Tarihin Faransa

A shekara ta 600 KZ, Helenawa Ionian daga Phocaea sun kafa yankin Massalia (Marseille na yanzu) a bakin Tekun Bahar Rum, wanda ya sa ya zama birni mafi tsufa a Faransa.A lokaci guda kuma, wasu kabilun Celtic sun isa yankunan gabas (mafi girma na Jamus) na yankin Faransa na yanzu, amma wannan aikin ya bazu a sauran Faransanci tsakanin karni na 5 zuwa na 3 KZ.

Al'adar La Tène al'adar zamanin Ƙarfin Turai ce.Ya bunƙasa kuma ya bunƙasa a lokacin marigayi Iron Age (daga kimanin 450 KZ zuwa cin nasara na Romawa a karni na 1 KZ), wanda ya yi nasara a farkon al'adun Iron Age Hallstatt ba tare da wani takamaiman al'adu ba, a ƙarƙashin rinjayar Rum daga Helenawa a pre-Roman Gaul. , Etruscans, da kuma al'adun Golasecca, amma salon fasaha wanda duk da haka bai dogara da waɗannan tasirin Rum ba.Yankin al'adun La Tène ya yi daidai da abin da ke yanzu Faransa, Belgium, Switzerland, Austria, Ingila , Jamus ta Kudu, Jamhuriyar Czech, sassan Arewacin Italiya daItaliya ta Tsakiya , Slovenia da Hungary, da kuma sassan da ke kusa da Netherlands , Slovakia, Serbia, Croatia, Transylvania (yammacin Romania), da Transcarpathia (yammacin Ukraine).Mutanen Celtiberians na yammacin Iberia sun raba bangarori da yawa na al'ada, kodayake ba gabaɗaya salon fasaha ba.Zuwa arewa ya mika zamanin Karfe na Pre-Roman Iron Age na Arewacin Turai, gami da al'adun Jastorf na Arewacin Jamus da kuma har zuwa Galatiya a cikin Ƙananan Asiya (yau Turkiyya).Dangane da tsohon Gaul, al'adun sun yaɗu sosai, kuma sun ƙunshi bambance-bambancen gida iri-iri.Yawancin lokaci ana bambanta shi da al'adun farko da maƙwabta musamman ta hanyar salon La Tène na fasahar Celtic, wanda ke da alaƙa da karkatar da kayan ado na "swirly", musamman na aikin ƙarfe.An ba da sunan sunan sunan La Tène da ke arewacin tafkin Neuchâtel a Switzerland, inda aka ajiye dubban abubuwa a tafkin, kamar yadda aka gano bayan da ruwan ya ragu a shekara ta 1857. La Tène ita ce wurin nau'in da kuma kalmar archaeologists suna amfani da shi don ƙarshen zamani na al'adu da fasaha na tsohuwar Celts, kalmar da ke da ƙarfi a cikin sanannen fahimta, amma yana gabatar da matsaloli masu yawa ga masana tarihi da masu binciken kayan tarihi.

A cikin karni na 2 KZ Bahar Rum Gaul yana da masana'anta da yawa na birni kuma yana da wadata.Masana ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi sun san garuruwan da ke arewacin Gaul ciki har da babban birnin Biturigi na Avaricum (Bourges), Cenabum (Orléans), Autricum (Chartres) da wurin da aka tono na Bibracte kusa da Autun a Saône-et-Loire, tare da garu na tudu (ko da yawa). oppida) ana amfani dashi a lokutan yaki.Wadatar Bahar Rum Gaul ta ƙarfafa Roma ta amsa roƙon neman taimako daga mazaunan Massilia, waɗanda haɗin gwiwar Ligures da Gauls suka kai wa kansu hari.Romawa sun shiga tsakani a Gaul a shekara ta 154 K.Z., kuma a shekara ta 125 K.Z.Alhali kuwa da farko suka zo suka tafi, a na biyu kuma suka zauna.A shekara ta 122 KZ, Domitius Ahenobarbus ya yi nasarar cin galaba a kan Allobroges (majiɓintan Salluvii), yayin da a cikin shekara ta gaba Quintus Fabius Maximus ya "lalata" sojojin Arverni karkashin jagorancin sarki Bituitus, wanda ya zo don taimakon Allobroges.Roma ta ƙyale Massilia ta kiyaye ƙasarta, amma ta ƙara wa yankunanta ƙasashen ƙabilun da aka ci nasara.Sakamakon waɗannan cin zaɓe kai tsaye, Roma ta mallaki yankin da ya tashi daga Pyrenees zuwa ƙananan kogin Rhône, kuma a gabas har rafin Rhône zuwa tafkin Geneva.A shekara ta 121 KZ Romawa sun ci yankin Bahar Rum da ake kira Provincia (daga baya mai suna Gallia Narbonensis).Wannan cin nasara ya harzuka hawan mutanen Gaulish Arverni.

An yi Yaƙin Gallic tsakanin 58 KZ da 50 KZ ta Babban Janar na Roma Julius Kaisar a kan mutanen Gaul (Faransa na yanzu, Belgium, tare da wasu sassan Jamus da Ingila ).Gallic, Jamusanci, da kabilun Biritaniya sun yi yaƙi don kare ƙasashensu daga ƙaƙƙarfan yaƙin Romawa.Yaƙe-yaƙe sun ƙare a ƙaƙƙarfan Yaƙin Alesia a shekara ta 52 KZ, wanda cikakken nasarar Romawa ya haifar da faɗaɗa Jamhuriyar Romawa a kan dukan Gaul.Kodayake sojojin Gallic suna da ƙarfi kamar na Romawa, ƙungiyoyin cikin gida na Gallic sun sauƙaƙe nasara ga Kaisar.Ƙoƙarin jigon Gallic Vercingetorix na haɗin kan Gauls a ƙarƙashin tuta ɗaya ya zo da latti.Kaisar ya kwatanta mamayewa a matsayin matakin kariya da kariya, amma masana tarihi sun yarda cewa ya yi yaƙi da Wars da farko don haɓaka aikinsa na siyasa da kuma biyan bashinsa.Duk da haka, Gaul yana da muhimmancin soja ga Romawa.Ƙabilun asali a yankin, duka Gallic da Jamusanci, sun kai hari Roma sau da yawa.Nasara Gaul ya ƙyale Roma ta tsare iyakar kogin Rhine.Yaƙe-yaƙe sun fara da rikici kan ƙaura na Helvetii a cikin 58 KZ, wanda ya jawo a cikin kabilu makwabta da Suebi na Jamus.

An raba Gaul zuwa larduna daban-daban.Romawa sun yi gudun hijirar jama'a don hana asalin yankin zama barazana ga ikon Romawa.Don haka, yawancin Celts sun yi gudun hijira a Aquitania ko kuma sun kasance bayi kuma sun ƙaura daga Gaul.An sami ingantaccen juyin al'adu mai ƙarfi a Gaul a ƙarƙashin Daular Rum, wanda mafi bayyane shine maye gurbin harshen Gaulish da Vulgar Latin.An yi jayayya cewa kamanceceniya tsakanin harsunan Gaulish da Latin sun fi son sauyin.Gaul ya kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Romawa tsawon ƙarni kuma al'adun Celtic sannan a hankali aka maye gurbinsu da al'adun Gallo-Roman.Gauls sun zama mafi kyawu tare da daular tare da wucewar lokaci.Misali, Janar Marcus Antonius Primus da Gnaeus Julius Agricola duk an haife su a Gaul, haka kuma sarakuna Claudius da Caracalla.Sarkin sarakuna Antoninus Pius shima ya fito daga dangin Gaulish.A cikin shekaru goma bayan kama Valerian da Farisa suka yi a shekara ta 260, Postumus ya kafa daular Gallic na gajeren lokaci, wanda ya hada da Iberian Peninsula da Britannia, ban da Gaul kanta.Kabilun Jamusawa, Franks da Alamanni, sun shiga Gaul a wannan lokacin.Daular Gallic ta ƙare tare da nasarar Emperor Aurelian a Châlons a cikin 274.Hijira na Celts ya bayyana a cikin karni na 4 a Armorica.Babban sarki Conan Meriadoc ne ya jagorance su kuma sun fito daga Biritaniya.Sun yi magana da yaren Biritaniya da ya ɓace a yanzu, wanda ya samo asali zuwa yarukan Breton, Cornish, da Welsh.A cikin 418 an ba lardin Aquitanian ga Goths don musanya goyon bayansu ga Vandals.Waɗannan Goths guda ɗaya sun kori Roma a cikin 410 kuma sun kafa babban birni a Toulouse.Daular Roma tana da wahalar mayar da martani ga dukan hare-haren barasa, kuma Flavius ​​Aëtius ya yi amfani da waɗannan ƙabilu don ya ci gaba da iko da Romawa.Ya fara amfani da Hun a kan Burgundians, kuma waɗannan sojojin haya sun lalata tsutsotsi, suka kashe sarki Gunther, suka tura Burgundians zuwa yamma.Aëtius ya sake tsugunar da Burgundian a kusa da Lugdunum a cikin 443. Huns, wanda Attila ya haɗu, ya zama babbar barazana, kuma Aëtius ya yi amfani da Visigoths a kan Huns.Rikicin ya ƙare a cikin 451 a Yaƙin Châlons, inda Romawa da Goths suka ci Attila.Daular Roma tana gab da rugujewa.An yi watsi da Aquitania ga Visigoths, wanda ba da daɗewa ba zai ci wani muhimmin yanki na kudancin Gaul da kuma mafi yawan Iberian Peninsula.Burgundians sun yi iƙirarin mulkin nasu, kuma Gaul arewacin an yi watsi da shi ga Franks.Baya ga mutanen Jamus, Vascones sun shiga Wasconia daga Pyrenees kuma Bretons sun kafa masarautu uku a Armorica: Domnonia, Cornouaille da Broërec.

Daular Gallic ko Daular Roman Gallic sunaye ne da aka yi amfani da su a tarihin tarihin zamani don wani yanki na daular Romawa wanda ke aiki de facto a matsayin wata kasa ta daban daga 260 zuwa 274. Ya samo asali ne a lokacin Rikicin karni na uku, lokacin da jerin rukunan Romawa. Shugabannin soja da masu fada aji sun ayyana kansu sarakuna kuma suka kwace iko da Gaul da lardunan da ke kusa da su ba tare da yunƙurin cin nasara a Italiya ba ko kuma su karɓe na'urar gudanarwa ta Romawa ta tsakiya. An kafa Daular Gallic ta hanyar Postumus a cikin 260 a cikin farkawa na mamayewa da rashin zaman lafiya a Roma, kuma A tsayinsa ya haɗa da yankunan Jamus, Gaul, Britannia, da (na wani lokaci) Hispania.Bayan kashe Postumus a shekara ta 269 ya rasa yawancin yankunanta, amma ya ci gaba a karkashin wasu sarakuna da masu kwace.Sarkin Roma Aurelian ya sake karbe shi bayan yakin Châlons a shekara ta 274.

'Yan Birtaniyya na yankin Wales a yanzu da yankin Kudu-maso-Yamma na Burtaniya sun fara ƙaura zuwa Armorica.Ba a san tarihin da ke bayan irin wannan kafa ba, amma Breton na da, Angevin da kafofin Welsh sun haɗa shi da wani adadi mai suna Conan Meriadoc.Majiyoyin wallafe-wallafen Welsh sun tabbatar da cewa Conan ya zo Armorica ne bisa umarnin wani ɗan fashin nan na Roma Magnus Maximus, wanda ya aika da wasu sojojinsa na Birtaniya zuwa Gaul don tabbatar da ikirarinsa kuma ya zaunar da su a Armorica.Wannan asusun yana samun goyon bayan Counts of Anjou, wanda ya yi ikirarin zuriyar wani sojan Roman da Conan ya kora daga Lower Brittany bisa umarnin Magnus.Ba tare da la’akari da gaskiyar wannan labarin ba, ƙila matsugunin Brythonic (British Celtic) ya ƙaru a lokacin mamayewar Anglo-Saxon na Biritaniya a ƙarni na 5 da 6.Masana irin su Léon Fleuriot sun ba da shawarar tsarin ƙaura mai raɗaɗi biyu daga Biritaniya wanda ya ga bullar 'yan Birtaniyya mai cin gashin kanta kuma ya kafa rinjayen harshen Brythonic Breton a cikin Armorica.Yanzu an san kananan masarautunsu da sunayen kananan hukumomin da suka gaje su—Domnonée (Devon), Cornouaille (Cornwall), Léon (Caerleon);amma waɗannan sunaye a cikin Breton da Latin a mafi yawan lokuta suna kama da ƙasashensu na Biritaniya.(A cikin Breton da Faransanci, duk da haka, Gwened ko Vannetais ya ci gaba da sunan ƴan asalin Veneti.) Ko da yake cikakkun bayanai sun kasance cikin ruɗani, waɗannan yankuna sun ƙunshi dauloli masu alaƙa da auratayya waɗanda suka haɗa kai akai-akai (kamar Saint Judicaël na ƙarni na 7) kafin su sake watsewa. bisa ga ayyukan gado na Celtic.

Burgundians, ƙabilar Jamus, an yi imanin cewa sun yi ƙaura daga Bornholm zuwa rafin Vistula a cikin karni na 3 AD, tare da rubutaccen sarki na farko, Gjúki (Gebicca), wanda ya fito a ƙarshen karni na 4 a gabashin Rhine.A cikin 406 AZ, tare da wasu kabilu, sun mamaye Roman Gaul kuma daga baya suka zauna a Germania Secunda a matsayin foederati.A shekara ta 411 AZ, ƙarƙashin Sarki Gunther, sun faɗaɗa yankinsu a Roman Gaul.Duk da matsayinsu, hare-haren da suka kai ya kai ga harin Romawa a cikin 436, wanda ya ƙare a shan kashi da kuma mutuwar Gunther a 437 ta hannun 'yan amshin shata.Gunderic ya gaji Gunther, wanda ya jagoranci Burgundians don sake zama a arewa maso gabashin Faransa da yammacin Switzerland a halin yanzu a kusa da 443. Rikici da Visigoths da ƙawance, musamman tare da Janar Aetius na Romawa a kan Huns a 451, alama ce ta wannan lokaci.Mutuwar Gunderic a cikin 473 ya haifar da rarraba mulkin tsakanin 'ya'yansa maza, tare da Gundobad ya zama sananne don tabbatar da fadada masarautar da kuma daidaita Lex Burgundionum.Faduwar Daular Roma ta Yamma a shekara ta 476 bai hana Burgundians ba, kamar yadda Sarki Gundobad ya haɗa kai da Sarkin Faransa Clovis I. Duk da haka, faɗuwar masarautar ta fara ne da rigingimu na cikin gida da matsi na waje, musamman daga Franks.Kisan da Gundobad ya yi wa dan uwansa da kuma kawancen aure da ya biyo baya da Merovingians ya haifar da rikice-rikice, wanda ya kai ga shan kashi a Burgundian a yakin Autun a 532 da kuma shigar da su cikin mulkin Faransa a 534.

