mafi girma a karshen yakin) da kuma dakaru na Ottoman masu fama da dabara, suna samun nasara cikin sauri.Yakin ya kasance babban bala'i da ba a daidaita ba ga Ottomans, wadanda suka rasa kashi 83% na yankunansu na Turai da kashi 69% na al'ummar Turai.[76 <] > Sakamakon yakin, ƙungiyar ta kama tare da raba kusan dukkanin yankunan daular Usmaniyya da suka rage a Turai.Abubuwan da suka biyo baya kuma sun haifar da samar da Albaniya mai cin gashin kanta, wanda ya fusata Sabiyawan.Ita kuwa Bulgeriya ba ta gamsu da rabon ganima a Macedonia ba, ta kuma kai wa tsoffin kawayenta, Serbia da Girka hari a ranar 16 ga watan Yunin 1913 wanda ya haifar da fara yakin Balkan na biyu.
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1913 juyin mulkin Ottoman
Enver Bey yana neman Kâmil Pasha ya yi murabus a lokacin farmakin da ake kai wa Sublime Porte. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1913 Jan 23

1913 juyin mulkin Ottoman

Türkiye
Juyin mulkin daular Usmaniyya a shekara ta 1913 wani juyin mulki ne da wasu mambobin kwamitin hadin gwiwa da ci gaba (CUP) karkashin jagorancin Ismail Enver Bey da Mehmed Talaat Bey suka yi a daular Usmaniyya, inda kungiyar ta kai wani samame na bazata. a kan ginin gwamnatin Ottoman ta tsakiya, Sublime Porte.A lokacin juyin mulkin, an kashe Ministan Yaki, Nazım Pasha, sannan aka tilasta wa Grand Vizier, Kâmil Pasha yin murabus.Bayan juyin mulkin, gwamnati ta fada hannun jam'iyyar CUP, a yanzu a karkashin jagorancin 'yan mulkin mallaka da ake kira "Pashas Uku", wadanda suka hada da Enver, Talaat, da Cemal Pasha.A shekara ta 1911, an kafa jam'iyyar Freedom and Accord Party (wanda aka fi sani da Liberal Union ko Liberal Entente), jam'iyyar Kâmil Pasha, mai adawa da CUP kuma kusan nan take ta lashe zaben fidda gwani a Constantinople (yanzu Istanbul).[83 <>] Abin da ya firgita, jam’iyyar CUP ta murɗe babban zaɓe na 1912 tare da zamba da cin zarafi ga ‘Yanci da Yarjejeniya, wanda hakan ya sa aka yi musu lakabi da “Zaɓen Ƙungiyoyi”.[84 [84]] A mayar da martani, Jami'an ceto na sojojin, 'yan jam'iyyar Freedom da Accord ƙulla niyyar ganin CUP faɗuwar, tashi da fushi da kuma haddasa faduwar CUP ta bayan zaben Mehmed Said Pasha gwamnatin.[85] An kafa sabuwar gwamnati karkashin Ahmed Muhtar Pasha amma bayan wasu 'yan watanni ita ma ta ruguje a watan Oktoban 1912 bayan barkewar yakin Balkan na farko da kuma shan kayen soji.[86]Bayan samun izinin sultan Mehmed V na kafa sabuwar gwamnati a ƙarshen Oktoban 1912, shugaban Freedom and Accord Kâmil Pasha ya zauna a tattaunawar diflomasiyya da Bulgaria bayan yaƙin Balkan na farko da bai yi nasara ba.[87] Tare da bukatar Bulgaria na dakatar da tsohon babban birnin Ottoman Adrianople (a yau, kuma a cikin Turkanci a lokacin, wanda ake kira Edirne) ya kunno kai da kuma bacin rai a tsakanin al'ummar Turkiyya da kuma shugabancin CUP, CUP ta yi. juyin mulkin ranar 23 ga Janairu, 1913. [87] Bayan juyin mulkin, jam'iyyun adawa kamar Freedom and Accord sun fuskanci danniya mai tsanani.Sabuwar gwamnatin karkashin jagorancin Mahmud Şevket Pasha tare da goyon bayan kungiyar Tarayyar Turai ta janye daular Usmania daga taron zaman lafiyar da ake yi a birnin Landan, inda ta koma yaki da kasashen Balkan domin kwato Edirne da sauran yankunan Rumelia, amma abin ya ci tura.Bayan kashe shi a watan Yuni, jam'iyyar CUP za ta mamaye daular, kuma za a kama shugabannin 'yan adawa ko kuma a kwashe su zuwa Turai.
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1914 Oct 29 - 1918 Oct 30

