Tarihin Hungary Tsarin lokaci

-500

Sigina

-370

Celts

bayanin kula

nassoshi


Tarihin Hungary
History of Hungary ©HistoryMaps

3000 BCE - 2024

Tarihin Hungary



Iyakokin Hungary sun yi daidai da Babban Filin Hungarian (Basin Pannonian) a tsakiyar Turai.A lokacin Iron Age, ya kasance a tsaka-tsaki tsakanin al'adun gargajiya na kabilar Celtic (kamar Scordisci, Boii da Veneti), kabilun Dalmatian (kamar Dalmatae, Hisri da Liburni) da kuma kabilun Jamus (kamar su. Lugii, Gepids da Marcomanni).Sunan "Pannonian" ya fito ne daga Pannonia, lardin daular Roma.Sai kawai yankin yammacin ƙasar (wanda ake kira Transdanubia) na Hungary na zamani ya zama wani ɓangare na Pannonia.Ikon Roman ya rushe tare da mamayewar Hunnic na 370-410, kuma Pannonia wani yanki ne na Masarautar Ostrogothic a ƙarshen 5th zuwa tsakiyar karni na 6, wanda Avar Khaganate ya gaje shi (ƙarni na 6 zuwa 9).'Yan kasar Hungary sun mallaki Basin Carpathian ta hanyar da aka riga aka tsara, tare da dogon tafiya tsakanin 862-895.An kafa Masarautar Kirista ta Hungary a cikin 1000 karkashin Sarki Saint Stephen, wanda daular Árpád ya yi mulki tsawon ƙarni uku masu zuwa.A cikin babban zamanin daular , masarautar ta faɗaɗa zuwa gabar tekun Adriatic kuma ta shiga haɗin kai tare da Croatia a lokacin mulkin Sarki Coloman a 1102. A cikin 1241 lokacin mulkin Sarki Béla IV, Mongols sun mamaye Hungary a ƙarƙashin Batu Khan.Sojojin Mongol sun yi galaba a kan 'yan kasar Hungary da ba su da yawa a yakin Mohi.A cikin wannan mamayar an kashe mutanen Hungary fiye da 500,000 kuma duk masarautar ta koma toka.Zuriyar uba na daular Árpád mai mulki ta zo ƙarshe a shekara ta 1301, kuma duk sarakunan Hungary da suka biyo baya (ban da Sarki Matthias Corvinus) zuriyar daular Árpád ce ta fahimta.Hungary ta dauki nauyin yakin Ottoman a Turai a cikin karni na 15.Kololuwar wannan gwagwarmaya ta faru ne a zamanin mulkin Matthias Corvinus (r. 1458-1490).Yakin Ottoman-Hungarian sun ƙare da gagarumin hasarar ƙasa da kuma raba mulkin bayan Yaƙin Mohács na 1526.Tsaro da fadada Ottoman ya koma Habsburg Ostiriya, kuma ragowar masarautar Hungarian ta zo karkashin mulkin sarakunan Habsburg.An dawo da yankin da aka rasa tare da kammala Babban Yaƙin Turkiyya, don haka gabaɗayan Hungary ya zama wani ɓangare na masarautar Habsburg.Bayan boren kishin kasa na 1848, Yarjejeniyar Austro-Hungary ta 1867 ta daukaka matsayin Hungary ta hanyar samar da masarautar hadin gwiwa.Yankin da aka tara a ƙarƙashin Habsburg Archiregnum Hungaricum ya fi ƙasar Hungary ta zamani girma, ya biyo bayan Matsugunin Croatian-Hungary na 1868 wanda ya daidaita matsayin siyasa na Masarautar Croatia-Slavonia a cikin Ƙasar Sarautar Saint Stephen.Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na farko , Ƙungiyoyin Tsakiyar Tsakiya sun tilasta rushe daular Habsburg.Yarjejeniyar Saint-Germain-en-Laye da Trianon sun ware kusan kashi 72% na yankin Masarautar Hungary, wanda aka ba da shi ga Czechoslovakia, Masarautar Romania , Masarautar Sabiya, Croats da Slovenes, Jamhuriyar Austria ta farko. Jamhuriyar Poland ta biyu da MasarautarItaliya .Bayan haka aka ayyana Jamhuriyar Jama'a na ɗan gajeren lokaci.Masarautar Hungary ta biyo bayanta amma wani mai mulki, Miklós Horthy ne ya jagorance ta.Ya wakilci sarautar Hungarian a hukumance na Charles IV, Sarkin Apostolic na Hungary, wanda aka yi garkuwa da shi a cikin watanni na ƙarshe a Tihany Abbey.Tsakanin 1938 zuwa 1941, Hungary ta dawo da wani yanki na yankunanta da ta ɓace.A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu Hungary ta shiga karkashin mulkin Jamus a shekara ta 1944, sannan a karkashin mulkin Soviet har zuwa karshen yakin.Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, an kafa jamhuriyar Hungarian ta biyu a cikin iyakokin kasar Hungary a yau a matsayin jamhuriyar jama'ar gurguzu, wadda ta dade daga 1949 zuwa karshen mulkin gurguzu a Hungary a 1989. An kafa jamhuriya ta uku ta Hungary a karkashin tsarin tsarin mulki da aka gyara. na 1949, tare da sabon kundin tsarin mulki da aka amince da shi a 2011. Hungary ta shiga Tarayyar Turai a 2004.
Zaman Bronze na Hungary
Zaman Bronze Turai ©Anonymous
3600 BCE Jan 1

Zaman Bronze na Hungary

Vučedol, Vukovar, Croatia
A lokacin Copper da Bronze Ages, manyan ƙungiyoyi uku sune al'adun Baden, Makó da Ottomány (don kar a ruɗe da Turkawa Ottoman).Babban ci gaban da aka samu a fili shi ne aikin ƙarfe, amma al'adun Baden kuma ya haifar da konewa har ma da kasuwanci mai nisa tare da yankuna masu nisa kamar Baltic ko Iran .Canje-canje masu rikice-rikice a lokacin ƙarshen Bronze Age ya kawo ƙarshen ɗan ƙasa, wayewar ci gaba, kuma farkon zamanin baƙin ƙarfe ya ga yawan ƙaura na Indo-Turai makiyayan da aka yi imanin cewa asalin asalin Iran ne.
Iron Age na Hungary
Al'adun Hallstatt ©Angus McBride
700 BCE Jan 1

Iron Age na Hungary

Ópusztaszer, Pannonian Basin,
A cikin Basin Carpathian, Zamanin ƙarfe ya fara kusan 800 KZ, lokacin da sabon yawan jama'a suka ƙaura zuwa cikin ƙasa kuma suka mallaki tsoffin cibiyoyin jama'a waɗanda ayyukan ƙasa ke ƙarfafa su.Sabbin yawan jama'a ƙila sun ƙunshi tsoffin kabilun Iran waɗanda suka balle daga tarayyar ƙabilun da ke zaune a ƙarƙashin mulkin Cimmerians.[1] Sun kasance makiyayan dawaki kuma sun kafa mutanen al'adun Mezőcsát waɗanda suke amfani da kayan aiki da makaman ƙarfe.Sun tsawaita mulkinsu a kan abin da ke yanzu Babban Filin Hungarian da yankunan gabashin Transdanubia.[2]Kusan 750 KZ, mutanen al'adun Hallstatt sun mamaye yankunan yammacin Transdanubia a hankali, amma mutanen farko na yankin su ma sun tsira kuma ta haka al'adun archaeological biyu sun kasance tare har tsawon ƙarni.Mutanen al'adun Hallstatt sun karɓi katangar tsoffin jama'a (misali, a cikin Velem, Celldömölk, Tihany) amma kuma sun gina sababbi tare da aikin ƙasa (misali, a cikin Sopron).An binne manyan mutane a cikin kaburburan da ƙasa ta rufe.Wasu daga cikin ƙauyukansu dake kan titin Amber sun haɓaka zuwa cibiyoyin kasuwanci.[1]
Sigina
Scythians ©Angus McBride
500 BCE Jan 1

Sigina

Transylvania, Romania
A tsakanin shekara ta 550 zuwa 500 K.Z., sababbin mutane sun zauna a bakin kogin Tisza da kuma a ƙasar Transylvania .Ƙila ƙauransu yana da alaƙa ko dai da yaƙin neman zaɓe na sarki Darius I na Farisa (522 KZ - 486 KZ) a yankin Balkan ko kuma yaƙi tsakanin Cimmerians da Scythians.Waɗannan mutanen, waɗanda suka zauna a Transylvania da Banat, ana iya gano su da Agathyrsi (wataƙila tsohuwar ƙabilar Thracian wacce Herodotus ya rubuta kasancewarsa a yankin);yayin da waɗanda suka rayu a yanzu shine Babban Filin Hungarian ana iya gano su da Sigynnae.Sabbin yawan jama'a sun gabatar da amfani da injin tukwane a cikin Basin Carpathian kuma sun ci gaba da hulɗar kasuwanci tare da mutanen makwabta.[1]
Celts
Ƙabilar Celtic ©Angus McBride
370 BCE Jan 1

Celts

Rába
A ƙarni na 4 KZ, ƙabilar Celtic sun yi ƙaura zuwa yankunan da ke kusa da kogin Rába kuma suka ci Illyrian mutanen da suke zama a wurin, amma Illyrians sun yi nasarar kama Celt, waɗanda suka soma yarensu.[2] A wajen 300 KZ sun yi yaƙi mai nasara da Scythians.Wadannan mutane sun haɗu da juna ta hanyar lokaci.A cikin 290s da 280s KZ, mutanen Celtic da ke ƙaura zuwa yankin Balkan sun ratsa ta Transdanubia amma wasu kabilu sun zauna a yankin.[3] Bayan 279 KZ, Scordisci (ƙabilar Celtic), waɗanda aka ci nasara a Delphi, sun zauna a mahadar kogunan Sava da Danube kuma sun tsawaita mulkinsu a kudancin Transdanubia.[3] A wannan lokacin, Taurisci (kuma kabilar Celtic) ne ke mulkin sassan arewacin Transdanubia kuma a shekara ta 230 KZ, mutanen Celtic (mutanen al'adun La Tène) sun mamaye duk yankin Babban Filin Hungarian. .[3] Tsakanin 150 zuwa 100 KZ, sabuwar kabilar Celtic, Boii ta koma Basin Carpathian kuma sun mamaye yankunan arewa da arewa maso gabas na yankin (mafi yawan yankin Slovakia na yanzu).[3] Kudancin Transdanubia tana ƙarƙashin ikon ƙabilar Celtic mafi ƙarfi, Scordisci, waɗanda Dacians suka yi tsayayya daga gabas.[4] Dacians sun mamaye Celts kuma ba za su iya shiga siyasa ba har sai karni na 1 KZ, lokacin da Burebista ya haɗu da kabilu.[5] Dacia ya rinjayi Scordisci, Taurisci da Boii, duk da haka Burebista ya mutu ba da daɗewa ba kuma ikon tsakiya ya rushe.[4]
Mulkin Romawa
Sojojin Roma a cikin yaƙi a cikin Yaƙin Dacian. ©Angus McBride
20 Jan 1 - 271