Francia, wanda kuma ake kira daular Franks, ita ce daula mafi girma bayan Rum a yammacin Turai.Franks ne suka mulki shi a lokacin Late Antiquity da farkon tsakiyar zamanai.Bayan yerjejeniyar Verdun a shekara ta 843, Faransa ta Yamma ta zama magabacin Faransa, kuma Gabashin Faransa ta zama ta Jamus .Faransa tana cikin masarautun Jamus na ƙarshe da suka tsira daga zamanin Hijira kafin rabuwarsu a shekara ta 843.Babban yankunan Faransanci a cikin tsohuwar Daular Roma ta Yamma sun kasance kusa da kogin Rhine da Maas a arewa.Bayan wani lokaci da ƙananan masarautu suka yi hulɗa tare da sauran cibiyoyin Gallo-Roman da ke kudu, wata masarauta guda ɗaya ce ta haɗa su ta Clovis I wanda ya naɗa Sarkin Franks a shekara ta 496. Daularsa, daular Merovingian, ta maye gurbinsu da sarauta. Daular Carolingian .Karkashin kusan ci gaba da kamfen na Pepin na Herstal, Charles Martel, Pepin the Short, Charlemagne, da Louis the Pious — uba, ɗa, jika, jikan jika da jikan jikan - mafi girman faɗaɗa daular Frankish ta sami amintaccen ta farkon karni na 9, kuma ta wannan lokacin ne ake masa lakabi da Daular Carolingian.A lokacin daular Merovingian da Carolingian daular Faransa ita ce babbar mulkin mulkin da aka raba zuwa kananan masarautu da yawa, galibi masu cin gashin kansu.Yanayin ƙasa da adadin ƙananan hukumomi sun bambanta akan lokaci, amma rarrabuwar asali tsakanin gabas da yamma ta ci gaba.Masarautar gabas da farko ana kiranta Austrasia, tana kan Rhine da Meuse, kuma ta faɗaɗa gabas zuwa tsakiyar Turai.Bayan yerjejeniyar Verdun a shekara ta 843, an raba Daular Frankish zuwa masarautu daban-daban guda uku: Faransa ta yamma, Faransa ta tsakiya da kuma Faransa ta gabas.A cikin 870, Faransa ta Tsakiya ta sake rabuwa, tare da raba mafi yawan yankunanta zuwa Yamma da Gabashin Faransa, wanda hakan zai zama ginshiƙan Mulkin Faransa na gaba da Daular Roman Mai Tsarki bi da bi, tare da Faransa ta Yamma (Faransa) a ƙarshe ta riƙe da mulkin Faransa. choronym.

Magada Chlodio mutane ne da ba a san su ba, amma abin da za a iya tabbata shi ne cewa Childeric I, mai yiwuwa jikansa, ya yi mulkin masarautar Salian daga Tournai a matsayin mataimaki na Romawa.Childeric yana da mahimmanci ga tarihi don ba da gadar Franks ga ɗansa Clovis, wanda ya fara ƙoƙarin mika ikonsa a kan sauran kabilun Faransanci da fadada yankinsu kudu da yamma zuwa Gaul.Clovis ya tuba zuwa Kiristanci kuma ya mai da kansa dangantaka mai kyau da Coci mai ƙarfi da kuma talakawansa na Gallo-Romawa.A cikin mulkin shekaru talatin (481-511) Clovis ya ci nasara da Janar Syagrius na Roman kuma ya ci Mulkin Soissons, ya ci Alemanni (Battle of Tolbiac, 496) kuma ya kafa mulkin Faransanci a kansu.Clovis ya ci Visigoths (Battle of Vouillé, 507) kuma ya ci dukan yankinsu a arewacin Pyrenees ya ajiye Septimania, ya ci Bretons (a cewar Gregory of Tours) ya mai da su ƴan ƙasar Faransa.Ya ci yawancin ko duka ƙabilun Faransanci da ke makwabtaka da Rhine kuma ya shigar da su cikin mulkinsa.Ya kuma haɗa ƙauyuka daban-daban na sojojin Romawa (laeti) waɗanda suka warwatse a kan Gaul: Saxons na Bessin, Birtaniyya da Alans na Armorica da Loire Valley ko Taifals na Poitou don suna sunayen wasu fitattun.A ƙarshen rayuwarsa, Clovis ya mulki Gaul gabaɗaya ya ceci lardin Gothic na Septimania da masarautar Burgundia a kudu maso gabas.Merovingians sun kasance sarauta ce ta gado.Sarakunan Faransawa sun bi tsarin gadon da ba za a iya raba su ba: suna raba filayensu ga ’ya’yansu maza.Ko da a lokacin da sarakunan Merovingian da yawa suka yi mulki, mulkin - ba kamar marigayi Roman Empire ba - an ɗauka shi ne a matsayin daula guda ɗaya da sarakuna da yawa suka yi sarauta tare kuma juya al'amura na iya haifar da haɗuwa da dukan daular a ƙarƙashin sarki ɗaya.Sarakunan Merovingiya suna mulki bisa haƙƙin Ubangiji kuma sarautarsu ta kasance alama ce ta kowace rana ta tsawon gashin kansu da farko da yabawa, wanda aka yi ta hanyar ɗaga sarki garkuwa bisa ga al'adar da Jamusawa ta yi na zaɓen shugaban yaƙi a wani taro. na mayaka.

A shekara ta 673, Chlothar III ya mutu kuma wasu manyan 'yan Neustrian da Burgundian sun gayyaci Childeric ya zama sarkin dukan daular, amma nan da nan ya tayar da wasu manyan 'yan Neustrian kuma aka kashe shi (675).Mulkin Theuderic III shine ya tabbatar da ƙarshen ikon daular Merovingian.Theuderic III ya gaji ɗan'uwansa Chlothar III a Neustria a shekara ta 673, amma Childeric II na Austrasia ya ƙaurace masa ba da daɗewa ba - har sai ya mutu a 675, kuma Theuderic III ya koma kursiyinsa.Lokacin da Dagobert II ya mutu a shekara ta 679, Theuderic ya karbi Austrasia kuma ya zama sarki na dukan daular Faransa.Neustrian sosai a cikin hangen nesa, ya haɗa kai da magajin garin Berchar kuma ya yi yaƙi da Australiya wanda ya sanya Dagobert II, ɗan Sigebert III, a cikin mulkinsu (a takaice yana adawa da Clovis III).A cikin 687 ya ci nasara da Pepin na Herstal, magajin Arnulfing na Austrasia da kuma ainihin iko a wannan masarauta, a yakin Tertry kuma an tilasta masa yarda da Pepin a matsayin magajin gari da dux et princeps Francorum: "Duke da Prince na Franks. ", take wanda ke nuna, ga marubucin Liber Historiae Francorum, farkon "sarauta" Pepin.Bayan haka, sarakunan Merovingian sun nuna lokaci-lokaci, a cikin bayananmu masu rai, duk wani aiki na yanayi mara alama da son kai.A lokacin rikice-rikice a cikin 670s da 680s, an yi ƙoƙari don sake tabbatar da ikon Faransanci akan Frisiyawa, amma abin ya ci tura.A cikin 689, duk da haka, Pepin ya kaddamar da yakin cin nasara a yammacin Frisia (Frisia Citerior) kuma ya ci nasara da Sarkin Frisian Radbod kusa da Dorestad, wata muhimmiyar cibiyar kasuwanci.Duk ƙasar da ke tsakanin Scheldt da Vlie an haɗa su cikin Faransanci.Bayan haka, kusan 690, Pepin ya kai hari a tsakiyar Frisia kuma ya dauki Utrecht.A cikin 695 Pepin zai iya ɗaukar nauyin kafuwar Archdiocese na Utrecht da farkon tuba na Frisians karkashin Willibrord.Koyaya, Gabashin Frisia (Frisia Ulterior) ya kasance a waje da suzerainty na Faransanci.Bayan ya sami babban nasara a kan Frisians, Pepin ya juya zuwa Alemanni.A cikin 709 ya kaddamar da yaki da Willehari, Duke na Ortenau, mai yiwuwa a ƙoƙari na tilasta maye gurbin 'ya'yan maza na Gotfrid a kan gadon sarauta.Wannan tsangwama na waje ya haifar da wani yaki a cikin 712 kuma Alemanni sun kasance, a halin yanzu, an mayar da su zuwa ga Faransanci.Duk da haka, a kudancin Gaul, wanda ba a ƙarƙashin rinjayar Arnulfing ba, yankunan sun janye daga fadar sarauta a karkashin shugabanni irin su Savaric na Auxerre, Antenor na Provence, da Odo na Aquitaine.Sarautar Clovis IV da Childebert III daga 691 har zuwa 711 suna da dukkan alamomin na rois fainéants, kodayake Childebert yana kafa shari'ar sarauta a kan bukatun iyayensa, Arnulfings.

Daular Carolingian dangi ne mai daraja na Faransa mai suna bayan magajin gari Charles Martel, zuriyar Arnulfing da Pippinid na karni na 7 AD.Daular ta ƙarfafa ikonta a cikin karni na 8, daga ƙarshe ta mai da ofisoshin magajin gari na fadar da dux et princeps Francorum gadon sarauta, kuma ya zama ainihin sarakunan Franks a matsayin ainihin iko a bayan kursiyin Merovingian.A cikin 751 daular Merovingian wadda ta yi mulkin Franks na Jamus an hambarar da ita tare da izinin Papacy da aristocracy, kuma Pepin Short, ɗan Martel, ya zama Sarkin Franks.Daular Carolingian ta kai kololuwarta a cikin 800 tare da kambin Charlemagne a matsayin Sarkin sarakuna na farko na Romawa a cikin sama da ƙarni uku.Mutuwarsa a shekara ta 814 ya fara tsawan lokaci na rarrabuwar kawuna na daular Carolingian da kuma raguwa wanda zai haifar da juyin halitta na Masarautar Faransa da Daular Roman Mai Tsarki.

Tarihin tsakiyar Faransa yana farawa da zaɓen Hugh Capet (940-996) ta taron da aka kira a Reims a 987. Capet a baya ya kasance "Duke na Franks" sannan ya zama "Sarkin Franks" (Rex Francorum).Filayen Hugh sun ɗan ƙaru fiye da rafinParis ;rashin muhimmancinsa na siyasa ya auna da manyan baron da suka zabe shi.Da yawa daga cikin jiga-jigan sarki (waɗanda suka haɗa da sarakunan Ingila na dogon lokaci) sun yi mulki a kan yankuna da suka fi nasa girma.Gauls, Bretons, Danes, Aquitanians, Goths, Mutanen Espanya da Gascons sun amince da shi don zama sarki.Sabuwar daular ta kasance cikin ikon da take da shi kai tsaye fiye da tsakiyar Seine da yankuna da ke kusa, yayin da sarakunan yankuna masu ƙarfi kamar kididdigar ƙarni na 10 da 11 na Blois sun tara manyan yankuna na nasu ta hanyar aure da kuma ta hanyar tsare-tsare na sirri tare da ƙananan masu fada aji don kariya. da tallafi.Ɗan Hugh - Robert the Pious - an naɗa shi Sarkin Franks kafin mutuwar Capet.Hugh Capet ya yanke shawarar haka domin a sami nasarar gadonsa.Robert II, a matsayin Sarkin Franks, ya sadu da Sarkin Roma Mai Tsarki Henry II a cikin 1023 a kan iyaka.Sun amince su kawo karshen duk wani iƙirari game da mulkin juna, suna kafa sabon mataki na dangantakar Capetian da Ottonia.Ko da yake wani sarki ba shi da ƙarfi, ƙoƙarin Robert II yana da yawa.Sharuɗɗansa na rayuwa sun nuna cewa ya dogara sosai ga Coci don ya mallaki Faransa, kamar yadda mahaifinsa ya yi.Ko da yake ya zauna tare da wata uwargiji - Bertha na Burgundy - kuma an kore shi saboda wannan, an dauke shi a matsayin abin koyi na taƙawa ga sufaye (saboda haka sunansa, Robert the Pious).Mulkin Robert II yana da mahimmanci sosai domin ya ƙunshi Aminci da Gaskiya na Allah (farawa a cikin 989) da Canjin Cluniac.Robert II ya lashe dansa - Hugh Magnus - a matsayin Sarkin Franks yana da shekaru 10 don tabbatar da magajin, amma Hugh Magnus ya tayar wa mahaifinsa kuma ya mutu yana fada da shi a 1025.Sarkin Franks na gaba shine ɗan na gaba na Robert II, Henry I (ya yi sarauta 1027–1060).Kamar Hugh Magnus, an nada Henry a matsayin mai mulki tare da mahaifinsa (1027), a cikin al'adar Capetian, amma ba shi da iko ko tasiri a matsayin ƙaramin sarki yayin da mahaifinsa ya rayu.An nada Henry I bayan mutuwar Robert a shekara ta 1031, wanda ya zama na musamman ga sarkin Faransa na zamanin.Henry I yana daya daga cikin sarakunan Franks mafi rauni, kuma mulkinsa ya ga tasowar wasu manyan manya irin su William the Conqueror.Babban tushen damuwar Henry I shine ɗan'uwansa - Robert I na Burgundy - wanda mahaifiyarsa ta tura shi cikin rikici.Robert na Burgundy ya kasance Duke na Burgundy ta Sarki Henry I kuma dole ne ya gamsu da wannan take.Daga Henry I gaba, Dukes na Burgundy sun kasance dangin Sarkin Franks har zuwa ƙarshen Duchy daidai.Sarki Philip I, wanda mahaifiyarsa Kievan ta kira mai sunan Gabashin Turai, bai fi wanda ya gabace shi sa'a ba duk da cewa masarautar ta sami kwanciyar hankali a lokacin mulkinsa na musamman (1060-1108).Har ila yau, mulkinsa ya ga kaddamar da yakin Crusade na farko don dawo da kasa mai tsarki, wanda ya shafi iyalinsa sosai duk da cewa shi da kansa bai goyi bayan balaguron ba.Yankin da ke kusa da ƙananan Seine, wanda aka ba da shi ga mahara Scandinavia a matsayin Duchy na Normandy a 911, ya zama tushen damuwa na musamman lokacin da Duke William ya mallaki mulkin Ingila a cikin Norman Conquest na 1066, ya mai da kansa da magadansa daidai da Sarki. a wajen Faransa (inda har yanzu yana ƙarƙashin sarauta).

Daga Louis VI (mai sarauta 1108-1137) gaba ne ikon sarauta ya sami karbuwa.Louis VI ya kasance soja kuma sarki mai son jin kai fiye da masani.Yadda sarki yake tara kuɗi daga hakimansa ya sa ba a so shi sosai;an bayyana shi a matsayin mai hadama da buri kuma hakan ya tabbata daga bayanan lokacin.Hare-haren da yake kai wa bayinsa a kai a kai, ko da yake yana lalata hoton sarauta, ya ƙarfafa ikon sarauta.Daga 1127 zuwa gaba Louis ya sami taimakon wani ƙwararren ɗan siyasa, Abbot Suger.Abban ɗan ƙaramin dangi ne na jarumawa, amma shawararsa ta siyasa ta kasance mai matuƙar amfani ga sarki.Louis VI yayi nasarar cin nasara, duka na soja da na siyasa, da yawa daga cikin barayin fashi.Louis VI yakan gayyaci barayinsa zuwa kotu, kuma wadanda ba su zo ba sau da yawa ana kwace musu kadarorinsu kuma ana ci gaba da yakin neman zabe a kansu.Wannan tsattsauran manufa ta sanya a sarari wasu ikon sarauta a kanParis da kewayenta.Lokacin da Louis VI ya mutu a 1137, an sami ci gaba da yawa don ƙarfafa ikon Capetian.Marigayi sarakunan Capetian kai tsaye sun fi na farko ƙarfi da tasiri fiye da na farko.Yayin da da kyar Philip I ya iya sarrafa baron sa na Paris, Philip IV na iya nada fafaroma da sarakuna.Marigayi Capetians, ko da yake suna yawan yin mulki na ɗan gajeren lokaci fiye da takwarorinsu na farko, galibi sun fi tasiri sosai.Har ila yau wannan lokacin ya ga tasowar tsarin hadaddun tsarin kawance na kasa da kasa da rikice-rikice masu adawa, ta hanyar dauloli, Sarakunan Faransa da Ingila da Sarkin Roma Mai Tsarki .

