Daular Rasha

Bitrus ya aiwatar da sauye-sauye masu yawa da nufin sabunta Rasha.Masu ba shi shawara daga Yammacin Turai sun yi tasiri sosai, Bitrus ya sake tsara sojojin Rasha ta hanyar layi na zamani kuma ya yi mafarkin mai da Rasha ikon teku.Peter ya aiwatar da zamanantar da jama'a cikin cikakkiyar hanya ta hanyar gabatar da tufafin Faransanci da na yamma zuwa kotunsa kuma yana buƙatar fadawa, jami'an gwamnati, da sojoji su aske gemu da kuma amfani da salon tufafin zamani.A cikin tsarinsa na mayar da Rasha zuwa yammacin kasar, yana son 'yan iyalinsa su auri wasu sarakunan Turai.A matsayin wani ɓangare na sake fasalinsa, Bitrus ya fara ƙoƙarin haɓaka masana'antu wanda ya kasance a hankali amma a ƙarshe ya yi nasara.Masana'antun Rasha da manyan abubuwan da ake fitarwa sun dogara ne akan masana'antar hakar ma'adinai da katako.Don inganta matsayin al’ummarsa a kan teku, Bitrus ya nemi ya sami ƙarin kantunan ruwa.Hanya daya tilo da ya samu a lokacin ita ce White Sea a Arkhangelsk.Tekun Baltic a lokacin ita ce ke karkashin ikon kasar Sweden a arewa, yayin da tekun Black Sea da kuma Tekun Caspian ke karkashin ikon daular Ottoman da daular Safavid a kudu.

Yakin Russo-Persian na 1722-1723, wanda aka sani a tarihin tarihin kasar Rasha a matsayin yakin Farisa na Peter the Great, yaki ne tsakanin Daular Rasha da Safavid Iran, wanda ya haifar da yunkurin tsar na fadada tasirin Rasha a yankunan Caspian da Caucasus don hana kishiyarta, daular Ottoman , samun ribar yankuna a yankin, tare da rage raguwar Safavid Iran .Kafin yaƙin, iyakar ƙasar Rasha ita ce kogin Terek.Kudancin wannan, Khanates na Dagestan sun kasance ƙwararrun ƙwararrun Iran.Babban abin da ya haddasa yakin shi ne muradin Rasha na fadada zuwa kudu maso gabas da kuma raunin wucin gadi na Iran.Nasarar da Rasha ta samu ta tabbatar da ficewar Safavid Iran daga yankunansu a Arewacin Caucasus, Kudancin Caucasus da Arewacin Iran na wannan zamani zuwa Rasha, wanda ya ƙunshi garuruwan Derbent (kudancin Dagestan) da Baku da ƙasashen da ke kusa da su, da lardunan Gilan. Shirvan, Mazandaran da Astarabad sun cika yarjejeniyar Saint Petersburg (1723).

Ziyarar Kamchatka ta farko ita ce balaguron farko na Rasha don gano gabar tekun Pacific na Asiya.Peter the Great ne ya ba da izini a cikin 1724 kuma Vitus Bering ne ya jagorance shi.Tun daga 1725 zuwa 1731, shi ne balaguron kimiyya na sojan ruwa na farko na Rasha.Ya tabbatar da kasancewar mashigar ruwa (yanzu ana kiranta Bering Strait) tsakanin Asiya da Amurka kuma a cikin 1732 balaguron Kamchatka na biyu ya biyo bayansa.

Bitrus ya mutu a shekara ta 1725, ya bar gadon da ba a daidaita ba.Bayan ɗan gajeren sarauta na gwauruwarsa Catherine I, kambi ya wuce zuwa sarki Anna.Ta sassauta sauye-sauyen kuma ta jagoranci yakin da aka yi da Daular Usmaniyya .Wannan ya haifar da wani gagarumin rauni na Crimean Khanate, wani Ottoman vassal da kuma abokin gaba na Rasha na dogon lokaci.

Yarjejeniyar Kyakhta (ko Kiakhta), tare da yarjejeniyar Nerchinsk (1689), ta tsara dangantakar da ke tsakanin Daular Rasha da Daular Qing ta kasar Sin har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 19.Tulišen da Count Sava Lukich Raguzinskii-Vladislavich ne suka sanya hannu a kan iyakar Kyakhta a ranar 23 ga Agusta 1727.

Casus belli shi ne hare-haren da Tatar na Crimean suka kai a Cossack Hetmanate ( Ukrain ) a karshen shekara ta 1735 da yakin Crimean khan a Caucasus. Yakin kuma ya wakilci ci gaba da gwagwarmayar Rasha don shiga tekun Black Sea.A cikin Yuli 1737, Ostiriya ta shiga yaki da Daular Ottoman , amma an yi nasara da ita sau da yawa, da sauransu a yakin Banja Luka a ranar 4 ga Agusta 1737, Yaƙin Grocka a 18, 21-22 Yuli 1739, sannan ta yi rashin nasara a Belgrade. bayan harin da Ottoman ya yi daga ranar 18 ga Yuli zuwa Satumba 1739. Tare da barazanar mamaye kasar Sweden, da kawancen Ottoman da Prussia, Poland da Sweden, ya tilastawa Rasha sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Niš da Turkiyya a ranar 29 ga Satumba, wanda ya kawo karshen yakin.Yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta ba Azov ga Rasha da kuma karfafa ikon Rasha a kan Zaporizhia.Ga Ostiriya, yakin ya nuna rashin nasara mai ban mamaki.Sojojin Rasha sun fi samun nasara a filin wasa, amma sun yi asarar dubun dubatar cututtuka.Ba za a iya ƙididdige alkaluman asarar da daular Usmaniyya da suka yi ba.

