Tarihin Kiristanci

Zamanin Apostolic suna da sunan manzanni da ayyukansu na mishan.Yana da mahimmanci na musamman a al'adar Kirista a matsayin zamanin manzannin Yesu kai tsaye.Tushen farko na Zamanin Apostolic shine Ayyukan Manzanni, amma an yi muhawara game da daidaiton tarihinsa kuma labarinsa bangaranci ne, yana mai da hankali musamman daga Ayyukan Manzanni 15 zuwa gaba kan hidimar Bulus, kuma ya ƙare a kusan 62 AZ tare da Bulus yana wa’azi a Roma a ƙarƙashinsa. gidan kame.Mabiyan farko na Yesu ƙungiya ce ta Kiristocin Yahudawa masu fahariya a cikin mulkin Yahudanci na Haikali na Biyu.Ƙungiyoyin Kirista na farko Yahudawa ne sosai, irin su Ebionites, da kuma Kiristoci na farko a Urushalima, wanda Yakubu Mai Adalci, ɗan’uwan Yesu ya ja-goranci.A cewar Ayyukan Manzanni 9, sun bayyana kansu a matsayin “almajiran Ubangiji” da kuma “na Hanya”, kuma bisa ga Ayyukan Manzanni 11, almajirai da ke Antakiya su ne aka fara kiransu da “Kiristoci”.Wasu daga cikin al'ummomin Kirista na farko sun jawo masu tsoron Allah, watau masu goyon bayan Greco-Romawa waɗanda suka yi mubaya'a ga addinin Yahudanci amma suka ƙi tuba don haka suka riƙe matsayinsu na Al'ummai (ba na Yahudawa), waɗanda suka riga sun ziyarci majami'u na Yahudawa.Haɗin Al'ummai ya haifar da matsala, saboda ba su iya cika Halakha ba.Shawulu na Tarsus, wanda aka fi sani da Bulus Manzo, ya tsananta wa Kiristoci Yahudawa na farko, sa’an nan ya tuba ya soma aikinsa tsakanin Al’ummai.Babban abin da ke damun wasiƙun Bulus shine haɗa al'ummai cikin Sabon Alkawari na Allah, aika saƙon cewa bangaskiya ga Kristi ya isa ga ceto.Saboda wannan haɗar al'ummai, Kiristanci na farko ya canza halinsa kuma a hankali ya girma baya ga Yahudanci da Kiristanci na Yahudawa a cikin ƙarni biyu na farko na Zamanin Kirista.Uban coci na ƙarni na huɗu Eusebius da Epiphanius na Salamis sun ba da wata al’ada cewa kafin halaka Urushalima a shekara ta 70 A.Z., an gargaɗi Kiristocin Urushalima ta hanyar mu’ujiza su gudu zuwa Pella da ke yankin Dekapolis a hayin Kogin Urdun.Linjila da wasiƙun Sabon Alkawari sun ƙunshi ka'idodi na farko da waƙoƙin yabo, da kuma bayanan sha'awa, kabari mara komai, da bayyanar tashin matattu.Kiristanci na farko ya bazu zuwa aljihun masu bi a tsakanin mutanen Aramaic da ke bakin tekun Bahar Rum da kuma zuwa sassan daular Roma da kuma bayanta, zuwa cikin Daular Parthia da Sasaniya daga baya, ciki har da Mesopotamiya , wadda ta mamaye a lokuta daban-daban kuma zuwa daban-daban da wadannan masarautu.

Kiristanci a zamanin da Nicene lokaci ne a tarihin Kirista har zuwa Majalisar Farko ta Nicaea.Ƙarni na biyu da na uku sun ga kisan kai na Kiristanci daga tushensa na farko.An sami ƙin yarda da addinin Yahudanci na zamani da al'adun yahudawa a ƙarshen ƙarni na biyu, tare da haɓakar adabin Yahudanci.Kiristanci na ƙarni na huɗu da na biyar ya fuskanci matsin lamba daga gwamnatin daular Roma kuma ta haɓaka ƙaƙƙarfan tsarin bishop da haɗin kai.Zaman da aka yi kafin Nicene ba shi da irin wannan iko kuma ya fi bambanta.Zamanin Ante-Nicene ya ga haɓakar ɗaruruwan ƙungiyoyin Kirista, ƙungiyoyin asiri, da ƙungiyoyi waɗanda ke da ƙaƙƙarfan halaye masu haɗa kai waɗanda suka rasa a zamanin manzanni.Suna da fassarori daban-daban na Littafi Mai-Tsarki, musamman game da koyaswar tauhidi kamar allahntakar Yesu da yanayin Triniti.Bambancin ɗaya shine ƙa'idar-orthodoxy wacce ta zama Babban Cocin duniya kuma a cikin wannan lokacin Ubannin Apostolic sun kare shi.Wannan ita ce al'adar Kiristanci na Pauline, wanda ya ba da mahimmanci ga mutuwar Yesu a matsayin ceton bil'adama, kuma ya bayyana Yesu a matsayin Allah ya zo duniya.Wata babbar mazhaba ita ce Kiristanci Gnostic, wanda ya ba da muhimmanci ga hikimar Yesu ceton bil'adama, kuma ya kwatanta Yesu a matsayin mutum wanda ya zama allahntaka ta wurin ilimi.Wasiƙun Pauline suna yawo cikin sigar da aka tattara a ƙarshen ƙarni na farko.A farkon karni na 3, akwai jerin rubuce-rubucen Kirista masu kama da Sabon Alkawari na yanzu, ko da yake har yanzu an sami sabani game da canonicity na Ibraniyawa, Yakubu, I Bitrus, I da II Yahaya, da Ru'ya ta Yohanna.Ba a sami tsanantawa da kiristoci gabaɗaya ba har sai lokacin mulkin Decius a ƙarni na 3.Masarautar Armeniya ta zama ƙasa ta farko a duniya da ta kafa addinin Kiristanci a matsayin addininta na ƙasa lokacin da a wani al’adar al’ada ta shekara ta 301, Gregory the Illuminator ya shawo kan Tiridates III, Sarkin Armeniya, ya koma Kiristanci.