Mulkin Philip na biyu Augustus ya nuna wani muhimmin mataki a tarihin masarautar Faransa.Mulkinsa ya ga yankin masarautar Faransa da kuma tasirinsa ya karu sosai.Ya saita mahallin haɓakar mulki ga sarakuna masu ƙarfi kamar Saint Louis da Philip the Fair.Filibus na biyu ya shafe wani muhimmin sashe na mulkinsa yana yakar daular Angevin da ake kira daular Angevin, wadda watakila ita ce babbar barazana ga Sarkin Faransa tun bayan hawan daular Capetian.A cikin sashe na farko na mulkinsa Philip na biyu ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi amfani da Henry II na ɗan Ingila a kansa.Ya haɗa kansa da Duke na Aquitaine da ɗan Henry II - Richard Lionheart - kuma tare suka kaddamar da wani gagarumin hari a kan gidan Henry da gidan Chinon kuma suka cire shi daga mulki.Richard ya maye gurbin mahaifinsa a matsayin Sarkin Ingila daga baya.Daga nan sai sarakunan biyu suka tafi ’yan ta’adda a lokacin yakin Salibiyya na uku;amma duk da haka kawancensu da abokantakarsu sun wargaje a lokacin yakin 'yan tawaye.Mutanen biyu sun sake yin rashin jituwa kuma suka yi yaƙi da juna a Faransa har Richard yana gab da kayar da Philip II gaba ɗaya.Ƙari ga yaƙe-yaƙen da suka yi a Faransa, Sarakunan Faransa da Ingila suna ƙoƙarin kafa ƙawancensu a kan daular Roma mai tsarki.Idan Philip II Augustus ya goyi bayan Philip na Swabia, memba na House of Hohenstaufen, to Richard Lionheart ya goyi bayan Otto IV, memba na House of Welf.Filibus na Swabia ne ke da rinjaye, amma mutuwarsa da wuri ya sa Otto IV Sarkin Roma Mai Tsarki.Kambin Faransa ya sami ceto ta mutuwar Richard bayan raunin da ya samu yana fada da nasa vassals a Limousin.John Lackland, magajin Richard, ya ƙi zuwa kotun Faransa don shari'ar Lusignans kuma, kamar yadda Louis VI ya yi sau da yawa ga 'yan tawayensa, Philip II ya kwace dukiyar John a Faransa.Nasarar John ya yi sauri kuma ƙoƙarinsa na sake mallakar mallakar Faransa a yakin Bouvines (1214) ya haifar da rashin nasara.An tabbatar da hadewar Normandy da Anjou, an kama Counts of Boulogne da Flanders, kuma abokin Philip na Frederick II ya hambarar da Otto IV.Aquitaine da Gascony sun tsira daga cin nasarar Faransa, saboda Duchess Eleanor ya rayu har yanzu.Philip II na Faransa yana da mahimmanci wajen tsara siyasar yammacin Turai a cikin Ingila da Faransa.Yarima Louis (mai zuwa na gaba Louis VIII, ya yi sarauta 1223-1226) ya shiga cikin yakin basasa na Ingilishi na gaba kamar yadda Faransanci da Ingilishi (ko kuma Anglo-Norman) aristocracies sun kasance daya kuma yanzu sun rabu tsakanin kawance.Yayin da sarakunan Faransa ke gwagwarmaya da Plantagenets, Ikilisiya ta yi kira ga Albigensian Crusade.Kudancin Faransa sannan ya mamaye yankin sarauta.

Tashin hankali tsakanin gidaje na Plantagenet da Capet ya ƙare a lokacin da ake kira Yaƙin Shekaru ɗari (ainihin yaƙe-yaƙe daban-daban a cikin lokacin 1337 zuwa 1453) lokacin da Plantagenets suka yi iƙirarin kursiyin Faransa daga Valois.Wannan kuma shi ne lokacin Mutuwar Baƙar fata, da kuma yaƙe-yaƙe da dama.Mutanen Faransa sun sha wahala sosai daga waɗannan yaƙe-yaƙe.A cikin 1420, ta yarjejeniyar Troyes Henry V ya zama magaji ga Charles VI.Henry V ya kasa rayuwa Charles don haka Henry na VI na Ingila da Faransa ne suka hada daular Dual-Monarchy na Ingila da Faransa.An yi jayayya cewa mawuyacin yanayi da al'ummar Faransa suka sha a lokacin Yaƙin Shekaru ɗari ya tada kishin ƙasa na Faransa, kishin ƙasa da Joan na Arc ya wakilta (1412-1431).Ko da yake wannan abin muhawara ne, an fi tunawa da Yaƙin Shekaru ɗari a matsayin yaƙin Faransanci da Ingilishi fiye da yadda aka yi ta gwagwarmayar feudal.A lokacin wannan yakin, Faransa ta samo asali ne ta hanyar siyasa da soja.Kodayake sojojin Franco-Scottish sun yi nasara a yakin Baugé (1421), cin nasara na wulakanci na Poitiers (1356) da Agincourt (1415) sun tilasta wa manyan Faransawa su gane cewa ba za su iya tsayawa ba kamar yadda masu sulke ba tare da rundunar sojoji ba.Charles VII (wanda ya yi sarauta 1422-61) ya kafa sojojin Faransa na farko, Compagnies d'ordonnance, kuma sun ci Plantagenets sau ɗaya a Patay (1429) da kuma sake amfani da cannons, a Formigny (1450).Yaƙin Castillon (1453) shi ne yaƙin ƙarshe na wannan yaƙin;Calais da Tsibirin Channel sun kasance suna mulkin Plantagenets.

Masana tarihin tattalin arziki sun kira zamanin daga shekara ta 1475 zuwa 1630 "kyakkyawan karni na 16" saboda dawowar zaman lafiya, wadata da kyakkyawan fata a fadin al'ummar kasar, da kuma ci gaban ci gaban al'umma.Alal misali,Paris ta bunƙasa kamar yadda ba a taɓa gani ba, yayin da yawanta ya haura zuwa 200,000 a shekara ta 1550. A Toulouse Renaissance na ƙarni na 16 ya kawo arziƙin da ya canza fasalin gine-ginen garin, kamar gina manyan gidaje masu daraja.A cikin 1559, Henri II na Faransa ya sanya hannu (tare da amincewar Ferdinand I, Sarkin Roman Mai Tsarki) yarjejeniyoyin biyu (Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis): ɗaya tare da Elizabeth I na Ingila da ɗaya tare da Philip II na Spain.Wannan ya kawo karshen rikice-rikicen da aka dade ana yi tsakanin Faransa, Ingila daSpain .

Tare da mutuwar Charles the Bold a shekara ta 1477, Faransa da Habsburgs sun fara dogon tsari na rarraba ƙasashen Burgundia masu arziki, wanda ya haifar da yaƙe-yaƙe.A cikin 1532, an haɗa Brittany cikin Mulkin Faransa.

Yaƙe-yaƙe na Italiya, wanda kuma aka sani da Habsburg – Valois Wars, yana nufin jerin tashe-tashen hankula da suka shafi lokacin 1494 zuwa 1559 waɗanda suka faru da farko a cikin tsibirin Italiya.Manyan mayaƙan su ne sarakunan Valois na Faransa da abokan hamayyarsu aSpain da daular Roma mai tsarki .Yawancin jihohin Italiya sun shiga hannu ɗaya ko ɗaya, tare da Ingila da Daular Ottoman .

Daular Ancien, wacce aka fi sani da tsohon tsarin mulki, ita ce tsarin siyasa da zamantakewa na Masarautar Faransa tun daga tsakiyar zamanai (c. 1500) har zuwa juyin juya halin Faransa wanda ya fara a 1789, wanda ya kawar da tsarin feudal na mulkin Faransanci. 1790) da sarautar gado (1792).Daular Valois ta yi mulki a lokacin mulkin Ancien har zuwa 1589 sannan kuma daular Bourbon ta maye gurbinsa.Ana amfani da kalmar lokaci-lokaci don yin nuni ga irin wannan tsarin feudal na lokacin a wasu wurare a Turai kamar na Switzerland.

Francis I shi ne Sarkin Faransa daga 1515 har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1547. Shi ɗan Charles ne, Count of Angoulême, da Louise na Savoy.Ya gaji dan uwansa na farko da zarar an cire shi kuma surukin Louis XII, wanda ya mutu ba tare da ɗa ba.Babban majiɓinci na fasaha, ya haɓaka haɓakar Renaissance na Faransa ta hanyar jawo hankalin masu fasahar Italiya da yawa don yin aiki a gare shi, ciki har da Leonardo da Vinci, wanda ya kawo Mona Lisa tare da shi, wanda Francis ya samu.Mulkin Francis ya ga sauye-sauyen al'adu masu mahimmanci tare da haɓakar ikon tsakiya a Faransa, yaduwar ɗan adam da Furotesta, da farkon binciken Faransanci na Sabuwar Duniya.Jacques Cartier da sauransu sun yi iƙirarin filaye a cikin Amurka don Faransa kuma sun share hanyar faɗaɗa daular Faransa ta farko ta mulkin mallaka.Don rawar da ya taka wajen haɓakawa da haɓaka harshen Faransanci, an san shi da suna le Père et Restaurateur des Lettres ('Uba da Mai dawo da Haruffa').An kuma san shi da François au Grand Nez ('Francis na Babban Hanci'), Grand Colas, da Roi-Chevalier ('Knight-King').Dangane da magabatansa, Francis ya ci gaba da yakin Italiya.Magajin babban abokin hamayyarsa Sarkin sarakuna Charles na V zuwa Habsburg Netherlands da sarautar Spain, bayan zabensa a matsayin Sarkin Roma mai tsarki, ya kai Faransa daular Habsburg ta kewaye kasar.A cikin gwagwarmayarsa da mulkin mallaka, Francis ya nemi goyon bayan Henry na VIII na Ingila a Filin Tufafin Zinariya.Lokacin da hakan bai yi nasara ba, sai ya kulla kawancen Franco- Ottoman tare da Sarkin Musulmi Suleiman Mai Girma , matakin da ya janyo cece-kuce ga wani sarki Kirista a lokacin.

Faransa ta fara mulkin mallaka na Amurka a karni na 16 kuma ta ci gaba har zuwa ƙarni masu zuwa yayin da ta kafa daular mulkin mallaka a Yammacin Yammacin Turai.Faransa ta kafa mallaka a yawancin gabashin Amurka ta Arewa, a yawancin tsibiran Caribbean, da kuma Kudancin Amurka.Yawancin yankuna an haɓaka su don fitar da kayayyaki kamar kifi, shinkafa, sukari, da furs.Yayin da suka mamaye Sabuwar Duniya, Faransawa sun kafa sansani da ƙauyuka waɗanda za su zama garuruwa kamar Quebec da Montreal a Kanada ;Detroit, Green Bay, St. Louis, Cape Girardeau, Mobile, Biloxi, Baton Rouge da New Orleans a Amurka ;da Port-au-Prince, Cap-Haïtien (wanda aka kafa a matsayin Cap-Français) a Haiti, Cayenne a cikin Guiana na Faransa da São Luís (wanda aka kafa a matsayin Saint-Louis de Maragnan) a Brazil .

Yaƙe-yaƙe na Addini na Faransa shine kalmar da aka yi amfani da ita don lokacin yakin basasa daga 1562 zuwa 1598 tsakanin Katolika na Faransa da Furotesta, wanda aka fi sani da Huguenots.Alkaluma na nuni da cewa mutane miliyan biyu zuwa hudu ne suka mutu sakamakon tashin hankali, yunwa ko kuma cututtuka da suka taso kai tsaye daga rikicin, wanda kuma ya yi mummunar illa ga ikon masarautar Faransa.Yaƙin ya ƙare a 1598 lokacin da Furotesta Henry na Navarre ya koma Katolika, aka yi shelar Henry IV na Faransa kuma ya ba da Dokar Nantes, yana ba wa Huguenots haƙƙoƙi da yanci.Duk da haka, wannan bai kawo karshen kiyayyar Katolika ga Furotesta gabaɗaya ba ko kuma shi da kansa, kuma kashe shi a 1610 ya haifar da sabon zagaye na tawayen Huguenot a cikin 1620s.Tashe-tashen hankula a tsakanin addinan sun taso ne tun a shekarun 1530, wanda ya kara tsananta rarrabuwar kawuna.Mutuwar Henry II na Faransa a cikin Yuli 1559 ya haifar da tsayin daka na gwagwarmayar mulki tsakanin gwauruwarsa Catherine de' Medici da manyan manya.Waɗannan sun haɗa da ƙungiyar Katolika mai himma a ƙarƙashin jagorancin dangin Guise da Montmorency da Furotesta waɗanda House of Condé da Jeanne d'Albret ke jagoranta.Bangarorin biyu sun sami taimako daga kasashen waje,Spain da Savoy suna goyon bayan Katolika, yayin da Ingila da Jamhuriyar Holland suka goyi bayan Furotesta.Masu sassaucin ra'ayi, wanda kuma aka sani da Siyasa, sun yi fatan tabbatar da tsari ta hanyar karkatar da mulki da kuma yin rangwame ga Huguenots, maimakon manufofin danniya da Henry II da mahaifinsa Francis I. Catherine de' Medici ya ba su da farko, wanda ya ba da izini ga Janairu 1562. Kungiyar ta Guise ta yi adawa da na Saint-Germain sosai kuma ta kai ga barkewar fada a cikin watan Maris.Daga baya ta taurare matsayinta kuma ta goyi bayan kisan gillar da aka yi a ranar St. Bartholomew abirnin Paris a shekara ta 1572, wanda ya yi sanadin kashe ’yan Katolika tsakanin 5,000 zuwa 30,000 na Furotesta a duk fadin Faransa.Yaƙe-yaƙe sun yi barazana ga ikon sarauta da sarakunan Valois na ƙarshe, 'ya'yan Catherine uku Francis II, Charles IX, da Henry III.Magajin su na Bourbon Henry IV ya amsa ta hanyar samar da kasa mai karfi ta tsakiya, manufar da magajinsa ya ci gaba da ci gaba da Louis XIV na Faransa wanda a cikin 1685 ya soke Dokar Nantes.