Yakin Russo-Swedish na 1741-1743 ya kasance ne daga Hats, jam'iyyar siyasa ta Sweden wacce ke da burin dawo da yankunan da aka rasa a hannun Rasha a lokacin babban yakin Arewa, da diflomasiyyar Faransa, wanda ke neman karkatar da hankalin Rasha daga goyon bayan dogon lokaci. daular Habsburg ta kasance ƙawance a cikin Yaƙin maye gurbin Austriya.Yaƙin ya kasance bala'i ga Sweden, wanda ya rasa ƙarin yanki zuwa Rasha.

Daular Rasha ta kasance da asali tare da Ostiryia, tana tsoron burin Prussia akan Commonwealth na Poland-Lithuania, amma sun sauya sheka akan gadon Tsar Peter III a 1762. Rashawa da Austrians sun ƙudura don rage ikon Prussia, sabon barazanar a kan. Ƙofar su, kuma Ostiriya ta damu da sake dawowa Silesia, wanda Prussia ta yi rashin nasara a yakin nasarar Austrian.Tare da Faransa, Rasha da Ostiriya sun amince a cikin 1756 don kare juna da harin da Ostiriya da Rasha suka yi a Prussia, wanda Faransa ta ba da tallafi.Rashawa sun ci Prussians sau da yawa a cikin yakin, amma Rashawa ba su da wata damar da za ta iya bibiyar nasarar da suka samu tare da ci gaba mai ɗorewa, kuma a cikin wannan ma'anar, ceton gidan Hohenzollern ya kasance saboda rauni na Rasha game da kayan aiki. fiye da ƙarfin Prussian a fagen fama.Tsarin samar da kayayyaki wanda ya ba wa Rashawa damar shiga yankin Balkan a lokacin yakin da Ottomans a 1787-92, Marshal Alexander Suvorov ya yi yakin neman zabe mai inganci a Italiya da Switzerland a 1798-99, da kuma Rashawa don yin yaki a fadin Jamus da Faransa a 1813. -14 don ɗaukar Paris an halicce shi kai tsaye don mayar da martani ga matsalolin dabaru da Rashawa suka fuskanta a cikin Yaƙin Shekaru Bakwai .Harajin da ake buƙata don yaƙi ya jawo wa mutanen Rasha wahala sosai, ana ƙarawa harajin gishiri da barasa da Empress Elizabeth ta fara a shekara ta 1759 don kammala ƙari ga Fadar Winter.Kamar Sweden, Rasha ta kammala zaman lafiya da Prussia.

Bayan Bitrus ya ci sarautar Rasha, ya janye sojojin Rasha daga yakin shekaru bakwai kuma ya kulla yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da Prussia.Ya yi watsi da cin nasarar Rasha a Prussia kuma ya ba da sojoji 12,000 don yin kawance da Frederick II na Prussia.Ta haka ne Rasha ta sauya daga maƙiyin Prussia zuwa ƙawance - sojojin Rasha sun janye daga Berlin kuma suka yi yaƙi da Austrians.Peter haifaffen Jamus da kyar ya iya yin magana da Rashanci kuma ya bi ƙaƙƙarfar manufofin Prussian, wanda ya sa ya zama shugaban da ba a so.Sojojin da ke biyayya ga matarsa, Catherine, tsohuwar Gimbiya Sophie na Anhalt-Zerbst ne suka kore shi, wanda duk da nata asalin Jamusanci, 'yar kasar Rasha ce.Ta gaje shi a matsayin Empress Catherine II.Bitrus ya mutu a fursuna ba da daɗewa ba bayan an hambarar da shi, wataƙila da amincewar Catherine a matsayin wani ɓangare na makircin juyin mulkin.

Catherine II (an haife shi Sophie na Anhalt-Zerbst; 2 ga Mayu 1729 a Stettin - 17 ga Nuwamba 1796 a Saint Petersburg), wanda aka fi sani da Catherine the Great, ta kasance mai mulkin duk Rasha daga 1762 har zuwa 1796 - shugabar mata mafi dadewa a kasar. .Ta hau karagar mulki ne bayan juyin mulkin da ya hambarar da mijinta kuma dan uwanta na biyu, Peter III.A karkashin mulkinta, Rasha ta girma, al'adunta sun farfado, kuma an gane ta a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan kasashen Turai.Catherine ta sake fasalin gwamnatin Rasha (gwamnoni), kuma an kafa sabbin birane da garuruwa da yawa bisa umarninta.Wani mai sha'awar Peter Great, Catherine ya ci gaba da sabunta Rasha tare da layin Yammacin Turai.Lokacin mulkin Catherine Babban, zamanin Catherine, ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin Golden Age na Rasha.Gina gidaje da yawa na manyan mutane, a cikin salon gargajiya da sarki ya amince da shi, ya canza yanayin ƙasar.Ta goyi bayan akidar fadakarwa kuma tana yawan shiga cikin sahun ma'abota wayewa.

Yakin Russo-Turkiyya na 1768-1774 wani babban rikici ne na makami wanda ya ga makaman Rasha sun yi nasara a kan Daular Ottoman .Nasarar da Rasha ta samu ya kawo Kabardia, wani yanki na Moldavia, Yedisan tsakanin kogunan Bug da Dnieper, da Crimea cikin tasirin Rasha.Ko da yake jerin nasarorin da Daular Rasha ta samu sun haifar da gagarumin rinjaye na yankuna, ciki har da cin nasara kai tsaye a kan yawancin Pontic-Caspian steppe, ƙasa da yankin Ottoman ya kasance an haɗa shi kai tsaye fiye da yadda za a iya sa ran saboda gwagwarmayar gwagwarmaya a cikin tsarin diflomasiyyar Turai. tabbatar da daidaiton iko wanda ya yarda da sauran kasashen Turai kuma ya kauce wa mulkin Rasha kai tsaye kan Gabashin Turai.Duk da haka, Rasha ta iya yin amfani da damar daular Ottoman mai rauni, da ƙarshen yakin shekaru bakwai , da kuma janyewar Faransa daga harkokin Poland don tabbatar da kanta a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan ikon soja na nahiyar.Yaƙin ya bar daular Rasha a cikin wani yanayi mai ƙarfi don faɗaɗa yankinsa da kuma ci gaba da mulkin mallaka a kan ƙasashen Poland-Lithuania Commonwealth, wanda a ƙarshe ya kai ga Bangare na Farko na Poland .

