Daular Seleucid

Mutuwar Alexander ita ce ta haifar da rashin jituwar da ta taso tsakanin tsaffin hafsoshin sojansa wanda ya haifar da rikicin gadoji.Manyan ƙungiyoyi biyu sun kafa bayan mutuwar Alexander.Na farko daga cikin waɗannan Meleager ne ya jagoranci, wanda ya goyi bayan takarar ɗan'uwan Alexander Arrhidaeus.Na biyu ya jagoranci Perdiccas, babban kwamandan sojan doki, wanda ya yi imanin cewa zai fi kyau a jira har sai an haifi jaririn Alexander na Roxana.Bangarorin biyu sun amince da yin sulhu, inda Arrhidaeus zai zama sarki a matsayin Philip III kuma ya yi mulki tare da yaron Roxana, idan har ya zama magaji na namiji.An nada Perdiccas a matsayin mai mulkin daular, tare da Meleager yana aiki a matsayin mukaddashinsa.Duk da haka, ba da daɗewa ba, Perdiccas ya sa Meleager da sauran shugabannin da suka yi hamayya da shi aka kashe, kuma ya dauki cikakken iko.Janar-janar da suka goyi bayan Perdiccas sun sami lada a rabon Babila ta zama sarakunan sassa daban-daban na daular.Ptolemy ya karbiMasar ;Laomedon ya karɓi Siriya da Fenisiya;Philotas ya ɗauki Kilicia;Peithon ya dauki Media;Antigonus ya sami Phrygia, Lycia da Pamfilia;Asander ya karbi Caria;Menander ya karbi Lydia;Lysimakus ya karɓi Thrace;Leonnatus ya karbi Hellespontine Phrygia;kuma Neoptolemus yana da Armeniya.Macedon da sauran ƙasar Girka za su kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin haɗin gwiwa na Antipater, wanda ya mulke su ga Alexander, da Craterus, laftanar Alexander.Sakataren Alexander, Eumenes na Cardia, zai karɓi Kapadokiya da Paphlagonia.Yaƙe-yaƙe na Diadochi, ko yaƙe-yaƙe na magajin Alexander, jerin rikice-rikice ne da aka yi tsakanin janar-janar Alexander the Great, wanda aka fi sani da Diadochi, kan wanda zai mallaki daularsa bayan mutuwarsa.Yaƙin ya faru tsakanin 322 da 281 KZ.

Janar-janar Alexander, wanda aka fi sani da diadochi, ya yi rawar gani a kan wasu sassan daularsa bayan mutuwarsa.Ptolemy I Soter, tsohon janar sannan kuma satrap naMasar na yanzu, shine farkon wanda ya kalubalanci sabon tsarin, wanda a ƙarshe ya kai ga mutuwar Perdiccas.Tawayen Ptolemy ya haifar da sabon yanki na daular tare da Bangaren Triparadisus a cikin 320 KZ.Seleucus, wanda ya kasance "Kwamandan Sojoji na Sojoji" (hetairoi) kuma ya nada shi na farko ko kotu (wanda ya sanya shi babban jami'in sojan sarki bayan mai mulki da kwamandan Perdiccas tun daga 323 KZ. ko da yake ya taimaka ya kashe shi daga baya) ya karbi Babila kuma, tun daga wannan lokacin, ya ci gaba da fadada mulkinsa ba tare da tausayi ba.Seleucus ya kafa kansa a Babila a shekara ta 312 K.Z., shekarar da aka yi amfani da ita a matsayin ranar kafuwar Daular Seleucid.

Yaƙin Babila rikici ne da aka yi tsakanin 311-309 KZ tsakanin Antigonus I Monophthalmus da Seleucus I Nicator, wanda ya ƙare cikin nasara ga Seleucus.Wannan rikici ya kawo karshen duk wani yiwuwar maido da tsohon daular Alexander the Great, sakamakon da aka tabbatar a yakin Ipsus.Yakin kuma ya yi nuni da haihuwar daular Seleucid ta hanyar ba wa Seleucus iko a kan jiga-jigan gabas na tsohon yankin Alexander.Antigonus ya ja da baya ya yarda cewa Babila, Media, da Elam na Seleucus ne.Mai nasara yanzu ya koma gabas ya isa kwarin Indus, inda ya kulla yarjejeniya da Chandragupta Maurya.Sarkin Mauryan ya karbi yankunan gabashin daular Seleucid, wadanda suka hada da Afganistan, Pakistan da yammacin Indiya, ya kuma baiwa Seleucus wata babbar runduna ta giwayen yaki dari biyar.Ta hanyar ƙara dukan Iran da Afghanistan, Seleucus ya zama mafi iko mai mulki tun Alexander the Great .Maido da Daular Alexander ya kasance, bayan Yaƙin Babila, ba zai yiwu ba.An tabbatar da wannan sakamakon a yakin na hudu na Diadochi da yakin Ipsus (301).