Tashin hankali a haɗin kai na Kirista ya fara bayyana a ƙarni na 4.Matsaloli biyu na asali sun haɗa: yanayin firamare na bishop na Roma da abubuwan tauhidi na ƙara wani sashe zuwa Creed Nicene, wanda aka sani da jumlar filioque.Waɗannan batutuwan koyarwa an fara tattauna su a fili a cikin dangin Photius.Ikklisiyoyi na Gabas sun kalli fahimtar Romawa game da yanayin ikon Ikklisiya kamar yadda suke adawa kai tsaye ga tsarin Ikklisiya na gaske don haka suna ganin ecclesiologies guda biyu a matsayin sabawa juna.Wani batu ya taso ya zama babban abin harzuka ga Kiristendam ta Gabas, gabatarwar a hankali a cikin Creed Nicene a yammacin jumlar Filioque - ma'ana "da Ɗa" - kamar yadda yake cikin "Ruhu Mai Tsarki ... ya fito daga Uba da Ɗa" , inda ainihin Creed, sanctioned da majalisa kuma har yanzu amfani da Eastern Orthodox, kawai furta "Ruhu Mai Tsarki, ... ya fito daga Uba."Ikklisiya ta Gabas ta yi jayayya cewa an ƙara wannan magana ba tare da izini ba saboda haka ba bisa ka'ida ba, tun da ba a taɓa tuntuɓar Gabas ba.Baya ga wannan batu na ecclesiological, Ikklisiya ta Gabas ta kuma ɗauki jumlar Filioque wanda ba shi da karbuwa bisa dalilai na akida.

Wani sanannen koyaswar kiristanci wanda ba sa bin kiristanci wanda ya bazu ko'ina cikin daular Roma tun daga karni na 4 zuwa gaba shine Arianism, wanda shugaban Kirista Arius ya kafa daga Iskandariya,Masar , wanda ya koyar da cewa Yesu Kiristi wani halitta ne da ya bambanta da kuma yana karkashin Allah Uba.Tiyolojin Arian ya ɗauka cewa Yesu Kiristi Ɗan Allah ne, wanda Allah Uba ne ya haife shi da bambancin cewa Ɗan Allah ba koyaushe yake wanzuwa ba amma Allah Uba ne ya haife shi cikin lokaci, saboda haka Yesu ba ya kasance tare da Allah na har abada. Uban.Ko da yake an yi Allah wadai da koyarwar Arian a matsayin bidi’a kuma daga baya cocin daular Roma ta kawar da shi, ya kasance sananne a ƙarƙashin ƙasa na ɗan lokaci.A ƙarshen karni na 4, an nada Ulfilas, bishop na Arian Roman, a matsayin Kirista na farko na mishan zuwa Goths, al'ummar Jamusawa a yawancin Turai a kan iyakokin da kuma cikin daular Roma.Ulfilas ya yada Kiristanci na Arian a cikin Goths, yana tabbatar da bangaskiya a tsakanin yawancin kabilun Jamus, don haka ya taimaka wajen kiyaye su a al'ada da addini daga Kiristanci na Chalcedonia.

Ba a sami tsanantawa da kiristoci gabaɗaya ba har sai lokacin mulkin Decius a ƙarni na 3.Zalunci na ƙarshe kuma mafi tsanani wanda hukumomin Romawa na daular suka shirya shine Tsananin Diocletian, 303–311.An ba da Dokar Serdica a shekara ta 311 daga Sarkin Roma Galerius, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen tsananta wa Kiristoci a Gabas a hukumance.

Dokar Milan ita ce yarjejeniya ta Fabrairu 313 CE don kyautata wa Kiristoci a cikin Daular Roma.Sarkin Roma na Yamma Constantine I da Sarkin sarakuna Licinius, wanda ke iko da Balkans, sun hadu a Mediolanum (Milan ta zamani) kuma, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, sun amince su canza manufofi ga Kiristoci biyo bayan dokar haƙura da Sarki Galerius ya bayar shekaru biyu da suka shige a Serdica.Dokar Milan ta ba da matsayin Kiristanci na doka da kuma jinkiri daga tsanantawa amma bai mai da ita cocin jiha na Daular Roma ba.Hakan ya faru a cikin AZ 380 tare da Dokar Tasalonika.