Mulkin Romawa

Ópusztaszer, Pannonian Basin,
Romawa sun fara kai farmakin soji a Basin Carpathian a shekara ta 156 K.Z., sa’ad da suka kai hari ga Scordisci da ke zaune a yankin Transdanubian.A shekara ta 119 KZ, sun yi yaƙi da Siscia (yau Sisak a Croatia) kuma sun ƙarfafa mulkinsu a kan lardin Illyricum na gaba a kudu da Basin Carpathian.A shekara ta 88 KZ, Romawa sun ci Scordisci wanda aka mayar da mulkinsa zuwa gabashin Syrmia, yayin da Pannonians suka koma arewacin Transdanubia.[1] Tsakanin 15 KZ da 9 CE an kwatanta shi da ci gaba da tashe-tashen hankula na Pannonians a kan ikon daular Romawa.Daular Roma ta mamaye Pannonians, Dacians , Celts da sauran al'ummomi a wannan yanki.Yankin yammacin Danube daular Rum ta mamaye shi a tsakanin 35 zuwa 9 KZ, kuma ya zama lardin daular Rum a karkashin sunan Pannonia.Yankunan gabas na Hungary na yau sun kasance daga baya (106 CE) an tsara su azaman lardin Dacia na Roman (wanda ya dawwama har zuwa 271).Ƙasar da ke tsakanin Danube da Tisza Sarmatian Iazyges ne ke zaune a tsakanin ƙarni na farko da na 4 AZ, ko ma a baya (an riga an rubuta ragowar farkon zuwa 80 KZ).Sarkin Roma Trajan a hukumance ya ƙyale Iazyges su zauna a can a matsayin ƙungiyoyi.Yankin da ya rage yana hannun Thracian (Dacian).Bugu da ƙari, Vandals sun zauna a kan Tisza na sama a cikin rabi na biyu na karni na 2 AZ.Ƙarni huɗu na mulkin Romawa sun haifar da ci gaba da haɓaka wayewa.Yawancin muhimman biranen Hungary na yau an kafa su a wannan lokacin, kamar Aquincum (Budapest), Sopianae (Pécs), Arrabona (Győr), Solva (Esztergom), Savaria (Szombathely) da Scarbantia (Sopron).Kiristanci ya bazu a Pannonia a cikin karni na 4, lokacin da ya zama addinin hukuma na daular.
Lokacin Hijira a Hungary
Daular Hun ta kasance ƙungiyar kabilu da yawa ta kabilun steppe. ©Angus McBride
375 Jan 1

Lokacin Hijira a Hungary

Ópusztaszer, Pannonian Basin,
Bayan dogon lokaci na tabbataccen mulkin Romawa, daga 320s Pannonia ya sake yin yaƙi akai-akai tare da mutanen Jamus ta Gabas da Sarmatiya zuwa arewa da gabas.Dukansu Vandals da Goths sun zagaya cikin lardin, wanda ya haifar da babbar barna.[6] Bayan rarrabuwar daular Romawa, Pannonia ta ci gaba da kasancewa ƙarƙashin mulkin Daular Rum ta Yamma, kodayake gundumar Sirmium ta kasance a haƙiƙanin tasirin gabas.Yayin da al'ummar Latin na lardin suka gudu daga ci gaba da kai hare-hare na barbariya, [7] ƙungiyoyin Hunnic sun fara bayyana a bakin Danube.A cikin 375 AZ, Huns makiyaya sun fara mamaye Turai daga gabas ta gabas, suna haifar da Babban Age na Hijira.A cikin 380, Huns sun shiga cikin Hungary ta yau, kuma sun kasance muhimmin abu a yankin har zuwa karni na 5.Lardunan Pannonian sun sha wahala daga lokacin Hijira daga 379 zuwa gaba, matsugunin kawancen Goth-Alan-Hun ya haifar da rikice-rikice da barna da yawa, mutanen zamanin sun bayyana shi a matsayin yanayin kewaye, Pannonia ya zama hanyar mamayewa duka a arewa da kuma a cikin kudu.Jirgin da ƙaura na Romawa ya fara bayan shekaru biyu masu wahala a cikin 401, wannan kuma ya haifar da koma bayan rayuwa a rayuwar duniya da na coci.A hankali sarrafa Hun ya faɗaɗa kan Pannonia daga 410, a ƙarshe daular Roma ta amince da dakatarwar Pannonia ta yarjejeniya a 433. Jirgin da ƙaura na Romawa daga Pannonia ya ci gaba ba tare da katsewa ba har zuwa mamayewar Avars.Huns, suna cin gajiyar tafiyar Goths, Quadi, et al., sun ƙirƙiri daula mai mahimmanci a cikin 423 tushen a Hungary.A cikin 453 sun kai tsayin fadada su a ƙarƙashin sanannen mai nasara, Attila the Hun.Daular ta ruguje a shekara ta 455, lokacin da Huns suka ci nasara a hannun kabilun Jamus da ke makwabtaka da su (kamar Quadi, Gepidi da Sciri).
Ostrogoths da Gepids
Hun da Gothic Warrior. ©Angus McBride
453 Jan 1

Ostrogoths da Gepids

Ópusztaszer, Pannonian Basin,
Huns, suna cin gajiyar tafiyar Goths, Quadi, et al., sun ƙirƙiri daula mai mahimmanci a cikin 423 tushen a Hungary.A cikin 453 sun kai tsayin fadada su a ƙarƙashin sanannen mai nasara, Attila the Hun.Daular ta ruguje a shekara ta 455, lokacin da Huns suka ci nasara a hannun kabilun Jamus da ke makwabtaka da su (kamar Quadi, Gepidi da Sciri).Gepidi (wanda ya rayu a gabashin kogin Tisza na sama tun 260 AZ) sannan ya koma gabashin Carpathian Basin a 455. Sun daina wanzuwa a 567 lokacin da Lombards da Avars suka ci su.Ostrogoths na Jamus sun zauna Pannonia, tare da yardar Rome, tsakanin 456 da 471.
Lombards
Lombard warriors, arewacin Italiya, karni na 8 AZ. ©Angus McBride
530 Jan 1 - 568

Lombards

Ópusztaszer, Pannonian Basin,
Slavs na farko sun zo yankin, kusan daga arewa, jim kadan bayan tashi daga Ostrogoths (471 AZ), tare da Lombards da Herulis.Kusan 530, Lombards na Jamus sun zauna a Pannonia.Dole ne su yi yaƙi da Gepidi da Slavs.Tun daga farkon karni na 6, Lombards sun mamaye yankin a hankali, inda daga karshe suka isa Sirmium, babban birnin zamanin daular Gepid.[8] Bayan jerin yaƙe-yaƙe da suka shafi Rumawa, na ƙarshe ya fada cikin mamayewar Pannonian Avars na makiyaya karkashin jagorancin Khagan Bayan I. Saboda tsoronsu na Avars masu karfi, Lombards kuma sun tashi zuwa Italiya a 568, bayan haka Gaba dayan kwandon ya zo ƙarƙashin mulkin Avar Khaganate.
Pannonian Avars
Avar da Bulgar warriors, gabashin Turai, karni na 8 AZ. ©Angus McBride
567 Jan 1 - 822

Pannonian Avars

Ópusztaszer, Pannonian Basin,
Avars na nomadic sun zo daga Asiya a cikin 560s, sun lalata Gepidi gabas gabas, sun kori Lombards a yamma, kuma suka mamaye Slavs, wani bangare na hade su.Avars sun kafa babban daula, kamar yadda Huns suka yi shekarun da suka gabata.Mulkin al'ummar Jamus ya biyo bayan mulkin makiyaya kusan ƙarni biyu da rabi.Avar Khagan ya mallaki yanki mai yawan gaske da ya taso daga Vienna zuwa kogin Don, inda sukan yi yaki da Rumawa, Jamusawa da Italiya.Pannonian Avars da sauran mutanen da suka shigo cikin ƙungiyar su, kamar Kutrigurs, sun haɗu da abubuwan Slavic da Jamusanci, kuma sun mamaye Sarmatiyawa gaba ɗaya.Avars kuma sun saukar da al'ummomi kuma sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a ƙaura na Slavic zuwa Balkans.[9] Karni na 7 ya kawo matsala mai tsanani ga al'ummar Avar.Bayan yunƙurin kame Konstantinoful a shekara ta 626, mutanen da aka sallama sun tashi don nuna adawa da mulkinsu, tare da da yawa kamar Onugurs a gabas [10] da Slavs na Samo a yamma suna watsewa.[11] Ƙirƙirar daular Bulgariya ta farko ta nisanta daular Rumawa daga Avar Khaganate, don haka daular Faransa da ke fadada ta zama sabon babban abokin hamayyarta.[10] An lalata wannan daular a kusa da 800 ta hare-haren Frankish da Bulgar, kuma sama da duka ta hanyar rikici na cikin gida, duk da haka yawan Avar ya kasance da adadi har zuwan Magyars na Árpád.Daga 800, duk yankin Pannonian Basin yana ƙarƙashin iko tsakanin iko biyu (Faransa Gabas da Daular Bulgaria ta Farko).Kusan 800, arewa maso gabashin Hungary ya zama wani ɓangare na mulkin Slavic na Nitra, wanda ya zama wani ɓangare na Great Moravia a 833.
Mulkin Faransanci
Avar karo da Carolingian Frank farkon karni na 9. ©Angus McBride
800 Jan 1