Potemkin's Black Sea Fleet ya kasance babban aiki don lokacinsa.A shekara ta 1787, jakadan Burtaniya ya ba da rahoton jiragen ruwa ashirin da bakwai na layin.Hakan ya sanya kasar Rasha ta taka kafar ruwa tare da Spain, duk da cewa ta yi nisa a bayan rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Royal.Lokacin yana wakiltar kololuwar ikon sojojin ruwa na Rasha dangane da sauran kasashen Turai.Potemkin ya kuma ba wa dubban ɗaruruwan mazauna da suka ƙaura zuwa yankunansa.An kiyasta cewa a shekara ta 1782 yawan mutanen Novorossiya da Azov sun ninka sau biyu a lokacin ci gaba na "sauri na musamman".Baƙi sun haɗa da Rashawa, baƙi, Cossacks da Yahudawa masu jayayya.Ko da yake baƙi ba koyaushe suna farin ciki a cikin sabon kewayen su ba, aƙalla wani lokaci Potemkin ya shiga tsakani kai tsaye don tabbatar da iyalai sun karɓi shanun da suke da hakki.A waje da Novorossiya ya zana layin tsaro na Azov-Mozdok, ya gina garu a Georgievsk, Stavropol da sauran wurare kuma ya tabbatar da cewa an daidaita dukkan layin.

A cikin Maris 1783, Prince Potemkin ya yi wani motsi na magana don ƙarfafa Empress Catherine don haɗa Crimea.Bayan ya dawo daga Crimea, ya gaya mata cewa yawancin Crimean za su "yi farin ciki" su mika wuya ga mulkin Rasha.An ƙarfafa da wannan labari, Empress Catherine ta ba da sanarwar ƙaddamar da ƙa'idar a ranar 19 ga Afrilu 1783. Tatars ba su yi tsayayya da haɗawa ba.Bayan shekaru na tashin hankali, 'yan Crimea ba su da wadata da kuma sha'awar ci gaba da yaki.Mutane da yawa sun gudu daga tsibirin, inda suka tafi Anatolia.An shigar da Crimea cikin Daular a matsayin yankin Taurida.Daga baya a wannan shekarar, daular Usmaniyya ta kulla yarjejeniya da kasar Rasha wadda ta amince da asarar Crimea da wasu yankunan da Khanate suka rike.

Yaƙin Russo-Turkiyya na 1787-1792 ya haɗa da ƙoƙarin da Daular Usmaniyya ta yi wanda bai yi nasara ba na maido da ƙasar da Daular Rasha ta bata a lokacin yaƙin Russo-Turkish na baya (1768-1774).Ya faru ne tare da yakin Austro-Turkish (1788-1791) A cikin 1787, Ottomans sun bukaci Rashawa su fice daga Crimea kuma su bar mallakarsu a kusa da Bahar Black, wanda Rasha ta gani a matsayin belli.Rasha ta shelanta yaki a ranar 19 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1787, kuma daular Usmaniyya ta daure jakadan Rasha, Yakov Bulgakov.Shirye-shiryen Ottoman bai isa ba kuma lokacin bai yi kyau ba, saboda yanzu Rasha da Ostiriya suna cikin kawance.Don haka, an rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Jassy a ranar 9 ga Janairun 1792, tare da amincewa da Rasha ta 1783 ta mamaye Crimean Khanate.Yedisan (Odessa da Ochakov) kuma an ba da shi ga Rasha, kuma Dniester ya zama iyakar Rasha a Turai, yayin da iyakar Asiya ta Rasha - kogin Kuban - ya kasance ba canzawa.

An yi yakin Rasha-Swedish na 1788-1790 tsakanin Sweden da Rasha daga Yuni 1788 zuwa Agusta 1790. Yaƙin ya ƙare da yerjejeniyar Värälä a ranar 14 ga Agusta 1790. Yaƙin ya kasance, gaba ɗaya, ba shi da mahimmanci ga bangarorin da abin ya shafa.Sarki Gustav na Uku na Swidin ne ya fara wannan rikici saboda dalilai na siyasa na cikin gida, saboda ya yi imanin cewa ɗan gajeren yaƙi zai bar 'yan adawa ba su da wata hanyar da za ta taimaka masa.Catherine II ta dauki yakin da aka yi da dan uwanta na Sweden a matsayin babban abin da zai kawo rudani, yayin da sojojinta na kasa ke daure a yakin da Turkiyya ke yi, ita ma ta damu da al'amuran juyin juya hali da ke faruwa a cikin Commonwealth-Lithuania Commonwealth (Tsarin 3 ga Mayu) da kuma a cikin Faransa (Juyin juya halin Faransa).Harin na Sweden ya dakile shirin da Rasha ta yi na tura sojojin ruwanta zuwa tekun Mediterrenean domin tallafa wa dakarunta da ke yaki da Daular Usmaniyya, domin ya zama wajibi domin kare babban birnin kasar Saint Petersburg.