Yaƙin Henry guda uku ya faru a tsakanin 1585-1589, kuma shine rikici na takwas a cikin jerin yaƙe-yaƙe na basasa a Faransa wanda aka sani da Yaƙin Faransanci na Addini.Yaki ne na hanyoyi uku da aka gwabza tsakanin:Sarki Henry III na Faransa, masu goyon bayan sarakuna da siyasa;Sarki Henry na Navarre, daga baya Henry IV na Faransa, magaji ga gadon sarautar Faransa kuma shugaban Huguenots, wanda ke samun goyon bayan Elizabeth I ta Ingila da Ge, rman zanga-zangar yarima;kumaHenry na Lorraine, Duke na Guise, shugaban ƙungiyar Katolika, Philip II na Spain ya ba da tallafi kuma ya tallafa.Babban dalilin yakin shine rikicin sarauta da ke kunno kai daga mutuwar magaji, Francis, Duke na Anjou (ɗan'uwan Henry III), a ranar 10 ga Yuni 1584, wanda ya sa Furotesta Henry na Navarre ya zama magaji ga kursiyin Henry marar haihuwa. III, wanda mutuwarsa zai kashe gidan Valois.A ranar 31 ga Disamba 1584, Ƙungiyar Katolika ta haɗa kai da Philip II na Spain ta yarjejeniyar Joinville.Filibus ya so ya hana maƙiyinsa, Faransa, tsoma baki tare da sojojin Spain a cikin Netherlands da kuma shirinsa na mamaye Ingila .Yaƙin ya fara ne lokacin da ƙungiyar Katolika ta gamsu (ko tilastawa) Sarki Henry III don ba da yerjejeniyar Nemours (7 Yuli 1585), dokar da ta haramta Protestantism da soke haƙƙin Henry na Navarre na kursiyin.Henry III ya yiwu ya rinjayi wanda aka fi so, Anne de Joyeuse.A cikin Satumba 1585, Paparoma Sixtus V ya kori Henry na Navarre da dan uwansa da kuma jagorancin Janar Condé don cire su daga gadon sarauta.

Farkon ƙarni na 17 ya ga ƙauyukan Faransa na farko masu nasara a cikin Sabuwar Duniya tare da tafiye-tafiye na Samuel de Champlain.Matsakaicin mafi girma shine Sabuwar Faransa , tare da garuruwan Quebec City (1608) da Montreal (wurin ciniki na fur a cikin 1611, aikin Roman Katolika da aka kafa a 1639, kuma an kafa mulkin mallaka a 1642).

Rikicin addini da ya addabi Faransa ya kuma lalata daular Roma Mai Tsarki karkashin jagorancin Habsburg.Yaƙin Shekaru Talatin ya lalata ikon Habsburgs na Katolika.Ko da yake Cardinal Richelieu, babban ministan Faransa, ya yi wa ’yan Furotesta wulakanci, ya shiga wannan yaƙin a wajensu a shekara ta 1636 domin yana cikin raison d’État (al’amuran ƙasa).Sojojin Imperial Habsburg sun mamaye Faransa, sun lalata Champagne, kuma sun kusan yi barazanarParis .Richelieu ya rasu a shekara ta 1642 kuma Cardinal Mazarin ya gaje shi, yayin da Louis XIII ya rasu bayan shekara guda kuma Louis XIV ya gaje shi.Wasu kwamandoji masu inganci irin su Louis II de Bourbon (Condé) da Henry de la Tour d'Auvergne (Turenne) sun yi wa Faransa hidima.Sojojin Faransa sun sami nasara mai mahimmanci a Rocroi (1643), kuma an lalata sojojin Spain;Tercio ya karye.The Truce of Ulm (1647) da Amincin Westphalia (1648) ya kawo karshen yakin.

An yi yakin Franco-Spanish (1635-1659) tsakanin Faransa daSpain , tare da shiga cikin jerin sunayen abokan gaba ta hanyar yakin.Kashi na farko, wanda ya fara a watan Mayu 1635 kuma ya ƙare tare da 1648 Aminci na Westphalia, ana ɗaukar rikici mai alaƙa naYaƙin Shekaru Talatin .Mataki na biyu ya ci gaba har zuwa 1659 lokacin da Faransa da Spain suka amince da sharuɗɗan zaman lafiya a cikin yarjejeniyar Pyrenees.Faransa ta kaucewa shiga kai tsaye a yakin shekaru talatin har zuwa watan Mayun 1635 lokacin da ta shelanta yaki akan Spain da Daular Roma mai tsarki , ta shiga rikici a matsayin kawancen Jamhuriyar Holland da Sweden.Bayan Westphalia a shekara ta 1648, yakin ya ci gaba tsakanin Spain da Faransa, ba tare da wani bangare da ya iya samun gagarumar nasara ba.Duk da ƙananan nasarorin da Faransanci suka samu a Flanders da kuma arewa maso gabas na Pyrenees, a shekara ta 1658 duka bangarorin biyu sun gaji da kudi kuma sun yi zaman lafiya a watan Nuwamba 1659.Rikicin yankin Faransa ya yi ƙanƙanta amma ya ƙarfafa iyakarsa a arewa da kudu, yayin da Louis XIV na Faransa ya auri Maria Theresa ta Spain, babbar 'yar Philip IV na Spain.Duk da cewa Spain ta ci gaba da kasancewa da babbar daular duniya har zuwa farkon karni na 19, a al'adance ana ganin yarjejeniyar Pyrenees a matsayin alamar ƙarshen matsayinta na babbar ƙasar Turai da farkon hawan Faransa a ƙarni na 17.

Louis XIV, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Sun King, shi ne Sarkin Faransa daga ranar 14 ga Mayu 1643 har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekara ta 1715. Sarautarsa ​​ta shekaru 72 da kwanaki 110 ita ce mafi dadewa a tarihin kowane sarki na wata kasa mai iko.Louis ya fara mulkin kansa na Faransa a shekara ta 1661, bayan mutuwar babban ministansa, Cardinal Mazarin.Mai bin ra'ayin ikon allahntaka na sarakuna, Louis ya ci gaba da aikin magabata na samar da kasa mai dunkulewa wanda ke karkashin babban birnin kasar.Ya nemi ya kawar da ragowar 'yan ta'adda da ke ci gaba da wanzuwa a sassan Faransa;ta hanyar tilasta wa da yawa daga cikin masu fada a ji su zauna a fadarsa mai ban sha'awa na Versailles, ya yi nasarar kwantar da hankulan aristocracy, yawancin membobinsu sun shiga cikin tawayen Fronde a lokacin 'yan tsiraru.Ta wannan hanyar ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan sarakunan Faransawa kuma ya ƙarfafa tsarin cikakken mulkin sarauta a Faransa wanda ya dawwama har zuwa juyin juya halin Faransa.Ya kuma tilasta bin tsarin addini a karkashin Cocin Katolika na Gallican.Soke Dokar Nantes da ya yi ya soke haƙƙin ’yan tsirarun Furotesta na Huguenot kuma ya sa su a cikin guguwar dodanniya, ta yadda ya tilasta wa Huguenots yin hijira ko tuba, da kuma kusan lalata al’ummar Furotesta na Faransa.A tsawon mulkin Louis, Faransa ta fito a matsayin jagorar ikon Turai kuma tana tabbatar da ƙarfin soja akai-akai.Rikici daSpain ya yi nuni da dukan ƙuruciyarsa, yayin da a lokacin mulkinsa, mulkin ya shiga cikin manyan rikice-rikice na nahiyar guda uku, kowannensu yana adawa da ƙawancen ƙasashen waje: Yaƙin Franco-Dutch, Yaƙin League of Augsburg, da Yaƙin Mutanen Espanya. Nasara.Bugu da kari, Faransa kuma ta yi gwagwarmayar gajerun yake-yake, kamar yakin juyin mulki da yakin haduwa.Yaƙi ya bayyana manufofin waje na Louis kuma halinsa ya tsara tsarinsa.Saboda “gaɗin ciniki, ramuwar gayya, da pique” ne suka motsa shi, ya ga cewa yaƙi ita ce hanya mafi kyau don haɓaka ɗaukakarsa.A lokacin zaman lafiya, ya mayar da hankali wajen shirya yaki na gaba.Ya koya wa jami'an diflomasiyyarsa cewa aikinsu shi ne ƙirƙirar dabaru da dabaru ga sojojin Faransa.Bayan mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1715, Louis XIV ya bar jikansa da magajinsa, Louis XV, masarauta mai karfi, duk da cewa yana cikin babban bashi bayan yakin shekaru 13 na Spain.

Yaƙin Franco-Dutch an gwabza tsakanin Faransa da Jamhuriyar Holland , waɗanda ƙawayenta suka goyi bayan Daular Roman Mai Tsarki,Spain , Brandenburg-Prussia da Denmark-Norway.A farkon matakansa, Faransa ta yi kawance da Münster da Cologne, da kuma Ingila.Yaƙin Anglo-Dutch na uku na 1672 zuwa 1674 da 1675 zuwa 1679 Yaƙin Scanian ana ɗaukar rikice-rikice masu alaƙa.Yakin ya fara ne a watan Mayun 1672 lokacin da Faransa ta kusa mamaye Jamhuriyar Holland, lamarin da har yanzu ake kira Rampjaar ko "Shekarar Bala'i".Layin Ruwa na Dutch ya dakatar da ci gabansu a watan Yuni kuma a ƙarshen Yuli matsayin Dutch ya daidaita.Damuwa game da nasarorin Faransa ya haifar da ƙawancen ƙawancen a watan Agustan 1673 tsakanin Dutch, Emperor Leopold I, Spain da Brandenburg-Prussia.Lorraine da Denmark sun haɗa su, yayin da Ingila ta yi zaman lafiya a cikin Fabrairu 1674. Yanzu yana fuskantar yaƙi a fagage da yawa, Faransawa sun janye daga Jamhuriyar Holland, suna riƙe da Grave da Maastricht kawai.Louis XIV ya sake mayar da hankali kan kasar Spain ta Netherlands da Rhineland, yayin da kawancen da William na Orange ya jagoranta suka nemi takaita ribar Faransa.Bayan 1674, Faransawa sun mamaye Franche-Comté da yankunan da ke kan iyakar Spain da Netherlands da Alsace, amma babu wani bangare da ya iya samun nasara mai mahimmanci.Yaƙin ya ƙare da Satumba 1678 Amincin Nijmegen;ko da yake sharuɗɗan ba su da karimci fiye da waɗanda aka samu a watan Yuni 1672, galibi ana la'akari da babban matakin nasarar sojojin Faransa a ƙarƙashin Louis XIV kuma sun ba shi gagarumar nasarar farfaganda.Spain ta dawo da Charleroi daga Faransa amma ta ba da Franche-Comté, da kuma yawancin Artois da Hainaut, suna kafa iyakokin da ba su canzawa zuwa zamani.A karkashin jagorancin William na Orange, mutanen Holland sun dawo da duk yankin da aka rasa a farkon matakan bala'i, nasarar da ta ba shi damar jagoranci a siyasar cikin gida.Wannan ya taimaka masa ya magance barazanar da ci gaba da fadada Faransa ya haifar da kuma haifar da 1688 Grand Alliance wanda ya yi yakin shekaru tara.

Yaƙin Shekaru Tara (1688-1697), wanda galibi ake kira Yaƙin Grand Alliance ko Yaƙin League of Augsburg, rikici ne tsakanin Faransa da haɗin gwiwar Turai wanda galibi ya haɗa da Daular Roma Mai Tsarki (wanda masarautar Habsburg ke jagoranta). ), Jamhuriyar Holland , Ingila ,Spain , Savoy , Sweden da Portugal .An yi yaƙi a Turai da tekuna da ke kewaye, a Arewacin Amirka, daIndiya .Wani lokaci ana ɗaukarsa yakin duniya na farko.Rikicin ya hada da yakin Williamite a Ireland da kuma tashin Yakubu a Scotland, inda William III da James II suka yi gwagwarmayar neman iko da Ingila da Ireland, da yakin neman mulkin mallaka a Arewacin Amurka tsakanin Faransawa da Ingila da kuma abokansu na Amurka.Louis XIV na Faransa ya fito daga yakin Franco-Dutch a shekara ta 1678 a matsayin sarki mafi iko a Turai, cikakken sarki wanda sojojinsa suka sami nasarori da yawa na soji.Yin amfani da haɗe-haɗe na ta'addanci, haɗawa, da ma'anar shari'a, Louis XIV ya shirya game da ƙaddamar da nasarorin da ya samu don daidaitawa da ƙarfafa iyakokin Faransa, wanda ya ƙare a cikin taƙaitaccen War of the Reunions (1683-1684).Yarjejeniyar Ratisbon ta tabbatar da sabbin iyakokin Faransa har tsawon shekaru ashirin, amma ayyukan Louis XIV na gaba-musamman Edict na Fontainebleau (sake Dokar Nantes) a 1685 - ya haifar da tabarbarewar fifikon siyasarsa kuma ya haifar da damuwa a tsakanin Turai. Furotesta jihohin.Shawarar Louis XIV na haye Rhine a watan Satumba 1688 an ƙera shi ne don faɗaɗa tasirinsa da matsin lamba ga Daular Roma Mai Tsarki don karɓar iƙirarin yanki da daularsa.Duk da haka, Sarkin Roma mai tsarki Leopold I da sarakunan Jamus sun ƙudiri aniyar yin tsayayya.Janar Janar na Netherlands da William III sun kawo Dutch da Ingilishi a cikin rikici da Faransa kuma ba da daɗewa ba wasu jihohi suka shiga, wanda a yanzu Sarkin Faransa ya fuskanci wani gagarumin kawance da nufin tauye burinsa.Babban fadan ya faru ne a kusa da iyakokin Faransa a cikin Netherlands na Spain, Rhineland, Duchy na Savoy, da Catalonia.Yaƙin na gabaɗaya ya fi son sojojin Louis XIV, amma a shekara ta 1696 ƙasarsa ta kasance cikin rikicin tattalin arziki.Hukumomin Maritime Powers (Ingila da Jamhuriyar Holland) su ma sun gaji da kuɗaɗe, kuma lokacin da Savoy ya fice daga Alliance, dukkan bangarorin sun yi sha'awar yin sulhu.Ta hanyar yarjejeniyar Ryswick, Louis XIV ya ci gaba da riƙe dukan Alsace amma a musanya dole ne ya mayar da Lorraine ga mai mulkinsa kuma ya bar duk wani abin da aka samu a hannun dama na Rhine.Louis XIV kuma ya amince da William III a matsayin sarki na gaskiya na Ingila, yayin da Dutch ɗin suka sami tsarin shinge na shinge a cikin Netherlands na Spain don taimakawa tsaron iyakokinsu.Zaman lafiya zai kasance ɗan gajeren lokaci.Yayin da Charles II na mutuwar Spain ya gabato mara lafiya kuma ba ya haihu, ba da jimawa ba wani sabon rikici game da gadon daular Sipaniya zai haifar da Louis XIV da Grand Alliance a cikin Yaƙin Canjin Mutanen Espanya.

A cikin 1701, Yaƙin Ci Gaban Mutanen Espanya ya fara.An nada Bourbon Philip na Anjou magajin sarautar Spain a matsayin Philip V. Sarkin Habsburg Leopold ya yi adawa da gadon Bourbon, saboda ikon da irin wannan gadon zai kawo wa sarakunan Bourbon na Faransa zai kawo cikas ga daidaiton iko a Turai. .Saboda haka, ya yi iƙirarin sarautar Mutanen Espanya don kansa.Ingila da Jamhuriyar Holand sun shiga Leopold da Louis XIV da Philip na Anjou.John Churchill, 1st Duke na Marlborough, da kuma Prince Eugene na Savoy ne ya jagoranci sojojin kawance.Sun yi wa sojojin Faransa 'yan kashin-kashi;Yaƙin Blenheim a shekara ta 1704 shi ne babban yaƙin ƙasa na farko da Faransa ta yi hasarar tun bayan nasarar da ta samu a Rocroi a shekara ta 1643. Duk da haka, yaƙe-yaƙe na Ramillies (1706) da Malplaquet (1709) sun kasance nasarar Pyrrhic ga ƙawayenta, kamar yadda suka yi. ya rasa mazaje da yawa don ci gaba da yakin.Villars ya jagoranci, sojojin Faransa sun dawo da yawancin wuraren da aka rasa a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe irin su Denain (1712).A ƙarshe, an yi sulhu tare da Yarjejeniyar Utrecht a shekara ta 1713. An tabbatar da Philip na Anjou a matsayin Philip V, sarkin Spain;Sarkin sarakuna Leopold bai samu karagar mulki ba, amma an hana Philip V gadon Faransa.