Zuhudu wani nau'i ne na son zuciya ta yadda mutum ya yi watsi da abin duniya ya tafi shi kadai a matsayin majami'u ko shiga cikin al'umma mai tsari.Ya fara da farko a cikin Cocin Kirista a matsayin iyali na al'adu iri ɗaya, wanda aka kwatanta bisa misalan Nassi da ƙa'idodi, kuma yana da tushe a wasu sassa na Yahudanci .Ana ganin Yohanna Mai Baftisma a matsayin babban zuhudu, kuma zuhudu ta samo asali ne daga ƙungiyar ƙungiyar Apostolic kamar yadda aka rubuta a cikin Ayyukan Manzanni 2:42-47.An haifi Bulus Mai Girma.An dauke shi a matsayin Kirista na farko mai tsaurin ra'ayi.Ya rayu sosai a hankali kuma Anthony ne kawai ya gano shi a ƙarshen rayuwarsa.Sufaye na Eremitic, ko masu bi, suna rayuwa cikin kaɗaici, yayin da masu ƙima suna rayuwa a cikin al'ummomi, gabaɗaya a cikin gidan zuhudu, ƙarƙashin ƙa'ida (ko ka'idar aiki) kuma abbot ne ke jagorantar su.Asalinsu, dukan sufaye Kirista sun kasance masu bin misalin Anthony Mai Girma.Koyaya, buƙatar wani nau'i na shiryarwa ta ruhaniya ya jagoranci Pachomius a cikin 318 don tsara mabiyansa da yawa a cikin abin da zai zama gidan sufi na farko.Ba da daɗewa ba, an kafa irin waɗannan cibiyoyi a ko’ina cikin hamadarMasar da kuma sauran rabin gabas na Daular Roma.Mata sun fi sha'awar harkar.Manyan mutane na tsakiya a cikin ci gaban zuhudu su ne Basil mai girma a Gabas kuma, a Yamma, Benedict, wanda ya kirkiri Dokar Saint Benedict, wanda zai zama mafi yawan mulkin gama gari a cikin Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiya da farkon sauran ka'idodin zuhudu.

A wannan zamani, an fara taron majalisar wakilai na farko.Mafi yawa sun damu da jayayyar Kiristi da tiyoloji.Majalisar farko ta Nicaea (325) da Majalisar Farko na Konstantinoful (381) sun haifar da la'antar koyarwar Arian a matsayin karkatacciyar koyarwa kuma ta haifar da Ka'idar Nicene.

An fara karɓo ƙa'idar Nicene ta asali a Majalisar Farko ta Nicaea a shekara ta 325. A cikin 381, an gyara ta a Majalisar Farko na Konstantinoful.Hakanan ana kiran fom ɗin da aka gyara a matsayin Nicene Creed, ko Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed don ɓatanci.The Nicene Creed ita ce ma'anar gaskatawar Nicene ko Kiristanci na al'ada da kuma cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin Kirista waɗanda ke manne da shi.Ka'idar Nicene wani bangare ne na sana'ar bangaskiya da ake buƙata daga waɗanda ke gudanar da ayyuka masu mahimmanci a cikin Cocin Katolika.Kiristanci mai kyau yana ɗaukar Yesu a matsayin allahntaka kuma madawwami tare da Allah Uba.An kafa koyarwa dabam-dabam da ba na Nicene, imani, da ƙa’idodi ba tun ƙarni na huɗu, waɗanda dukansu mabiya addinin Kiristanci na Nicene suke ɗaukarsu bidi’a.

A ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, 380, tare da Dokar Tasalonika ta fito a ƙarƙashin Theodosius I, Gratian, da Valentinian II, Daular Roma a hukumance ta ɗauki Kiristanci Triniti a matsayin addinin jiha.Kafin wannan kwanan wata, Constantius II da Valens da kansu sun fi son Arian ko Semi-Arian nau'ikan Kiristanci, amma magajin Valens Theodosius I ya goyi bayan koyaswar Triniti kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin Nicene Creed.Bayan kafuwarta, Ikilisiya ta karɓi iyakokin ƙungiyoyi iri ɗaya kamar daular: lardunan yanki, waɗanda ake kira diocese, daidai da rarrabuwar yanki na gwamnati.Bishop-bishop, waɗanda ke cikin manyan biranen birni kamar yadda al'adar riga-kafi ta kasance, ta haka ne ke kula da kowace diocese.Wurin wurin bishop shine "kujerarsa", ko "duba".Daga cikin abubuwan gani, guda biyar sun zo don ɗaukar matsayi na musamman: Roma, Konstantinoful, Urushalima, Antakiya, da Iskandariya.Girman mafi yawan waɗannan gani ya dogara a wani ɓangare ga waɗanda suka kafa su manzanni, wanda daga gare su bishops ne magada na ruhaniya.Ko da yake bishop na Roma har yanzu yana riƙe da zama na farko a tsakanin masu daidaitawa, Constantinople shine na biyu a gaba a matsayin sabon babban birnin daular.Theodosius I ya ba da umurni cewa wasu waɗanda ba su gaskanta da "al'adar aminci" da aka kiyaye su ba, irin su Triniti, za a yi la'akari da su a matsayin masu aikata ayyukan bidi'a ba bisa ka'ida ba, kuma a cikin 385, wannan ya haifar da shari'ar farko na jihar, ba Coci ba. Hukuncin kisa a kan ɗan bidi'a, wato Biriskilli.