Yaƙin Poland-Rasha na 1792 an gwabza tsakanin ƙasashen Poland-Lithuania Commonwealth a gefe ɗaya, da ƙungiyar Targowica da Daular Rasha a ƙarƙashin Catherine the Great a daya gefen.An yi yaƙin a gidajen wasan kwaikwayo biyu: arewacin Lithuania da kuma kudancin ƙasar Ukraine a yanzu.A cikin duka, sojojin Poland sun ja da baya a gaban manyan sojojin Rasha masu adadi, kodayake sun ba da juriya sosai a kudu, godiya ga ingantaccen jagoranci na kwamandojin Poland Yarima Józef Poniatowski da Tadeusz Kościuszko.A cikin gwagwarmayar da aka kwashe watanni uku ana gwabzawa an gwabza fadace-fadace, amma babu wani bangare da ya samu gagarumar nasara.Rasha ta dauki murabba'in kilomita 250,000 (97,000 sq mi), yayin da Prussia ta dauki murabba'in kilomita 58,000 (22,000 sq mi) na yankin Commonwealth.Wannan taron ya rage yawan al'ummar Poland zuwa kashi ɗaya bisa uku na abin da yake kafin Ƙarshen Farko.

Tashin Kościuszko, wanda kuma aka sani da tashin hankalin Yaren mutanen Poland na 1794 da Yaƙin Poland na biyu, ya kasance tawaye ne ga Daular Rasha da Masarautar Prussia karkashin jagorancin Tadeusz Kościuszko a cikin Yaren mutanen Poland-Lithuania Commonwealth da Prussian bangare a 1794. yunƙurin 'yantar da Tarayyar Poland-Lithuania Commonwealth daga tasirin Rasha bayan Sashe na biyu na Poland (1793) da ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar Targowica.Tashin hankalin dai ya kare ne da mamayar da Rasha ta yi wa Warsaw.

Ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, 1796, Catherine ta tashi da sassafe kuma tana da kofi na safe da ta saba , ba da daɗewa ba ta zauna don yin aiki a kan takarda;ta gaya wa kuyangar uwargidanta, Maria Perekusikhina, cewa ta yi barci fiye da yadda ta dade.Can bayan 9:00 aka same ta a falon fuskarta a shanye, bugun bugunta ya raunata, numfashin ta ya yi kasa-kasa da nakuda.Ta rasu ne da yamma da misalin karfe 9:45 na dare.Ɗan Catherine Paul ya gaji sarautar.Ya yi mulki har zuwa 1801 lokacin da aka kashe shi.Alexander I ya ci sarauta a ranar 23 ga Maris 1801 kuma aka nada shi a Kremlin a ranar 15 ga Satumba na waccan shekarar.

Yaƙin Haɗin kai na Uku ya kasance rikici na Turai wanda ya shafe shekaru 1803 zuwa 1806. A lokacin yakin, Faransa da abokan cinikinta a ƙarƙashin Napoleon I, sun ci nasara da kawance, Ƙungiya na Uku, wanda ya ƙunshi Ƙasar Ingila, Daular Roman Mai Tsarki . Daular Rasha, Naples, Sicily da Sweden.Prussia ta kasance tsaka tsaki a lokacin yakin.A cikin abin da ake yi wa kallon babbar nasara da Napoleon ya samu, Grande Armée na Faransa ya yi galaba a kan babban sojojin Rasha da Austriya karkashin jagorancin Sarkin sarakuna Alexander I da Sarkin Roma Mai Tsarki Francis II a yakin Austerlitz.

Yakin ya barke a cikin 1805-1806 a kan tushen yakin Napoleon.A cikin 1806, Sultan Selim na III, wanda aka ƙarfafa shi daga shan kashi na Rasha a Austerlitz kuma daular Faransa ta ba da shawara, ya kori Constantine Ypsilantis mai goyon bayan Rasha a matsayin Hospodar na sarauta na Wallachia da Alexander Mourousis a matsayin Hospodar na Moldavia, duka jihohin Ottoman vassal.A lokaci guda, daular Faransa ta mamaye Dalmatiya kuma ta yi barazanar shiga cikin sarakunan Danubian a kowane lokaci.Domin kare kan iyakar Rasha daga yiwuwar kai wa Faransa hari, dakarun Rasha 40,000 sun shiga Moldavia da Wallachia.Sultan ya mayar da martani ta hanyar toshe Dardanelles zuwa jiragen ruwa na Rasha tare da shelanta yaki akan Rasha.A cewar yarjejeniyar, daular Ottoman ta mika rabin gabashin Moldavia ga kasar Rasha (wadda ta sauya sunan yankin zuwa Bessarabia), duk da cewa ta himmatu wajen kare yankin.Rasha ta zama sabon iko a yankin Danube na ƙasa, kuma tana da iyaka ta fuskar tattalin arziki, diflomasiyya, da ribar soji.A ranar 11 ga watan Yuni ne Alexander I na kasar Rasha ya amince da wannan yerjejeniyar, kimanin kwanaki 13 kafin fara mamayewar Napoleon a Rasha.Kwamandojin sun sami damar mayar da da yawa daga cikin sojojin Rasha a yankin Balkan zuwa yankunan yamma kafin harin da ake sa ran na Napoleon.

Yakin Friedland (14 ga Yuni, 1807) ya kasance babban yaƙin Napoleon tsakanin sojojin Daular Faransa da Napoleon I ya umarta da sojojin Daular Rasha karkashin jagorancin Count von Bennigsen.Napoleon da Faransanci sun sami nasara mai mahimmanci wanda ya kori yawancin sojojin Rasha, wadanda suka koma cikin rikici a kan kogin Alle a karshen yakin.Filin yaƙin yana cikin yankin Kaliningrad na zamani, kusa da garin Pravdinsk na Rasha.Ranar 19 ga watan Yuni, Sarkin sarakuna Alexander ya aika da wakili don neman makamai tare da Faransanci.Napoleon ya tabbatar wa wakilin cewa kogin Vistula yana wakiltar iyakoki tsakanin Faransa da Rasha a Turai.A kan haka ne sarakunan biyu suka fara shawarwarin zaman lafiya a garin Tilsit bayan sun gana a kan wani katafaren jirgin ruwa a kogin Niemen.