Ptolemy ya kasance yana faɗaɗa ikonsa zuwa Tekun Aegean da Cyprus.Antigonus ta haka ya ci gaba da yaƙi tare da Ptolemy a cikin 308 KZ, ya fara Yaƙin na huɗu na Diadochi.Antigonus ya aika dansa Demetrius ya dawo da ikon Girka, kuma a cikin 307 KZ ya ɗauki Athens.Daga nan sai Demetrius ya mayar da hankalinsa ga Ptolemy, inda ya mamaye kasar Cyprus ya kuma fatattaki rundunar Ptolemy a yakin Salamis-in-Cyprus.A cikin 306, Antigonus yayi ƙoƙari ya mamayeMasar , amma hadari ya hana rundunar Demetrius ya ba shi, kuma an tilasta masa komawa gida.Tare da Cassander da Ptolemy duka sun raunana, kuma Seleucus har yanzu yana shagaltar da shi ta hanyar ƙoƙarin tabbatar da ikonsa a kan Gabas, Antigonus da Demetrius yanzu sun mayar da hankalinsu ga Rhodes, wanda sojojin Demetrius suka kewaye a 305 KZ.Sojojin Ptolemy, Lysimachus, da Cassander sun ƙarfafa tsibirin.Daga ƙarshe, Rhodiyawa sun cimma matsaya tare da Demetrius - za su goyi bayan Antigonus da Demetrius a kan dukan abokan gaba, ceton abokinsu Ptolemy.Ptolemy ya ɗauki lakabin Soter ("Mai Ceton") saboda rawar da ya taka wajen hana faɗuwar Rhodes, amma nasarar ta kasance ta Dimitiriyas, yayin da ta bar shi da hannun 'yanci don kai hari kan Cassander a Girka.Da haka Demetrius ya koma ƙasar Girka kuma ya yi shirin ’yantar da garuruwan Girka, ya kori sojojin Cassander, da kuma oligarchies masu goyon bayan Antipatrid.Cassander ya yi shawara da Lysimachus, kuma sun amince da dabarun haɗin gwiwa da suka haɗa da aika manzanni zuwa Ptolemy da Seleucus, suna neman su shiga yaƙi da barazanar Antigonid.Tare da taimakon Cassander, Lysimachus ya mamaye yawancin yammacin Anatoliya, amma ba da daɗewa ba (301 KZ) Antigonus da Demetrius suka keɓe kusa da Ipsus.

Seleucia, don haka, an kafa shi a kusan 305 KZ, a matsayin babban birnin farko na Daular Seleucid.Ko da yake Seleucus ba da daɗewa ba ya ƙaura babban birninsa zuwa Antakiya, a arewacin Siriya, Seleucia ta zama muhimmiyar cibiyar kasuwanci, al'adun Hellenanci, da gwamnatin yanki a ƙarƙashin Seleucids.Garin ya kasance mutanen Girkawa, Siriyawa da Yahudawa.Don ya mai da babban birninsa ya zama babban birni, Seleucus ya tilasta wa kusan dukan mazaunan Babila, ban da firistoci/ma’aikatan haikali na gida, su tashi su sake zama a Seleucia.Wani allo da aka rubuta a shekara ta 275 K.Z. ya ce an kai mazaunan Babila zuwa Seleucia, inda aka gina fāda da haikali (Esagila).A tsaye a bakin kogin Tigris tare da babban magudanar ruwa daga Kogin Yufiretis, an sanya Seleucia don karɓar zirga-zirga daga manyan hanyoyin ruwa biyu.

An yi yakin Seleucid-Mauryan tsakanin 305 zuwa 303 KZ.Ya fara ne a lokacin da Seleucus I Nicator, na Daular Seleucid, ya nemi kwato sarakunan Indiya na Daular Makidoniya wacce Sarkin Daular Chandragupta Maurya, na Daular Maurya ya mamaye.Yakin dai ya kawo karshe ne sakamakon hade yankin kwarin Indus da wani bangare na kasar Afganistan zuwa daular Mauryan, inda Chandragupta ya tabbatar da iko da yankunan da ya nema, da kuma kawancen aure tsakanin kasashen biyu.Bayan yakin, Masarautar Mauryan ta zama mai mamaye yankin Indiya, kuma daular Seleucid ta mayar da hankalinta wajen fatattakar abokan hamayyarta a yamma.