Mulkin Faransanci

Pannonian Basin, Hungary
Bayan 800, Bulgaria ta mamaye kudu maso gabashin Hungary.Bulgarians ba su da ikon kafa ingantaccen iko akan Transylvania .[12] Yammacin Hungary (Pannonia) ya kasance mai gayya ga Franks .Ƙarƙashin manufofin faɗaɗa Mulkin Franks na Gabas, ƙa'idodin Slavic na yau da kullun ba za su iya haɓaka ba, sai ɗaya, Mulkin Moravia, wanda ya sami damar faɗaɗa zuwa Yammacin Slovakia na zamani.[13] A cikin 839 an kafa masarautar Slavic Balaton a kudu maso yammacin Hungary (a karkashin Frank suzerainty).Pannonia ta kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Faransanci har zuwa cin nasarar Hungarian.[14] Ko da yake sun ragu, Avars sun ci gaba da zama a cikin Basin Carpathian.Mafi mahimmancin hannun jari, duk da haka ya zama Slavs da ke haɓaka cikin sauri [15] waɗanda suka shiga yankin galibi daga kudu.[16]
895 - 1301
Gidauniyar da Farkon Tsakanin Zamaniornament
Hungarian mamaye na Carpathian Basin
Nasarar Hungarian na Basin Carpathian ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
895 Jan 1 - 1000

Hungarian mamaye na Carpathian Basin

Pannonian Basin, Hungary
Kafin zuwan Hungarians, manyan iko guda uku na farko na farko, Daular Bulgeriya ta Farko , Faransa ta Gabas, da Moravia, sun yi yaƙi da juna don sarrafa Basin Carpathian.Wani lokaci sukan ɗauki hayar mahaya dawakai a matsayin sojoji.Saboda haka, ’yan Hungary da suka zauna a kan tudun Pontic da ke gabas da tsaunin Carpathian sun san abin da zai zama ƙasarsu sa’ad da aka fara cin nasara.Yunkurin na Hungarian ya fara ne a cikin mahallin “ƙaramin ƙaura na mutane daga marigayi ko ‘ƙaramin’”.'Yan kasar Hungary sun mallaki Basin Carpathian ta hanyar da aka riga aka tsara, tare da dogon tafiya tsakanin 862-895.An fara cin nasara tun daga 894, lokacin da rikice-rikice na makamai suka buɗe tare da Bulgarians da Moravia bayan buƙatun neman taimako daga Arnulf, Sarkin Faransa da Leo VI , Sarkin Byzantine.[17] A lokacin mamayar, 'yan Hungary sun sami ƙarancin yawan jama'a kuma ba su sadu da ingantattun jihohi ko ingantaccen iko na kowane daula a cikin fili.Sun sami damar karbe rafin cikin sauri, [18] sun ci nasara kan Tsardom Bulgarian na farko, suka wargaza Masarautar Moravia, suka kafa jiharsu sosai [19] a can zuwa 900. [20] Binciken archaeological ya nuna cewa sun zauna a cikin ƙasashe kusa da su. Sava da Nyitra a wannan lokacin.[21] Hungarians sun ƙarfafa ikonsu akan Basin Carpathian ta hanyar fatattakar sojojin Bavaria a yakin da aka yi a Brezalauspurc a ranar 4 ga Yuli 907. Sun kaddamar da jerin yakin zuwa yammacin Turai tsakanin 899 da 955 kuma sun kai hari kan Daular Byzantine tsakanin 943 da 971. Ƙarfin soja na al'umma ya ba wa 'yan Hungary damar gudanar da yakin neman zabe mai nasara har zuwa yankunan Spain na zamani.Duk da haka, a hankali suka zauna a cikin kwandon kuma suka kafa daular Kiristanci, Masarautar Hungary, kusan 1000.
Daga Makiyaya zuwa Noma
From Nomads to Agriculturists ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
960 Jan 1

Daga Makiyaya zuwa Noma

Székesfehérvár, Hungary
A cikin ƙarni na 8 zuwa na 10 AZ, Magyars, waɗanda da farko suka ci gaba da yin rayuwa ta ƙauyen ƙauyen da ke da alaƙa, sun fara canzawa zuwa al'ummar noma.Wannan canjin ya samo asali ne daga bukatu na tattalin arziki kamar rashin isasshen kiwo ga makiyaya da kuma rashin iya yin ƙaura.Sakamakon haka, Magyars, suna haɗuwa da Slavic na gida da sauran jama'a, sun zama masu kama da juna kuma sun fara haɓaka cibiyoyi masu garu waɗanda daga baya suka rikide zuwa cibiyoyin gundumomi.Hakanan tsarin ƙauyen Hungarian ya ɗauki salo a cikin ƙarni na 10.Manyan sarakuna Fajsz da Taksony ne suka kaddamar da gagarumin garambawul a tsarin wutar lantarki na kasar Hungary mai tasowa.Su ne farkon waɗanda suka gayyaci Kiristoci mishan na mishan kuma suka kafa garu, wanda ke nuna alamar canji zuwa ga tsari mai tsari da zaman jama'a.Taksony, musamman, ya ƙaura tsakiyar masarautar Hungary daga Upper Tisza zuwa sabbin wurare a Székesfehérvár da Esztergom, ya sake dawo da aikin soja na gargajiya, sabunta makaman sojoji, da shirya manyan matsugunan 'yan kasar Hungary, tare da kara tabbatar da canji daga babban matsayi. zuwa ga al'ummar jihar.
Kiristanci na Magyar
Kiristanci na Magyar ©Wenzel Tornøe
973 Jan 1

Kiristanci na Magyar

Hungary
A ƙarshen karni na 10 AZ, ƙasar Hungary da ta kunno kai, da ke kan iyakar Kiristendam, ta fara rungumar Kiristanci saboda tasirin ’yan mishan na Katolika na Jamus daga Gabashin Faransa.Tsakanin 945 da 963, manyan shugabannin Hungarian Masarautar, musamman gyula da horka, sun tuba zuwa Kiristanci .Wani muhimmin abu mai muhimmanci a Kiristanci na Hungary ya faru a shekara ta 973 sa’ad da Géza I, tare da iyalinsa, suka yi baftisma, suka kafa salama ta musamman da Sarkin Roma Mai Tsarki Otto I. ta mahaifinsa arne, Taksony.Tushen gidan sufi na Benedictine na farko na Hungarian na Yarima Géza a cikin 996 ya nuna ƙarin ƙarfafa Kiristanci a Hungary.A ƙarƙashin mulkin Géza, ƙasar Hungary ta sauya sheƙa daga ƙauyen makiyaya zuwa masarautar Kirista, wani canji da Hungary ta shiga cikin Yaƙin Lechfeld, wanda ya faru jim kaɗan kafin sarautar Géza a shekara ta 955 ya nuna.
Masarautar Hungary
Ƙarni na 13 Knights ©Angus McBride
1000 Jan 1 - 1301

Masarautar Hungary

Hungary
Mulkin Hungary ya kasance a tsakiyar Turai lokacin da Stephen I, Babban Yariman Hungarian, ya zama sarki a shekara ta 1000 ko 1001. Ya ƙarfafa ikon tsakiya kuma ya tilasta wa talakawansa su karɓi Kiristanci.Ko da yake duk rubuce-rubucen majiyoyin sun jaddada rawar da jagororin Jamus da Italiya da malaman addini suka taka a cikin wannan tsari, an ɗauko wani muhimmin ɓangare na ƙamus na Hungarian don aikin noma, addini, da al'amuran ƙasa daga harsunan Slavic.Yaƙe-yaƙe na basasa da boren arna, tare da ƙoƙarin da sarakunan Roma masu tsarki suka yi na faɗaɗa ikonsu a kan ƙasar Hungary, sun jefa sabuwar masarauta cikin haɗari.Masarautar ta daidaita a lokacin mulkin Ladislaus I (1077-1095) da Coloman (1095-1116).Waɗannan sarakunan sun mamaye Croatia da Dalmatia tare da goyon bayan wani yanki na al'ummar yankin.Duk dauloli biyu sun riƙe matsayinsu na cin gashin kansu.Magada Ladislaus da Coloman-musamman Béla II (1131-1141), Béla III (1176-1196), Andrew II (1205-1235), da Béla IV (1235-1270) - sun ci gaba da wannan manufar fadada yankin Balkan. da kuma ƙasashen gabas na tsaunin Carpathian, suna mai da mulkinsu zuwa ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙasashen Turai na tsakiyar zamanai.Mai arzikin ƙasa da ba a noma, azurfa, zinari, da gishiri, Hungary ta zama wurin da aka fi so na ƙasashen Jamus, Italiyanci, da Faransanci.Wadannan bakin hauren galibi manoma ne da suka zauna a kauyuka, amma wasu masu sana'a ne da 'yan kasuwa, wadanda suka kafa mafi yawan garuruwan Masarautar.Zuwansu ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara salon rayuwa, ɗabi'a, da al'adu a ƙasar Hungary ta tsakiya.Wurin da masarautar take a mararrabar hanyoyin kasuwanci na kasa da kasa ya fifita zaman tare na al'adu da dama.Romanesque, Gothic, da gine-gine na Renaissance da ayyukan wallafe-wallafen da aka rubuta a cikin Latin sun tabbatar da mafi yawan halayen Roman Katolika na al'ada;amma Orthodox, da ma al'ummomin tsirarun ƙabilun da ba na Kirista ba su ma sun wanzu.Yaren Latin shine yaren dokoki, gudanarwa da kuma shari'a, amma "yawancin harshe" ya ba da gudummawa ga rayuwar harsuna da yawa, ciki har da yarukan Slavic iri-iri.
Mamayewar Mongol
Mongols sun ci nasara a yakin Liegnitz, 124. ©Angus McBride
1241 Jan 1 - 1238