An gwabza yakin Finnish tsakanin Masarautar Sweden da daular Rasha daga ranar 21 ga Fabrairun 1808 zuwa 17 ga Satumba 1809. Sakamakon yakin, an kafa kashi uku na gabashin Sweden a matsayin Grand Duchy na Finland mai cin gashin kansa a cikin daular Rasha.Sauran abubuwan da suka yi fice sun hada da amincewa da sabon kundin tsarin mulki da majalisar dokokin Sweden ta yi da kuma kafa House of Bernadotte, sabuwar gidan sarautar Sweden, a shekara ta 1818.

Dakarun Faransa Napoleon ne ya fara kai wa Rasha hari don tilastawa Rasha komawa cikin katange Nahiyar da Burtaniya ta yi.A ranar 24 ga Yuni 1812 da kwanaki masu zuwa, igiyar farko ta Grande Armée ta ketare kan iyaka zuwa Rasha tare da sojoji kusan 400,000-450,000, sojojin fage na Rasha sun kai kusan 180,000-200,000 a wannan lokacin.Ta hanyar jerin jerin jerin gwanon tilastawa, Napoleon ya tura sojojinsa da sauri ta yammacin Rasha a wani yunƙuri marar amfani na lalata sojojin Rasha na Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly, wanda ya lashe yakin Smolensk a watan Agusta.A karkashin sabon Kwamandan da ke karkashin Mikhail Kutuzov, sojojin Rasha sun ci gaba da ja da baya wajen yin amfani da yakin da ake yi da Napoleon wanda ya tilasta wa maharan dogaro da tsarin samar da kayayyaki wanda ba zai iya ciyar da dimbin sojojinsu a fagen ba.A ranar 14 ga Satumba, Napoleon da sojojinsa na kimanin mutane 100,000 sun mamaye birnin Moscow, amma sai aka yi watsi da shi, kuma birnin ya ci gaba da cin wuta.Daga cikin ainihin sojojin 615,000, kawai 110,000 masu sanyi da masu fama da yunwa sun koma cikin Faransa.Nasarar da Rasha ta samu kan Sojojin Faransa a shekara ta 1812 ta kasance babbar illa ga burin Napoleon na mamaye Turai.Wannan yakin shine dalilin da ya sa sauran kawancen kawance suka yi nasara sau daya a kan Napoleon.Sojojinsa sun lalace kuma hankalinsu ya ragu, duka ga sojojin Faransa har yanzu a Rasha, suna fafatawa kafin yaƙin ya ƙare, da kuma sojojin da ke wasu fagage.

Yakin Caucasian na 1817-1864 ya kasance mamaye yankin Caucasus da Daular Rasha ta yi wanda ya haifar da mamaye yankin Arewacin Caucasus na Rasha, da tsarkake kabilanci na Circassians.Ya ƙunshi jerin matakan soji da daular ta ɗauka a kan al'ummar Caucasus na asali waɗanda suka haɗa da Chechens, Adyghe, Abkhaz–Abaza, Ubykhs, Kumyks da Dagestaniyawa yayin da Rasha ke neman faɗaɗawa.A cikin musulmi, an bayyana adawa da Rasha a matsayin jihadi.Ikon da Rasha ke da babbar hanyar soja ta Jojiya a tsakiyarta ta raba yakin Caucasian zuwa yakin Russo-Circassian a yamma da yakin Murid a gabas.Sauran yankuna na Caucasus (wanda ya ƙunshi gabashin Jojiya na zamani, kudancin Dagestan, Armeniya da Azerbaijan ) an haɗa su cikin daular Rasha a lokuta daban-daban a cikin karni na 19 a sakamakon yakin Rasha da Farisa .Sauran bangaren, yammacin Jojiya, Rashawa ne suka karbe su daga Daular Usmaniyya a daidai wannan lokacin.

Tawayen Decembrist ya faru ne a kasar Rasha a ranar 26 ga Disamba 1825, a lokacin da ake tsaka da mulki bayan mutuwar kwatsam na Sarkin sarakuna Alexander I. magajin Alexander, Konstantin, ya ki amincewa da magajin a asirce, wanda kotun ba ta sani ba, kuma kanensa Nicholas ya yanke shawarar karbar mulki. kamar yadda Sarkin sarakuna Nicholas I, yana jiran tabbatarwa na yau da kullun.Yayin da wasu daga cikin sojojin suka lashi takobin yin biyayya ga Nicholas, wata runduna ta kusan dakaru 3,000 sun yi yunkurin yin juyin mulkin soji domin goyon bayan Konstantin.'Yan tawayen, duk da cewa rashin jituwar da ke tsakanin shugabanninsu ta yi rauni, sun yi taho-mu-gama da masu biyayya a wajen ginin majalisar dattijai a gaban dimbin jama'a.A cikin rudani, an kashe wakilin Sarkin sarakuna Mikhail Miloradovich.Daga karshe dai masu biyayya sun bude wuta da manyan bindigogi, lamarin da ya wargaza 'yan tawayen.An yanke wa mutane da yawa hukuncin rataya, kurkuku, ko kuma gudun hijira zuwa Siberiya.An san maƙarƙashiyar da sunan Decembrist.