Bayan Yaƙin Ipsus a shekara ta 301 K.Z., Seleucus I Nicator ya ci ƙasar Sham, kuma ya ci gaba da samun “Biranen ’yan’uwa” guda huɗu a arewa maso yammacin Siriya, ɗaya daga cikinsu ita ce Antakiya, birni mai suna don girmama mahaifinsa Antiyaku;bisa ga Suda, ana iya sawa sunan ɗansa Antiyaku.Wurin da birnin yake yana ba da fa'idodi na yanki, soja, da tattalin arziki ga mazauna garin;Antakiya tana da hannu sosai a cinikin kayan yaji kuma tana cikin saukin hanyar siliki da titin sarauta.A lokacin ƙarshen lokacin Hellenistic da zamanin Romawa na Farko, yawan mutanen Antakiya ya kai kololuwar mazaunan sama da 500,000 (ƙididdigar gabaɗaya ita ce 200,000 – 250,000), wanda ya sa birnin ya zama na uku mafi girma a cikin Daular bayan Roma da Alexandria.Birnin shi ne babban birnin daular Seleucid har zuwa shekara ta 63 K.Z., sa’ad da Romawa suka mamaye birnin, suka mai da shi wurin zama na gwamnan lardin Siriya.Daga farkon karni na hudu, birnin shine wurin zama na Count of the Orient, shugaban hukumar kula da larduna goma sha shida.Ita ce kuma babbar cibiyar Yahudanci Hellenistic a ƙarshen lokacin Haikali na Biyu.Antakiya na ɗaya daga cikin manyan biranen gabashin Bahar Rum na rabin Daular Roma.Ya rufe kusan kadada 1,100 (kilomita 4.5) a cikin bangon wanda kwata daya dutse ne.An kira Antakiya “ shimfiɗar jariri na Kiristanci ” sakamakon daɗewarta da kuma muhimmiyar rawar da ta taka wajen bayyanar Yahudawan Helenanci da Kiristanci na farko.Sabon Alkawari na Kirista ya tabbatar da cewa sunan “Kirista” ya fara bayyana a Antakiya.Yana ɗaya daga cikin birane huɗu na Seleucis na Siriya, kuma ana kiran mazaunanta da Antiochene.Wataƙila birnin ya kasance yana da mutane kusan 250,000 a lokacin watan Agusta, amma ya ƙi yin ƙanƙanta a lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiya da Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiya da Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiya da Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Asiya. mamayewa da mamayewa.

Yaƙin Ipsus an yi shi ne tsakanin wasu Diadochi (magada Alexander the Great) a shekara ta 301 KZ kusa da garin Ipsus a ƙasar Firijiya.Antigonus I Monophthalmus, mai mulkin Firjiya, da ɗansa Demetrius na Makidoniya sun fafata da haɗin gwiwar wasu magaji uku na Alexander: Cassander, sarkin Makidoniya;Lisimakus, mai mulkin Thrace;da Seleucus I Nicator, mai mulkin Babila da Farisa .Yaƙin ya kasance babbar nasara ga Antigonus, wanda ya mutu a lokacin yaƙin.Dama ta ƙarshe ta sake haɗa daular Iskandarin ta riga ta wuce lokacin da Antigonus ya rasa Yaƙin Babila da kashi biyu bisa uku na daularsa.Ipsus ya tabbatar da wannan gazawar.Kamar yadda Paul K. Davis ya rubuta, "Ipsus shine babban batu na gwagwarmaya tsakanin magadan Alexander the Great don ƙirƙirar daular Hellenistic na duniya, wanda Antigonus ya kasa yi."Maimakon haka, an zana daular tsakanin waɗanda suka ci nasara, tare da Ptolemy yana riƙe daMasar , Seleucus ya faɗaɗa ikonsa zuwa gabashin Asiya Ƙarama, kuma Lysimachus yana karɓar ragowar Asiya Ƙarama.

Bayan nasarar da ya yi da Lysimachus a kan Antigonus a yakin Ipsus a shekara ta 301 KZ, Seleucus ya mallaki gabashin Anatoliya da arewacin Siriya.A yankin na ƙarshe, ya kafa sabon babban birni a Antakiya a kan Orontes, birnin da ya sa wa sunan mahaifinsa.An kafa wani babban birni a Seleucia a kan Tigris, arewacin Babila.Daular Seleucus ta kai matsayi mafi girma bayan shan kashin da ya yi a kan tsohon abokinsa, Lysimachus, a Corupedion a shekara ta 281 KZ, bayan haka Seleucus ya fadada ikonsa har ya mamaye yammacin Anatoliya.Ya yi fatan kara samun iko da yankunan Lysimachus a Turai - da farko Thrace har ma da Macedonia kanta, amma Ptolemy Ceraunus ya kashe shi a lokacin da ya sauka a Turai.Wannan ya nuna ƙarshen Yaƙin Diadochi.Ɗansa kuma magajinsa, Antiochus I Soter, an bar shi da wani babban daula wanda ya ƙunshi kusan dukkanin sassan Asiya na Daular, amma ya fuskanci Antigonus II Gonatas a Makidoniya da Ptolemy II Philadelphus a Masar, ya tabbatar da cewa ya kasa ɗauka inda nasa. uba ya daina cin galaba a kan yankunan Turai na daular Alexander.