“Philosophes” ’yan boko ne na Faransawa na ƙarni na 18 waɗanda suka mamaye wayewar Faransa kuma suna da tasiri a duk faɗin Turai.Abubuwan da suke so sun bambanta, tare da ƙwararrun masana kimiyya, adabi, falsafa da al'amuran zamantakewa.Babban burin masana falsafa shi ne ci gaban mutum;ta hanyar mai da hankali kan ilimin zamantakewa da na abin duniya, sun yi imanin cewa al'umma mai hankali ita ce kawai sakamakon ma'ana na 'yancin tunani da tunani.Sun kuma ba da shawarar Deism da juriya na addini.Mutane da yawa sun gaskata an yi amfani da addini a matsayin tushen rikici tun har abada, kuma wannan tunani mai ma'ana shine hanyar gaba ga 'yan adam.Masanin falsafa Denis Diderot shi ne edita a cikin babban mashahurin nasarar Haskakawa, Encyclopédie mai 72,000 (1751-72).An sami damar ta hanyar faɗaɗɗa, hadaddun hanyar sadarwa na alaƙa waɗanda ke haɓaka tasirin su.Ya haifar da juyin juya hali a ko'ina cikin duniya mai haske.A farkon karni na 18, Voltaire da Montesquieu ne suka mamaye motsi, amma motsi ya karu da sauri yayin da karni ya ci gaba.Rikicin da ke tsakanin Cocin Katolika, da raunin cikakken sarki a hankali da kuma yaƙe-yaƙe masu tsada da yawa ya raunana adawar.Don haka tasirin Falsafa ya yaɗu.Kusan 1750 sun kai lokacin da suka fi tasiri, kamar yadda Montesquieu ya wallafa Ruhun Dokoki (1748) da Jean Jacques Rousseau ya buga Jawabin kan Tasirin Hali na Arts da Kimiyya (1750).Jagoran Haskakawa Faransanci kuma marubucin tasiri mai girma a fadin Turai, shine Voltaire (1694-1778).Littattafansa da dama sun hada da kasidu da wasan kwaikwayo;ayyukan satire (Candide 1759);littattafai akan tarihi, kimiyya, da falsafa, gami da gudummawa da yawa (wanda ba a san su ba) zuwa Encyclopédie;da kuma yawan wasiku.Mutum ne mai wayo, mai adawa da kawancen da ke tsakanin kasar Faransa da coci, an fitar da shi daga Faransa a lokuta da dama.A lokacin da yake gudun hijira a Ingila ya fahimci tunanin Birtaniya kuma ya shahara da Isaac Newton a Turai.Ilimin taurari, sinadarai, lissafi da fasaha sun bunƙasa.Masana kimiyyar Faransanci irin su Antoine Lavoisier sun yi aiki don maye gurbin rukunin ma'auni na ma'auni ta hanyar tsarin kimiyya mai daidaituwa.Lavoisier kuma ya ƙirƙira ka'idar Kiyaye taro kuma ya gano iskar oxygen da hydrogen.

Yaƙin Shekaru Bakwai (1756–1763) rikici ne na duniya tsakanin Burtaniya da Faransa don fifikon duniya.Biritaniya, Faransa daSpain sun yi yaƙi a Turai da ƙasashen waje tare da rundunonin ƙasa da sojojin ruwa, yayin da Prussia ta nemi faɗaɗa yanki a Turai da ƙarfafa ikonta.An dade ana gwabza fada tsakanin ‘yan mulkin mallaka da suka hada Birtaniya da Faransa da Spain a Arewacin Amurka da kuma Indiyan Yamma a kan gagarumin sikeli tare da sakamako mai ma’ana.A Turai, rikicin ya taso ne daga batutuwan da yaƙin Yaƙin Ostiriya ya warware bai warware ba (1740-1748).Prussia ya nemi babban tasiri a cikin jihohin Jamus, yayin da Ostiriya ta so ta sake dawowa Silesia, wanda Prussia ta kama a yakin da ya gabata, kuma ya ƙunshi tasirin Prussian.A cikin daidaitawar ƙawancen gargajiya, wanda aka sani da juyin juya halin diflomasiyya na 1756, Prussia ta zama wani ɓangare na haɗin gwiwar da Birtaniyya ke jagoranta, wanda ya haɗa da ɗan takarar Prussian Hanover, a lokacin cikin haɗin kai tare da Biritaniya.A lokaci guda kuma, Ostiriya ta kawo karshen rikice-rikice na shekaru aru-aru tsakanin iyalan Bourbon da Habsburg ta hanyar kawance da Faransa, tare da Saxony, Sweden da Rasha.Kasar Spain ta hada kai da Faransa a shekara ta 1762. Kasar Spain ta yi yunkurin mamaye kasar Portugal da ke kawance da Biritaniya ba tare da samun nasara ba, inda ta kai farmaki tare da dakarunta suna fuskantar sojojin Birtaniya a Iberia.Ƙananan jihohin Jamus ko dai sun shiga yakin shekaru bakwai ko kuma sun ba da sojojin haya ga bangarorin da ke cikin rikici.Rikicin Anglo-Faransa akan yankunansu a Arewacin Amurka ya fara ne a cikin 1754 a cikin abin da ya zama sananne a Amurka a matsayin Yaƙin Faransanci da Indiya (1754-63), wanda ya zama gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Yaƙin Shekaru Bakwai, kuma ya kawo ƙarshen kasancewar Faransa. ikon kasa a wannan nahiya.Shi ne "mafi mahimmanci al'amari da ya faru a Arewacin Amirka na ƙarni na sha takwas" kafin juyin juya halin Amurka .Spain ta shiga yakin a 1761, ta shiga Faransa a cikin Yarjejeniyar Iyali ta Uku tsakanin sarakunan Bourbon guda biyu.Haɗin kai tare da Faransa bala'i ne ga Spain, tare da asarar Birtaniyya na manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa guda biyu, Havana a Yammacin Indies da Manila a Philippines , sun dawo cikin yarjejeniyar 1763 na Paris tsakanin Faransa, Spain da Burtaniya.A Turai, babban rikicin da ya jawo mafi yawan kasashen Turai ya ta'allaka ne akan sha'awar Ostiriya (tsawon tsakiyar siyasa na Daular Roman mai tsarki na al'ummar Jamus) don dawo da Silesia daga Prussia.Yarjejeniyar Hubertusburg ta kawo karshen yakin da aka yi tsakanin Saxony, Ostiriya da Prussia, a shekara ta 1763. Biritaniya ta fara hawanta a matsayin kasar da ta fi karfin mulkin mallaka da na ruwa a duniya.An dakatar da martabar Faransa a Turai har sai bayan juyin juya halin Faransa da bullar Napoleon Bonaparte.Prussia ya tabbatar da matsayinsa a matsayin babban iko, yana ƙalubalantar Austria don rinjaye a cikin jihohin Jamus, don haka ya canza ma'auni na iko na Turai.

Bayan da Faransa ta rasa daular mulkin mallaka, Faransa ta ga dama mai kyau na daukar fansa kan Birtaniya wajen kulla kawance da Amurkawa a shekara ta 1778, da tura sojoji da na ruwa wadanda suka mayar da juyin juya halin Amurka zuwa yakin duniya.Spain , da ke kawance da Faransa ta Yarjejeniyar Iyali, da Jamhuriyar Holland kuma sun shiga yakin a bangaren Faransa.Admiral de Grasse ya ci nasara da sojojin Burtaniya a Chesapeake Bay yayin da Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau da Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette suka shiga sojojin Amurka wajen fatattakar Birtaniya a Yorktown.Yarjejeniyar Paris (1783) ce ta ƙare yaƙin;Amurka ta samu 'yancin kai.Sojojin ruwa na Burtaniya sun samu gagarumar nasara a kan Faransa a shekara ta 1782 a yakin Saintes kuma Faransa ta kammala yakin da basussuka masu yawa da kuma karamin riba na tsibirin Tobago.

Juyin juya halin Faransa wani lokaci ne na siyasa mai tsattsauran ra'ayi da canjin al'umma a Faransa wanda ya fara da Babban Estates na 1789 kuma ya ƙare tare da kafa karamin ofishin jakadancin Faransa a watan Nuwamba 1799. Yawancin ra'ayoyinsa ana daukar su muhimman ka'idoji na dimokuradiyya mai sassaucin ra'ayi, yayin da kalmomi kamar su. liberté, égalité, fraternité ya sake bayyana a cikin wasu tawaye, kamar juyin juya halin Rasha na 1917 , da kuma yin kamfen na kawar da bautar da zaɓe na duniya.Dabi'u da cibiyoyi da ya haifar sun mamaye siyasar Faransa har yau.Abubuwan da ke haifar da gabaɗaya an yarda su kasance haɗaɗɗun abubuwan zamantakewa, siyasa da tattalin arziki, waɗanda gwamnatin da ke akwai ta kasa sarrafa su.A cikin Mayu 1789, bala'in zamantakewar jama'a ya kai ga taron Babban Estates, wanda aka mayar da shi Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa a watan Yuni.Ci gaba da tashe tashen hankulan ya kawo karshe a guguwar Bastille a ranar 14 ga watan Yuli, wanda ya kai ga daukar wasu matakai masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da Majalisar ta yi, da suka hada da kawar da feudalism, sanya ikon gwamnati a kan Cocin Katolika a Faransa, da kuma tsawaita 'yancin kada kuri'a. .Shekaru uku masu zuwa sun mamaye gwagwarmayar neman mulkin siyasa, wanda tabarbarewar tattalin arziki da rikice-rikicen jama'a suka tsananta.Hamayya daga kasashen waje kamar Ostiriya, Biritaniya, da Prussia ya haifar da barkewar yakin juyin juya hali na Faransa a cikin Afrilu 1792. Rashin kunya da Louis XVI ya kai ga kafa Jamhuriyyar Faransa ta farko a ranar 22 ga Satumba 1792, sannan aka kashe shi a watan Janairu 1793. A watan Yuni, wani bore abirnin Paris ya maye gurbin 'yan Girondins da suka mamaye majalisar dokokin kasar da kwamitin kare lafiyar jama'a, karkashin jagorancin Maximilien Robespierre.Wannan ya haifar da Mulkin Ta'addanci, ƙoƙari na kawar da zargin "masu juyin-juya hali";A lokacin da ya ƙare a watan Yuli 1794, an kashe fiye da 16,600 a Paris da larduna.Kazalika da abokan gabanta na waje, Jamhuriyar ta fuskanci adawa na cikin gida daga Royalists da Jacobins kuma don magance waɗannan barazanar, kundin tsarin mulkin Faransa ya karbi mulki a watan Nuwamba 1795. Duk da jerin nasarorin soja, da yawa sun ci nasara ta Napoleon Bonaparte, rarrabuwar siyasa. kuma tabarbarewar tattalin arziki ya haifar da maye gurbin littafin da ofishin jakadancin a watan Nuwamba 1799. Ana ganin wannan gabaɗaya a matsayin alamar ƙarshen lokacin juyin juya halin Musulunci.

Yakin Napoleon (1803-1815) jerin manyan tashe-tashen hankula ne na duniya da suka addabi Daular Faransa da kawayenta, karkashin jagorancin Napoleon I, a kan jujjuyawar jahohin Turai da aka kafa cikin kawance daban-daban.Ya samar da lokacin mamayar Faransa akan yawancin nahiyar Turai.Yaƙe-yaƙe sun samo asali ne daga rikice-rikicen da ba a warware su ba da ke da alaƙa da juyin juya halin Faransa da yakin juyin juya halin Faransa wanda ya ƙunshi yakin haɗin gwiwar farko (1792-1797) da yakin haɗin gwiwa na biyu (1798-1802).Yaƙe-yaƙe na Napoleon galibi ana kwatanta su azaman rikice-rikice biyar, kowannensu ana kiransa bayan haɗin gwiwar da ya yaƙi Napoleon: Haɗin kai na Uku (1803-1806), Na huɗu (1806-07), Na Biyar (1809), Na Shida (1813–14). da na Bakwai (1815) tare da Yakin Peninsular (1807-1814) da mamayewar Faransawa na Rasha (1812).Napoleon, bayan ya hau karamin jakadan Faransa na farko a shekara ta 1799, ya gaji jamhuriya cikin rudani;daga bisani ya samar da jiha mai tsayayyen kudi, da tsarin mulki mai karfi, da kwararrun sojoji.A cikin Disamba 1805 Napoleon ya sami abin da ake la'akari da nasararsa mafi girma, inda ya kayar da sojojin Russo-Austriya a Austerlitz.A cikin teku, Birtaniya sun yi mummunar kayar da sojojin ruwa na hadin gwiwa na Franco-Spanish a yakin Trafalgar a ranar 21 ga Oktoba 1805. Wannan nasara ta tabbatar da ikon Birtaniyya na teku tare da hana mamaye Birtaniya.Damuwa da karuwar ikon Faransa, Prussia ta jagoranci ƙirƙirar Haɗin kai na Hudu tare da Rasha, Saxony, da Sweden, wanda ya sake komawa yaƙi a watan Oktoba 1806. Napoleon ya ci nasara a kan Prussians a Jena da Rasha a Friedland da sauri, ya kawo zaman lafiya a nahiyar.Zaman lafiya ya kasa, ko da yake, yayin da yakin ya barke a 1809, tare da Ƙungiyar Ƙungiya ta biyar, jagorancin Austria.Da farko, 'yan Ostiriya sun sami nasara mai ban mamaki a Aspern-Essling, amma an yi nasara da sauri a Wagram.Da fatan keɓewa da raunana Biritaniya ta fannin tattalin arziki ta hanyar Tsarin Nahiyarsa, Napoleon ya ƙaddamar da mamayar ƙasar Portugal , abokiyar kawancen Biritaniya kaɗai da ta rage a nahiyar Turai.Bayan ya mamaye Lisbon a watan Nuwamba 1807, kuma tare da yawancin sojojin Faransa da ke Spain, Napoleon ya yi amfani da damar da ya bijire wa tsohon abokinsa, ya kori gidan sarauta na Spain mai mulki kuma ya bayyana ɗan'uwansa Sarkin Spain a 1808 a matsayin José I. MutanenEspanya. kuma Portuguese sun yi tawaye tare da goyon bayan Birtaniya kuma sun kori Faransanci daga Iberia a 1814 bayan shekaru shida na yakin.A lokaci guda kuma, Rasha, ba ta son ɗaukar sakamakon tattalin arziki na raguwar ciniki, ta saba keta tsarin Nahiyar Turai akai-akai, wanda ya sa Napoleon ya kaddamar da wani gagarumin mamayewa a Rasha a 1812. Sakamakon yakin ya ƙare a cikin bala'i ga Faransa da kuma kusan halakar Grande Armée na Napoleon.Ƙarfafawa ta hanyar shan kashi, Ostiriya, Prussia, Sweden, da Rasha sun kafa haɗin gwiwa na shida kuma suka fara sabon yakin da Faransa, da kayar da Napoleon a Leipzig a watan Oktoba 1813 bayan da dama da ba su dace ba.Daga nan ne kasashen kawancen suka mamaye kasar Faransa daga gabas, yayin da yakin Peninsular ya fantsama zuwa kudu maso yammacin Faransa.Sojojin haɗin gwiwar sun kamaParis a ƙarshen Maris 1814 kuma suka tilasta Napoleon ya yi murabus a cikin Afrilu.An kai shi gudun hijira zuwa tsibirin Elba, kuma an maido da Bourbons kan mulki.Amma Napoleon ya tsere a watan Fabrairun 1815, kuma ya sake dawo da ikon Faransa na kusan kwanaki dari.Bayan kafa Haɗin kai na Bakwai, ƙawancen sun ci shi a Waterloo a watan Yuni 1815 kuma suka kai shi tsibirin Saint Helena, inda ya mutu bayan shekaru shida.Majalisar Vienna ta sake gyara iyakokin Turai kuma ta kawo lokacin zaman lafiya.Yaƙe-yaƙe sun sami babban sakamako a tarihin duniya, waɗanda suka haɗa da yaduwar kishin ƙasa da sassaucin ra'ayi, haɓakar Biritaniya a matsayin babbar ƙasa ta ruwa da ƙarfin tattalin arziki, bayyanar ƙungiyoyin 'yancin kai a Latin Amurka da koma bayan daular Sipaniya da Portugal, tushen asali. sake tsara yankunan Jamus da Italiya zuwa manyan jahohi, da bullo da sabbin hanyoyin gudanar da yaki, da kuma dokar farar hula.Bayan karshen yakin Napoleon an sami zaman lafiya na dangi a nahiyar Turai, wanda ya kasance har zuwa yakin Crimean a 1853.