Daular Ottoman a yakin duniya na daya

Türkiye
Daular Usmaniyya ta shiga yakin duniya na daya a matsayin daya daga cikin kasashen tsakiya ta hanyar kai wani harin ba zata a gabar tekun Black Sea na kasar Rasha a ranar 29 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 1914, inda Rasha ta mayar da martani da shelanta yaki a ranar 2 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 1914. Sojojin daular Usmania sun yi yaki da Entente a cikin Balkans da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Gabas ta Tsakiya na Yaƙin Duniya na I. Mehmed V, Sarkin Musulmi na Daular Usmaniyya, ya ayyana Jihadi a kan ikon Triple Entente a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na [ɗaya.] - yankunan da ake sarrafawa da jihadi a kan "dukkan abokan gaba na Daular Ottoman, sai dai Tsakiyar Tsakiya", [78] an fara tsara shi a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba kuma an fara karantawa a gaban babban taron jama'a a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba.[77]Ƙabilun Larabawa da ke Mesofotamiya sun fara ɗokin ganin wannan doka.Duk da haka, bayan nasarar da Birtaniyya ta samu a yakin Mesopotamiya a 1914 da 1915, sha'awar ta ragu, kuma wasu sarakuna irin su Mudbir al-Far'un sun dauki matsaya mai tsaka-tsaki, idan ba masu goyon bayan Burtaniya ba.[79]Akwai fata da fargabar cewa musulmin da ba na Turkiyya ba za su goyi bayan Turkiya ta Ottoman, amma a cewar wasu masana tarihi, roko bai "hada kan al'ummar musulmi ba" [80] kuma musulmi ba su juya wa kwamandojin da ba musulmi ba a cikin kawance. sojojin.Duk da haka, wasu masana tarihi sun yi nuni da Mutiny na Singapore na 1915 kuma sun yi zargin cewa kiran ya yi tasiri sosai a kan Musulmi a duniya.[81 <>] A cikin labarin na 2017, an kammala cewa sanarwar, da kuma farfagandar jihadi a baya, na da tasiri mai ƙarfi wajen samun amincin ƙabilun Kurdawa, waɗanda suka taka rawa sosai a kisan kiyashin Armeniya da Assuriya.[82]Yakin ya kai ga kawo karshen halifanci yayin da Daular Usmaniyya ta shiga bangaren wadanda suka yi nasara a yakin da kuma mika wuya ta hanyar amincewa da sharuddan "mummunan hukunci".A ranar 30 ga Oktoba, 1918, aka sanya hannu kan Rundunar Sojan Mudros, wanda ya kawo karshen shigar da Ottoman a yakin duniya na 1. Jama'ar Ottoman, duk da haka, an ba wa jama'ar Ottoman ra'ayi mai kyau na yaudara game da tsananin sharuddan Rundunar.Sun yi tunanin sharuɗɗansa sun fi sassauci fiye da yadda suke a zahiri, abin takaici daga baya cewa Ƙungiyoyin sun ci amanar sharuɗɗan da aka bayar.
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1915 Feb 19 - 1916 Jan 9

Gangamin Gallipoli

Gallipoli Peninsula, Pazarlı/G
Ƙarfin Entente, Biritaniya , Faransa da Daular Rasha , sun nemi raunana daular Ottoman, ɗaya daga cikin Ƙwararrun Ƙarfin Ƙarfi, ta hanyar kula da magudanar Ottoman.Wannan zai fallasa babban birnin Ottoman a Konstantinoful ga harin bama-bamai da jiragen yakin kawancen ke yi da kuma yanke shi daga yankin Asiya na daular.Da Turkiyya ta sha kashi, mashigar ruwa ta Suez za ta kasance lafiya kuma za a iya bude hanyar samar da kayayyaki ta Allied na tsawon shekara guda ta cikin Bahar Black zuwa tashoshin ruwan dumi a Rasha.Ƙoƙarin da jiragen ruwa na Allied suka yi don tilasta hanyar wucewa ta Dardanelles a watan Fabrairun 1915 ya ci tura kuma ya biyo bayan saukar amphibious a tsibirin Gallipoli a cikin Afrilu 1915. A cikin Janairu 1916, bayan watanni takwas na yakin, tare da kimanin 250,000 da aka kashe a kowane bangare. An yi watsi da Gangamin Gallipoli kuma an janye sojojin mamayewa.Yaƙin neman zaɓe ne mai tsada ga ikon Entente da Daular Ottoman da kuma masu ɗaukar nauyin balaguro, musamman Ubangijin Farko na Admiralty (1911–1915), Winston Churchill.An dauki yakin a matsayin babban nasara na Ottoman.A Turkiyya, ana daukarta a matsayin wani lokaci mai ma'ana a tarihin kasar, matakin karshe na kare kasar uwa yayin da Daular Usmaniyya ta ja da baya.Gwagwarmayar dai ta zama tushen yakin samun ‘yancin kai na Turkiyya da ayyana Jamhuriyar Turkiyya bayan shekaru takwas, inda Mustafa Kemal Ataturk wanda ya yi fice a matsayin kwamanda a Gallipoli a matsayin wanda ya assasa kuma shugaban kasa.
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1915 Apr 24 - 1916