Shekaru goma a cikin mulkinsa, Ptolemy II ya fuskanci Antiochus I, Sarkin Seleucid wanda ke ƙoƙarin faɗaɗa ikon daularsa a Siriya da Anatoliya.Ptolemy ya nuna cewa shi mai mulki ne mai ƙarfi kuma ƙwararren janar.Ƙari ga haka, auren da ya yi kwanan nan da ’yar’uwarsa mai hikimar kotu Arsinoe II taMasar ya daidaita kotun Masar ɗin da ba ta da ƙarfi, ta bai wa Ptolemy damar yin kamfen cikin nasara.Yaƙin Siriya na farko babban nasara ne ga Ptolemies.Antiochus ya ɗauki yankunan Ptolemaic da ke cikin gabar tekun Siriya da kudancin Anatoliya a cikin gaggawar sa na farko.Ptolemy ya sake cinye waɗannan yankuna a shekara ta 271 KZ, yana faɗaɗa mulkin Ptolemaic har zuwa Caria da kuma cikin yawancin Kilicia.Da idon Ptolemy ya mai da hankali wajen gabas, ɗan'uwansa Magas ya ayyana lardinsa na Cyrenaica ya zama mai cin gashin kansa.Zai kasance mai zaman kanta har zuwa 250 KZ, lokacin da aka sake dawo da shi cikin Masarautar Ptolemaic: amma ba kafin ya haifar da jerin gwanon kotu na Ptolemaic da Seleucid, yaƙi da ƙarshe ya kai ga auren Theos da Berenice.

Antiochus II ya gaji mahaifinsa a shekara ta 261 K.Z., kuma ta haka ya soma wani sabon yaƙi don Siriya.Ya cimma yarjejeniya da sarkin Antigonid na yanzu a Macedon, Antigonus II Gonatas, wanda shi ma yana da sha'awar korar Ptolemy II daga Aegean.Tare da goyon bayan Macedon, Antiochus II ya kaddamar da hari a kan tashar Ptolemaic a Asiya.An yi hasarar yawancin bayanai game da yakin Siriya na biyu.A bayyane yake cewa rundunar Antigonus ta ci nasara kan Ptolemy a yakin Cos a shekara ta 261 KZ, wanda ya rage karfin sojan ruwa na Ptolemaic.Da alama Ptolemy ya ɓace a Kilicia, Pamfiliya, da Ionia, yayin da Antiochus ya sake samun Miletus da Afisa.Shigar Macedon a cikin yaƙin ya ƙare lokacin da tawayen Koranti da Chalcis suka shagaltu da Antigonus a shekara ta 253 K.Z., mai yiwuwa Ptolemy ne ya motsa shi, da kuma karuwar ayyukan abokan gaba tare da iyakar arewacin Macedon.An gama yaƙin a shekara ta 253 KZ tare da auren Antiochus da ɗiyar Ptolemy, Berenice Syra.Antiochus ya ƙi matarsa ​​ta dā, Laodice, kuma ya ba ta babban matsayi.Ya mutu a Afisa a shekara ta 246 K.Z., Laodice ya ba shi guba a wasu wurare.Ptolemy II ya mutu a wannan shekarar.

Ɗan Antiochus na II Seleucus II Callinicus ya hau gadon sarauta a shekara ta 246 KZ.Ba da daɗewa ba Seleucus II ya sha kaye da yawa a Yaƙin Siriya na Uku da Ptolemy III naMasar sannan ya yi yaƙin basasa da ɗan'uwansa Antiochus Hierax.Yin amfani da wannan karkatar da hankali, Bactria da Parthia sun balle daga daular.A Asiya Ƙarama kuma, daular Seleucid kamar ta rasa iko: Gauls sun kafa kansu sosai a Galatiya, masarautu masu zaman kansu masu zaman kansu a Bitiniya, Fontus, da Kapadokiya, kuma birnin Pergamum a yamma ya kasance. tabbatar da 'yancin kai a karkashin Daular Attalid.Tattalin arzikin Seleucid ya fara nuna alamun rauni na farko, yayin da Galatiyawa suka sami 'yancin kai kuma Pergamum ta mallaki biranen bakin teku a Anatoliya.Sakamakon haka, sun yi nasarar toshe hulɗa da ƙasashen yamma.