Yakin Russo-Persian na 1826-1828 shine babban rikicin soji na karshe tsakanin Daular Rasha da Farisa .Bayan yerjejeniyar Gulistan da ta kammala yakin Rasha da Farisa a baya a 1813, zaman lafiya ya yi mulki a yankin Caucasus na tsawon shekaru goma sha uku.Sai dai Fath 'Ali Shah, wanda a kullum yana bukatar tallafin kasashen waje, ya dogara da shawarar jami'an Burtaniya, wadanda suka shawarce shi da ya sake kwato yankunan da Daular Rasha ta rutsa da su, suka kuma yi alkawarin ba su goyon bayan daukar matakin soji.An yanke shawarar a kan batun a cikin bazara na 1826, lokacin da jam'iyyar Abbas Mirza ta yi nasara a Tehran kuma aka sanya ministan Rasha, Aleksandr Sergeyevich Menshikov, a gidan kaso.Yaƙin ya ƙare a shekara ta 1828 bayan mamayar Tabriz.Yakin yana da sakamako mafi muni ga Farisa fiye da yaƙin 1804-1813, yayin da yarjejeniyar Turkmenchay da ta biyo baya ta kori Farisa daga yankunanta na ƙarshe a cikin Caucasus, wanda ya ƙunshi duk Armeniya ta zamani, ragowar kudancin Azerbaijan na zamani, da Igdir na zamani. a Turkiyya.Yakin ya kawo karshen zamanin yakin Rasha da Farisa, inda a yanzu Rasha ce ke da karfin iko a yankin Caucasus.

Yaƙin Rasha-Turkiyya na 1828-1829 ya haifar da Yaƙin 'Yancin Kai na Girka na 1821-1829.Yaki ya barke bayan da Sarkin Daular Usmaniyya Mahmud II ya rufe Dardanelles zuwa jiragen ruwa na Rasha kuma ya soke yarjejeniyar Akkerman ta 1826 don ramuwar gayya ga shigar Rasha a watan Oktoban 1827 a yakin Navarino.Rashawa sun kafa dogon zango zuwa wasu mahimman katangar Ottoman guda uku a Bulgaria ta zamani: Shumla, Varna, da Silistra.Tare da goyon bayan Rundunar Bahar Maliya karkashin Aleksey Greig, an kama Varna a ranar 29 ga Satumba.Sifen Shumla ya kasance da matsala sosai, yayin da dakarun Ottoman na dakaru 40,000 suka fi sojojin Rasha yawa.Da yake fuskantar cin kashi da dama, Sarkin Musulmi ya yanke shawarar neman zaman lafiya.Yarjejeniyar Adrianople da aka sanya hannu a ranar 14 ga Satumbar 1829 ta ba wa Rasha mafi yawan gabashin gabar tekun Black Sea da bakin Danube.Turkiyya ta amince da ikon Rasha a kan wasu sassan arewa maso yammacin Armeniya a yau.Serbia ta sami 'yancin kai kuma an ba wa Rasha izinin mamaye Moldavia da Wallachia .

"Babban Wasan" rikici ne na siyasa da diflomasiyya wanda ya kasance mafi yawan karni na 19 da farkon karni na 20 tsakanin Daular Burtaniya da Daular Rasha, kan Afganistan , Daular Tibet, da yankuna makwabta na Tsakiya da Kudancin Asiya.Hakanan yana da sakamako kai tsaye a Farisa daIndiya ta Burtaniya .Biritaniya na fargabar cewa Rasha za ta mamaye Indiya don kara yawan daular da Rasha ke ginawa.A sakamakon haka, an yi wani yanayi mai zurfi na rashin yarda da maganar yaƙi tsakanin manyan dauloli biyu na Turai.Biritaniya ta ba da fifiko don kare duk hanyoyin da za a bi zuwa Indiya, kuma "babban wasa" shi ne da farko yadda Burtaniya ta yi hakan.Wasu masana tarihi sun yi ittifakin cewa Rasha ba ta da wani shiri da ya shafi Indiya, kamar yadda Rashawa suka sha fada wa Birtaniya.Babban Wasan ya fara ne a ranar 12 ga Janairun 1830 lokacin da Lord Ellenborough, Shugaban Hukumar Kula da Kula da Lafiya taIndiya , ya ba Lord William Bentinck, Gwamna-Janar aiki, da kafa sabuwar hanyar kasuwanci zuwa Masarautar Bukhara.Biritaniya ta yi niyyar samun iko a kan Masarautar Afganistan kuma ta mai da shi kariyar kariya, kuma ta yi amfani da daular Usmaniyya , daular Farisa, da Khanate na Khiva, da Masarautar Bukhara a matsayin kasashe masu fakewa tsakanin daulolin biyu.

Yakin Crimean wani rikici ne na soji da aka gwabza daga Oktoba 1853 zuwa Fabrairu 1856 inda Rasha ta yi rashin nasara a kawancen da suka hada da Faransa , Daular Ottoman , Ingila da Sardiniya.Abin da ya haifar da yakin nan take ya shafi hakkokin tsiraru Kiristoci a kasa mai tsarki, a lokacin wani bangare na Daular Usmaniyya.Faransawa sun ɗaukaka yancin Roman Katolika, yayin da Rasha ta ɗaukaka na Cocin Orthodox na Gabas.Dalilan da suka dade sun hada da koma bayan daular Usmaniyya da rashin son Biritaniya da Faransa su kyale kasar Rasha ta sami yanki da mulki a kudin daular Usmaniyya.

Gyaran yanci na 1861 a Rasha shine na farko kuma mafi mahimmanci na gyare-gyaren sassaucin ra'ayi da aka yi a lokacin mulkin (1855-1881) na Sarkin sarakuna Alexander II na Rasha.Wannan gyare-gyaren ya kawar da aikin satar mutane yadda ya kamata a duk daular Rasha.