Kisan kare dangi na Armenia

Türkiye
Kisan kiyashin Armeniya shi ne halakar da al'ummar Armeniya da kuma asalinsu a cikin daular Usmaniyya a lokacin yakin duniya na daya .Kwamitin da ke karkashin jagorancin kwamitin hadin kai da ci gaba (CUP), an aiwatar da shi ne ta hanyar kisan gillar da aka yi wa 'yan Armeniyawa kusan miliyan daya a lokacin zanga-zangar kisa zuwa cikin hamadar Siriya da tilasta wa mata da yara kanana Armeniya Musulunci Musulunci.Kafin yakin duniya na daya, Armeniyawa sun mamaye wani wuri mai karewa, amma na karkashin kasa a cikin al'ummar Ottoman.Kisan kiyashin da aka yi wa Armeniyawa da yawa ya faru ne a shekarun 1890 zuwa 1909. Daular Usmaniyya ta sha fama da tashe-tashen hankula na soji da kuma asarar yankuna—musamman yakin Balkan na 1912-1913—wanda ya kai ga fargaba a tsakanin shugabannin CUP cewa Armeniyawa, wadanda kasarsu ta haihuwa a lardunan gabas. ana kallonta a matsayin cibiyar al'ummar Turkiyya, za ta nemi 'yancin kai.A lokacin da suka mamaye yankunan Rasha da Farisa a shekara ta 1914, dakarun daular Usmaniyya sun yi wa Armeniyawa kisan kiyashi.Shugabannin Ottoman sun dauki kebantattun alamun juriyar Armeniya a matsayin shaida na tawayen tawaye, kodayake babu irin wannan tawaye.An yi niyyar korar jama'a ne don hana yiwuwar samun yancin cin gashin kai ko 'yancin kan Armeniya.A ranar 24 ga Afrilun 1915, hukumomin Ottoman suka kama tare da korar daruruwan masana da shugabanin Armeniya daga Konstantinoful.Bisa umarnin Talaat Pasha, an aika da Armeniyawa kimanin 800,000 zuwa miliyan 1.2 a tattakin mutuwa zuwa cikin hamadar Siriya a 1915 da 1916. Dakarun sojoji da ke rakiya suka yi gaba, an hana mutanen da aka kora abinci da ruwan sha tare da yi musu fashi, fyade, da kuma fyade. kisan kiyashi.A cikin hamadar Siriya, an tarwatsa wadanda suka tsira zuwa sansanonin tara jama'a.A shekara ta 1916, an ba da umarnin sake yin kisan kiyashi, inda aka kori kimanin 200,000 da rai a ƙarshen shekara.Kimanin mata da yara 100,000 zuwa 200,000 na Armeniyawa ne aka tilasta musu musulunta aka shigar da su cikin gidajen musulmi.Kungiyar masu kishin kasa ta Turkiyya ta aiwatar da kisan kiyashi da tsarkake kabilanci ga wadanda suka tsira da rayukansu a lokacin yakin neman 'yancin kai na Turkiyya bayan yakin duniya na daya.Wannan kisan kare dangi ya kawo karshen wayewar Armeniya sama da shekaru dubu biyu.Tare da kisan gillar da aka yi da kuma korar Kiristocin Siriyawa da na Orthodox na Girka, ya ba da damar kafa kasar Turkiyya mai kishin kabilanci.
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1916 Jun 10 - Oct 25

Tawayen Larabawa

Syria
Tawayen Larabawa ya fara ne a 1916 tare da goyon bayan Birtaniya.Ya mayar da guguwar daular Usmaniyya a gabas ta tsakiya, inda ake ganin sun yi galaba a cikin shekaru biyu na farko na yakin duniya na daya .A bisa yarjejeniyar McMahon-Hussein, yarjejeniya tsakanin gwamnatin Birtaniya da Hussein bin Ali, Sharif na Makka, an fara tawaye a hukumance a Makka a ranar 10 ga Yuni 1916. Burin Larabawa na kishin kasa shi ne samar da Larabawa guda daya mai hade kuma mai cin gashin kanta. Jihar da ta taso daga Aleppo na kasar Syria zuwa Aden na kasar Yemen, wadda Birtaniya ta yi alkawarin amincewa da ita.Dakarun Sharifiya karkashin jagorancin Hussein da Hashimiyawa tare da samun goyon bayan soja daga rundunar sojojin Masar ta Biritaniya , sun yi nasarar yaki tare da korar sojojin daular Usmaniyya daga mafi yawan yankunan Hejaz da Transjordan.Masana tarihi suna kallon tawayen Larabawa a matsayin yunkuri na farko da aka shirya na kishin kasa Larabawa.Ta hada kungiyoyin Larabawa daban-daban a karon farko da manufa guda na fafutukar kwato 'yancin kai daga Daular Usmaniyya.
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Rarraba daular Usmaniyya
A ranar 9 ga watan Disamban shekarar 1917 ne suka mika wuya ga Turawan mulkin mallaka na Kudus bayan yakin Kudus ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1918 Oct 30 - 1922 Nov 1

