Crusade na uku

Raynald na Châtillon, wanda ya goyi bayan da'awar Sybilla na kan karagar mulki, ya kai hari kan ayarin attajirai da ke tafiya dagaMasar zuwa Syria, kuma ya sa aka jefa matafiya a kurkuku, ta haka ne aka yi sulhu tsakanin Masarautar Kudus da Salahaddin.Saladin ya bukaci a sako fursunonin da kayansu.Sabon Sarki Guy da aka yi wa sarauta ya roki Raynald da ya biya bukatar Saladin, amma Raynald ya ki bin umarnin sarki.Salahaddin ya fara kiransa na yaki mai tsarki da Masarautar Kudus ta Latin.

Sojojin Musulmi karkashin Saladin sun kama ko kuma kashe mafi yawan dakarun ‘yan Salibiyya, inda suka kawar da karfinsu na yin yaki.Sakamakon yakin kai tsaye musulmi sun sake zama fitattun sojojin kasa a kasa mai tsarki, inda suka sake mamaye birnin Kudus da sauran garuruwan da 'yan Salibiyya ke rike da su.Wadannan cin nasara na Kirista sun haifar da Crusade na uku, wanda ya fara shekaru biyu bayan yakin Hattin.An ce Paparoma Urban III ya fadi ya mutu (Oktoba 1187) da jin labarin yakin Hattin.

Kudus ta mamaye sojojin Salahaddin a ranar Juma'a, 2 ga Oktoba, 1187, bayan sun mamaye.Lokacin da aka fara yaƙin, Salahaddin bai yarda ya yi wa mazauna Urushalima wa’adin kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu ba.Balian na Ibelin ya yi barazanar kashe duk wani musulmi da aka yi garkuwa da shi, wanda aka kiyasta ya kai 5,000, da kuma lalata wuraren ibadar Islama na Dome na Rock da kuma Masallacin al-Aqsa idan ba a samar da irin wannan kwata ba.Saladin ya tuntubi majalisarsa kuma aka amince da sharuddan.An karanta yarjejeniyar a titunan birnin Kudus domin a cikin kwanaki arba'in kowa ya azurta kansa kuma ya biya wa Saladin harajin da aka amince da shi na 'yancinsa.Za a biya wani ɗan fansa da ba a saba gani ba ga kowane Frank da ke birnin, ko namiji, mace, ko yaro, amma Saladin, ba tare da son ma’ajinsa ba, ya ƙyale iyalai da yawa waɗanda ba za su iya biyan kuɗin fansa su tafi ba.Bayan kama birnin Kudus, Salahaddin ya tara Yahudawa ya ba su izinin zama a birnin.

Audita tremendi bijimin Paparoma ne wanda Paparoma Gregory na VIII ya bayar a ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 1187, yana kira ga Crusade na uku.An ba da shi kwanaki kadan bayan Gregory ya gaji Urban III a matsayin Paparoma, a matsayin martani ga cin nasara da Masarautar Urushalima ta yi a yakin Hattin a ranar 4 ga Yuli na 1187. Gregory ya tafi Pisa don kawo karshen yakin Pisan da Genoa don duka biyun. tashoshin jiragen ruwa da jiragen ruwa na ruwa za su iya haɗuwa tare don yaƙin 'yan tawaye.

Frederick I shine na farko a cikin sarakuna uku da suka tashi zuwa kasa mai tsarki.Ya isa Regensburg don tarawa sannan Frederick ya tashi daga Regensburg tare da sojoji 12,000 – 15,000, gami da 2,000 – 4,000 Knights.