Mayar da Bourbon shine lokacin tarihin Faransa lokacin da gidan Bourbon ya koma kan karagar mulki bayan faduwar farko na Napoleon a ranar 3 ga Mayu 1814. A taƙaice yaƙin kwanaki ɗari ya katse a 1815, Maidowa ya ci gaba har zuwa juyin juya halin Yuli 26 ga Yuli 1830. Louis XVIII da Charles X, ’yan’uwan sarki Louis XVI da aka kashe, suka hau kan karagar mulki a jere kuma suka kafa gwamnati mai ra’ayin mazan jiya da nufin ta maido da haƙƙin mallaka, idan ba dukan cibiyoyi na Masarautar Ancien ba.Magoya bayan masarautar da aka yi gudun hijira sun koma Faransa amma sun kasa sauya akasarin sauye-sauyen da juyin juya halin Faransa ya yi.An gaji da fama da yaƙe-yaƙe na shekaru da yawa, al'ummar ta sami zaman lafiya na ciki da waje, kwanciyar hankali na tattalin arziki da farkon masana'antu.

Zanga-zangar adawa da cikakkiyar masarauta ta kasance cikin iska.Zaben na wakilai zuwa 16 ga Mayu 1830 ya tafi da muni ga Sarki Charles X. A mayar da martani, ya yi kokarin danniya amma abin da kawai ta'azzara rikicin kamar yadda danne wakilai, gagged 'yan jarida, dalibai daga Jami'ar da kuma da yawa ma'aikata maza naParis zuba a cikin tituna. da kuma kafa shingaye a cikin “kwanaki uku masu daraja” (Faransa Les Trois Glorieuses) na 26-29 Yuli 1830. An kori Charles X kuma ya maye gurbinsa da Sarki Louis-Philippe a Juyin Juya Halin Yuli.A al'adance ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin tashin bourgeoisie akan cikakkiyar masarauta ta Bourbons.Mahalarta juyin juya halin Yuli sun haɗa da Marquis de Lafayette.Yin aiki a bayan al'amuran a madadin abubuwan da suka mallaka na bourgeois shine Louis Adolphe Thiers."Masarautar Yuli" ta Louis-Philippe (1830-1848) ta mamaye haute bourgeoisie (babban bourgeoisie) na masu banki, masu kudi, masana'antu da 'yan kasuwa.A lokacin mulkin sarauta na Yuli, zamanin Romantic ya fara fure.Zaman Romantic ya kora, yanayi na zanga-zanga da tawaye ya kasance a ko'ina a Faransa.A ranar 22 ga Nuwamba 1831 a Lyon (birni na biyu mafi girma a Faransa) ma'aikatan siliki sun yi tawaye tare da mamaye zauren gari don nuna rashin amincewa da rage albashi da yanayin aiki.Wannan shi ne farkon abin da ma'aikata suka yi tawaye a duk duniya.Saboda barazanar da ake yi wa karagar mulki akai-akai, Masarautar Yuli ta fara mulki da hannu mai karfi da karfi.Ba da daɗewa ba aka haramta taron siyasa.Duk da haka, "banquets" har yanzu suna da doka kuma har zuwa 1847, an yi yakin neman zabe na jamhuriyar jama'a da ke neman karin dimokiradiyya.An shirya babban liyafa a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu 1848 a Paris amma gwamnati ta hana shi.A martanin da 'yan kasar na kowane fanni suka fito kan titunan birnin Paris a wata zanga-zangar adawa da masarautar Yuli.An gabatar da buƙatun yin murabus na "Sarkin ɗan ƙasa" Louis-Philippe da kafa dimokuradiyya mai wakilci a Faransa.Sarkin ya yi murabus, aka yi shelar Jamhuriyar Faransa ta biyu.Alphonse Marie Louis de Lamartine, wacce ta kasance shugabar 'yan jamhuriya masu sassaucin ra'ayi a Faransa a cikin shekarun 1840, ta zama Ministar Harkokin Waje kuma a sakamakon haka ta zama firayim minista a sabuwar gwamnatin wucin gadi.A hakikanin gaskiya Lamartine shine shugaban gwamnati a cikin 1848.

Jamhuriya ta biyu ta Faransa ita ce gwamnatin jamhuriyar Faransa wacce ta wanzu tsakanin 1848 zuwa 1852. An kafa ta a watan Fabrairun 1848, tare da juyin juya halin Fabrairu wanda ya hambarar da daular Yuli na Sarki Louis-Phillipe, ya ƙare a watan Disamba 1852. Bayan zaben shugaban kasa. Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte a cikin 1848 da juyin mulkin 1851 da shugaban ya yi, Bonaparte ya shelanta kansa Sarkin sarakuna Napoleon III kuma ya fara daular Faransa ta biyu.Jumhuriya mai ɗan gajeren lokaci ta ɗauki taken jamhuriya ta farko a hukumance;Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité.

Daular Faransa ta Biyu ita ce mulkin Napoleon na III na shekaru 18 na mulkin Bonapartist daga 14 ga Janairu 1852 zuwa 27 ga Oktoba 1870, tsakanin Jamhuriyar Faransa ta biyu da ta uku.Napoleon III ya 'yantar da mulkinsa bayan 1858. Ya inganta kasuwancin Faransa da fitar da kayayyaki.Babban nasarorin sun haɗa da babbar hanyar jirgin ƙasa wacce ta sauƙaƙe kasuwanci kuma ta ɗaure al'ummar tare daParis a matsayin cibiyarta.Wannan ya kara habaka tattalin arziki tare da samar da wadata a mafi yawan yankunan kasar.An ba daular ta Biyu babban yabo don sake gina Paris tare da faffadan boulevards, manyan gine-ginen jama'a, da kyawawan gundumomin zama don manyan mutanen Paris.A cikin manufofin kasa da kasa, Napoleon III ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi koyi da kawunsa Napoleon na I, yana tsunduma cikin ayyukan masarautu da yawa a duniya da kuma yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa a Turai.Ya fara mulkinsa tare da nasarar Faransa a Crimea da Italiya, ya sami Savoy da Nice.Ta hanyar amfani da tsauraran matakai, ya gina daular Faransa a Arewacin Afirka da kuma kudu maso gabashin Asiya.Napoleon III ya kuma kaddamar da shiga tsakani a Mexico yana neman kafa daular Mexica ta biyu kuma ya kawo ta cikin sararin Faransanci, amma wannan ya ƙare a cikin fiasco.Ya yi mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar bindiga ta Rasha ta ulato ta ɗauka suka ɗauka.An kawo karshen mulkinsa a lokacin yakin Franco-Prussian, lokacin da sojojin Prussian suka kama shi a Sedan a 1870 kuma 'yan jamhuriyar Faransa suka tumbuke shi.Daga baya ya mutu a gudun hijira a 1873, yana zaune a Burtaniya.

Yaƙin Faransa na Vietnam (1858-1885) yaƙi ne mai tsawo kuma iyaka wanda aka yi yaƙi tsakanin Daular Faransa ta biyu, daga baya Jamhuriyar Faransa ta uku da daular Vietnamese ta Đại Nam a tsakiyar ƙarshen karni na 19.Ƙarshensa da sakamakonsa sun kasance nasara ga Faransawa yayin da suka ci Vietnamese da abokansuna Sinawa a 1885, hadewar Vietnam, Laos , da Cambodia , kuma a karshe ya kafa dokokin Faransanci a kan yankuna na Indochina na Faransa a kan yankin kudu maso gabashin Asiya a 1887.Wani balaguron hadin gwiwa na Franco-Spaniya ya kai hari kan Da Nang a cikin 1858 sannan suka ja da baya don mamaye Saigon.Sarki Tu Duc ya rattaba hannu kan wata yerjejeniya a watan Yunin 1862 ta baiwa Faransa ikon mallakar larduna uku a Kudu.Faransawa sun mamaye larduna uku na kudu maso yamma a cikin 1867 don kafa Cochinchina.Bayan da suka ƙarfafa ikonsu a Cochinchina, Faransawa sun mamaye sauran ƙasar Vietnam ta hanyar yaƙe-yaƙe a Tonkin, tsakanin 1873 zuwa 1886. Tonkin a wancan lokacin yana cikin wani yanayi na kusan rashin zaman lafiya, ya gangaro cikin hargitsi;kasashen Sin da Faransa sun dauki wannan yanki a matsayin wani yanki na tasiri, inda suka tura dakaru zuwa wurin.A ƙarshe dai Faransawa sun kori yawancin sojojin China daga Vietnam, amma ragowar sojojinta a wasu lardunan Vietnam sun ci gaba da yin barazana ga ikon Faransa na Tonkin.Gwamnatin Faransa ta aike da Fournier zuwa Tianjin don yin shawarwari kan yarjejeniyar Tianjin, bisa ga yadda kasar Sin ta amince da ikon Faransa kan Annam da Tonkin, tare da yin watsi da ikirarin da take yi na cin gashin kan Vietnam.Ranar 6 ga Yuni, 1884, an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Huế, ta raba Vietnam zuwa yankuna uku: Tonkin, Annam, da Cochinchina, kowannensu a ƙarƙashin gwamnatoci daban-daban guda uku.Cochinchina wani yanki ne na Faransa, yayin da Tonkin da Annam suka kasance masu karewa, kuma an sanya kotun Nguyễn karkashin kulawar Faransa.

Jamhuriya ta Uku ta Faransa ita ce tsarin mulkin da aka karbe a Faransa daga ranar 4 ga Satumban 1870, lokacin da Daular Faransa ta biyu ta ruguje a lokacin yakin Franco-Prussian, har zuwa 10 ga Yulin 1940, bayan faduwar Faransa a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu ya kai ga kafuwar kasar Faransa. Gwamnatin Vichy.Zamanin farko na jamhuriya ta Uku ya mamaye rikice-rikicen siyasa da ya haifar da yakin Franco-Prussian na 1870-1871, wanda jamhuriyar ta ci gaba da kai wa bayan faduwar sarki Napoleon na III a shekara ta 1870. Mummunan ramuwar gayya da 'yan Prussia suka yi bayan yakin ya haifar. a cikin asarar yankunan Faransa na Alsace (kiyaye Territoire de Belfort) da Lorraine (bangaren arewa maso gabas, watau sashen Moselle na yanzu), tashin hankali na zamantakewa, da kafaHukumar Paris .Gwamnonin farko na jamhuriya ta uku sun yi la’akari da sake kafa masarautu, amma an kasa magance rashin jituwa dangane da yanayin wannan masarauta da kuma wanda ya cancanta a kan karagar mulki.Sakamakon haka, jamhuriya ta uku, wadda tun farko aka yi hasashenta a matsayin gwamnati na wucin gadi, a maimakon haka ta zama tsarin mulkin Faransa na dindindin.Dokokin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Faransa na 1875 sun bayyana abin da ke cikin Jamhuriya ta Uku.Ya kunshi Majalisar Wakilai da Majalisar Dattijai don kafa bangaren gwamnati da kuma shugaban kasa da zai zama shugaban kasa.Kiraye-kirayen sake kafa masarautan ya mamaye wa'adin shugabannin biyu na farko, Adolphe Thiers da Patrice de MacMahon, amma karuwar goyon bayan tsarin gwamnatin jamhuriya a tsakanin al'ummar Faransa da kuma jerin shugabannin jamhuriya a cikin shekarun 1880 a hankali sun yi watsi da hasashen. na maido da sarauta.Jamhuriya ta Uku ta kafa mallakar mallakar Faransa da dama, da suka haɗa da Indochina na Faransa, da Madagascar na Faransa, da Faransanci na Faransa, da kuma manyan yankuna a yammacin Afirka a lokacin yaƙin neman zaɓe na Afirka, dukkansu sun samu a cikin shekaru ashirin na ƙarshe na karni na 19.Shekarun farko na karni na 20, jam'iyyar Democratic Republican Alliance ce ta mamaye ta, wacce tun farko aka dauka a matsayin kawancen siyasa ta hagu, amma bayan lokaci ta zama babbar jam'iyyar dama ta tsakiya.Lokacin daga farkon yakin duniya na daya zuwa karshen shekarun 1930 ya nuna siyasa mai cike da rudani, tsakanin Democratic Republican Alliance da Radicals.Gwamnatin ta fadi kasa da shekara guda bayan barkewar yakin duniya na biyu, lokacin da sojojin Nazi suka mamaye yawancin kasar Faransa, kuma gwamnatocin da ke adawa da gwamnatin Charles de Gaulle na Free France (La France libre) da kasar Faransa Philippe Pétain suka maye gurbinsu.A cikin karni na 19 da na 20, daular mulkin mallaka ta Faransa ita ce daula ta biyu mafi girma a duniya a bayan daular Burtaniya.