A farkon karni na 5, Makarantar Edessa ta koyar da hangen nesa na Kiristi yana bayyana cewa Allahntakar Almasihu da dabi'ar mutumtaka daban-daban.Wani sakamako na musamman na wannan hangen nesa shine cewa ba za a iya kiran Maryamu da kyau uwar Allah ba amma ana iya la'akari da ita uwar Almasihu kawai.Wanda aka fi sani da wannan ra'ayi shine Uban Konstantinoful Nestorius.Tun da aka ce Maryamu uwar Allah ta zama sananne a sassa da yawa na Cocin wannan ya zama batun raba kan jama'a.Sarkin Roma Theodosius II ya yi kira ga Majalisar Afisa (431), da nufin warware batun.Daga karshe majalisar ta yi watsi da ra'ayin Nestorius.Ikklisiya da yawa da suka bi ra'ayin Nestorian sun balle daga Cocin Romawa, wanda ya haifar da babbar baraka.An tsananta wa majami'un Nestorian, kuma mabiya da yawa sun gudu zuwa Daular Sasaniya inda aka karɓe su.Daular Sasanian ( Farisa ) tana da Kiristoci da yawa da suka tuba a farkon tarihinta, suna da alaƙa da reshen Kiristanci na Siriya.Daular Sasaniya ta kasance a hukumance ta Zoroastrian kuma ta ci gaba da bin wannan bangaskiya sosai, a wani bangare don bambanta kanta daga addinin daular Romawa (asali Maguzanci na Greco-Roman sannan Kiristanci).Kiristanci ya zama mai jurewa a cikin Daular Sasaniya, kuma yayin da Daular Rum ke ƙara korar 'yan bidi'a a cikin ƙarni na 4th da 6th, al'ummar Kiristocin Sasaniya sun girma cikin sauri.A ƙarshen karni na 5, Cocin Farisa ya kafu kuma ta zama mai zaman kanta daga Cocin Roman.Wannan cocin ya samo asali ne daga abin da a yau ake kira Cocin Gabas.A cikin 451, an gudanar da Majalisar Chalcedon don ƙara fayyace batutuwan Kiristi da ke kewaye da Nestorianism.Majalisar a ƙarshe ta bayyana cewa Allahntakar Kristi da dabi'ar mutumtaka sun bambanta amma duka ɓangaren halitta ɗaya ne, ra'ayi da ikilisiyoyi da yawa suka ƙi da suka kira kansu miaphysites.Sakamakon rarrabuwar kawuna ya haifar da haɗin gwiwar majami'u, gami da majami'u na Armeniya , Siriya, daMasarawa .Ko da yake an yi ƙoƙari wajen sasantawa a cikin ’yan ƙarnuka masu zuwa, ɓangarorin sun kasance na dindindin, wanda ya haifar da abin da a yau ake kira Oriental Orthodoxy.

Canji zuwa Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Farko wani tsari ne a hankali kuma a cikin gida.Yankunan karkara sun tashi yayin da wuraren samar da wutar lantarki yayin da birane suka ragu.Ko da yake yawancin Kiristoci sun kasance a Gabas (yankin Girka), an sami ci gaba mai muhimmanci a Yamma (yankin Latin), kuma kowannensu ya ɗauki siffofi na musamman.Bishops na Roma, Paparoma, an tilasta musu su saba da yanayin da ke canzawa sosai.Da yake sun kasance da haɗin kai kawai ga sarki, an tilasta musu su yi sulhu da “masu mulki na bariki” na tsoffin lardunan Romawa.A Gabas, Ikilisiya ta kiyaye tsarinta da halayenta kuma ta samo asali a hankali.A cikin tsohuwar Pentarchy na Kiristanci, sarakuna biyar sun kasance suna da girma na musamman: gani na Roma, Constantinople, Urushalima, Antakiya, da Iskandariya.Daraja mafi yawan waɗannan abubuwan gani ya dogara ne a wani ɓangare ga waɗanda suka kafa manzanninsu, ko kuma a cikin yanayin Byzantium/Constantinople, cewa ita ce sabon wurin zama na ci gaba na Roman Gabas, ko Daular Byzantine.Waɗannan bishop ɗin sun ɗauki kansu a matsayin magajin waɗannan manzannin.Bugu da kari, dukkan garuruwa biyar sun kasance cibiyoyin kiristanci na farko, sun rasa muhimmancinsu bayan da Daular Sunna ta ci galaba a kan Levant.