Mamayewar Mongol

Hungary
A cikin 1241-1242, Masarautar ta sami babban rauni a sakamakon mamayewar Mongol na Turai.Bayan da Mongols suka mamaye kasar Hungary a shekara ta 1241, sojojin kasar Hungary sun yi galaba a kan mummuna a yakin Mohi.Sarki Béla na hudu ya gudu daga fagen fama sannan kuma kasar bayan Mongols sun bi shi zuwa kan iyakokinta.Kafin Mongols su ja da baya, yawancin jama'a (20-50%) sun mutu.[22] A cikin filayen, an lalata tsakanin 50 zuwa 80% na ƙauyukan.[23] Sai dai ƙauyuka, ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan garuruwa da abbeys ne za su iya jure harin, saboda Mongols ba su da lokaci don dogon kewaye - burinsu shine ƙaura zuwa yamma da wuri-wuri.An bar injinan kewaye da injiniyoyinSinawa da Farisa waɗanda suka yi amfani da su don Mongols a cikin ƙasashen Kyivan Rus' da aka ci.[24 <] > Barnar da mamayar Mongol ta yi daga baya ta kai ga gayyato mazauna wasu sassa na Turai, musamman daga Jamus.A lokacin yakin da Mongols suka yi da Kievan Rus, wasu ’yan Cuman 40,000, ’yan wata kabila ce ta arna Kipchaks, an kora su zuwa yamma da tsaunin Carpathian.[25] A can, Cumans sun yi kira ga Sarki Béla IV don kariya.[26] Mutanen Jassic na Iran sun zo Hungary tare da Cumans bayan Mongols sun ci su.Cumans sun kasance watakila har zuwa 7-8% na yawan jama'ar Hungary a cikin rabin na biyu na karni na 13.[27 <>] A cikin ƙarnuka da yawa sun kasance sun haɗa kai cikin al'ummar Hungary, kuma harshensu ya ɓace, amma sun kiyaye ainihin su da kuma 'yancin kai na yanki har zuwa 1876. [28.]Sakamakon mamayewar Mongol, Sarki Béla ya ba da umarnin gina ɗaruruwan katangar dutse da kagara don taimakawa wajen kare kai hari na biyu na Mongol.Mongols sun dawo Hungary a cikin 1286, amma sababbin gine-ginen gine-ginen dutse da sababbin dabarun soja da suka hada da mafi girma na manyan makamai sun dakatar da su.Sojojin Mongol da suka mamaye sun yi galaba a kusa da Pest daga rundunar sojojin sarki Ladislaus IV.Daga baya kuma an dakile harin da hannu.Gine-ginen da Béla IV ya gina sun kasance da amfani sosai a wani lokaci mai tsawo a gwagwarmayar da Daular Usmaniyya .Duk da haka, kuɗin gina su ya ba wa Sarkin Hungariya bashin ga manyan masu mallakar gidaje, ta yadda ikon sarauta da Béla IV ya kwato bayan mahaifinsa Andrew II ya raunana sosai ya sake tarwatse a cikin ƙananan mutane.
Arpads na ƙarshe
Béla IV na Hungary ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1242 Jan 1 - 1299

Arpads na ƙarshe

Hungary
Bayan janyewar Mongol, Béla IV ya yi watsi da manufofinsa na maido da tsoffin ƙasashen kambi.[29] <> Maimakon haka, ya bai wa magoya bayansa kadarori masu yawa, kuma ya bukace su da su gina katafaren gini na dutse da turmi.[30] Ya ƙaddamar da sabon salon mulkin mallaka wanda ya haifar da zuwan yawancin Jamusawa, Moravia, Poles, da Romawa.[31] Sarki ya sake gayyatar mutanen Kuman, ya zaunar da su a cikin filayen daura da Danube da Tisza.[32] Ƙungiyar Alans, kakannin mutanen Jassic, da alama sun zauna a cikin mulkin a lokaci guda.[33]Sabbin ƙauyuka sun bayyana, waɗanda suka ƙunshi gidajen katako da aka gina tare da juna a daidai gwargwado.[34 <] > Bukkoki sun bace, an kuma gina sababbin gidajen ƙauye da suka ƙunshi falo, dafa abinci da ɗakin dafa abinci.[35] Mafi ci gaban dabarun noma, gami da garma mai nauyi asymmetric, [36] suma sun bazu cikin masarautar.Hijira na cikin gida ma ya taimaka wajen haɓaka sabbin yankuna da suka kunno kai a tsoffin ƙasashen sarauta.Sabbin masu mallakar ƙasa sun ba da 'yanci na kansu da kuma mafi kyawun yanayin kuɗi ga waɗanda suka isa yankunansu, wanda kuma ya ba wa manoman da suka yanke shawarar kin ƙaura don inganta matsayinsu.[37] Béla IV ya ba da gata ga fiye da garuruwa goma sha biyu, gami da Nagyszombat (Trnava, Slovakia) da Pest.[38]Lokacin da aka kashe Ladislaus IV a shekara ta 1290, Mai Tsarki See More[39] Ko da yake Roma ta ba da sarauta ga ɗan 'yar uwarsa, Charles Martel, yarima mai jiran gado na Masarautar Naples, yawancin sarakunan Hungary sun zaɓi Andrew, jikan Andrew II kuma ɗan yarima mai haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka.[40] Tare da mutuwar Andrew III, layin maza na gidan Árpád ya ɓace, kuma lokacin tashin hankali ya fara.[41]
1301 - 1526
Zamanin Daular Kasashen Waje da Fadadawaornament
Interregnum
Interregnum ©Angus McBride
1301 Jan 1 00:01 - 1323

Interregnum

Hungary
Mutuwar Andrew III ta haifar da dama ga sarakuna kusan goma sha biyu, ko "oligarchs", wadanda a wancan lokacin suka sami 'yancin kai na sarki don karfafa 'yancin cin gashin kansu.[42] Sun sami duk manyan masarautu a cikin larduna da yawa inda kowa ya wajaba ko dai ya karɓi ikonsu ko kuma ya bar.A cikin Croatia halin da ake ciki na kambi ya zama mafi muni, kamar yadda mataimakin Paul Šubić da dangin Babonić suka sami 'yancin kai, tare da Paul Šubić har ma ya kirkiro tsabar kudinsa kuma masana tarihi na Croatian na zamani suna kiransa a matsayin "sarkin Croats".A labarin mutuwar Andrew III, mataimakin Šubić ya gayyaci Charles na Anjou, dan marigayi Charles Martel, don neman sarauta, wanda ya gaggauta zuwa Esztergom inda aka nada shi sarki.[43] Duk da haka, yawancin sarakunan duniya sun yi adawa da mulkinsa kuma suka ba da sarauta ga Sarki Wenceslaus na biyu na sunan Bohemia.Wakilin Paparoma ya rinjayi dukan sarakunan su yarda da mulkin Charles na Anjou a shekara ta 1310, amma yawancin yankunan ba su da ikon sarauta.[44] Taimakawa daga mashahurai da ɗimbin ƙarami, Charles I ya ƙaddamar da jerin balaguro a kan manyan iyayengiji.Yana cin gajiyar rashin hadin kai a tsakanin su, ya yi galaba a kansu daya bayan daya.[45] Ya ci nasararsa ta farko a yakin Rozgony (Rozhanovce, Slovakia na yanzu) a 1312. [46]
Angevins
Angevins ©Angus McBride
1323 Jan 1 - 1380

Angevins

Hungary
Charles I ya gabatar da tsarin ikon tsakiya a cikin 1320s.Da yake bayyana cewa "kalmominsa suna da karfin doka", bai sake yin magana da Diet ba.[47] Charles I ya sake fasalin tsarin kudaden shiga na sarauta da na mulkin mallaka.Misali, ya sanya “haji na talatin” (haraji kan kayayyakin da ake turawa ta iyakokin masarautar), [48] da masu mallakar fili su rike kashi daya bisa uku na kudaden shiga daga ma’adanan da aka bude a cikin gidajensu.[49] Sabbin ma'adinan suna samar da kusan kilogiram 2,250 (4,960 lb) na zinari da kilogiram 9,000 (20,000 lb) na azurfa kowace shekara, wanda ya kai sama da kashi 30 na abin da ake samarwa a duniya har zuwa lokacin da Spain ta mamaye Amurka a cikin 1490s.[48] ​​Charles I kuma ya ba da umarnin samar da tsayayyen tsabar zinare wanda aka yi kama da florin na Florence.[50] Haramcinsa na ciniki da zinariyar da ba a saka ba ya haifar da ƙarancin kasuwa a kasuwannin Turai wanda ya daɗe har mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1342. [51]Louis I wanda ya kasance magaji ga Casimir III na Poland ya taimaka wa Poles sau da yawa a kan Lithuania da Golden Horde .[52] Tare da iyakokin kudanci, Louis I ya tilasta 'yan Venetia su janye daga Dalmatia a cikin 1358 [53] kuma ya tilasta wa wasu sarakunan gida (ciki har da Tvrtko I na Bosnia, da Lazar na Serbia) su yarda da suzerainty.Tsananin tsattsauran ra'ayi na addini ɗaya ne daga cikin abubuwan da ke nuna fasalin mulkin Louis I.[54 <] > Ya yi ƙoƙari, ba tare da nasara ba, don maida yawancin al'adunsa na Orthodox zuwa Katolika da ƙarfi.[55] Ya kori Yahudawa a wajajen shekara ta 1360, amma ya ba su damar dawowa a shekara ta 1367. [56]
Sigismund&#39;s Crusade
Sigismund's Crusade ©Angus McBride
1382 Jan 1 - 1437

Sigismund's Crusade

Hungary
A cikin 1390, Stefan Lazarević na Serbia ya yarda da suzerainty na sultan Ottoman, don haka fadada daular Ottoman ya kai iyakar kudancin Hungary.[57 <>] Sigismund ya yanke shawarar shirya yaƙin yaƙi da Daular Usmaniyya.[58] Babbar runduna wadda ta ƙunshi galibin mayaka na Faransa suka taru, amma an fatattaki 'yan Salibiyya a yaƙin Nicopolis a 1396. [59]Daular Usmaniyya sun mamaye sansanin Golubac a shekara ta 1427 kuma sun fara kwasar ganima a kai a kai.[60] Yankunan arewa na masarauta (Slovakia na yanzu) sun kasance a kusan kowace shekara Czech Husites daga 1428. [61] .Masu wa’azi na Hussite su ma sun fara fassara Littafi Mai Tsarki zuwa Harshen Hungarian.Koyaya, an kashe duk Husites ko kuma an kore su daga Szerémség a ƙarshen 1430s.[62]
Zaman Hunyadi
Age of Hunyadi ©Angus McBride
1437 Jan 1 - 1486