Yakin Franco-Prussian rikici ne tsakanin Daular Faransa ta biyu da Tarayyar Jamus ta Arewa karkashin jagorancin Masarautar Prussia.Tsawon lokaci daga 19 ga Yuli 1870 zuwa 28 ga Janairu 1871, rikicin ya samo asali ne saboda ƙudirin Faransa na sake tabbatar da matsayinta mafi girma a nahiyar Turai, wanda ya bayyana a cikin tambaya bayan gagarumin nasarar da Prussian ta yi akan Austria a 1866. A cewar wasu masana tarihi, shugaban gwamnatin Prussian Otto von Da gangan Bismarck ya tunzura Faransawa zuwa shelanta yaki a kan Prussia domin ya sa wasu jihohi hudu na kudancin Jamus - Baden, Württemberg, Bavaria da Hesse-Darmstadt - su shiga cikin Tarayyar Jamus ta Arewa;wasu masana tarihi sun ce Bismarck ya yi amfani da yanayin yayin da suke faruwa.Duk sun yarda cewa Bismarck ya amince da yuwuwar sabbin kawancen Jamus, idan aka yi la’akari da halin da ake ciki gaba daya.Faransa ta tattara sojojinta a ranar 15 ga Yulin 1870, inda ta jagoranci Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Jamus ta Arewa don mayar da martani tare da yunkurinta daga baya a wannan rana.A ranar 16 ga Yulin 1870, majalisar dokokin Faransa ta kada kuri'a don ayyana yaki a kan Prussia;Faransa ta mamaye yankin Jamus a ranar 2 ga Agusta.Ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwar Jamus sun tattara sojojinsu da kyau fiye da na Faransa kuma sun mamaye arewa maso gabashin Faransa a ranar 4 ga Agusta.Sojojin Jamus sun kasance mafi girma a lambobi, horo, da jagoranci kuma sun yi amfani da fasahar zamani sosai, musamman hanyoyin jiragen kasa da manyan bindigogi.Nasarar da Prussian da Jamusawa suka yi cikin sauri a gabashin Faransa, wanda ya ƙare a cikin Siege na Metz da yakin Sedan, ya haifar da kame Sarkin Faransa Napoleon na uku da kuma cin zarafi na sojojin daular ta biyu;An kafa gwamnatin tsaron kasa a birnin Paris a ranar 4 ga Satumba kuma ta ci gaba da yakin har tsawon watanni biyar.Sojojin Jamus sun yi yaƙi tare da fatattakar sabbin sojojin Faransa a arewacin Faransa, sannan suka kewaye birnin Paris na tsawon watanni huɗu kafin ya faɗi a ranar 28 ga Janairun 1871, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen yaƙin.A cikin kwanaki na yakin, tare da nasarar Jamus duk da tabbacin, jihohin Jamus sun shelanta tarayyarsu a matsayin daular Jamus a karkashin Sarkin Prussian Wilhelm na I da Chancellor Bismarck.Ban da Ostiriya, yawancin Jamusawa sun kasance cikin haɗin kai a ƙarƙashin ƙasa-ƙasa a karon farko.Bayan da aka kulla yarjejeniya tare da Faransa, an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Frankfurt a ranar 10 ga Mayu 1871, ta ba wa Jamus biliyoyin francs a matsayin lamuni na yaki, da kuma mafi yawan Alsace da sassan Lorraine, wanda ya zama Imperial Territory na Alsace-Lorraine.Yakin ya yi tasiri mai dorewa a Turai.Ta hanyar gaggauta haɗewar Jamus, yaƙin ya sauya ma'aunin iko a nahiyar sosai;tare da sabuwar kasar Jamus da ta maye gurbin Faransa a matsayin mafi rinjaye a Turai.Bismarck ya rike babban iko a harkokin kasa da kasa tsawon shekaru ashirin, inda ya bunkasa suna ga Realpolitik wanda ya daga martaba da tasirin Jamus a duniya.A Faransa, ta kawo ƙarshen mulkin daular kuma ta fara gwamnatin jamhuriya ta farko mai ɗorewa.Bacin ran da Faransa ta sha ne ya janyo kungiyar Paris Commune, wani boren juyin-juya hali wanda ya kwace tare da rike madafun iko na tsawon watanni biyu kafin murkushe shi da zubar da jini;taron zai yi tasiri a siyasa da manufofin jamhuriya ta uku.

Faransa ba ta yi tsammanin yaƙi a shekara ta 1914 ba, amma lokacin da ya zo a watan Agusta dukan al'ummar ƙasar sun yi taro cikin farin ciki na tsawon shekaru biyu.Ya ƙware wajen aika dakaru gaba akai-akai, sai dai an dakatar da shi ta hanyar manyan bindigogin Jamus, ramuka, shingen waya da bindigu, tare da munanan asarar rayuka.Duk da hasarar manyan gundumomin masana'antu Faransa ta samar da gagarumin yawan makaman da ke dauke da sojojin Faransa da na Amurka.A shekara ta 1917 sojojin sun kasance a kan gaɓar ɓarke ​​​​, tare da fahimtar cewa yanzu Amurka ta juya zuwa mamaye layin Jamus.Amma sun yi taro sun yi galaba a kan babban harin Jamus, wanda ya zo a cikin bazara na 1918, sannan suka birgima kan mahara masu rugujewa.Nuwamba 1918 ya kawo girman girman kai da haɗin kai, da kuma neman ramuwar gayya mara iyaka.Ta shagaltu da matsalolin cikin gida, Faransa ba ta mai da hankali sosai kan manufofin ketare a cikin 1911-14, ko da yake ta tsawaita aikin soja zuwa shekaru uku daga masu adawa da gurguzu mai ƙarfi a shekara ta 1913. Rikicin Balkan da ke ci gaba da yaɗuwa cikin sauri na 1914 ya kama Faransa ba tare da sani ba. ya taka rawa kadan a zuwan yakin duniya na daya .Rikicin Serbia ya haifar da sarkakiya na kawancen soji tsakanin kasashen Turai, wanda ya sa akasarin nahiyar, ciki har da Faransa, shiga yaki cikin 'yan makonni kadan.A karshen watan Yuli ne Ostiriya-Hungary ta shelanta yaki kan Serbia, lamarin da ya janyo hadakar Rasha.A ranar 1 ga Agusta duka Jamus da Faransa sun ba da umarnin yin gangami.Jamus ta kasance mafi shirye-shiryen soja fiye da sauran ƙasashen da abin ya shafa, ciki har da Faransa.Daular Jamus, a matsayinta na kawancen Ostiriya, ta shelanta yaki da Rasha.Faransa na kawance da Rasha don haka a shirye take ta yi yaki da Daular Jamus.A ranar 3 ga Agusta Jamus ta ayyana yaki a kan Faransa, kuma ta aika da sojojinta ta Belgium mai tsaka-tsaki.Birtaniya ta shiga yakin ne a ranar 4 ga watan Agusta, kuma ta fara tura sojoji a ranar 7 ga watan Agusta.Italiya , ko da yake tana da alaƙa da Jamus, ta kasance tsaka tsaki sannan ta shiga cikin Allies a 1915.Shirin "Schlieffen" na Jamus shine ya kayar da Faransanci cikin sauri.Sun kama Brussels, Belgium a ranar 20 ga Agusta kuma nan da nan sun kama wani yanki mai yawa na arewacin Faransa.Asalin shirin shi ne ci gaba da kudu maso yamma da kai hariParis daga yamma.A farkon watan Satumba suna cikin nisan kilomita 65 (mil 40) daga Paris, kuma gwamnatin Faransa ta koma Bordeaux.Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyi a ƙarshe sun dakatar da ci gaba a arewa maso gabashin Paris a kogin Marne (5-12 Satumba 1914).Yaƙin a yanzu ya zama mai ɗorewa - sanannen "Ƙungiyar Yammacin Turai" an yi yaƙi da shi sosai a Faransa kuma yana da ƙarancin motsi duk da manyan yaƙe-yaƙe da tashin hankali, sau da yawa tare da sabbin fasahohin soja masu lalata.A Gabashin Yamma, ƙananan ƙananan ramuka na farkon watannin farko sun girma cikin sauri da zurfi kuma suna daɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗawa, sannu a hankali sun zama wurare masu faɗi na ayyukan tsaro masu tsaka-tsaki.Yaƙin ƙasa da sauri ya mamaye laka, mai zubar da jini na yaƙin Trench, wani nau'in yaƙi wanda duka sojojin da ke adawa da juna ke da layin tsaro.Yakin motsi ya rikide zuwa yakin matsayi.Babu wani bangare da ya ci gaba da yawa, amma bangarorin biyu sun yi asarar dubban daruruwan rayuka.Sojojin Jamus da Allied sun samar da ainihin madaidaitan layukan ramuka guda biyu daga kan iyakar Switzerland a kudu zuwa gabar Tekun Arewa na Belgium.A halin da ake ciki kuma, yankuna da dama na arewa maso gabashin Faransa sun shiga karkashin mummunan ikon Jamus mamaya.Yakin mahara ya yi galaba a Gabashin Yamma daga Satumba 1914 har zuwa Maris 1918. Shahararrun yaƙe-yaƙe a Faransa sun haɗa da Yaƙin Verdun (wanda ya shafe watanni 10 daga 21 ga Fabrairu zuwa 18 ga Disamba 1916), Yaƙin Somme (1 Yuli zuwa 18 ga Nuwamba 1916), da biyar. rikice-rikice daban-daban da ake kira Yaƙin Ypres (daga 1914 zuwa 1918).Bayan da aka kashe shugaban 'yan gurguzu Jean Jaurès, mai fafutuka a farkon yakin, kungiyar gurguzu ta Faransa ta yi watsi da matsayinta na yaki da 'yan ta'adda tare da shiga yakin kasa.Firayim Minista Rene Viviani ya yi kira da a hada kai-domin "Union Sacrée" ("Union Sacrée") -Wacce sulhun lokacin yaki ne tsakanin bangarorin dama da hagu da suka yi ta gwabza kazamin fada.Faransa tana da 'yan adawa kaɗan.Duk da haka, gajiyawar yaƙi ya kasance babban al'amari a shekara ta 1917, har ma ya kai ga sojoji.Sojojin sun hakura da kai hari;Mutiny wani abu ne kamar yadda sojoji suka ce ya fi dacewa a jira isowar miliyoyin Amurkawa.Sojojin sun yi zanga-zangar ba kawai rashin amfanin kai hari na gaba ta fuskar bindigogin Jamusawa ba, har ma da nakasa yanayi a fagen daga da na gida, musamman ganyayen da ba safai ba, da rashin abinci, da amfani da turawan mulkin mallaka na Afirka da Asiya a gida, da kuma yadda sojojin suka yi zanga-zangar. damuwa game da jin dadin matansu da 'ya'yansu.Bayan doke Rasha a shekara ta 1917, Jamus a yanzu za ta iya mai da hankali kan Yammacin Gabar Yamma, kuma ta shirya kai hari ga baki ɗaya a cikin bazara na 1918, amma dole ne ta yi hakan kafin sojojin Amurka da ke haɓaka cikin sauri su taka rawa.A cikin Maris 1918 Jamus ta kaddamar da hare-haren kuma a watan Mayu ta isa Marne kuma ta sake kusa da Paris.Koyaya, a cikin Yaƙin Marne na biyu (15 ga Yuli zuwa 6 ga Agusta 1918), layin Allied ya kasance.Allies sai suka koma ga farmaki.Jamusawa, saboda ƙarfafawa, sun mamaye kowace rana kuma babban kwamandan ya ga ba shi da bege.Ostiriya da Turkiyya sun rushe, kuma gwamnatin Kaiser ta fadi.Jamus ta sanya hannu kan "The Armistice" wanda ya kawo karshen yakin da aka yi a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba 1918, "sa'a goma sha ɗaya na rana ta sha ɗaya ga wata na sha ɗaya."

Harin da Jamus ta yi wa Poland a shekara ta 1939 gabaɗaya ana ganin ya fara yakin duniya na biyu .Amma Allies ba su kaddamar da hare-hare masu yawa ba kuma a maimakon haka sun ci gaba da kasancewa na tsaro: ana kiran wannan yakin Phoney a Birtaniya ko Drôle de guerre - irin yakin basasa - a Faransa.Hakan bai hana sojojin Jamus mamaye Poland cikin makwanni da sabbin dabarunta na Blitzkrieg ba, wanda kuma harin da Tarayyar Soviet ta kai Poland.Lokacin da Jamus ta sami 'yanci don kai hari a yamma, yakin Faransa ya fara ne a watan Mayu 1940, kuma dabarar Blitzkrieg iri ɗaya ta tabbatar da mummunan rauni a can.Wehrmacht ya ketare layin Maginot ta hanyar tafiya cikin dajin Ardennes.An aika da rundunar Jamus ta biyu zuwa Belgium da Netherlands don yin aiki a matsayin karkata ga wannan babban buri.A cikin makonni shida da aka kwashe ana gwabza kazamin fadan Faransawa sun yi asarar mazaje 90,000.Paris ta fada hannun Jamusawa a ranar 14 ga Yuni 1940, amma ba kafin a kwashe Sojojin Biritaniya daga Dunkirk, tare da sojojin Faransa da yawa.An kafa Vichy Faransa a ranar 10 ga Yuli 1940 don gudanar da yankin da ba a mamaye ba na Faransa da mazaunanta.Philippe Pétain, tsohon gwarzon yakin yakin duniya na farko ne ya jagoranta.Wakilan Petain sun rattaba hannu kan wata matsanaciyar Armistice a ranar 22 ga Yuni 1940 inda Jamus ta ajiye yawancin sojojin Faransa a sansanoni a Jamus, kuma Faransa ta biya kuɗi masu yawa na zinariya da kayan abinci.Jamus ta mamaye kashi uku cikin biyar na yankin Faransa, inda ta bar sauran a kudu maso gabas ga sabuwar gwamnatin Vichy.Duk da haka, a aikace, yawancin ƙananan hukumomi ana gudanar da su ta hanyar gargajiya na Faransanci.A cikin Nuwamba 1942 duk Vichy Faransa daga karshe sojojin Jamus sun mamaye.Vichy ya ci gaba da kasancewa amma Jamusawa ne suka kula da shi sosai.

Les Trente Glorieuses ya kasance tsawon shekaru talatin na haɓakar tattalin arziki a Faransa tsakanin 1945 zuwa 1975, bayan ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu.Wani ɗan ƙasar Faransa mai suna Jean Fourastié ne ya fara amfani da sunan, wanda ya ƙirƙira kalmar a 1979 tare da buga littafinsa Les Trente Glorieuses, ou la révolution invisible de 1946 à 1975 ('The Glorious Thirty, ko Invisible Revolution daga 1946 zuwa 1975). ').A farkon 1944, Charles de Gaulle ya gabatar da manufofin tattalin arziki na dirigiste, wanda ya haɗa da iko mai mahimmanci na jihohi akan tattalin arzikin jari-hujja.Wannan ya biyo bayan shekaru talatin na ci gaban da ba a taɓa yin irinsa ba, wanda aka sani da Trente Glorieuses.A cikin wannan shekaru talatin, tattalin arzikin Faransa ya bunƙasa cikin sauri kamar tattalin arzikin sauran ƙasashe masu tasowa a cikin tsarin Marshall Plan, kamar Jamus ta Yamma ,Italiya daJapan .Wadannan shekarun da suka gabata na wadatar tattalin arziki sun haɗu da babban aiki tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin albashi da yawan amfani da su, kuma an siffanta su da ingantaccen tsarin fa'idodin zamantakewa.Dangane da bincike daban-daban, ainihin ikon siye na matsakaicin albashin ma'aikacin Faransa ya karu da kashi 170 cikin 100 tsakanin 1950 zuwa 1975, yayin da yawan amfani da masu zaman kansu ya karu da kashi 174% a cikin lokacin 1950-74.Matsayin rayuwar Faransa, wanda yaƙe-yaƙe biyu suka lalata, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma a duniya.Yawan jama'a kuma ya ƙara zama birni;Yawancin gine-ginen karkara sun sami raguwar yawan jama'a yayin da manyan biranen birni suka karu sosai, musamman naParis .Mallakar kayyakin gida da abubuwan more rayuwa ya karu sosai, yayin da ma'aikatan Faransawa ke biyan albashi ya karu sosai yayin da tattalin arzikin kasar ya samu ci gaba.