Asarar mamayar daular Roman ta Yamma, wadda aka maye gurbinta da masarautun foederati da na Jamus, ya zo daidai da ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarcen mishan na farko zuwa yankunan da daular da ke rugujewa ba ta sarrafa su ba.Tun farkon karni na 5, ayyukan mishan daga Roman Biritaniya zuwa yankunan Celtic (Scotland, Ireland, da Wales) sun samar da al'adun farko na Kiristanci na Celtic, wanda daga baya aka sake hadewa karkashin Cocin a Rome.Fitattun ’yan mishan a Arewa maso Yammacin Turai na lokacin su ne Kiristoci tsarkaka Patrick, Columba, da Columbanus.Ƙabilun Anglo-Saxon da suka mamaye Kudancin Biritaniya na ɗan lokaci bayan watsi da Romawa sun kasance Maguzawa ne da farko amma Augustine na Canterbury ya canza su zuwa Kiristanci bisa manufa na Paparoma Gregory.Ba da daɗewa ba da zama cibiyar masu wa’azi a ƙasashen waje, masu wa’azi a ƙasashen waje kamar Wilfrid, Willibrord, Lullus, da Boniface sun tuba danginsu na Saxon a Jamus.Galibin mazaunan Gallo-Romawa Kirista mazauna Gaul ( Faransa na zamani da Belgium) sun mamaye hannun Franks a farkon karni na 5.An tsananta wa ’yan ƙasar har sai da Sarkin Faransa Clovis na ɗaya ya tuba daga Maguzawa zuwa Roman Katolika a shekara ta 496. Clovis ya nace cewa ’yan’uwansa manyan mutane su bi abin da ya dace, kuma ya ƙarfafa sabuwar masarauta da aka kafa ta wajen haɗa bangaskiyar masu mulki da na masu mulki.Bayan hawan Mulkin Faransanci da daidaita yanayin siyasa, yankin yammacin Ikilisiya ya ƙara ayyukan mishan, wanda daular Merovingian ke goyan bayan a matsayin hanyar kwantar da hankulan mutane makwabta.Bayan kafuwar coci a Utrecht ta Willibrord, koma baya ya faru a lokacin da Pagan Frisian King Radbod ya lalata cibiyoyin kiristoci da yawa tsakanin 716 da 719. A cikin 717, Boniface ɗan Ingilishin mishan ya aika don taimakon Willibrord, sake kafa majami'u a Frisia da ci gaba da ayyuka. a Jamus .A ƙarshen karni na 8, Charlemagne ya yi amfani da kashe-kashen jama'a don ya mallake Maguzawan Saxons kuma ya tilasta musu su karɓi Kiristanci.

Slavs sun kasance Kiristanci a cikin raƙuman ruwa daga karni na 7 zuwa 12, kodayake tsarin maye gurbin tsoffin ayyukan addinin Slavic ya fara ne tun farkon karni na 6.Gabaɗaya, sarakunan Slavs ta Kudu sun ɗauki Kiristanci a ƙarni na 9, Slavs ta Gabas a 10th, da Slavs ta Yamma tsakanin ƙarni na 9 da 12.Saints Cyril da Methodius (fl. 860-885) ana danganta su a matsayin "Manzanni ga Slavs", bayan gabatar da tsarin Byzantine-Slavic ( Old Slavonic liturgy) da haruffan Glagolitic, sanannun haruffan Slavic da kuma tushen farkon haruffan Cyrillic.Ƙoƙarin mishan na lokaci guda don juyar da Slavs ta abin da daga baya za a san shi da Cocin Katolika na Roma da Cocin Orthodox na Gabas na Constantinople ya haifar da 'batu na biyu na jayayya tsakanin Roma da Konstantinoful', musamman a Bulgaria (karni na 9-10) .Wannan shine ɗayan abubuwan da suka faru da yawa waɗanda suka gabata Schism na Gabas-Yamma na 1054 kuma ya haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin Gabas ta Girka da Latin yamma.Ta haka Slavs suka rabu tsakanin Orthodoxy na Gabas da Roman Katolika.Abin da ke da alaƙa da yunƙurin mishan na gasa na Cocin Roman da Cocin Byzantine] shine yaɗuwar rubutun Latin da na Cyrillic a Gabashin Turai.Yawancin Slavs Orthodox sun karɓi Cyrillic, yayin da yawancin Slavs Katolika suka gabatar da Latin, amma akwai keɓancewa da yawa ga wannan ka'ida ta gaba ɗaya.A cikin yankunan da Coci-coci biyu ke yin ridda ga Turawa arna, irin su Grand Duchy na Lithuania, Duchy Croatian da Masarautar Serbia, gaurayawan harsuna, rubuce-rubuce da haruffa sun bayyana, da kuma layi tsakanin Latin Katolika (Latinitas) da karatun Cyrillic Orthodox (Slavia Orthodoxa) sun ɓace.

Kiristanci ya wanzu tun da farko akasar Sin , amma gabatarwar farko da aka rubuta ita ce lokacin daular Tang (618-907) Aikin Kirista a karkashin jagorancin firist Alopen (wanda aka kwatanta da Farisa , Syriac, ko Nestorian) an san ya shigo ciki. 635, inda shi da mabiyansa suka sami Dokar Imperial da ke ba da izinin kafa coci.A kasar Sin, an san addinin da Dàqín Jǐngjiào, ko kuma Hasken Addini na Romawa.Dàqín ya ayyana Roma da Gabas Kusa, kodayake daga mahangar Yamma, Kiristocin Latin sun ɗauki Kiristanci na Nestorian bidi'a.A shekara ta 698-699 aka yi adawa da Kiristoci daga mabiya addinin Buddah, sannan daga Daoists a shekara ta 713, amma addinin Kiristanci ya ci gaba da samun bunkasuwa, kuma a shekara ta 781, an kafa wani katafaren dutse (Nestorian Stele) a babban birnin Tang na Chang-an. wanda ya rubuta shekaru 150 na tarihin Kirista da Sarkin sarakuna ke goyon bayan a kasar Sin.Rubutun stele ya kwatanta al'ummomin Kiristocin da ke ci gaba da bunƙasa a duk faɗin ƙasar Sin, amma bayan wannan da wasu ƴan rubuce-rubuce kaɗan, ba a san tarihinsu kaɗan ba.A cikin shekarun baya, sauran sarakuna ba su jure wa addini ba.A shekara ta 845, hukumomin kasar Sin sun aiwatar da wani katabus na kungiyoyin asiri na kasashen waje, kuma addinin Kiristanci ya ragu a kasar Sin har zuwa lokacin daular Mongol a karni na 13.