Diodotus, gwamna na yankin Bactrian, ya tabbatar da 'yancin kai a kusan 245 KZ, ko da yake ainihin kwanan wata ya yi nisa, don kafa Mulkin Greco-Bactrian.Wannan masarauta tana da kyawawan al'adun Helenawa kuma za ta ci gaba da mamaye Bactria har zuwa kusan 125 KZ lokacin da mamayewar makiyayan arewa suka mamaye ta.Ɗaya daga cikin sarakunan Greco-Bactrian, Demetrius I na Bactria, ya mamaye Indiya a kusa da 180 KZ don kafa Masarautun Indo-Greek.Sarakunan Farisa, da ake kira Fratarakas, su ma da alama sun kafa wani matakin samun 'yancin kai daga Seleucids a ƙarni na 3 KZ, musamman daga lokacin Vahbarz.Daga baya za su ɗauki lakabin Sarakunan Farisa a fili, kafin su zama ƙwazo ga sabuwar daular Parthian da aka kafa.

Satrap na Seleucid na Parthia, mai suna Andragoras, ya fara neman 'yancin kai, a daidai lokacin da ballewar makwabcinsa na Bactrian.Ba da daɗewa ba, duk da haka, wani shugaban kabilar Parthia mai suna Arsaces ya mamaye yankin Parthia a kusa da 238 KZ don kafa daular Arsacid, wanda daga cikin daular Parthia ya samo asali.

Farfadowa za ta fara sa’ad da ƙaramin ɗan Seleucus II, Antiochus III Mai Girma, ya hau gadon sarauta a shekara ta 223 KZ.Ko da yake da farko bai yi nasara ba a yakin Siriya na hudu daMasar , wanda ya kai ga cin nasara a yakin Raphia (217 KZ), Antiochus zai tabbatar da kansa a matsayin mafi girma daga cikin sarakunan Seleucid bayan Seleucus I da kansa.Ya shafe shekaru goma masu zuwa a kan anabasis (tafiya) ta cikin sassan gabas na yankinsa da kuma maido da vassals masu tayar da hankali kamar Parthia da Greco-Bactria zuwa akalla biyayya mara kyau.Ya sami nasarori da dama kamar yakin Dutsen Labus da yakin Arius ya kewaye babban birnin Bactrian.Har ma ya yi koyi da Seleucus tare da balaguro zuwa Indiya inda ya gana da Sarki Sophagasenus (Sanskrit: Subhagasena) yana karbar giwayen yaki, watakila bisa yarjejeniyar da aka kulla da kawance da aka kafa bayan yakin Seleucid-Mauryan .

Yaƙe-yaƙe na Siriya jerin yaƙe-yaƙe ne na yaƙe-yaƙe guda shida tsakanin Daular Seleucid da Masarautar Ptolemaic ta Masar, waɗanda suka gaji daular Alexander the Great, a ƙarni na 3 da na 2 KZ akan yankin da ake kira Coele-Syria a lokacin, ɗaya daga cikin 'yan hanyoyin shiga. MasarWaɗannan rikice-rikicen sun lalata kayan aiki da ƙarfin duka bangarorin biyu kuma sun kai ga halaka su da cin nasara daga Roma da Parthia .An ambata su a taƙaice a cikin Littattafan Littafi Mai Tsarki na Maccabees.

Yakin Raphia, wanda aka fi sani da yakin Gaza, an yi shi ne a ranar 22 ga watan Yuni 217 KZ a kusa da Rafah na zamani tsakanin sojojin Ptolemy IV Philopator, sarki da fir'auna naPtolemaic Masar da Antiochus na uku mai girma na Daular Seleucid a lokacin yakin Siriya. .Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan yaƙe-yaƙe na masarautun Hellenistic da na tsohuwar duniya, kuma sun ƙaddara ikon Coele Syria.