Yunkurin da Rasha ta yi a tsakiyar Asiya ya faru ne a rabi na biyu na karni na sha tara.Ƙasar da ta zama Turkestan na Rasha sannan daga baya Tarayyar Soviet ta Tsakiyar Asiya ta rabu a yanzu tsakanin Kazakhstan a arewa, Uzbekistan ta tsakiya, Kyrgyzstan a gabas, Tajikistan a kudu maso gabas da Turkmenistan a kudu maso yamma.Ana kiran yankin da sunan Turkestan ne saboda galibin mazauna yankin suna magana da yarukan Turkiyya ban da Tajikistan mai magana da harshen Iran .

Siyayyar Alaska ita ce siyan Alaska da Amurka ta yi daga Daular Rasha.An tura Alaska a hukumance zuwa Amurka a ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 1867, ta hanyar wata yarjejeniya da Majalisar Dattijan Amurka ta amince.Rasha ta kafa kasancewarta a Arewacin Amurka a farkon rabin farkon karni na 18, amma 'yan Rasha kaɗan ne suka taɓa zama a Alaska.Bayan yakin Crimean , Tsar Alexander II na Rasha ya fara nazarin yiwuwar sayar da Alaska, wanda zai yi wuya a kare shi a kowane yaki na gaba daga cin nasara da babban abokin hamayyar Rasha, Birtaniya.Bayan kawo karshen yakin basasar Amurka , sakataren harkokin wajen Amurka William Seward ya shiga tattaunawa da ministan Rasha Eduard de Stoeckl domin siyan Alaska.Seward da Stoeckl sun amince da wata yarjejeniya a ranar 30 ga Maris, 1867, kuma Majalisar Dattijan Amurka ta amince da yarjejeniyar ta wani yanki mai fadi.Sayen ya kara da fadin murabba'in mil 586,412 (1,518,800 km2) na sabon yanki zuwa Amurka kan farashin dala miliyan 7.2 1867.A cikin sharuddan zamani, farashin ya yi daidai da dala miliyan 133 a cikin dala 2020 ko $0.37 a kowace kadada.

Yakin Russo-Turkiyya na 1877-1878 rikici ne tsakanin Daular Ottoman da hadin gwiwar kungiyar Orthodox ta Gabas karkashin jagorancin Daular Rasha wanda ya kunshi Bulgaria , Romania , Serbia, da Montenegro .Yaƙi a cikin Balkans da a cikin Caucasus, ya samo asali ne a farkon karni na 19 na al'ummar Balkan.Ƙarin abubuwan sun haɗa da manufofin Rasha na dawo da asarar yankuna da aka jure a lokacin yakin Crimean , sake kafa kanta a cikin Bahar Black da kuma goyon bayan yunkurin siyasa na yunkurin 'yantar da al'ummomin Balkan daga Daular Ottoman.

An kashe Tsar Alexander II na Rasha "Mai 'Yanci" a ranar 13 ga Maris, 1881 a Saint Petersburg, Rasha.An kashe Alexander II yayin da yake komawa fadar lokacin sanyi daga Mikhailovsky Manège a cikin wani karusa da aka rufe.A baya Alexander II ya tsallake rijiya da baya da dama da yunkurin kashe shi, ciki har da yunkurin Dmitry Karakozov da Alexander Soloviev, da yunkurin murza jirgin kasa na sarki a Zaporizhzhia, da kuma harin bam a fadar lokacin sanyi a watan Fabrairun 1880. Kisan da aka fi sani da shi shi ne mafi nasara mataki na Rasha nihilist motsi na 19th karni.

Masana'antu a cikin daular Rasha sun ga ci gaban tattalin arzikin masana'antu, ta yadda yawan aiki ya karu kuma an samar da wani bangare na bukatar kayayyakin masana'antu daga cikin daular.Masana'antu a cikin daular Rasha wani martani ne ga tsarin masana'antu a kasashen yammacin Turai.A ƙarshen 1880s kuma har zuwa ƙarshen karni, masana'antu masu nauyi sun haɓaka cikin sauri, adadin abin da ake samarwa ya karu da sau 4, kuma adadin ma'aikata ya ninka.Gwamnati ta yi ƙoƙari da gangan wanda ya haifar da haɓakar masana'antu da ba a taɓa gani ba wanda ya fara a cikin 1893. Shekarun wannan haɓaka lokaci ne na sabuntar tattalin arzikin Rasha a ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati.Sergius Witte, dan kasar Rasha ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin "Firayim Minista" na farko na Daular Rasha, inda ya maye gurbin Tsar a matsayin shugaban gwamnati.Ba mai sassaucin ra'ayi ko mai ra'ayin mazan jiya ba, ya jawo jarin waje don bunkasa masana'antun Rasha.Ya sabunta tattalin arzikin Rasha tare da ƙarfafa saka hannun jari na ketare musamman daga sabuwar ƙawarta, Faransa .

An gudanar da taro na farko na RSDLP tsakanin 13 Maris - 15 Maris 1898 a Minsk, Rasha Empire (yanzu Belarus) a cikin sirri.Wurin gidan na Rumyantsev, ma'aikacin layin dogo ne da ke wajen birnin Minsk (yanzu a tsakiyar garin).Labarin labarin shine cewa suna bikin ranar matar Rumyantsev.An ajiye murhu a daki na gaba idan an kona takardun sirri.Lenin ya yi safarar daftarin shirin jam’iyyar da aka rubuta da madara a tsakanin layin littafi.