Kiristanci na Scandinavia, da sauran ƙasashen Nordic da ƙasashen Baltic, ya faru tsakanin ƙarni na 8 zuwa na 12.Daular Denmark, Norway da Sweden sun kafa nasu Archdioceses, alhakin kai tsaye ga Paparoma, a 1104, 1154 da 1164, bi da bi.Juyawa zuwa Kiristanci na mutanen Scandinavia yana buƙatar ƙarin lokaci, tun da an ɗauki ƙarin ƙoƙari don kafa hanyar sadarwar majami'u.Sami ya kasance bai tuba ba har zuwa karni na 18.Sabbin bincike na archaeological ya nuna cewa akwai Kiristoci a Götaland a cikin ƙarni na 9;An kara yarda cewa Kiristanci ya fito ne daga kudu maso yamma kuma ya koma arewa.Denmark kuma ita ce ta farko a cikin ƙasashen Scandinavia waɗanda suka zama Kiristanci, kamar yadda Harald Bluetooth ya bayyana hakan a wajen AZ 975, kuma ya ɗaga mafi girma na Jelling Stones guda biyu.Ko da yake 'yan Scandinavia sun zama Kiristanci, ya ɗauki lokaci mai tsawo kafin ainihin imanin Kirista ya kafa kansu a tsakanin mutane a wasu yankuna, yayin da mutanen suka zama Kirista a gaban sarki a wasu yankuna.Tsofaffin al'adun ƴan asalin waɗanda suka ba da tsaro da tsari an ƙalubalanci ra'ayoyin da ba a sani ba, kamar zunubi na asali, Jiki, da Triniti.Binciken archaeological na wuraren binnewa a tsibirin Lovön kusa da Stockholm na zamani ya nuna cewa ainihin Kiristanci na mutane ya kasance a hankali kuma ya ɗauki akalla shekaru 150 zuwa 200, kuma wannan wuri ne mai mahimmanci a masarautar Sweden.Runic na ƙarni na goma sha uku daga garin Bergen na ɗan kasuwa a Norway sun nuna ƙaramin tasirin Kiristanci, kuma ɗayansu ya yi kira ga Valkyrie.

Bayan jerin juyin juya hali na soji da aka yi wa Musulmai , Iconoclam ya bayyana a cikin lardunan daular Byzantine a farkon karni na 8.Iconoclam na farko, kamar yadda ake kira a wasu lokuta, ya faru ne tsakanin kimanin 726 da 787, yayin da Iconoclasm na biyu ya faru tsakanin 814 da 842. Bisa ga al'adar gargajiya, Byzantine Iconoclasm ya fara ne ta hanyar hana hotunan addini da Sarkin Byzantine Leo III ya yada. Isaurian, kuma ya ci gaba a karkashin magadansa.Ya kasance tare da lalata hotunan addini da kuma tsananta wa masu goyon bayan girmama hotuna.Motsin gumaka ya lalata yawancin tarihin fasaha na Ikilisiyar Kirista.Papacy ya tsaya tsayin daka don tallafawa amfani da hotunan addini a duk tsawon lokacin, kuma dukkanin lamarin ya fadada bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin al'adun Byzantine da Carolingian a cikin abin da har yanzu Cocin Turai ya kasance mai haɗin kai, tare da sauƙaƙe ragewa ko kawar da siyasar Byzantine. iko a kan sassa na Italiyanci Peninsula.A yankin yammacin Latin, Paparoma Gregory III ya gudanar da taro guda biyu a Roma kuma ya yi Allah wadai da abin da Leo ya yi.Majalisar Iconoclast ta Byzantine, da aka gudanar a Hieria a shekara ta 754 AZ, ta yanke hukuncin cewa hotuna masu tsarki bidi'a ne.Daga baya aka ayyana motsin iconoclastic a matsayin bidi'a a cikin 787 CE a ƙarƙashin Majalisar Nicaea ta Biyu (majalisar ecumenical ta bakwai) amma ta ɗan sake tashi tsakanin 815 zuwa 842 CE.

A cikin karni na 9, an sami sabani tsakanin Gabas (Byzantine, Greek Orthodox) da Kiristanci na Yamma (Latin, Roman Katolika) wanda adawar Paparoma John VII ya haifar da nadin da Sarkin Byzantine Michael III na Photios I ya yi. matsayin sarki na Konstantinoful.Fafaroman ya ki amincewa da uzuri da aka yi a baya game da takaddamar da ke tsakanin Gabas da Yamma.Hotuna sun ƙi yarda da fifikon shugaban Kirista a al'amuran Gabas ko kuma su yarda da maganar Filioque.Wakilan Latin a majalisar tsarkakewarsa sun matsa masa ya karbi wannan magana don samun goyon bayansu.Rigimar ta kuma shafi haƙƙoƙin ikilisiyoyin Gabas da Yamma a cikin cocin Bulgaria.Photos ya ba da rangwame kan batun haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin Bulgeriya, kuma wakilan Paparoma sun yi tare da dawowar sa Bulgaria zuwa Roma.Wannan rangwame, duk da haka, ba shi da ƙima, saboda komawar Bulgaria zuwa ga al'adar Byzantine a shekara ta 870 ta rigaya ta amince mata cocin autocephalous.Ba tare da izinin Boris I na Bulgeriya ba, fadar Paparoma ta kasa aiwatar da duk wani da'awarta.