Mutuwar Ptolemy IV a shekara ta 204 KZ ta biyo bayan wani rikici na jini a kan mulki yayin da magajinsa, Ptolemy V, yaro ne kawai.Rikicin ya fara ne da kashe matar sarkin da ya mutu da kuma ’yar’uwarsa Arsinoë da ministocin Agothocles da Sosibius suka yi.Ba a san makomar Sosibius ba, amma da alama Agothocles ya dade yana rike da mulki har sai da ’yan iskan Iskandariya suka lalata shi.Sarautar ta kasance daga wani mai ba da shawara zuwa wancan, kuma masarautar ta kasance a cikin wani yanayi na kusan rashin zaman lafiya.Da yake neman cin gajiyar wannan hargitsi, Antiochus III ya sake kai hari na biyu na Coele-Syria.Ya shawo kan Philip V na Makidoniya ya shiga yaƙin kuma ya ci yankunan Ptolemies a Asiya Ƙarama - ayyukan da suka kai ga yakin Macedonia na biyu tsakanin Macedon da Romawa.Antiyaku da sauri ya ratsa yankin.Bayan wani ɗan gajeren koma baya a Gaza, ya kai wa Ptolemies mummunan rauni a yakin Panium kusa da kan kogin Jordan wanda ya ba shi tashar jiragen ruwa mai mahimmanci na Sidon.A shekara ta 200 K.Z., wakilai na Romawa sun zo wurin Filibus da Antiyaku suka ce su daina kai waMasar hari.Romawa ba za su sha wahala ba game da shigo da hatsi daga Masar, mabuɗin tallafawa ɗimbin jama'a a Italiya.Kamar yadda babu wani sarki da ya shirya ya mamaye Masar da kansa, da son rai sun bi buƙatun Roma.Antiochus ya kammala mulkin Coele-Syria a shekara ta 198 KZ kuma ya ci gaba da kai hari ga sauran wuraren da Ptolemy ke da karfi a bakin teku a Caria da Kilicia.Matsaloli a gida sun sa Ptolemy ya nemi ƙarshe mai sauri da rashin lahani.Kungiyar 'yan kishin kasa, wacce ta faro tun kafin yakin da Tawayen Masar, kuma ta fadada tare da goyon bayan limaman Masar, ya haifar da tarzoma da tayar da zaune tsaye a fadin masarautar.Matsalolin tattalin arziki ya sa gwamnatin Ptolemaic ta ƙara yawan haraji, wanda kuma ya ciyar da gobarar kishin ƙasa.Domin ya mai da hankali kan gidan gida, Ptolemy ya rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Antiochus a shekara ta 195 KZ, inda ya bar Sarkin Seleucid ya mallaki Coele-Syria kuma ya yarda ya auri ’yar Antiochus Cleopatra I.

Bayan cin nasarar abokinsa na dā Filibus da Roma ta yi a shekara ta 197 K.Z., Antiochus ya ga zarafi na faɗaɗa ƙasar Girka.Babban Hannibal na Carthaginian da aka kora ya ƙarfafa shi, da yin ƙawance tare da ƙungiyar Aetolian mara kunya, Antiochus ya ƙaddamar da mamayewa a cikin Hellespont.Da babbar rundunarsa ya yi niyyar kafa daular Seleucid a matsayin babbar iko a duniyar Hellenic, amma waɗannan tsare-tsare sun sa daular ta yi karo da sabon ƙarfin da ke cikin Bahar Rum, wato Jamhuriyar Roma.A yaƙe-yaƙe na Thermopylae (191 KZ) da Magnesia (190 K.Z.), sojojin Antiochus sun sha shan kashi sosai, kuma aka tilasta masa ya yi sulhu kuma ya rattaba hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Apamea (188 KZ), babban abin da ya ce Seleucids sun yarda da su. biya babban diyya, don ja da baya daga Anatoliya kuma kada a sake yin ƙoƙarin faɗaɗa yankin Seleucid a yammacin tsaunin Taurus.Masarautar Pergamum da Jamhuriyar Rhodes, ƙawayen Roma a yaƙi, sun sami tsohuwar ƙasashen Seleucid a Anatoliya.Antiochus ya mutu a shekara ta 187 K.Z. a wani balaguro zuwa gabas, inda ya nemi ya ciro kuɗi don ya biya diyya.

Yaƙin Magnesiya an yi yaƙi da shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na Yaƙin Roman-Seleucid, rundunonin sojojin Jamhuriyar Roma karkashin jagorancin jakadan Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus da Masarautar Pergamon da ke ƙarƙashin Eumenes II a kan rundunar Seleucid na Antiochus III mai girma.Dakarun biyu sun yi sansani a arewa maso gabas na Magnesia ad Sipylum a yankin Asiya Ƙarama (Manisa na yau da kullun, Turkiyya), suna ƙoƙarin tsokanar juna cikin yaƙi a kan yanayi mai kyau na kwanaki da yawa.Sa’ad da aka fara yaƙin, Eumenes ya yi nasarar jefa ‘yan tawayen Seleucid cikin rudani.Yayin da sojojin dawakan Antiochus suka rinjayi abokan gābansa a gefen dama na fagen fama, cibiyar sojojinsa ta ruguje kafin ya ƙarfafa ta.Ƙididdiga na zamani sun ba da mutuwar 10,000 don Seleucids kuma an kashe 5,000 ga Romawa.Yaƙin ya haifar da gagarumin nasara na Roman-Pergamene, wanda ya kai ga yerjejeniyar Apamea, wadda ta kawo ƙarshen mulkin Seleucid a Asiya Ƙarama.