Zaman Hunyadi

Hungary
A ƙarshen 1437, Estates sun zaɓi Albert V na Austria a matsayin Sarkin Hungary.Ya mutu sakamakon ciwon daji a lokacin wani farmaki da sojoji suka kai wa Daular Ottoman a shekara ta 1439. Ko da yake matar Albert, Elizabeth ta Luxembourg, ta haifi ɗa mai suna Ladislaus V, wanda ya rasu bayan mutuwarsa, yawancin manyan mutane sun fi son sarki mai iya yin yaƙi.Sun ba da kambi ga Władysław III na Poland.Dukansu Ladislaus da Władysław sun sami rawani wanda ya haifar da yakin basasa.John Hunyadi babban sojan Hungary ne kuma jigo a siyasa a Tsakiya da Kudu maso Gabashin Turai a cikin karni na 15.Władysław ya nada Hunyadi (tare da abokinsa na kud da kud, Nicholas Újlaki) su ba da umurni ga tsaron kudanci a shekara ta 1441. Hunyadi ya kai farmaki da dama a kan Daular Usmaniyya.A lokacin "dogon yakinsa" na 1443-1444, sojojin Hungary sun kutsa har zuwa Sofia a cikin Daular Ottoman.Kungiyar Mai Tsarki ta shirya wani sabon yaki, amma Ottomans sun halaka sojojin Kirista a yakin Varna a shekara ta 1444, inda aka kashe Władysław.Manyan mutane da suka taru suka zabi dan John Hunyadi, Matthias Hunyadi, sarki a shekara ta 1458. Sarki Matthias ya gabatar da garambawul na kasafin kudi da na soja.Ƙara yawan kuɗin shiga na sarauta ya ba Matthias damar kafa da kuma kula da runduna.Ya ƙunshi galibin sojojin haya na Czech, Jamus da Hungarian, "Black Army" na ɗaya daga cikin ƙwararrun sojojin soja na farko a Turai.[63] Matthias ya ƙarfafa hanyar sadarwa na kagara a kan iyakar kudanci, [64] amma bai bi manufofin mahaifinsa na gaba da Ottoman ba.Maimakon haka, ya kaddamar da hare-hare a Bohemia, Poland, da Ostiriya, yana mai cewa yana kokarin kulla kawance mai karfi da zai kori Ottoman daga Turai.Kotun Matthias ta kasance "babu shakka a cikin mafi hazaka a Turai".[65] Laburarensa, Bibliotheca Corviniana tare da rubuce-rubucensa 2,000, shine mafi girma na biyu mafi girma a cikin tarin littattafan zamani.Matthias shine sarki na farko a arewacin Alps wanda ya gabatar da salon Renaissance na Italiya a cikin masarautunsa.Uwargidansa ta biyu, Beatrice na Naples, ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi, ya sa aka sake gina masarautun Buda da Visegrád a ƙarƙashin ikon gine-ginen Italiyanci da masu fasaha bayan 1479.
Ragewa &amp; Rabewar Masarautar Hungary
Yaƙi a kan Tutar Turkiyya. ©Józef Brandt
1490 Jan 1 - 1526

Ragewa & Rabewar Masarautar Hungary

Hungary
Gyaran da Matthias ya yi bai tsira ba a cikin shekaru da yawa masu cike da tashin hankali da suka biyo bayan mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1490. Mulkin manyan mutane masu jayayya ya sami iko da Hungary.Ba sa son wani sarki mai nauyi, sai suka sami sarautar Vladislaus II, sarkin Bohemia kuma ɗan Casimir IV na Poland, daidai saboda raunin da ya shahara: an san shi da Sarki Dobže, ko Dobzse (ma'ana "lafiya" ), daga dabi'arsa ta karba, ba tare da tambaya ba, duk wata bukata da takarda da aka shimfida a gabansa.Vladislaus II kuma ya soke harajin da ya tallafa wa sojojin haya na Matthias.Sakamakon haka ne sojojin sarkin suka watse a daidai lokacin da Turkawa ke yi wa Hungary barazana.Su ma jiga-jigan sun wargaza gwamnatin Mathias tare da adawa da masu karamin karfi.Sa’ad da Vladislaus II ya mutu a shekara ta 1516, ɗansa Louis II ɗan shekara goma ya zama sarki, amma majalisar sarauta da Hukumar Abinci ta naɗa ta mallaki ƙasar.Kasar Hungary ta kasance cikin wani yanayi na kusa da rashin zaman lafiya a karkashin mulkin magabatan kasar.Kuɗin sarki ya yi tagumi;ya ci bashi don biyan kuɗin gidansa duk da cewa sun kai kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na kuɗin shiga na ƙasa.Tsaron kasar ya ragu yayin da ba a biya masu tsaron kan iyaka ba, sansanonin sun lalace, kuma an dakile yunkurin kara haraji don karfafa tsaro.A watan Agustan shekara ta 1526, Daular Usmaniyya karkashin Suleiman ta bayyana a kudancin kasar Hungary, kuma ya yi tattaki kusan dakaru 100,000 na Turkiyya da Islama zuwa cikin tsakiyar kasar Hungary.Sojojin kasar Hungary, wadanda yawansu ya kai 26,000, sun hadu da Turkawa a Mohács.Ko da yake sojojin Hungary suna da kayan aiki da kuma horar da su sosai, ba su da jagoran soja nagari, yayin da ƙarfafawa daga Croatia da Transylvania ba su isa a lokaci ba.An ci su gaba ɗaya, tare da kashe kusan 20,000 a filin wasa, yayin da Louis da kansa ya mutu lokacin da ya faɗo daga dokinsa a cikin bog.Bayan mutuwar Louis, ɓangarorin da ke hamayya da manyan sarakunan Hungary a lokaci guda suka zaɓi sarakuna biyu, John Zápolya da Ferdinand na Habsburg.Turkawa sun yi amfani da damar, inda suka mamaye birnin Buda sannan suka raba kasar a shekara ta 1541.
1526 - 1709
Ayyukan Ottoman da Mallakar Habsburgornament
Royal Hungary
Royal Hungary ©Angus McBride
1526 Jan 1 00:01 - 1699

Royal Hungary

Bratislava, Slovakia
Royal Hungary sunan wani yanki ne na Masarautar Hungary ta tsakiya inda aka amince da Habsburgs a matsayin Sarakunan Hungary a sakamakon nasarar Ottoman a yakin Mohács (1526) da kuma rabuwar ƙasar.Rarraba yanki na wucin gadi tsakanin masu hamayya da juna John I da Ferdinand I ya faru ne kawai a cikin 1538, karkashin yarjejeniyar Nagyvárad, [66] lokacin da Habsburgs suka sami sassan arewaci da yammacin kasar (Royal Hungary), tare da sabon babban birnin kasar Pressburg (Pozsony). , yanzu Bratislava).John I ya tabbatar da yankin gabashin masarautar (wanda aka sani da Masarautar Hungarian Gabas).Sarakunan Habsburg sun bukaci karfin tattalin arzikin Hungary don yakin Ottoman.A lokacin yakin Ottoman an rage yankin tsohuwar mulkin Hungary da kusan kashi 60 cikin dari.Duk da wannan babbar asarar yankuna da yawan jama'a, ƙarami da babban yaƙin da aka yi wa Royal Hungary yana da mahimmanci kamar ƙasashen gado na Austriya ko kambin Bohemian a ƙarshen karni na 16.[67]Yankin Slovakia na yanzu da arewa maso yammacin Transdanubia sun kasance wani yanki na wannan siyasar, yayin da ikon yankin arewa maso gabashin Hungary yakan canza tsakanin Royal Hungary da kuma masarautar Transylvania.Daular Ottoman ta mamaye yankunan tsakiyar daular Hungarian ta tsakiya na tsawon shekaru 150 (duba Ottoman Hungary).A cikin 1570, John Sigismund Zápolya ya yi murabus a matsayin Sarkin Hungary a cikin yardar Emperor Maximilian II a ƙarƙashin sharuɗɗan yarjejeniyar Speyer.Kalmar "Royal Hungary" ta faɗo bayan 1699, kuma Sarakunan Habsburg sun yi nuni ga sabuwar ƙasar da ta faɗaɗa ta da kalmar "Mulkin Hungary".
Ottoman Hungary
Sojojin Ottoman na Karni na 16-17. ©Osprey Publishing
1541 Jan 1 - 1699

Ottoman Hungary

Budapest, Hungary
Ottoman Hungary yanki ne na kudanci da tsakiya na abin da ya kasance Masarautar Hungary a ƙarshen zamani, wanda daular Ottoman ta mamaye kuma ta yi mulkinta daga 1541 zuwa 1699. Mulkin Ottoman ya mamaye kusan dukkan yanki na Babban Filin Hungarian. (sai dai sassan arewa maso gabas) da Kudancin Transdanubia.Sultan Suleiman mai girma ya mamaye yankin tare da mamaye daular Ottoman tsakanin 1521 zuwa 1541. Yankin arewa maso yamma na daular Hungarian ya kasance ba a ci nasara ba kuma an amince da membobin House of Habsburg a matsayin Sarakunan Hungary, wanda ya ba ta sunan "Royal". Hungary".Iyakar da ke tsakanin su biyu ta zama fagen gaba a yakin Ottoman-Habsburg a cikin shekaru 150 masu zuwa.Bayan shan kashin da Daular Usmaniyya ta yi a babban yakin Turkiyya, yawancin Ottoman Hungary an mika su ga Habsburgs karkashin yarjejeniyar Karlowitz a shekara ta 1699.A lokacin mulkin Ottoman, an raba Hungary don ayyukan gudanarwa zuwa Eyalets (larduna), waɗanda aka ƙara zuwa Sanjak.An raba mallakar yawancin filayen ga sojoji da jami'an Ottoman tare da kusan kashi 20% na yankin da gwamnatin Ottoman ta rike.A matsayin yanki na kan iyaka, yawancin Ottoman Hungary an yi garkuwa da shi da gungun sojoji.Kasancewar rashin ci gaban tattalin arziki, ya zama magudanar ruwa ga albarkatun Ottoman.Ko da yake akwai wasu ƙaura daga wasu sassa na Daular da wasu musulunta, yankin ya kasance Kirista ne.Ottomans sun kasance masu jure wa addini kuma wannan haƙuri ya ba da damar Furotesta ya ci gaba ba kamar na Royal Hungary inda Habsburgs suka danne shi ba.A ƙarshen karni na 16, kusan kashi 90% na yawan jama'ar Furotesta ne, galibin Calvin.A cikin waɗannan lokutan, ƙasar Hungary ta yau ta fara samun sauye-sauye saboda mamayar daular Usmaniyya.Manyan filaye sun kasance babu jama'a kuma an rufe su da itace.Filayen ambaliya sun zama mars.Rayuwar mazauna a bangaren Ottoman ba ta da lafiya.Makiyaya sun gudu zuwa cikin dazuzzuka da gandun daji, inda suka kafa gungun ‘yan daba, wadanda ake kira da sojojin Hajdu.Daga ƙarshe, ƙasar Hungary ta yau ta zama maguɗi a kan Daular Usmaniyya, inda ta haɗiye yawancin kudaden shigar da take samu wajen kula da dogon jerin garu na kan iyaka.Duk da haka, wasu sassan tattalin arziki sun bunkasa.A cikin manyan wuraren da babu yawan jama'a, ƙauyuka na kiwon shanu da aka yi kiwo zuwa kudancin Jamus da arewacin Italiya - a cikin wasu shekaru sun fitar da shanu 500,000 zuwa waje.An yi cinikin ruwan inabi zuwa ƙasashen Czech, Austria da Poland.
Babban Yakin Turkiyya
Sobieski a Vienna na Stanisław Chlebowski - Sarki John III na Poland da Grand Duke na Lithuania ©Stanisław Chlebowski
1683 Jul 14 - 1699 Jan 26