Daga karni na 6 zuwa gaba, yawancin gidajen zuhudu a yammacin Katolika sun kasance na Tsarin Benedictine.Saboda tsananin bin tsarin mulkin Benedictine da aka gyara, Abbey na Cluny ya zama cibiyar da aka amince da ita ta zuhudu daga ƙarshen karni na 10.Cluny ya ƙirƙira babban tsari na tarayya wanda masu kula da gidajen reshen suka yi aiki a matsayin wakilai na abbot na Cluny kuma suka amsa masa.Ruhun Cluniac wani tasiri ne mai farfadowa akan Cocin Norman, a tsayinsa daga rabin na biyu na karni na 10 zuwa farkon karni na 12.Guguwar canji na zuhudu na gaba ya zo tare da motsin Cistercian.An kafa Abbey na farko na Cistercian a cikin 1098, a Cîteaux Abbey.Babban abin da ke cikin rayuwar Cistercian shine komawa zuwa ga ainihin kiyaye mulkin Benedictine, ƙin ci gaban Benedictines.Babban abin da ya fi daukar hankali a cikin garambawul shi ne komawa ga aikin hannu, musamman ga aikin fage.An yi wahayi daga Bernard na Clairvaux, farkon maginin Cistercians, sun zama babban ƙarfin ci gaban fasaha da yaɗuwa a Turai ta Tsakiya.A ƙarshen karni na 12, gidajen Cistercian sun kai 500, kuma a tsayinsa a ƙarni na 15, odar ta yi iƙirarin samun gidaje kusan 750.Yawancin waɗannan an gina su ne a cikin jeji, kuma sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kawo irin waɗannan ɓangarorin keɓancewar Turai cikin noman tattalin arziki.An samar da mataki na uku na sake fasalin zuhudu ta hanyar kafa umarnin Mendicant.Waɗanda aka fi sani da "friars", masu bin doka suna rayuwa ƙarƙashin mulkin zuhudu tare da alƙawura na talauci, tsafta, da biyayya amma suna jaddada wa'azi, aikin mishan, da ilimi, a cikin gidan sufi.Tun daga karni na 12, mabiya Francis na Assisi ne suka kafa odar Franciscan, kuma daga baya St. Dominic ya fara odar Dominican.

Gabas–Yamma Schism, wanda kuma aka sani da "Babban Schism", ya raba Cocin zuwa Yammacin (Latin) da Gabas (Girkanci), watau, Katolika na Yamma da Orthodoxy na Gabas.Ita ce babban rabo na farko tun lokacin da wasu ƙungiyoyi a Gabas suka ƙi ƙa'idodin Majalisar Chalcedon (duba Oriental Orthodoxy) kuma ya fi mahimmanci.Ko da yake an saba da shi zuwa 1054, Schism na Gabas-Yamma a zahiri shine sakamakon tsawaita lokaci na ɓata tsakanin Latin da Kiristendam na Girka kan yanayin fifikon Paparoma da wasu batutuwan koyarwa game da Filioque, amma ya ƙaru daga al'adu, yanki, geopolitical, da siyasa. bambancin harshe.

Rikicin Investiture, wanda kuma ake kira Gasar Investiture (Jamus: Investiturstreit), rikici ne tsakanin Ikilisiya da gwamnati a Turai ta Tsakiya kan ikon zabar da shigar da bishops (hannun jari) da abbots na gidajen ibada da kuma Paparoma da kansa.Wasu jerin Fafaroma a ƙarni na 11 da na 12 sun yi fatali da ikon Sarkin Roma Mai Tsarki da sauran masarautun Turai, kuma takaddamar ta kai kusan shekaru 50 na yaƙin basasa a Jamus .Ya fara ne a matsayin gwagwarmayar iko tsakanin Paparoma Gregory na VII da Henry IV (sai Sarki, daga baya Sarkin Roma mai tsarki) a shekara ta 1076. Rikicin ya ƙare a shekara ta 1122, lokacin da Paparoma Callixtus II da Emperor Henry V suka amince da Concordat of Worms.Yarjejeniyar ta bukaci bishop-bishop su yi rantsuwa da wani sarki na duniya, wanda ke da ikon “da mashi” amma ya bar cocin.Ya tabbatar da haƙƙin Ikklisiya na saka hannun jarin bishops tare da iko mai tsarki, alamar zobe da ma'aikata.A Jamus (amma ba Italiya da Burgundy ba), Sarkin sarakuna kuma yana riƙe da haƙƙin shugabantar zaɓen ɓangarorin ƴan coci da bishop na hukumomin coci, da kuma yin sulhu.Sarakunan Romawa Mai Tsarki sun yi watsi da ikon zaɓen shugaban Kirista.A halin da ake ciki, an kuma sami ɗan taƙaitaccen gwagwarmayar saka hannun jari tsakanin Paparoma Paschal na biyu da Sarki Henry I na Ingila daga shekara ta 1103 zuwa 1107. Ƙudurin farko game da wannan rikici, Concordat na London, ya yi kama da Concordat of Worms.