Rarraba daular Usmaniyya

Türkiye
Rarraba daular Usmaniyya (30 Oktoba 1918 - 1 Nuwamba 1922) wani lamari ne na geopolitical wanda ya faru bayan yakin duniya na daya da mamaye Istanbul da sojojin Burtaniya , Faransa daItaliya suka yi a watan Nuwamba 1918. An shirya rabuwar a cikin yarjejeniyoyin da yawa da suka yi. Powers da Allla Powers da wuri a cikin Yakin Duniya na I, [91] Ga cikakkiyar yarjejeniya-PTOTMOT ya koma Jamus don samar da Jamusanci Dandalin Ottoman.[92] An raba babban taron yankuna da al'ummomi waɗanda a da suka ƙunshi daular Usmaniyya zuwa sabbin jihohi da yawa.[93] Daular Usmaniyya ta kasance jagaban daular musulunci a fagen siyasa, al'adu da akida.Rabewar daular Usmaniyya bayan yakin ya kai ga mamayar yankin gabas ta tsakiya daga hannun turawan yamma irinsu Britaniya da Faransa, sannan aka samar da kasashen larabawa na zamani da jamhuriyar Turkiyya .Juriya ga tasirin wadannan masu iko ya fito ne daga kungiyar Harkar kasa ta Turkiyya amma ba ta yadu a sauran kasashen da suka biyo bayan mulkin Ottoman har sai lokacin da aka yi gaggawar kawar da mulkin mallaka bayan yakin duniya na biyu.Bayan da gwamnatin Ottoman ta ruguje kwata-kwata, wakilanta sun rattaba hannu kan yerjejeniyar Sèvres a shekara ta 1920, wadda za ta raba mafi yawan yankunan Turkiyya a yau tsakanin Faransa, Ingila, Girka da Italiya.Yakin samun ‘yancin kai na Turkiyya ya tilastawa kasashen yammacin Turai komawa kan teburin tattaunawa kafin a amince da yarjejeniyar.Kasashen yammacin Turai da Majalisar Dokokin Turkiyya sun rattaba hannu tare da amincewa da sabuwar yarjejeniya ta Lausanne a shekara ta 1923, inda suka maye gurbin yarjejeniyar Sèvres tare da amincewa kan galibin batutuwan yankunan.
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1919 May 19 - 1922 Oct 11