Siege na Acre shi ne babban hari na farko da Sarkin Kudus ya yi wa Saladin, shugaban Musulmi a Siriya daMasar .Wannan ƙawance mai mahimmanci ya zama wani ɓangare na abin da daga baya aka sani da Crusade na Uku.Tun daga watan Agustan 1189 har zuwa watan Yuli na shekarar 1191, birnin ya yi kaca-kaca da shi, wanda a lokacin ne yankin gabar tekun birnin ya nuna cewa sojojin Latin da ke kai hari sun kasa zuba jari sosai a birnin kuma Salahaddin ya kasa sauke nauyin da ya rataya a wuyansa, inda bangarorin biyu ke karbar kayayyaki da albarkatu ta ruwa.A ƙarshe, babbar nasara ce ga 'yan Salibiyya da kuma babban koma baya ga burin Salahaddin na lalata Jihohin Salibiyyar .

Yakin Philomelion (Philomelium a harshen Latin, Akşehir a Turkanci) nasara ce da sojojin Daular Rum mai tsarki suka samu a kan dakarun Turkiyya naSultanate of Rûm a ranar 7 ga Mayu 1190 a lokacin yakin Salibiyya na uku.A watan Mayun shekara ta 1189, Sarkin Roma mai tsarki Frederick Barbarossa ya fara balaguro zuwa kasa mai tsarki a matsayin wani bangare na yakin Crusade na uku don kwato birnin Kudus daga hannun dakarun Saladin.Bayan tsawaita zama a yankunan Turai na Daular Byzantine, sojojin daular Larabawa sun tsallaka zuwa Asiya a Dardanelles daga 22-28 Maris 1190. Bayan cin zarafi daga al'ummar Rumawa da kuma rashin bin ka'ida na Turkiyya, sojojin 'yan Salibiyya sun yi mamakin a sansanin da 10,000. -man sojojin Turkiyya na Sultanate na Rûm kusa da Philomelion a yammacin ranar 7 ga Mayu.Dakarun 'yan Salibiyya sun kai farmaki tare da sojoji 2,000 na nakasassu da na doki a karkashin jagorancin Frederick VI, Duke na Swabia da Berthold, Duke na Merania, inda suka sa Turkawa gudu suka kashe 4,174-5,000 daga cikinsu.

Bayan ya isa yankin Anatoliya, an yi wa Frederick alkawarin wucewa cikin yankin lafiya ta hanyarSultanate of Rum , amma a maimakon haka ya fuskanci hare-haren da Turkiyya ke kaiwa sojojinsa akai-akai.Sojojin Turkiyya 10,000 sun sha kaye a yakin Philomelion da 'yan Salibiyya 2,000, tare da kashe Turkawa 4,174-5,000.Bayan da Turkiyya ta ci gaba da kai hare-hare kan sojojin 'yan Salibiyya, Frederick ya yanke shawarar sake cika tarin dabbobi da kayan abinci ta hanyar mamaye babban birnin Turkiyya na Ikoniyam.A ranar 18 ga watan Mayun shekarar 1190 ne sojojin Jamus suka fatattaki abokan gabarsu na Turkiyya a yakin Ikoniyam inda suka kori birnin tare da kashe sojojin Turkiyya 3,000.

Yayin da yake ketare kogin Saleph kusa da Silifke Castle a Kilicia a ranar 10 ga Yuni 1190, dokin Frederick ya zame, yana jefa shi a kan duwatsu;sai ya nutse a cikin kogin.Mutuwar Frederick ta sa sojojin Jamus dubu da yawa barin rundunar tare da komawa gida ta tashar jiragen ruwa na Silisiya da na Siriya.Bayan haka, yawancin sojojinsa sun koma Jamus ta hanyar ruwa da sa ran zaɓen Masarautar da ke tafe.Ɗan Sarkin sarakuna, Frederick na Swabia, ya jagoranci sauran mutane 5,000 zuwa Antakiya.