Babban Yakin Turkiyya

Hungary
Babban Yakin Turkiyya, wanda kuma ake kira Yakokin Kungiyar Mai Tsarki, ya kasance jerin tashe-tashen hankula tsakanin Daular Ottoman da Kungiyar Tarayyar Turai da ta kunshi Daular Roma Mai Tsarki, Poland -Lithuania, Venice , Rasha , da Masarautar Hungary.An fara gwabza kazamin fada a shekara ta 1683 kuma ya kare da rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Karlowitz a shekara ta 1699. Kashin da sojojin Ottoman karkashin jagorancin Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha suka yi a Siege na Biyu na Vienna a shekara ta 1683, a hannun hadin gwiwar sojojin Poland da na Poland. Daular Roma Mai Tsarki karkashin John III Sobieski, shine muhimmin al'amari wanda ya karkata ga daidaiton iko a yankin.A karkashin yarjejeniyar Karlowitz, wanda ya kawo karshen yakin Turkiyya a shekarar 1699, Ottomans sun mika wa Habsburgs yawancin yankunan da suka karbe a baya daga Masarautar Hungary ta tsakiya.Bayan wannan yarjejeniya, membobin daular Habsburg sun gudanar da mulkin daular Habsburg ta Hungary da ta fi girma.
Yaƙin Independence na Rákóczi
Kuruc yana shirin kai wa kociyan tafiya hari da mahayi, c.1705 ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1703 Jun 15 - 1711 May 1

Yaƙin Independence na Rákóczi

Hungary
Yaƙin Rákóczi don Independence (1703-1711) shine yaƙin 'yanci na farko a Hungary akan mulkin Habsburg.An yi yaƙi da ƙungiyar manyan mutane, masu hannu da shuni da manyan masu ci gaba waɗanda ke son kawo ƙarshen rashin daidaituwar alaƙar iko, karkashin jagorancin Francis II Rákóczi (II. Rákóczi Ferenc a Hungary).Babban manufarta ita ce kare haƙƙin tsarin zamantakewa daban-daban, da tabbatar da ci gaban tattalin arziki da zamantakewar ƙasar.Saboda rashin daidaituwar ma'auni, yanayin siyasa a Turai da rikice-rikice na cikin gida an dakatar da gwagwarmayar 'yanci daga karshe, amma ta yi nasarar hana Hungary zama wani bangare na Daular Habsburg, kuma an kiyaye kundin tsarin mulkinta, ko da yake shi ne kawai. wani tsari.Bayan tafiyar Ottoman, Habsburgs sun mamaye daular Hungarian.Sabunta sha'awar 'yanci na Hungary ya haifar da yakin Rákóczi don 'Yanci.Muhimman dalilan yaƙin su ne sabbin haraji da kuma ƙarin haɓakar ƙungiyoyin Furotesta.Rákóczi babban ɗan ƙasar Hungary ne, ɗan fitacciyar jaruma Ilona Zrínyi.Ya yi wani ɓangare na ƙuruciyarsa a ƙasar Austriya.Kurucs sojojin Rákóczi ne.Da farko dai, sojojin Kuruc sun sami nasarori masu mahimmanci da yawa saboda manyan sojojin dawakai masu haske.Makaman su dai bindigu ne, sabar haske da kuma foko.A Yaƙin Saint Gotthard (1705), János Bottyán ya yi nasara a kan sojojin Austriya.Kanar ɗan ƙasar Hungary Ádám Balogh ya kusa kama Joseph I, Sarkin Hungary da Archduke na Ostiriya.A cikin 1708, Habsburgs a ƙarshe sun ci babban sojojin Hungary a yakin Trencsén, kuma wannan ya rage tasirin sojojin Kuruc.Yayin da 'yan Hungary suka gaji da fadace-fadacen, 'yan Austriya sun ci sojojin Faransa a yakin nasarar Mutanen Espanya.Za su iya tura karin dakaru zuwa Hungary a kan 'yan tawayen.Transylvania ta sake zama wani ɓangare na Hungary tun daga ƙarshen karni na 17, kuma gwamnoni ne suka jagoranci.
1711 - 1848
Gyara da Farkawa ta Kasaornament
Juyin juya halin Hungary na 1848
Wakar kasa da ake karantawa a gidan tarihi na kasa ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1848 Mar 15 - 1849 Oct 4

Juyin juya halin Hungary na 1848

Hungary
Kishin kasa na Hungary ya fito a tsakanin masu hankali da zamanin wayewa da Romanticism suka rinjayi.Ya girma cikin sauri, yana samar da tushen juyin juya halin 1848-49.An mai da hankali sosai kan yaren Magyar, wanda ya maye gurbin Latin a matsayin harshen jihar da makarantu.[68 <>] A cikin 1820s, an tilasta wa Sarkin sarakuna Francis I ya kira Abincin Hungarian, wanda ya ƙaddamar da Zaman Gyara.Duk da haka, ci gaban da aka samu ya ragu daga manyan mutane waɗanda suka jingina ga gatansu (keɓancewa daga haraji, yancin zaɓe na musamman, da sauransu).Don haka, nasarorin da aka samu galibi sun kasance na halaye na alama, kamar ci gaban harshen Magyar.A ranar 15 ga Maris, 1848, zanga-zangar da aka yi a Pest da Buda ta baiwa masu neman sauyi na Hungary damar tura jerin buƙatun goma sha biyu.Abincin Hungarian ya yi amfani da Juyin Juyin Halitta na 1848 a yankunan Habsburg don kafa Dokokin Afrilu, cikakken shirin majalisa na sauye-sauye na yancin ɗan adam.Da yake fuskantar juyin juya hali a gida da kuma a Hungary, Sarkin Austriya Ferdinand I da farko ya karɓi buƙatun Hungary.Bayan da aka murkushe boren Austriya, wani sabon sarki Franz Joseph ya maye gurbin kawunsa Ferdinand mai fama da farfadiya.Yusufu ya ƙi duk wani gyare-gyare kuma ya fara ɗaukar makamai a kan Hungary.Bayan shekara guda, a cikin Afrilu 1849, an kafa gwamnati mai zaman kanta ta Hungary.[69]Sabuwar gwamnatin ta balle daga daular Austria.[70] An rushe gidan Habsburg a cikin yankin Hungarian na Daular Austriya, kuma an yi shelar Jamhuriyar Hungary ta farko, tare da Lajos Kossuth a matsayin gwamna da shugaban kasa.Firayim Minista na farko shine Lajos Batthyány.Yusufu da mashawartansa sun yi amfani da fasaha da fasaha wajen sarrafa ƙabilun ƙabilu na sabuwar ƙasar, ƙabilar Croatia, Sabiya da kuma Rumaniya, ƙarƙashin jagorancin firistoci da jami'ai masu aminci ga Habsburgs, kuma suka jawo su zuwa tawaye ga sabuwar gwamnati.'Yan kasar Hungary sun sami goyon bayan mafi yawan 'yan Slovak, Jamusawa, da Rusyn na kasar, da kusan dukkanin Yahudawa, da kuma yawan 'yan agaji na Poland, Austrian da Italiyanci.[71]Da yawa daga cikin mutanen da ba na kasar Hungary ba sun sami manyan mukamai a sojojin kasar Hungary, misali Janar János Damjanich, dan kabilar Sabiyawa wanda ya zama gwarzon kasar Hungarian ta hanyar kwamandan rundunar sojojin kasar ta Hungarian na uku.Da farko dai sojojin kasar Hungary (Honvédség) sun yi nasarar rike karfinsu.A cikin watan Yulin 1849, Majalisar Hungarian ta yi shela tare da zartar da yancin kabilanci da na tsiraru mafi ci gaba a duniya, amma ya yi latti.Don murkushe juyin juya halin Hungary, Yusufu ya shirya sojojinsa don yakar Hungary kuma ya sami taimako daga "Gendarme na Turai", Sarkin Rasha Nicholas I. A watan Yuni, sojojin Rasha sun mamaye Transylvania tare da sojojin Ostiriya da suka yi taho-mu-gama a kan Hungary daga yammacin gabas ta yamma inda suka mamaye yankin Transylvania. sun yi nasara (Italiya, Galicia da Bohemia).Sojojin Rasha da na Austriya sun mamaye sojojin Hungary, sannan Janar Artúr Görgey ya mika wuya a watan Agustan shekara ta 1849. Marshall na kasar Ostiriya Julius Freiherr von Haynau daga nan ya zama gwamnan Hungary na 'yan watanni kuma a ranar 6 ga Oktoba ya ba da umarnin kisan wasu shugabannin sojojin Hungary 13. haka kuma Firayim Minista Batthyany;Kossuth ya tsere zuwa gudun hijira.Bayan yakin 1848-1849, kasar ta nutse cikin "juriya mai tsauri".An nada Archduke Albrecht von Habsburg gwamnan Masarautar Hungary, kuma a wannan karon ana tunawa da Jamusanci da taimakon jami'an Czech.
1867 - 1918
Daular Austro-Hungary da yakin duniyaornament
Austria-Hungary
Parade a Prague, Masarautar Bohemia, 1900 ©Emanuel Salomon Friedberg
1867 Jan 1 - 1918