Yakin 'Yancin Turkiyya

Anatolia, Türkiye
Yayin da Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya ya ƙare ga Daular Ottoman tare da Armistice na Mudros, Ƙungiyoyin Ƙarfafawa sun ci gaba da mamayewa da kuma kwace ƙasa don ƙirar daular.Don haka kwamandojin sojan Ottoman sun ki amincewa da umarnin kasashen kawance da gwamnatin Ottoman na mika wuya tare da wargaza sojojinsu.Wannan rikicin ya kai gaci a lokacin da sultan Mehmed VI ya aike da Mustafa Kemal Pasha (Atatürk), wani babban Janar mai daraja da daraja, zuwa yankin Anatoliya don maido da tsari;duk da haka, Mustafa Kemal ya zama mai ba da taimako kuma a ƙarshe ya jagoranci gwagwarmayar kishin ƙasa ta Turkiyya ga gwamnatin Ottoman, Ƙungiyoyin Ƙwaƙwalwa, da Kiristoci marasa rinjaye.A wani yunƙuri na tabbatar da ikon mallakar wutar lantarki a yankin Anatoliya, ƙawancen sun shawo kan Firayim Ministan Girka Eleftherios Venizelos da ya ƙaddamar da rundunar balaguro zuwa yankin Anatoliya tare da mamaye Smyrna (İzmir), wanda ya fara yaƙin 'yancin kai na Turkiyya .An kafa gwamnatin kishin kasa karkashin jagorancin Mustafa Kemal a Ankara lokacin da aka bayyana cewa gwamnatin Ottoman tana goyon bayan kasashen kawance.Ba da dadewa ba kasashen kawance sun matsa wa gwamnatin Ottoman da ke birnin Constantinople lamba kan dakatar da kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, da rufe majalisar dokoki, da kuma rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Sèvres, yarjejeniyar da ba ta dace da muradun Turkiyya ba, wadda gwamnatin Ankara ta ayyana a matsayin haramtacce.A cikin yakin da ya biyo baya, mayakan da ba bisa ka'ida ba sun fatattaki sojojin Faransa a kudancin kasar, kuma ƙungiyoyin da ba a san su ba sun ci gaba da raba Armeniya tare da sojojin Bolshevik, wanda ya haifar da yarjejeniyar Kars (Oktoba 1921).Gaban Yamma na yakin neman 'yancin kai an san shi da yakin Greco-Turkish, inda sojojin Girka da farko suka fuskanci turjiya mara tsari.Duk da haka kungiyar İsmet Pasha ta mayakan sa kai cikin runduna ta yau da kullun ta sami sakamako lokacin da sojojin Ankara suka fafata da Girkawa a yakin farko da na biyu İnönü.Sojojin kasar Girka sun yi nasara a yakin Kütahya-Eskişehir inda suka yanke shawarar yin tuki a babban birnin Ankara na masu kishin kasa, tare da shimfida layin samar da kayayyaki.Turkawa sun duba ci gaban da suka samu a yakin Sakarya tare da kai musu farmaki a babban farmakin da suka kori sojojin Girka daga yankin Anatoliya cikin makonni uku.Yakin ya ƙare da kyau tare da sake kwato İzmir da Rikicin Chanak, wanda ya sa aka sanya hannu kan wani runduna a Mudanya.An amince da Majalisar Dokoki ta Ankara a matsayin halaltacciyar gwamnatin Turkiyya, wacce ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Lausanne (Yuli 1923), yerjejeniyar da ta fi dacewa da Turkiyya fiye da yarjejeniyar Sèvres.Ƙungiyoyin ƙawance sun fice daga yankin Anatoliya da Gabashin Thrace, an hambarar da gwamnatin Ottoman tare da kawar da daular, kuma Majalisar Dokokin Turkiyya (wacce ta kasance babbar majalisar dokokin Turkiyya a yau) ta ayyana Jamhuriyar Turkiyya a ranar 29 ga Oktoba 1923. Tare da yakin, yawan jama'a. musanya tsakanin Girka da Turkiyya, da raba daular Usmaniyya, da kuma kawar da mulkin daular, zamanin Ottoman ya zo karshe, kuma tare da sauye-sauyen da Atatürk ya yi, Turkawa sun samar da kasar Turkiyya ta zamani mai zaman kanta.A ranar 3 ga Maris 1924, an kuma soke daular Usmaniyya.
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Rushe Daular Ottoman
Mehmed VI yana tashi daga ƙofar baya na Fadar Dolmabahce. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1922 Nov 1

Rushe Daular Ottoman

Türkiye
Rushe Daular Usmaniyya da Majalisar Dokokin Turkiyya ta yi a ranar 1 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 1922 ta kawo karshen daular Usmaniyya wadda ta dade tun a shekarar 1299. A ranar 11 ga Nuwamban 1922, a wajen taron Lausanne, ikon Majalisar Dokokin kasar da gwamnati ke aiwatarwa. a Angora (yanzu Ankara) akan Turkiyya an gane.Sarkin na karshe, Mehmed VI, ya bar birnin Ottoman, Constantinople (yanzu Istanbul), a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba 1922. Matsayin shari'a ya inganta tare da rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Lausanne a ranar 24 ga Yuli 1923. A cikin Maris 1924, an kawar da Khalifanci. alamar ƙarshen tasirin Ottoman.
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1923 Jan 1

Epilogue

Türkiye
Daular Ottoman kasa ce mai fadi da karfi wacce ta wanzu sama da karni shida, tun daga karshen karni na 13 zuwa farkon karni na 20.A tsayinsa, tana iko da wani yanki mai faɗi wanda ya tashi daga kudu maso gabashin Turai zuwa Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka.Gadon daular Usmaniyya yana da sarkakiya da bangarori da dama, kuma har yanzu ana jin tasirinsa a sassa da dama na duniya.Daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan gadon daular Ottoman ita ce gadon al'adu da ilimi.Daular Usmaniyya sun kasance manyan majibintan fasaha da adabi, kuma ana iya ganin gadon su a cikin gine-gine, kade-kade, da adabi na yankin.Da yawa daga cikin fitattun wuraren tarihi na Istanbul, irin su Masallacin Blue da fadar Topkapi, an gina su ne a zamanin Daular Usmaniyya.Daular Usmaniyya ta kuma taka rawar gani wajen tsara yanayin yanayin siyasar Gabas ta Tsakiya da Turai.Ya kasance babban jigo a harkokin kasuwanci da diflomasiyya na kasa da kasa, kuma wurin da ya dace ya ba ta damar yin tasiri a yankuna makwabta.Duk da haka, gadon daular Ottoman ba ta da cece-kuce.An san daular Usmaniyya da musgunawa 'yan tsiraru, musamman Armeniya, Girkawa, da sauran al'ummomin Kirista.A yau ana ci gaba da jin gadon mulkin daular Usmaniyya da mulkin mallaka a sassa da dama na duniya, kuma tasirinsa a fagen siyasa da zamantakewar yankin ya kasance wani batu na muhawara da nazari.
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Appendices