Henry II na Ingila da Philip II na Faransa sun kawo ƙarshen yaƙin da suka yi da juna a wani taro a Gisors a watan Janairu 1188 sannan dukansu suka ɗauki gicciye.Dukansu sun sanya zakkar “Saladin” ga ’yan kasarsu don samun kudin shiga.Richard da Philip II sun hadu a Faransa a Vézelay kuma suka tashi tare a ranar 4 ga Yuli 1190 har zuwa Lyon inda suka rabu bayan sun amince su hadu a Sicily;Richard ya isa Marseille kuma ya gano cewa rundunarsa ba ta isa ba;da sauri ya gaji da jiransu da hayar jiragen ruwa, ya bar Sicily a ranar 7 ga Agusta, ya ziyarci wurare da yawa a Italiya a kan hanya kuma ya isa Messina a ranar 23 ga Satumba.A halin yanzu, rundunar sojojin Ingila sun isa Marseille a ranar 22 ga Agusta, kuma sun gano cewa Richard ya tafi, ya tashi kai tsaye zuwa Messina, ya isa gabansa a ranar 14 ga Satumba.Filibus ya yi hayar jirgin ruwan Genoese don jigilar sojojinsa, wanda ya ƙunshi maƙiyi 650, dawakai 1,300, da squires 1,300 zuwa ƙasa mai tsarki ta hanyar Sicily.

Richard ya kama birnin Messina a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 1190. Dukansu Richard da Philip sun yi sanyi a nan a cikin 1190. Philip ya bar Sicily kai tsaye zuwa Gabas ta Tsakiya a ranar 30 ga Maris 1191 kuma ya isa Taya a cikin Afrilu;ya shiga kewayen Acre a ranar 20 ga Afrilu.Richard bai tashi daga Sicily ba har sai 10 ga Afrilu.

Ba da daɗewa ba bayan da ya tashi daga Sicily, jirgin sarki Richard na jiragen ruwa 180 da kuma guraren ruwa 39 ya fuskanci wata mummunar guguwa.Jiragen ruwa da dama sun yi karo da juna, ciki har da wanda ke rike da Joan, da sabuwar amaryarsa Berengaria da kuma dimbin dukiya da aka tara domin yakin ‘yan Salibiyya.Nan da nan aka gano cewa Isaac Dukas Comnenus na Cyprus ya kwace dukiyar.Su biyun suka hadu kuma Ishaku ya amince ya maido da dukiyar Richard.Duk da haka, da zarar ya koma sansaninsa na Famagusta, Ishaku ya karya rantsuwarsa.Don ramuwar gayya, Richard ya ci tsibirin sa’ad da yake kan hanyarsa ta zuwa Taya.

Richard ya isa Acre a ranar 8 ga Yuni 1191 kuma nan da nan ya fara sa ido kan gina makaman yaƙi don kai hari a birnin, wanda aka kama a ranar 12 ga Yuli.Richard, Philip, da Leopold sun yi jayayya game da ganimar nasara.Richard ya jefar da mizanin Jamus daga cikin birni, yana ɗan leƙen Leopold.Da takaici tare da Richard (kuma a yanayin Philip, cikin rashin lafiya), Philip da Leopold suka ɗauki sojojinsu suka bar ƙasa mai tsarki a watan Agusta.

Bayan kama Acre, Richard ya yanke shawarar tafiya zuwa birnin Jaffa.Sarrafa Jaffa ya zama dole kafin a kai hari kan Kudus.A ranar 7 ga Satumba 1191, duk da haka, Saladin ya kai hari ga sojojin Richard a Arsuf, mil 30 (kilomita 50) arewacin Jaffa.Salahaddin ya yi yunkurin tursasa sojojin Richard don karya kafuwarta dalla-dalla.Richard ya ci gaba da tsare sojojinsa na tsaro, duk da haka, har sai da Ma'aikatan Asibiti suka karya mukami don cajin hannun dama na dakarun Saladin.Daga nan Richard ya ba da umarnin kai hari na gaba ɗaya, wanda ya ci yaƙin.Arsuf wata muhimmiyar nasara ce.Ba a halaka sojojin musulmi ba, duk da cewa an rasa mazaje 7,000, amma abin ya ci tura;wannan abin kunya ne a wurin musulmi kuma ya kara kwarin gwiwar 'yan Salibiyya.Arsuf ya yi watsi da sunan Saladin a matsayin jarumi marar nasara kuma ya tabbatar da jaruntakar Richard a matsayin soja da kuma kwarewarsa a matsayin kwamanda.Richard ya iya ɗauka, kare, da kuma riƙe Jaffa, mataki mai mahimmanci mai mahimmanci don tabbatar da Urushalima.Ta hanyar hana Saladin bakin tekun, Richard ya yi barazanar kama Urushalima.