Austria-Hungary

Austria
Manyan nasarorin soja, irin su Yaƙin Königgrätz a 1866, sun tilasta wa Sarki Yusufu ya karɓi sauye-sauye na cikin gida.Don gamsar da 'yan aware na Hungary, sarki ya yi yarjejeniya mai kyau da Hungary, yarjejeniyar Austro-Hungary ta 1867 wanda Ferenc Deák ya yi shawarwari, wanda ta hanyar mulkin mallaka na Austria-Hungary ya kasance.Majalisun biyu sun gudanar da mulki daban-daban daga manyan biranen biyu, masu sarauta guda daya da manufofin kasashen waje da na soja.Ta fuskar tattalin arziki, daular ta kasance ƙungiyar kwastan.Firayim Ministan Hungary na farko bayan sasantawar shi ne Count Gyula Andrássy.An maido da tsohon kundin tsarin mulkin Hungary, kuma aka naɗa Franz Joseph sarkin Hungary.Ƙasar Austria-Hungary ita ce ƙasa ta biyu mafi girma a Turai bayan Rasha.An kiyasta yankunanta a fadin murabba'in kilomita 621,540 (239,977 sq mi) a shekarar 1905. [72] Bayan Rasha da Daular Jamus , ita ce kasa ta uku mafi yawan al'umma a Turai.Zamanin ya samu gagarumin ci gaban tattalin arziki a yankunan karkara.Tattalin arzikin Hungarian da ya kasance baya baya ya zama ingantacciyar zamani da masana'antu a farkon karni na 20, ko da yake noma ya kasance mafi rinjaye a cikin GDP har zuwa 1880. A cikin 1873, tsohon babban birnin kasar Buda da Óbuda (Buda na d ¯ a) sun haɗu bisa hukuma tare da birni na uku, Pest. , don haka ƙirƙirar sabon birni na Budapest.Kwaro ya girma ya zama cibiyar gudanarwa, siyasa, tattalin arziki, kasuwanci da al'adun kasar.Ci gaban fasaha ya haɓaka masana'antu da haɓaka birane.GDP na kowane mutum ya karu da kusan 1.45% a kowace shekara daga 1870 zuwa 1913, idan aka kwatanta da sauran ƙasashen Turai.Manyan masana'antu a cikin wannan faɗaɗa tattalin arziki sune wutar lantarki da fasaha na lantarki, sadarwa, da sufuri (musamman ma'auni, tram da aikin jirgin ruwa).Mabuɗin alamun ci gaban masana'antu sune damuwa na Ganz da Ayyukan Tungsram.Yawancin cibiyoyin gwamnati da tsarin gudanarwa na zamani na Hungary an kafa su a wannan lokacin.Ƙididdigar ƙasar Hungary a cikin 1910 (ban da Croatia), an ƙididdige yawan yawan jama'a na Hungarian 54.5%, Romanian 16.1%, Slovak 10.7%, da Jamusanci 10.4%.[73] Addinin da ya fi yawan mabiya shine Roman Katolika (49.3%), sai Calvinism (14.3%), Orthodoxy na Girka (12.8%), Katolika na Girka (11.0%), Lutheranism (7.1%), da Yahudanci. (5.0%)
Hungary a yakin duniya na daya
Hungary in World War I ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1914 Aug 1 - 1918 Nov 11

Hungary a yakin duniya na daya

Europe
Bayan kisan gillar da aka yi wa Archduke Franz Ferdinand dan kasar Austriya a birnin Sarajevo a ranar 28 ga watan Yunin 1914, rikici ya karu da sauri.An fara yakin gama gari a ranar 28 ga Yuli tare da ayyana yaki a kan Serbia ta Austria-Hungary.Ostiriya-Hungary ta tsara sojoji miliyan 9 a yakin duniya na daya , wanda miliyan 4 daga Masarautar Hungary suka fito.Ostiriya-Hungary sun yi yaƙi a gefen Jamus , Bulgaria da Daular Ottoman - abin da ake kira Ƙarfin Tsakiya.Sun mamaye Serbia, kuma Romania ta shelanta yaki.Daga nan ne masu mulkin tsakiya suka mamaye kudancin Romania da babban birnin Romania na Bucharest.A watan Nuwamba 1916, Sarkin sarakuna Franz Joseph ya mutu;sabon sarki, Sarkin sarakuna Charles I na Ostiriya (IV. Károly), ya tausaya wa masu son zaman lafiya a daularsa.A gabas, Tsakiyar Powers sun dakile hare-hare daga Daular Rasha .Gabashin Gabashin da ake kira Entente Powers da ke kawance da Rasha ya ruguje gaba daya.Ostiriya-Hungary ta fice daga kasashen da aka sha kashi.A bangaren Italiya kuwa, sojojin Austro-Hungary ba za su iya samun ci gaba mai nasara a kanItaliya ba bayan Janairun 1918. Duk da nasarorin da aka samu a Gabashin Gabas, Jamus ta sha fama da rashin tabbas daga karshe kuma ta sha kaye a kan Gabar Yammacin Turai.A shekara ta 1918, yanayin tattalin arziki ya tabarbare sosai a Austria-Hungary;Masu fafutuka na hagu da na masu fafutuka ne suka shirya yajin aikin a masana'antu, kuma tashe-tashen hankula a cikin sojoji ya zama ruwan dare gama gari.A manyan biranen Vienna da Budapest, 'yan Ostiriya da Hungarian masu sassaucin ra'ayi da shugabanninsu sun goyi bayan ballewar kananan kabilu.Austria-Hungary sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar tsaro ta Villa Giusti a Padua a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba 1918. A watan Oktoba 1918, haɗin kai tsakanin Ostiriya da Hungary ya rushe.
1918 - 1989
Zaman Interwar, Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, da Zamanin Kwaminisanciornament
Hungary tsakanin yakin duniya
Dan gurguzu József Pogány yayi magana da sojojin juyin juya hali a lokacin juyin juya halin 1919 ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1919 Jan 1 - 1944

Hungary tsakanin yakin duniya

Hungary
Lokacin interwar a Hungary, wanda ya kasance daga 1919 zuwa 1944, ya sami gagarumin canje-canje na siyasa da yankuna.Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya , Yarjejeniyar Trianon a 1920 ta rage yawan ƙasar Hungary da yawan jama'a, wanda ya haifar da bacin rai.Asarar kashi biyu bisa uku na yankunanta ya sa kasar ta hada kai da Jamus da Italiya a yunkurin dawo da filayen da suka bata.Gwamnatin Admiral Miklós Horthy, wacce ta yi mulki daga 1920 zuwa 1944, ta mayar da hankali ne kan manufofin kyamar gurguzu da kuma neman kulla kawance don sake gyara zaman sulhu bayan yakin.A cikin 1930s, Hungary ta ci gaba da matsawa zuwa kusanci kusa da Jamus na Nazi da Italiyanci na Fascist.Manufar kasar ta ketare na da nufin kwato yankunan da aka bata ga kasashe makwabta, lamarin da ya kai ga shiga cikin hadakar kasashen Czechoslovakia da Yugoslavia.Hungary ta shiga cikin Axis Powers a yakin duniya na biyu , wanda da farko da alama ya cika burinta na yanki.Duk da haka, yayin da yakin ya koma kan Axis, Hungary ta yi ƙoƙarin yin shawarwarin zaman lafiya na daban, wanda ya haifar da mamayar Jamus a cikin 1944. Mamaya ya kai ga kafa gwamnatin 'yar tsana, tsanantawa Yahudawa, da kuma shiga cikin yakin har zuwa mamayewar ƙarshe. da sojojin Soviet.
Hungary a yakin duniya na biyu
Sojojin Hungarian na Royal a yakin duniya na biyu. ©Osprey Publishing
1940 Nov 20 - 1945 May 8

Hungary a yakin duniya na biyu

Central Europe
A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu , Masarautar Hungary ta kasance memba na ikon Axis.[74 <>] A cikin 1930s, Masarautar Hungary ta dogara da karuwar ciniki tare daItaliyanci na Fascist da Nazi Jamus don janye kanta daga Babban Mawuyacin hali.Siyasar Hungary da manufofin ketare sun zama masu kishin ƙasa a shekara ta 1938, kuma Hungary ta ɗauki wata manufa ta rashin gaskiya irin ta Jamus, tana ƙoƙarin haɗa yankunan Hungarian da ke makwabtaka da Hungary.Hungary ta ci gajiyar yankuna daga dangantakarta da Axis.An yi shawarwari game da rikicin yanki da Jamhuriyar Czechoslovak, Jamhuriyar Slovak, da Masarautar Romania .Ranar 20 ga Nuwamba, 1940, Hungary ta zama memba na hudu don shiga cikin ikon Axis lokacin da ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Tripartite.[75 <] > A shekara ta gaba, sojojin Hungary sun shiga cikin mamayewar Yugoslavia da mamaye Tarayyar Soviet .Masu sa ido na Jamus sun lura da shigarsu saboda rashin tausayi na musamman, tare da cin zarafin mutanen da aka mamaye.Masu sa kai na Hungary wani lokaci ana kiransu da shiga cikin "yawon shakatawa na kisan kai."[76]Bayan shekaru biyu na yaki da Tarayyar Soviet, Firayim Minista Miklós Kállay ya fara tattaunawar zaman lafiya da Amurka da Birtaniya a cikin kaka na 1943. [77] Berlin ta riga ta yi zargin gwamnatin Kállay, kuma a cikin Satumba 1943, Janar Janar na Jamus. Ma'aikata sun shirya wani aiki don mamaye da mamaye Hungary.A cikin Maris 1944, sojojin Jamus sun mamaye Hungary.Lokacin da sojojin Soviet suka fara barazana ga Hungary, an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tsagaita wuta tsakanin Hungary da USSR ta Regent Miklós Horthy.Ba da daɗewa ba, an yi garkuwa da ɗan Horthy ta hanyar kwamandojin Jamus kuma an tilasta Horthy ya soke aikin.Daga nan aka kori Regent daga mulki, yayin da shugaban fasist na Hungary Ferenc Szálasi ya kafa sabuwar gwamnati, tare da goyon bayan Jamus.A cikin 1945, sojojin Hungarian da Jamus a Hungary sun ci nasara ta hanyar ci gaba da sojojin Soviet.[78]Kimanin sojojin Hungary 300,000 da fararen hula fiye da 600,000 ne suka mutu a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, ciki har da tsakanin 450,000 da 606,000 Yahudawa [79] da 28,000 Romawa.[80] Garuruwa da yawa sun lalace, musamman babban birnin Budapest.Galibin yahudawa a kasar Hungary sun sami kariya daga korarsu zuwa sansanonin kawar da Jamusawa a shekarun farko na yakin, ko da yake an shafe tsawon lokaci ana zaluntarsu ta hanyar dokokin da yahudawa suka yi, wadanda suka sanya iyaka kan shigarsu cikin harkokin jama'a da tattalin arziki.[81]
Zaman Kwaminisanci a Hungary
Hoton Propoganda na Hungary ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1949 Jan 1 - 1989