APPENDIX 1

Ottoman Empire from a Turkish Perspective


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APPENDIX 2

Why didn't the Ottomans conquer Persia?


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APPENDIX 3

Basics of Ottoman Law


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APPENDIX 4

Basics of Ottoman Land Management & Taxation


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APPENDIX 5

Ottoman Pirates


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APPENDIX 6

Ottoman Fratricide


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APPENDIX 7

How an Ottoman Sultan dined


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APPENDIX 8

Harems Of Ottoman Sultans


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APPENDIX 9

The Ottomans


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Characters



Mahmud II

Mahmud II

Sultan of the Ottoman Empire

Suleiman the Magnificent

Suleiman the Magnificent

Sultan of the Ottoman Empire

Mehmed IV

Mehmed IV

Sultan of the Ottoman Empire

Ahmed I

Ahmed I

Sultan of the Ottoman Empire

Mehmed III

Mehmed III

Sultan of the Ottoman Empire

Selim III

Selim III

Sultan of the Ottoman Empire

Mehmed II

Mehmed II

Sultan of the Ottoman Empire

Mehmed V

Mehmed V

Sultan of the Ottoman Empire

Selim I

Selim I

Sultan of the Ottoman Empire

Bayezid II

Bayezid II

Sultan of the Ottoman Empire

Osman II

Osman II

Sultan of the Ottoman Empire

Murad IV

Murad IV

Sultan of the Ottoman Empire

Murad III

Murad III

Sultan of the Ottoman Empire

Mehmed I

Mehmed I

Sultan of Ottoman Empire

Musa Çelebi

Musa Çelebi

Co-ruler during the Ottoman Interregnum

Ahmed III

Ahmed III

Sultan of the Ottoman Empire

Mustafa III

Mustafa III

Sultan of the Ottoman EmpirePadishah

Ibrahim of the Ottoman Empire

Ibrahim of the Ottoman Empire

Sultan of the Ottoman Empire

Orhan

Orhan

Second Sultan of the Ottoman Empire

Abdul Hamid I

Abdul Hamid I

Sultan of the Ottoman Empire

Murad II

Murad II

Sultan of the Ottoman Empire

Abdulmejid I

Abdulmejid I

Sultan of the Ottoman Empire

Mustafa II

Mustafa II

Sultan of the Ottoman Empire

Abdulaziz

Abdulaziz

Sultan of the Ottoman Empire

Bayezid I

Bayezid I

Fourth Sultan of the Ottoman Empire

Koprulu Mehmed Pasa

Koprulu Mehmed Pasa

Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire

Mehmed VI

Mehmed VI

Last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire

Murad I

Murad I

Third Sultan of the Ottoman Empire

Abdul Hamid II

Abdul Hamid II

Sultan of the Ottoman Empire

Mustafa IV

Mustafa IV

Sultan of the Ottoman Empire

Osman I

Osman I

Founder of the Ottoman Empire

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References



Encyclopedias

  • Ágoston, Gábor; Masters, Bruce, eds.(2009). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire.New York: Facts On File. ISBN 978-0-8160-6259-1.