Tawayen Maccabean tawaye ne na Yahudawa da Maccabees suka jagoranta a kan Daular Seleucid da kuma tasirin Hellenanci a rayuwar Yahudawa.Babban lokaci na tawaye ya kasance daga 167-160 KZ kuma ya ƙare tare da Seleucids da ke mulkin Yahudiya, amma rikici tsakanin Maccabees, Yahudawa Hellenized, da Seleucids ya ci gaba har zuwa 134 KZ, tare da Maccabees sun sami 'yancin kai.Sarkin Seleucid Antiochus IV Epiphanes ya kaddamar da gagarumin yaƙin zalunci a kan addinin Yahudawa a shekara ta 168 K.Z..Dalilin da ya sa ya yi haka bai fito fili ba, amma da alama yana da alaƙa da Sarkin da ya ɓata rikicin cikin gida tsakanin ƙungiyar firistoci ta Yahudawa a matsayin babbar tawaye.An haramta ayyukan Yahudawa, an sanya Urushalima ƙarƙashin ikon Seleucid kai tsaye, kuma Haikali na Biyu a Urushalima ya zama wurin bautar arna da Yahudawa.Wannan zalunci ya haifar da tawayen da Antiochus IV ya ji tsoro, tare da gungun Yahudawa masu gwagwarmaya karkashin jagorancin Yahuda Maccabeus (Yahuda Maccabee) da iyalinsa suka yi tawaye a shekara ta 167 KZ kuma suna neman 'yancin kai.Tawayen dai ya fara ne a matsayin wata kungiyar 'yan daba a yankunan kasar Yahudiya, inda ta kai farmaki kan garuruwa da kuma tsoratar da jami'an kasar Girka da ke da nisa daga ikon Seleucid kai tsaye, amma daga bisani ta samar da ingantacciyar rundunar da za ta iya kai hari ga garuruwan Seleucid masu kagara.A shekara ta 164 K.Z., Maccabee suka ci Urushalima, nasara mai muhimmanci da farko.Tsaftace haikalin da aka yi da kuma sake keɓe bagadi a ranar 25 Kislev shine tushen bikin Hanukkah.Seleucids ƙarshe sun tuba kuma ba a haramta Yahudanci ba, amma Maccabees masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, ba su gamsu da sake kafa ayyukan Yahudawa kawai a ƙarƙashin mulkin Seleucid ba, sun ci gaba da yin yaƙi, suna turawa don ƙarin hutu kai tsaye tare da Seleucid.A ƙarshe, rarraba cikin gida tsakanin Seleucids da matsaloli a wasu wurare a cikin daularsu zai ba Maccabees damar samun 'yancin kai daidai.Ƙwance da Jamhuriyar Roma ya taimaka wajen tabbatar da ’yancinsu.

Yaƙe-yaƙe na Daular Seleucid jerin yaƙe-yaƙe ne na jere da aka yi tsakanin rassa masu gasa na gidan sarautar Seleucid don mallakar daular Seleucid.Da farko a matsayin sakamakon rikice-rikice da dama da suka taso daga mulkin Seleucus IV Philopator da ɗan'uwansa Antiochus IV Epiphanes a cikin 170s da 160s, yaƙe-yaƙe sun kwatanta shekarun ƙarshe na daular kuma sun kasance muhimmiyar dalilin raguwa a matsayin manyan iko a Gabas Kusa da Duniyar Hellenistic.Yaƙin ƙarshe ya ƙare da rugujewar mulkin da kuma haɗa shi da Jamhuriyar Roma a shekara ta 63 KZ.Yaƙe-yaƙen basasa da suka bayyana a shekarun baya na Daular Seleucid sun samo asali ne tun bayan cin nasarar Antiochus III mai girma a cikin Yaƙin Roman-Seleucid, wanda a ƙarƙashinsa sharuɗɗan zaman lafiya sun tabbatar da cewa an gudanar da wakilin dangin sarauta na Seleucid a Roma a matsayin garkuwa.Da farko an yi garkuwa da Antiochus IV Epiphanes na gaba, amma tare da magajin ɗan'uwansa, Seleucus IV Philopator, a cikin 187 da kuma bayyanawar sa na karya Yarjejeniyar Apamea da Roma, Seleucus ya tilasta kiran Antiochus zuwa Siriya kuma a maimakon haka ya maye gurbinsa da nasa. ɗa, nan gaba Demetrius I Soter a 178 KZ.