Zaman Kwaminisanci a Hungary

Hungary
Jamhuriyar Hungarian ta biyu jamhuriya ce ta 'yan majalisu a takaice da aka kafa bayan kafuwar daular Hungary a ranar 1 ga Fabrairun 1946 kuma ita kanta ta narke a ranar 20 ga Agustan 1949. Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Hungarian ta gaje ta.Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Hungarian kasa ce ta gurguzu mai jam'iyya daya daga ranar 20 ga Agusta 1949 [82] zuwa 23 ga Oktoba 1989. [83] Jam'iyyar Socialist Workers' Party ce ke mulkinta, wacce ke ƙarƙashin rinjayar Tarayyar Soviet .[84] Bisa ga taron Moscow na 1944, Winston Churchill da Joseph Stalin sun yarda cewa bayan yakin dole ne a shigar da Hungary a cikin tasirin Soviet.[85] HPR ta kasance har zuwa 1989, lokacin da sojojin adawa suka kawo ƙarshen gurguzu a Hungary.Jihar ta dauki kanta a matsayin magaji ga Jamhuriyar Majalisun kasar Hungary, wadda aka kafa a shekarar 1919 a matsayin kasar kwaminisanci ta farko da aka kirkiro bayan Tarayyar Soviet Tarayya Socialist (Rasha SFSR).Tarayyar Soviet ta ayyana ta a matsayin "jamhuriyar demokraɗiyya ta mutane" a cikin 1940s.A geographically, ta yi iyaka da Romania da Tarayyar Soviet (ta hanyar Ukrainian SSR) zuwa gabas;Yugoslavia (ta hanyar SRs Croatia, Serbia, da Slovenia) zuwa kudu maso yamma;Czechoslovakia a arewa da Austria zuwa yamma.Irin wannan tsarin siyasa ya ci gaba a cikin shekaru, tare da Tarayyar Soviet ta matsawa da tafiyar da siyasar Hungary ta hanyar Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Hungary, ta shiga tsakani a duk lokacin da ta buƙaci, ta hanyar tilastawa soja da ayyukan boye.[86] Danniya na siyasa da durkushewar tattalin arziki ya haifar da boren jama'a a fadin kasar a watan Oktoba – Nuwamba 1956 da aka fi sani da Juyin Juyin Juya Hali na 1956, wanda shine mafi girman rashin amincewa da juna a tarihin Gabas ta Tsakiya.Bayan da farko ta kyale juyin juya halin Musulunci, Tarayyar Soviet ta aika da dubban sojoji da tankokin yaki domin murkushe ‘yan adawa da kafa sabuwar gwamnatin da Tarayyar Soviet karkashin János Kádár, ta kashe dubban ‘yan kasar Hungary tare da kora daruruwan dubbai zuwa gudun hijira.Amma a farkon shekarun 1960, gwamnatin Kádar ta sassauta layinta sosai, tana aiwatar da wani nau'i na musamman na Kwaminisanci mai sassaucin ra'ayi wanda aka sani da "Goulash Communism".Jihar ta ba da izinin shigo da wasu kayayyakin masarufi da al'adu na Yammacin Turai, ta bai wa 'yan kasar Hungary 'yancin yin balaguro zuwa ketare, tare da mayar da martabar 'yan sandan sirri.Waɗannan matakan sun sa ƙasar Hungary ta zama abin alfahari na "bariki mafi farin ciki a sansanin 'yan gurguzu" a shekarun 1960 da 1970.[87]Daya daga cikin shugabannin da suka fi dadewa kan mulki a karni na 20, Kadar a karshe zai yi ritaya a shekara ta 1988 bayan da wasu dakaru masu fafutukar kawo sauyi suka tilasta masa daga ofis a cikin koma bayan tattalin arziki.Kasar Hungary ta ci gaba da kasancewa a haka har zuwa karshen shekarun 1980, lokacin da rikici ya barke a Gabas ta Tsakiya, wanda ya kai ga rushewar katangar Berlin da rushewar Tarayyar Soviet.Duk da kawo karshen mulkin gurguzu a Hungary, kundin tsarin mulkin kasar na 1949 ya ci gaba da aiki tare da yin gyare-gyare don nuna sauye-sauyen kasar zuwa dimokiradiyya mai sassaucin ra'ayi.A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2012, an maye gurbin tsarin mulkin 1949 da sabon kundin tsarin mulki.
Juyin Juyin Halitta na Hungary na 1956
Wani taron jama'a na taya sojojin Hungary masu kishin kasa a Budapest murna. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1956 Jun 23 - Nov 4

Juyin Juyin Halitta na Hungary na 1956

Hungary
Juyin Juyin Juyin Halitta na 1956, wanda kuma aka sani da tashin hankalin Hungarian, juyin juya hali ne na kasa baki daya kan gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Hungarian (1949-1989) da manufofin da gwamnatin ke karkashin Tarayyar Soviet (USSR).An kwashe kwanaki 12 ana boren kafin a murkushe tankunan yaki da sojojin Soviet a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 1956. An kashe dubban mutane da jikkata wasu kuma kusan 'yan kasar Hungary miliyan hudu sun tsere daga kasar.[88]Juyin Juyin Juya Halin Hungary ya fara ne a ranar 23 ga Oktoba 1956 a Budapest lokacin da daliban jami'a suka yi kira ga jama'ar farar hula da su kasance tare da su a Ginin Majalisar Hungarian don yin zanga-zangar adawa da mamayar daular siyasa ta USSR ta Hungary ta hanyar gwamnatin Stalinist na Mátyás Rákosi.Tawagar dalibai ta shiga ginin Magyar Rádió domin yada bukatunsu goma sha shida na kawo sauyi na siyasa da tattalin arziki ga kungiyoyin farar hula, amma jami'an tsaro sun tsare su.Lokacin da daliban da suka yi zanga-zangar a wajen ginin gidan rediyon suka bukaci a sako tawagarsu, ‘yan sanda daga ÁVH (Hukumar Kare Kariya) sun harbe da dama daga cikinsu.[89]Sakamakon haka, 'yan kasar Hungary sun shirya cikin mayaka na juyin juya hali don yakar ÁVH;An kama shugabannin kwaminisanci na Hungary da 'yan sandan ÁVH kuma an kashe su ko kuma a kashe su;an kuma saki fursunonin siyasa da makamai.Don cimma buƙatunsu na siyasa, tattalin arziki, da zamantakewa, ƙasashen Soviet (majalisun ma'aikata) sun karɓi ikon mulkin gundumomi daga Jam'iyyar Ma'aikata ta Hungary (Magyar Dolgozók Pártja).Sabuwar gwamnatin Imre Nagy ta rusa ÁVH, ta ayyana ficewar Hungary daga yarjejeniyar Warsaw, ta kuma yi alƙawarin sake kafa zaɓe mai ‘yanci.Ya zuwa karshen watan Oktoba, fadan ya lafa.Ko da yake da farko a shirye suke don yin shawarwarin janyewar sojojin Soviet daga Hungary, Tarayyar Soviet ta murkushe juyin juya halin Hungary a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba 1956, kuma ta yi yaƙi da 'yan juyin juya halin Hungary har zuwa 10 ga Nuwamba;Danniya da tashin hankalin Hungary ya kashe 'yan kasar Hungary 2,500 da sojojin Soviet 700, kuma ya tilasta 'yan Hungary 200,000 su nemi mafaka ta siyasa a kasashen waje.[90]
1989
Hungary na zamaniornament
Jamhuriya ta uku
Janye sojojin Soviet daga Hungary, Yuli 1, 1990. ©Miroslav Luzetsky
1989 Jan 1 00:01

Jamhuriya ta uku

Hungary
Zaɓen 'yan majalisa na farko na 'yanci, wanda aka gudanar a watan Mayun 1990, ya kasance mai gamsuwa sosai kan tsarin gurguzu.’Yan gurguzu da aka sake farfado da su sun yi rashin nasara.Jama'a masu ra'ayin rikau, na tsakiya, da jam'iyyu masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun fi kyau, inda MDF ta lashe kashi 43% na kuri'un da SZDSZ ta samu kashi 24%.A karkashin Firayim Minista József Antall, MDF ta kafa gwamnatin hadin gwiwa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya tare da jam'iyyar masu karamin karfi mai zaman kanta da kuma jam'iyyar Christian Democratic People's Party don ba da izinin samun rinjaye na 60% a majalisar.Tsakanin Yuni 1991, Soviet sojojin ("Southern Army Group") bar Hungary.Jimlar adadin sojojin Soviet da na farar hula da aka jibge a Hungary sun kai kusan 100,000, suna da kayan aikin soja kusan 27,000.An yi janyewar ne da motocin titin jirgin kasa 35,000.Raka'a ta ƙarshe da Janar Viktor Silov ya umarta sun ketare iyakar Hungarian-Ukrainian a Záhony-Chop.Ƙungiyoyin gurguzu na Horn sun yi tasiri ga haɗin gwiwar, ta hanyar mayar da hankali kan tattalin arziki na masu fasaha (wadanda suka yi karatun Yammacin Turai a cikin 1970s da 1980s) da tsofaffin 'yan kasuwa masu goyon bayan 'yan kasuwa, da kuma abokin haɗin gwiwar sa na SZDSZ.Da yake fuskantar barazanar fatarar gwamnati, Horn ya fara sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki da kuma mayar da kamfanonin gwamnati ga kamfanoni na kasa-da-kasa don neman sa hannun jari (ta fuskar sake ginawa, fadadawa da kuma zamanantar da su).Gwamnatin gurguzu-mai sassaucin ra'ayi ta amince da shirin tsuke bakin aljihu, kunshin Bokros a 1995, wanda ke da sakamako mai ban mamaki ga kwanciyar hankali da ingancin rayuwa.Gwamnati ta gabatar da kuɗaɗen koyarwa na gaba da sakandare, wani ɓangare na ayyukan gwamnati, amma tana tallafawa kimiyya kai tsaye da kuma a kaikaice, ta hanyar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.Gwamnati ta bi manufofin ketare na haɗin gwiwa tare da cibiyoyin Yuro-Atlantic da yin sulhu da kasashe makwabta.Masu suka dai na cewa manufofin jam'iyyun da ke mulki sun fi na hannun dama fiye da na gwamnatin da ta gabata.

Footnotes



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  2. Kristó, Gyula (1998). Magyarország története - 895-1301 The History of Hungary - From 895 to 1301. Budapest: Osiris. p. 316. ISBN 963-379-442-0.
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  4. Kristó, Gyula (1998). Magyarország története, 895-1301. Budapest: Osiris, p. 17.
  5. Vékony, Gábor (2000). Dacians, Romans, Romanians. Matthias Corvinus Publishing. ISBN 1-882785-13-4, p. 38.
  6. Kontler, László (2002). A History of Hungary: Millennium in Central Europe. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-40390-317-4, p. 29.
  7. Kristó, Gyula (1998). Magyarország története, 895-1301. Budapest: Osiris, p. 20.
  8. Kristó, Gyula (1998). Magyarország története, 895-1301. Budapest: Osiris, p. 22.
  9. Elekes, Lajos; Lederer, Emma; Székely, György (1961). Magyarország története az őskortól 1526-ig (PDF). Vol. Magyarország története I. Budapest: Tankönyvkiadó, p. 21.
  10. Elekes, Lajos; Lederer, Emma; Székely, György (1961). Magyarország története az őskortól 1526-ig (PDF). Vol. Magyarország története I. Budapest: Tankönyvkiadó, p. 22.
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