Surveys

  • Baram, Uzi and Lynda Carroll, editors. A Historical Archaeology of the Ottoman Empire: Breaking New Ground (Plenum/Kluwer Academic Press, 2000)
  • Barkey, Karen. Empire of Difference: The Ottomans in Comparative Perspective. (2008) 357pp Amazon.com, excerpt and text search
  • Davison, Roderic H. Reform in the Ottoman Empire, 1856–1876 (New York: Gordian Press, 1973)
  • Deringil, Selim. The Well-Protected Domains: Ideology and the Legitimation of Power in the Ottoman Empire, 1876–1909 (London: IB Tauris, 1998)
  • Faroqhi, Suraiya. The Ottoman Empire: A Short History (2009) 196pp
  • Faroqhi, Suraiya. The Cambridge History of Turkey (Volume 3, 2006) excerpt and text search
  • Faroqhi, Suraiya and Kate Fleet, eds. The Cambridge History of Turkey (Volume 2 2012) essays by scholars
  • Finkel, Caroline (2005). Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1923. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-02396-7.
  • Fleet, Kate, ed. The Cambridge History of Turkey (Volume 1, 2009) excerpt and text search, essays by scholars
  • Imber, Colin (2009). The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650: The Structure of Power (2 ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-57451-9.
  • Inalcik, Halil. The Ottoman Empire, the Classical Age: 1300–1600. Hachette UK, 2013. [1973]
  • Kasaba, Resat, ed. The Cambridge History of Turkey (vol 4 2008) excerpt and text search vol 4 comprehensive coverage by scholars of 20th century
  • Dimitri Kitsikis, L'Empire ottoman, Presses Universitaires de France, 3rd ed.,1994. ISBN 2-13-043459-2, in French
  • McCarthy, Justin. The Ottoman Turks: An Introductory History to 1923 1997
  • McMeekin, Sean. The Berlin-Baghdad Express: The Ottoman Empire and Germany's Bid for World Power (2010)
  • Pamuk, Sevket. A Monetary History of the Ottoman Empire (1999). pp. 276
  • Quataert, Donald. The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922 (2005) ISBN 0-521-54782-2.
  • Shaw, Stanford J., and Ezel Kural Shaw. History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Vol. 1, 1977.
  • Somel, Selcuk Aksin. Historical Dictionary of the Ottoman Empire. (2003). 399 pp.
  • Uyar, Mesut; Erickson, Edward (2009). A Military History of the Ottomans: From Osman to Atatürk. ISBN 978-0-275-98876-0.


The Early Ottomans (1300–1453)

  • Kafadar, Cemal (1995). Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-20600-7.
  • Lindner, Rudi P. (1983). Nomads and Ottomans in Medieval Anatolia. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-933070-12-8.
  • Lowry, Heath (2003). The Nature of the Early Ottoman State. Albany: SUNY Press. ISBN 0-7914-5636-6.
  • Zachariadou, Elizabeth, ed. (1991). The Ottoman Emirate (1300–1389). Rethymnon: Crete University Press.
  • İnalcık Halil, et al. The Ottoman Empire: the Classical Age, 1300–1600. Phoenix, 2013.


The Era of Transformation (1550–1700)

  • Abou-El-Haj, Rifa'at Ali (1984). The 1703 Rebellion and the Structure of Ottoman Politics. Istanbul: Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut te İstanbul.
  • Howard, Douglas (1988). "Ottoman Historiography and the Literature of 'Decline' of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century". Journal of Asian History. 22: 52–77.
  • Kunt, Metin İ. (1983). The Sultan's Servants: The Transformation of Ottoman Provincial Government, 1550–1650. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-05578-1.
  • Peirce, Leslie (1993). The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-508677-5.
  • Tezcan, Baki (2010). The Second Ottoman Empire: Political and Social Transformation in the Early Modern World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-41144-9.
  • White, Joshua M. (2017). Piracy and Law in the Ottoman Mediterranean. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-1-503-60252-6.


to 1830

  • Braude, Benjamin, and Bernard Lewis, eds. Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire: The Functioning of a Plural Society (1982)
  • Goffman, Daniel. The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe (2002)
  • Guilmartin, John F., Jr. "Ideology and Conflict: The Wars of the Ottoman Empire, 1453–1606", Journal of Interdisciplinary History, (Spring 1988) 18:4., pp721–747.
  • Kunt, Metin and Woodhead, Christine, ed. Süleyman the Magnificent and His Age: The Ottoman Empire in the Early Modern World. 1995. 218 pp.
  • Parry, V.J. A History of the Ottoman Empire to 1730 (1976)
  • Şahin, Kaya. Empire and Power in the Reign of Süleyman: Narrating the Sixteenth-Century Ottoman World. Cambridge University Press, 2013.
  • Shaw, Stanford J. History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, Vol I; Empire of Gazis: The Rise and Decline of the Ottoman Empire 1290–1808. Cambridge University Press, 1976. ISBN 978-0-521-21280-9.