Jam'iyyar Socialist Revolutionary Party, ko Jam'iyyar Socialist-Revolutionaries babbar jam'iyyar siyasa ce a ƙarshen mulkin Rasha, da kuma duka matakan juyin juya halin Rasha da farkon Soviet Rasha.An kafa jam'iyyar a shekara ta 1902 daga cikin Northern Union of Socialist Revolutionaries (wanda aka kafa a 1896), ta haɗu da yawancin ƙungiyoyin gurguzu na gurguzu da aka kafa a cikin 1890s, musamman ma'aikata' Party of Political Liberation of Russia wanda Catherine Breshkovsky da Grigory Gershuni suka kirkiro a cikin 1890. 1899. Shirin jam'iyyar ya kasance dimokiradiyya da gurguzu - ya sami goyon baya da yawa a tsakanin manoma na karkara na Rasha, wanda musamman ya goyi bayan shirin su na zamantakewar ƙasa sabanin tsarin Bolshevik na ƙasa-nationalization-rarrabuwar ƙasa a cikin 'yan haya baƙar fata maimakon tattarawa cikin gudanar da mulki na jaha.

An gwabza yakin Russo-Japan tsakanin DaularJapan da Daular Rasha a tsakanin shekarun 1904 da 1905 a kan kishiyoyin daular Manchuria da Koriya.Manyan gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na ayyukan soji sune yankin Liaodong Peninsula da Mukden a Kudancin Manchuria, da tekunan Koriya, Japan, da Tekun Yellow Sea.

Juyin juya halin Rasha na 1905, wanda kuma aka fi sani da juyin juya halin Rasha na farko, ya kasance guguwar tarzomar siyasa da zamantakewar al'umma da ta yadu a yankuna da dama na daular Rasha, wadanda wasu daga cikinsu suka nufi gwamnati.Ya haɗa da yajin aikin ma'aikata, tashin hankalin manoma, da kuma kisan sojoji.Ya kai ga sake fasalin tsarin mulki (wato "Manifesto Oktoba"), ciki har da kafa Duma na Jiha, tsarin jam'iyyu da yawa, da Tsarin Mulki na Rasha na 1906. Juyin juya halin 1905 ya haifar da shan kashi na Rasha a yakin Russo da Japan. .Wasu masana tarihi sun yi iƙirarin cewa juyin juya halin 1905 ya kafa matakin juyin juya halin Rasha na 1917, kuma ya ba da damar Bolshevism ya fito a matsayin wani yunkuri na siyasa na musamman a Rasha, kodayake har yanzu 'yan tsiraru ne.Lenin, a matsayinsa na shugaban USSR daga baya, ya kira shi "Babban Rigakafin Rigakafi", in ba tare da wanda "nasarar juyin juya halin Oktoba a 1917 ba zai yiwu ba".

Yakin Tsushima wani babban yakin ruwa ne da aka gwabza tsakanin Rasha daJapan a lokacin yakin Russo da Japan .Ya kasance farkon yaƙin teku na farko, kuma na ƙarshe, ƙaƙƙarfan yaƙin teku wanda jiragen ruwan yaƙin ƙarfe na zamani suka yi, kuma yaƙin sojan ruwa na farko wanda telegraph (rediyo) ya taka muhimmiyar rawa.An siffanta shi a matsayin "mace mai mutuwa na tsohon zamanin - a karo na karshe a tarihin yakin ruwa, jiragen ruwa na layin jiragen ruwa sun mika wuya a kan manyan tekuna".

Daular Rasha ta shiga yaƙin duniya na ɗaya a hankali a cikin kwanaki uku kafin ranar 28 ga Yuli, 1914. Hakan ya fara ne da shelar yaƙi da Ostiriya-Hungary da Sabiya, wadda ke kawance da Rasha a lokacin.Daular Rasha ta aike da wa'adin, ta St Petersburg, zuwa Vienna, tana gargadin Austria-Hungary da kada ta kai wa Serbia hari.Bayan mamayar Serbia, Rasha ta fara tattara sojojinta na ajiye a kusa da iyakarta da Ostiriya-Hungary.Saboda haka, a ranar 31 ga Yuli, daular Jamus a Berlin ta bukaci Rasha ta rushe.Babu wani martani, wanda ya haifar da sanarwar yaƙin Jamus a kan Rasha a wannan rana (1 ga Agusta, 1914).Dangane da shirinta na yaki, Jamus ta yi watsi da Rasha kuma ta fara tunkarar Faransa, inda ta ayyana yaki a ranar 3 ga Agusta.Jamus ta aika da manyan sojojinta ta Belgium don kewayeParis .Barazanar da Beljiyam ta yi ya sa Birtaniya ta shelanta yaki a kan Jamus a ranar 4 ga watan Agusta . Daular Usmaniyya ba da jimawa ba ta shiga tsakiyar kasashen da ke da karfi tare da yaki da Rasha a kan iyakarsu.

Juyin juya halin Rasha lokaci ne na siyasa da juyin juya halin zamantakewa wanda ya faru a tsohuwar daular Rasha kuma ya fara a lokacin yakin duniya na farko .Farawa a cikin 1917 tare da faduwar House of Romanov kuma ya ƙare a 1923 tare da kafa Bolshevik na Tarayyar Soviet (a ƙarshen yakin basasa na Rasha ), juyin juya halin Rasha ya kasance jerin juyin juya hali guda biyu: na farko wanda ya kifar da gwamnatin. gwamnatin daular kuma ta biyu ta sanya Bolsheviks a kan mulki.Sabuwar gwamnatin da Bolsheviks suka kafa sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Brest-Litovsk tare da manyan iko a cikin Maris 1918, ta fitar da ita daga yakin;wanda ya kai ga nasara a Gabas ta Tsakiya, da kuma kashin Rasha a yakin duniya na daya.

Iyalan Imperial Romanov na Rasha (Sarki Nicholas II, matarsa ​​​​Empress Alexandra da 'ya'yansu biyar: Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia, da Alexei) an harbe su har lahira da masu juyin juya halin Bolshevik karkashin Yakov Yurovsky bisa umarnin Ural Regional Soviet. a Yekaterinburg a daren 16-17 Yuli 1918.