Ƙarfin Seleucid ya fara raguwa bayan cin nasara da Antiochus III a hannun Romawa a yakin Magnesia wanda ya karya ikon Seleucid da kuma musamman sojojin Seleucid.Bayan wannan shan kashi, Antiochus ya fara balaguro zuwa Iran , amma an kashe shi a Elymaïs. Arsacids sun karbi mulki a Parthia kuma suka ayyana cikakken 'yancin kai daga Daular Seleucid.A shekara ta 148 K.Z., Sarkin Parthian Mithridates I ya kai wa Media hari wanda ya riga ya yi tawaye ga daular Seleucid, kuma a shekara ta 141 K.Z., Parthiawa sun kwace babban birnin Seleucid na Seleucia (wanda shi ne babban birnin gabashin daular Seleucid). Waɗannan nasarorin sun ba Mithridates nasara. iko a kan Mesofotamiya da Babila.A shekara ta 139 K.Z., mutanen Parthia sun ci nasara kan wani babban hari na Seleucid, suka karya sojojin Seleucid, suka kama Sarkin Seleucid, Demetrius II, don haka ya kawo karshen ikirarin Seleucid na kowace ƙasa a gabashin kogin Euphrates.Domin ya maido da wannan yanki, Antiochus VII Sidetes, ya kaddamar da farmaki a kan mutanen Parthia a shekara ta 130 K.Z., da farko ya ci su sau biyu a yaƙi.Parthians sun aika da tawaga don yin shawarwarin yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya, amma a ƙarshe sun ƙi sharuɗɗan da Antiochus ya gabatar.Sojojin Seleucid sun watse zuwa wuraren hunturu.Da suka ga damar kai farmaki, ’yan Parthia, a ƙarƙashin Phraates II, sun ci Antiochus kuma suka kashe shi a Yaƙin Ecbatana a shekara ta 129 K.Z., kuma suka ci gaba da halaka tare da kama sauran manyan sojojinsa, wanda hakan ya kawo ƙarshen yunƙurin da Seleucids suka yi na kwato Farisa.

An yi yakin Ecbatana a shekara ta 129 KZ tsakanin Seleucids karkashin jagorancin Antiochus VII Sidetes da Parthians karkashin jagorancin Phraates II, kuma ya nuna yunkurin karshe na bangaren Seleucid na sake samun ikonsu a gabas a kan Parthiyawa.Bayan shan kayensu, yankin Seleucid ya takaita ne kawai a yankin Siriya.

A shekara ta 100 KZ, daular Seleucid mai ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan daular ta ƙunshi kaɗan fiye da Antakiya da wasu biranen Siriya.Duk da rugujewar ikonsu, da durkushewar mulkinsu da ke kewaye da su, manyan mutane sun ci gaba da taka rawa a kai-a kai, tare da shiga tsakani na lokaci-lokaci dagaPtolemaic Masar da sauran masu iko na waje.'Yan Seleucids sun wanzu ne kawai domin babu wata al'umma da ke son shanye su - ganin cewa sun kafa wata hanya mai amfani tsakanin sauran makwabta.A cikin yaƙe-yaƙe a Anatolia tsakanin Mithridates VI na Pontus da Sulla na Roma, Seleucids ne aka bar su kadai daga manyan mayaƙa biyu.

Surukin Mithridates, Tigranes the Great , Sarkin Armeniya, duk da haka, ya ga dama don faɗaɗa cikin rikicin cikin gida na yau da kullun zuwa kudu.A shekara ta 83 K.Z., bisa gayyatar ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da ke cikin yaƙe-yaƙen basasa da ba su wuce gona da iri ba, ya kai wa Siriya hari kuma ba da daɗewa ba ya kafa kansa a matsayin sarkin Siriya, kuma ya kawo ƙarshen daular Seleucid.

Mulkin Seleucid bai ƙare ba, duk da haka.Bayan da Janar Lucullus na Romawa ya sha kashi na Mithridates da Tigranes a shekara ta 69 KZ, an maido da mulkin Seleucid a ƙarƙashin Antiochus XIII.Duk da haka, ba a iya hana yaƙe-yaƙe na basasa ba, kamar yadda wani Seleucid, Philip II, ya yi hamayya da Antiochus.Bayan da Romawa suka ci Pontus, Romawa sun ƙara firgita saboda rashin zaman lafiya a Siriya a ƙarƙashin Seleucids.Da zarar Pompey ya ci Mithridates a shekara ta 63 KZ, Pompey ya kafa aikin sake fasalin Gabas na Hellenistic, ta hanyar ƙirƙirar sabbin masarautun abokan ciniki da kafa larduna.Yayin da aka ƙyale al'ummomin abokan ciniki kamar Armeniya da Yahudiya su ci gaba da samun 'yancin kai a ƙarƙashin sarakunan yankin, Pompey ya ga Seleucids suna da damuwa don ci gaba;ya kawar da sarakunan Seleucid da suke hamayya da juna, ya mai da Syria ta zama lardin Roma.