Post 1830

  • Ahmad, Feroz. The Young Turks: The Committee of Union and Progress in Turkish Politics, 1908–1914, (1969).
  • Bein, Amit. Ottoman Ulema, Turkish Republic: Agents of Change and Guardians of Tradition (2011) Amazon.com
  • Black, Cyril E., and L. Carl Brown. Modernization in the Middle East: The Ottoman Empire and Its Afro-Asian Successors. 1992.
  • Erickson, Edward J. Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War (2000) Amazon.com, excerpt and text search
  • Gürkan, Emrah Safa: Christian Allies of the Ottoman Empire, European History Online, Mainz: Institute of European History, 2011. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
  • Faroqhi, Suraiya. Subjects of the Sultan: Culture and Daily Life in the Ottoman Empire. (2000) 358 pp.
  • Findley, Carter V. Bureaucratic Reform in the Ottoman Empire: The Sublime Porte, 1789–1922 (Princeton University Press, 1980)
  • Fortna, Benjamin C. Imperial Classroom: Islam, the State, and Education in the Late Ottoman Empire. (2002) 280 pp.
  • Fromkin, David. A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East (2001)
  • Gingeras, Ryan. The Last Days of the Ottoman Empire. London: Allen Lane, 2023.
  • Göçek, Fatma Müge. Rise of the Bourgeoisie, Demise of Empire: Ottoman Westernization and Social Change. (1996). 220 pp.
  • Hanioglu, M. Sukru. A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire (2008) Amazon.com, excerpt and text search
  • Inalcik, Halil and Quataert, Donald, ed. An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1914. 1995. 1026 pp.
  • Karpat, Kemal H. The Politicization of Islam: Reconstructing Identity, State, Faith, and Community in the Late Ottoman State. (2001). 533 pp.
  • Kayali, Hasan. Arabs and Young Turks: Ottomanism, Arabism, and Islamism in the Ottoman Empire, 1908–1918 (1997); CDlib.org, complete text online
  • Kieser, Hans-Lukas, Margaret Lavinia Anderson, Seyhan Bayraktar, and Thomas Schmutz, eds. The End of the Ottomans: The Genocide of 1915 and the Politics of Turkish Nationalism. London: I.B. Tauris, 2019.
  • Kushner, David. The Rise of Turkish Nationalism, 1876–1908. 1977.
  • McCarthy, Justin. The Ottoman Peoples and the End of Empire. Hodder Arnold, 2001. ISBN 0-340-70657-0.
  • McMeekin, Sean. The Ottoman Endgame: War, Revolution and the Making of the Modern Middle East, 1908-1923. London: Allen Lane, 2015.
  • Miller, William. The Ottoman Empire, 1801–1913. (1913), Books.Google.com full text online
  • Quataert, Donald. Social Disintegration and Popular Resistance in the Ottoman Empire, 1881–1908. 1983.
  • Rodogno, Davide. Against Massacre: Humanitarian Interventions in the Ottoman Empire, 1815–1914 (2011)
  • Shaw, Stanford J., and Ezel Kural Shaw. History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Vol. 2, Reform, Revolution, and Republic: The Rise of Modern Turkey, 1808–1975. (1977). Amazon.com, excerpt and text search
  • Toledano, Ehud R. The Ottoman Slave Trade and Its Suppression, 1840–1890. (1982)


Military

  • Ágoston, Gábor (2005). Guns for the Sultan: Military Power and the Weapons Industry in the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521843133.
  • Aksan, Virginia (2007). Ottoman Wars, 1700–1860: An Empire Besieged. Pearson Education Limited. ISBN 978-0-582-30807-7.
  • Rhoads, Murphey (1999). Ottoman Warfare, 1500–1700. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 1-85728-389-9.


Historiography

  • Emrence, Cern. "Three Waves of Late Ottoman Historiography, 1950–2007," Middle East Studies Association Bulletin (2007) 41#2 pp 137–151.
  • Finkel, Caroline. "Ottoman History: Whose History Is It?," International Journal of Turkish Studies (2008) 14#1 pp 1–10. How historians in different countries view the Ottoman Empire
  • Hajdarpasic, Edin. "Out of the Ruins of the Ottoman Empire: Reflections on the Ottoman Legacy in South-eastern Europe," Middle Eastern Studies (2008) 44#5 pp 715–734.
  • Hathaway, Jane (1996). "Problems of Periodization in Ottoman History: The Fifteenth through the Eighteenth Centuries". The Turkish Studies Association Bulletin. 20: 25–31.
  • Kırlı, Cengiz. "From Economic History to Cultural History in Ottoman Studies," International Journal of Middle East Studies (May 2014) 46#2 pp 376–378 DOI: 10.1017/S0020743814000166
  • Mikhail, Alan; Philliou, Christine M. "The Ottoman Empire and the Imperial Turn," Comparative Studies in Society & History (2012) 54#4 pp 721–745. Comparing the Ottomans to other empires opens new insights about the dynamics of imperial rule, periodization, and political transformation
  • Pierce, Leslie. "Changing Perceptions of the Ottoman Empire: The Early Centuries," Mediterranean Historical Review (2004) 49#1 pp 6–28. How historians treat 1299 to 1700