A cikin watan Yulin 1192, ba zato ba tsammani sojojin Saladin sun kai hari tare da kama Jaffa tare da dubban mutane, amma Saladin ya rasa ikon sojojinsa saboda fushin da suka yi na kisan kiyashi a Acre.Richard ya yi niyyar komawa Ingila ne lokacin da ya ji labarin cewa Saladin da sojojinsa sun kama Jaffa.Richard da wani karamin runduna da ba su wuce 2,000 ba sun je Jaffa ta teku a wani harin ba-zata.Sojojin Richard sun afkawa Jaffa daga cikin jiragen ruwa kuma aka kori Ayyubids , waɗanda ba su da shiri don kai hari na ruwa daga cikin birni.Richard ya 'yantar da sojojin Crusader da aka yi wa fursuna, kuma waɗannan sojojin sun taimaka wajen ƙarfafa adadin sojojinsa.Har yanzu sojojin Salahaddin suna da fifiko a adadi, duk da haka, sun kai farmaki.Salahuddin yayi niyyar kai wani harin bazata da asuba, amma an gano dakarunsa;ya ci gaba da kai harin nasa, amma mutanensa suna da sulke masu sulke kuma sun yi asarar mutane 700 da aka kashe saboda makamai masu linzami na ɗimbin ƴan Salibiyya crossbowmen.Yaƙin kwato Jaffa ya ƙare da rashin nasara ga Salahuddin, wanda aka tilasta masa ja da baya.Wannan yakin ya karfafa matsayin jihohin 'yan Salibiyya da ke gabar teku sosai .

An tilastawa Salahaddin kammala wata yarjejeniya da Richard wanda ya tanadi cewa birnin Kudus zai ci gaba da kasancewa karkashin ikon musulmi, yayin da yake barin maniyata Kirista da ‘yan kasuwa marasa makami su ziyarci birnin.Ascalon ya kasance batu mai cike da cece-kuce yayin da yake barazanar sadarwa tsakanin mamayar Salahaddin aMasar da Syria;Daga karshe dai an amince da cewa Ascalon tare da rugujewar tsaronsa, a mayar da shi hannun Saladin.Richard ya bar kasa mai tsarki a ranar 9 ga Oktoba 1192.

Babu wani bangare da ya gamsu da sakamakon yakin.Duk da nasarorin da Richard ya samu sun hana musulmi samun muhimman yankuna na bakin teku da kuma sake kafa wata kasa ta fararkiya a Falasdinu, Kiristoci da dama a yankin Latin ta Yamma sun ji takaicin cewa ya zabi kada ya bi diddigin kwato birnin Kudus.Haka nan, da yawa daga cikin al’ummar musulmi sun damu da cewa Salahaddin ya kasa korar Kiristoci daga Siriya da Falasdinu.Kasuwanci ya bunƙasa, duk da haka, a ko'ina cikin Gabas ta Tsakiya da kuma biranen tashar jiragen ruwa da ke bakin tekun Bahar Rum.Leopold V, Duke na Austriya, wanda ya zargi Richard da kashe dan uwan ​​Leopold, Conrad na Montferrat, an kama Richard kuma aka daure shi a watan Disamba 1192.A shekara ta 1193, Salahaddin ya mutu sakamakon zazzabin rawaya.Magadansa za su yi rigima a kan magajin kuma a ƙarshe za su wargaza abubuwan da ya ci.