Jamhuriya ta Hudu ta Faransa (Faransanci: Quatrième république française) ita ce gwamnatin jamhuriyar Faransa daga 27 ga Oktoba 1946 zuwa 4 ga Oktoba 1958, wacce tsarin mulkin jamhuriya ta huɗu ke gudanarwa.Ya kasance ta hanyoyi da dama farfaɗowar jamhuriya ta uku da aka fara tun daga shekarar 1870 a lokacin yaƙin Franco-Prussian zuwa 1940 a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, kuma ta sha fama da matsaloli iri ɗaya.Faransa ta amince da kundin tsarin mulkin Jamhuriya ta hudu a ranar 13 ga Oktoba 1946.Duk da tabarbarewar siyasa, jamhuriya ta hudu ta ga wani zamani na babban ci gaban tattalin arziki a kasar Faransa da sake gina cibiyoyin zamantakewa da masana'antu bayan yakin duniya na biyu, tare da taimakon Amurka ta hanyar shirin Marshall Plan.Har ila yau, an fara samun kusantar juna da tsohuwar makiya Jamus, wanda hakan ya haifar da hadin gwiwar Franco da Jamus, daga karshe kuma ga ci gaban Tarayyar Turai.An kuma yi wasu yunƙuri na ƙarfafa ɓangaren zartaswa na gwamnati don hana yanayin rashin kwanciyar hankali da aka samu kafin yaƙin, amma rashin zaman lafiya ya ci gaba da wanzuwa kuma jamhuriya ta huɗu ta sami sauyi a cikin gwamnati - an sami gwamnatoci 21 a cikin shekaru 12 na tarihi.Bugu da kari, gwamnati ta kasa yanke hukunci mai inganci game da raba mulkin mallaka da dama da suka rage a Faransa.Bayan jerin rikice-rikice, mafi mahimmanci rikicin Algeria na 1958, Jamhuriyya ta huɗu ta rushe.Shugaban lokacin yakin Charles de Gaulle ya dawo daga ritaya ya jagoranci gwamnatin rikon kwarya da aka baiwa ikon tsara sabon kundin tsarin mulkin Faransa.An rushe Jamhuriyya ta Hudu a ranar 5 ga Oktoban 1958 bayan wani ƙuri'ar raba gardama ta jama'a wadda ta kafa jamhuriya ta biyar ta zamani tare da ingantaccen shugaban ƙasa.

Yakin Indochina na farko ya fara ne a Indochina na Faransa a ranar 19 ga Disamba, 1946, kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa ranar 20 ga Yuli, 1954. An gwabza tsakanin sojojin Faransa da abokan adawarsu na Việt Minh a kudanci tun daga Satumba 1945. Rikicin ya haifar da dakaru da dama, ciki har da Faransawa. Kungiyoyin Faransa na gabas na kungiyar Faransa na Gabas, karkashin jagorancin Faransa da ke goyon bayan kasar Vietnam da VIEệt Minh (wani ɓangare na jam'iyyar kwaminis ta kasar Vietnam), karkashin mulkin kwaminisanci), wanda ya jagoranci Vani nguyên Giáp da Hồ Chí MHh .Yawancin fadan ya faru ne a Tonkin da ke arewacin Vietnam, ko da yake rikicin ya mamaye kasar baki daya, sannan kuma ya karade makwabciyar kasar Faransa Indochina da ke makwabtaka da Laos da Cambodia .’Yan shekarun farko na yaƙin sun haɗa da ƙaramin ƙauyuka na tawaye da Faransawa.A shekara ta 1949 rikicin ya rikide zuwa yaki na al'ada tsakanin runduna biyu sanye da kayan yaki na zamani wanda Amurka daChina da Tarayyar Soviet suka kawo .Sojojin Tarayyar Faransa sun haɗa da sojojin mulkin mallaka daga daular mulkin mallaka - Moroccan, Aljeriya, da Larabawa / Berbers na Tunisiya;'Yan tsiraru na Laotian, Cambodia da Vietnamese;Bakar fata 'yan Afirka - da ƙwararrun sojojin Faransa, masu aikin sa kai na Turai, da ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Waje.Gwamnati ta hana yin amfani da manyan ma'aikata don hana yakin ya zama wanda ba a san shi ba a gida.An kira shi "yaƙin datti" (la sale guerre) ta hannun hagu a Faransa.Dabarar tura Việt Minh don kai hari kan sansanonin da ke da tsaro a sassa masu nisa na ƙasar a ƙarshen hanyoyinsu na kayan aiki ya inganta a yakin Nà Sản duk da cewa ginin yana da rauni sosai saboda ƙarancin siminti da ƙarfe.Ƙoƙarin Faransa ya kasance mai wahala saboda ƙarancin fa'idar tankunan yaƙi a cikin yanayin daji, rashin ƙarfin iska mai ƙarfi don murfin iska da tashin bama-bamai, da amfani da ƴan ƙasashen waje daga wasu ƙasashen Faransanci (musamman daga Aljeriya, Maroko har ma da Vietnam). .Võ Nguyên Giáp, duk da haka, ya yi amfani da ingantacciyar dabara da sabbin dabarun bindigu na harbi kai tsaye, harin kwanton bauna da jerin gwanon motocin yaki da manyan bindigogi don hana isar da isar da jiragen kasa da na iska tare da dabarun da ya danganta da daukar dakaru na yau da kullun wanda babban goyon bayan jama'a ya samu, 'yan daba. koyaswar yaki da koyarwa da aka bunkasa a kasar Sin, da kuma amfani da kayan yaki masu sauki da aminci da Tarayyar Soviet ta samar.Wannan haɗin gwiwa ya tabbatar da mutuwa ga kariyar sansanonin, wanda ya ƙare a cikin ƙaƙƙarfan shan kashi na Faransa a yakin Dien Bien Phu.Kimanin sojoji 400,000 zuwa 842,707 ne suka mutu a lokacin yakin da kuma tsakanin fararen hula 125,000 zuwa 400,000.Bangarorin biyu sun aikata laifukan yaki a lokacin rikicin, wadanda suka hada da kashe fararen hula (kamar kisan kiyashin da sojojin Faransa suka yi wa Mỹ Trach), fyade da azabtarwa.A taron Geneva na kasa da kasa a ranar 21 ga Yuli, 1954, sabuwar gwamnatin gurguzu ta Faransa da Việt Minh sun kulla yarjejeniya wacce ta ba Việt Minh ikon Arewacin Vietnam sama da daidaici na 17.Kudanci ya ci gaba a ƙarƙashin Bảo Đại.Kasar Vietnam da Amurka sun yi tir da yarjejeniyar.Bayan shekara guda, Bảo Đại zai zama firaministansa, Ngô Đình Diệm, wanda ya kafa Jamhuriyar Vietnam (Kudancin Vietnam).Ba da da ewa ba, an yi tashe tashen hankula, da ke samun goyon bayan arewa, don adawa da gwamnatin Diệm.A hankali rikici ya karu zuwa yakin Vietnam (1955-1975).

An gwabza yakin Aljeriya tsakanin Faransa da jam'iyyar 'Yancin Aljeriya daga 1954 zuwa 1962, wanda ya kai ga samun 'yencin kai daga Faransa.Muhimmin yakin kawar da mulkin mallaka, rikici ne mai sarkakiya wanda ke da yakin neman zabe da kuma azabtarwa.Rikicin ya kuma zama yakin basasa tsakanin al'ummomi daban-daban da kuma cikin al'ummomi.Yakin dai ya faru ne musamman a yankin Aljeriya, wanda ya haifar da tasiri a babban birnin kasar Faransa.Membobin National Liberation Front (FLN) sun fara aiki yadda ya kamata a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 1954, a lokacin Toussaint Rouge ("Red All Saints' Day"), rikici ya haifar da rikice-rikicen siyasa a Faransa, wanda ya haifar da faduwar Jamhuriya ta Hudu (1946). –58), Jamhuriya ta Biyar za ta maye gurbinsu tare da ingantaccen shugaban ƙasa.Mummunar hanyoyin da sojojin Faransa suka yi amfani da su sun kasa samun nasara a cikin Aljeriya, da kawar da goyon baya a babban birnin Faransa, da kuma zubar da martabar Faransa a ketare.Yayin da yakin ke ci gaba da yi, jama'ar kasar Faransa sun bijirewa sannu a hankali kuma da yawa daga cikin manyan kawayen Faransa ciki har da Amurka sun sauya sheka daga goyon bayan Faransa zuwa kauracewa muhawarar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan kasar Aljeriya.Bayan manyan zanga-zangar da aka gudanar a Algiers da wasu garuruwa da dama na goyon bayan samun 'yancin kai (1960) da kudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na amincewa da 'yancin cin gashin kai, Charles de Gaulle, shugaban farko na jamhuriya ta biyar, ya yanke shawarar bude jerin shawarwari da FLN.Waɗannan sun ƙare tare da sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Évian a cikin Maris 1962. An gudanar da kuri'ar raba gardama a ranar 8 ga Afrilu 1962 kuma zaɓaɓɓun Faransa sun amince da yarjejeniyar Évian.Sakamakon karshe ya kasance kashi 91% na amincewa da amincewa da wannan yarjejeniya kuma a ranar 1 ga Yuli, yarjejeniyar ta kasance cikin zaben raba gardama karo na biyu a Aljeriya, inda kashi 99.72% suka kada kuri'ar samun 'yancin kai yayin da kashi 0.28 kawai suka ki amincewa.Bayan samun 'yancin kai a 1962, 900,000 na Turai-Algeriya (Pieds-noirs) sun gudu zuwa Faransa a cikin 'yan watanni saboda tsoron fansa na FLN.Gwamnatin Faransa ba ta shirya karbar irin wannan adadi mai yawa na ‘yan gudun hijira ba, lamarin da ya haifar da tarzoma a Faransa.Mafi akasarin musulmin Aljeriya da suka yi wa Faransawa aiki, an yi watsi da su, an kuma bar su a baya, yayin da yarjejeniyar da aka kulla tsakanin hukumomin Faransa da Aljeriya ta bayyana cewa ba za a iya daukar mataki a kansu ba.Duk da haka, musamman Harki, da suka yi aiki a matsayin masu taimaka wa sojojin Faransa, an ɗauke su a matsayin mayaudara, kuma da yawa daga cikin FLN ko ƴan sata sun kashe su, sau da yawa bayan an sace su tare da azabtar da su.Kimanin mutane 90,000 ne suka yi gudun hijira zuwa Faransa, wasu da taimakon jami’ansu na Faransa sun sabawa umarni, kuma a yau su da zuriyarsu sun zama wani muhimmin bangare na al’ummar Aljeriya da Faransa.

Jamhuriya ta biyar ita ce tsarin mulkin jamhuriyar Faransa a halin yanzu.An kafa shi a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 1958 ta Charles de Gaulle a ƙarƙashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Jamhuriya ta Biyar.Jamhuriya ta biyar ta fito ne daga rugujewar jamhuriya ta hudu, inda ta maye gurbin tsohuwar jamhuriyar majalisar dokoki da tsarin shugaban kasa na shugaban kasa (ko biyu) wanda ya raba madafun iko tsakanin shugaban kasa a matsayin shugaban kasa da kuma firayim minista a matsayin shugaban gwamnati.De Gaulle, wanda shi ne shugaban kasar Faransa na farko da aka zaba a karkashin jamhuriya ta biyar a watan Disamba na shekarar 1958, ya yi imani da wani kakkarfan shugaban kasa, wanda ya bayyana a matsayin wanda ya kunshi l'esprit de la al'umma ("ruhun al'umma").Jamhuriyya ta biyar ita ce mulkin siyasa ta uku mafi dawwama a Faransa, bayan sarakunan gado da sarakunan zamanin Ancien (Marigayi Tsakanin Zamani - 1792) da Jamhuriyya ta Uku ta Majalisar (1870-1940).Jamhuriya ta biyar za ta mamaye jamhuriya ta uku a matsayin mulki na biyu mafi dadewa kuma jamhuriyar Faransa mafi dadewa a ranar 11 ga Agusta 2028 idan ta ci gaba da zama.

Tun daga watan Mayu na shekara ta 1968, an yi tashe-tashen hankula a duk faɗin Faransa, wanda ya ɗauki kimanin makonni bakwai ana gudanar da zanga-zanga, yajin aikin gama-gari, da kuma mamayar jami'o'i da masana'antu.A daidai lokacin da al'amura ke kara tabarbarewa, wadanda tun daga ranar 68 ga watan Mayu aka san da su, tattalin arzikin Faransa ya tsaya cak.Zanga-zangar ta kai matsayin da shugabannin siyasa ke tsoron yakin basasa ko juyin juya hali;A takaice dai gwamnatin kasar ta daina aiki bayan da shugaba Charles de Gaulle ya tsere daga Faransa a asirce zuwa yammacin Jamus a ranar 29 ga wata.A wasu lokuta ana danganta zanga-zangar da irin wannan ƙungiyoyin da suka faru kusan lokaci guda a duk duniya kuma suna zaburar da tsarar fasahar fasahar zanga-zanga a cikin nau'ikan waƙoƙi, rubutu na tunani, fosta, da kuma taken.Rikicin ya fara ne da jerin zanga-zangar mamayar dalibai masu nesa-nesa na adawa da tsarin jari hujja, cin kasuwa, mulkin mallaka na Amurka da cibiyoyin gargajiya.Mummunar danniya da 'yan sanda suka yi wa masu zanga-zangar ya sa kungiyoyin kwadagon Faransa suka yi kira da a gudanar da zanga-zangar nuna juyayi, wanda ya bazu cikin sauri fiye da yadda ake tsammanin zai hada da ma'aikata miliyan 11, fiye da kashi 22% na yawan al'ummar Faransa a lokacin.Motsin yana da alaƙa da yanayin halin ƙawancen daji da ba zato ba tsammani;wannan ya haifar da bambanci kuma a wasu lokuta har rikici a tsakanin kungiyoyin kwadago da na hagu.Shi ne yajin aikin gama-gari mafi girma da aka taba yi a Faransa, kuma yajin aikin gama-gari na farko a fadin kasar.Sana'o'in dalibai da yajin aikin gama-gari da aka fara a duk fadin kasar Faransa sun gamu da mummunan artabu daga mahukuntan jami'a da 'yan sanda.Yunkurin da gwamnatin de Gaulle ta yi na dakile wannan yajin aikin na 'yan sanda ya kara ruruta wutar lamarin, lamarin da ya kai ga gwabza fada da 'yan sanda a yankin Latin Quarter nabirnin Paris .Abubuwan da suka faru a watan Mayu 1968 suna ci gaba da yin tasiri ga al'ummar Faransa.Ana daukar wannan lokaci a matsayin wani sauyi na al'adu, zamantakewa da kuma ɗabi'a a tarihin ƙasar.Alain Geismar - daya daga cikin shugabannin lokacin - daga baya ya bayyana cewa kungiyar ta yi nasara "a matsayin juyin juya halin zamantakewa, ba a matsayin siyasa ba".