Crusades jerin yaƙe-yaƙe ne na addini da aka fara, da goyan baya, kuma wani lokacin Ikilisiyar Latin ta jagoranta a cikin lokacin na da.Wadanda aka fi sani da wadannan ‘yan Salibiyya su ne na kasa mai tsarki a tsakanin shekara ta 1095 zuwa 1291 da aka yi niyyar kwato Kudus da kewayenta daga mulkin Musulunci.Ayyukan soja na lokaci guda a cikin Iberian Peninsula a kan Moors (The Reconquista ) da kuma a arewacin Turai a kan arna West Slavic, Baltic da Finnic al'ummomin (Arewacin Crusades) kuma an san su da sunan crusades.A cikin karni na 15, an yi yaƙi da sauran ƙungiyoyin Kirista na bidi'a, da daulolin Rumawa da Ottoman , don yaƙar arna da bidi'a, da kuma dalilai na siyasa.Ikilisiya ba ta ba da izini ba, Shahararrun Crusades na ƴan ƙasa suma sun yawaita.Tun daga yakin Crusade na farko wanda ya haifar da kwato birnin Kudus a shekara ta 1099, an gwabza yaki da 'yan Salibiyya da dama, wanda ya samar da jigon tarihin Turai tsawon shekaru aru-aru.A cikin 1095, Paparoma Urban II ya yi shelar yakin Crusade na farko a Majalisar Clermont.Ya karfafa goyon bayan soji ga Sarkin Byzantine Alexios na daya a kan Turkawa Seljuk kuma ya yi kira da a yi tattaki dauke da makamai zuwa Kudus.A duk faɗin yanayin zamantakewa a yammacin Turai, an sami amsa mai farin jini.'Yan Salibiyya na farko suna da dalilai iri-iri, gami da ceton addini, gamsuwar wajibai, damar yin suna, da fa'idar tattalin arziki ko siyasa.Gabaɗaya an gudanar da yaƙin yaƙin neman zaɓe ta hanyar dakaru masu tsari, wani lokacin sarki ne ke jagoranta.Dukkanin an ba su izinin Paparoma.Nasarorin farko sun kafa jihohin Crusader guda huɗu : gundumar Edessa;Daular Antakiya;Mulkin Urushalima;da kuma gundumar Tripoli.Kasancewar 'yan Salibiyya ya kasance a yankin ta wani nau'i har zuwa faduwar Acre a shekara ta 1291. Bayan haka, ba a sake samun wasu gungun 'yan Salibiyya don kwato kasa mai tsarki ba.

Inquisition na Medieval jerin tambayoyi ne (jikunan cocin Katolika da aka caje su da murkushe bidi'a) daga kusan 1184, gami da Binciken Episcopal (1184-1230s) kuma daga baya Inquisition Papal (1230s).An kafa Inquisition na Medieval don mayar da martani ga ƙungiyoyin da ake ɗaukar ridda ko bidi'a ga Roman Katolika, musamman Katolika da Waldensiyawa a Kudancin Faransa da Arewacin Italiya.Waɗannan su ne ƙungiyoyin farko na bincike da yawa da za su biyo baya.An fara lura da Cathars a cikin 1140s a Kudancin Faransa, da Waldensiyawa kusan 1170 a Arewacin Italiya.Kafin wannan batu, ɗaiɗaikun ‘yan bidi’a irin su Bitrus na Bruis sun sha ƙalubalanci Ikilisiya.Koyaya, Cathars sune ƙungiyar taro ta farko a cikin ƙarni na biyu waɗanda ke haifar da babbar barazana ga ikon Cocin.Wannan labarin ya shafi waɗannan binciken farko ne kawai, ba binciken Roman na karni na 16 ba, ko kuma wani ɗan abin al'ajabi na Inquisition na Spain na ƙarshen karni na 15, wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikon masarautar Spain ta hanyar amfani da limaman gida.Inquisition na Portuguese na karni na 16 da rassa daban-daban na mulkin mallaka sun bi irin wannan tsari.

The Avignon Papacy shi ne lokacin daga 1309 zuwa 1376 a lokacin da fafaroma bakwai da suka jera zama a Avignon (sa'an nan a cikin Mulkin Arles, wani ɓangare na Mai Tsarki Roman Empire, yanzu a Faransa ) maimakon a Roma.Lamarin dai ya samo asali ne daga rikicin da ke tsakanin fadar Paparoma da kambin sarautar Faransa, wanda ya kai ga mutuwar Paparoma Boniface na VIII bayan kama shi da cin zarafi da Philip IV na Faransa ya yi.Bayan mutuwar Paparoma Benedict XI, Philip ya tilasta wa wani taro da ba a kulle ba ya zaɓi Clement na V na Faransa a matsayin Paparoma a shekara ta 1305. Clement ya ƙi ya ƙaura zuwa Roma, kuma a shekara ta 1309 ya ƙaura zuwa kotuna zuwa fadar Paparoma a Avignon, inda ta kasance don zama Paparoma. shekaru 67 masu zuwa.Wannan rashi daga Roma wani lokaci ana kiransa "Babila bautar Papacy".Fafaroma bakwai ne suka yi sarauta a Avignon, duk Faransanci, kuma duk ƙarƙashin rinjayar Crown Faransa.A 1376, Gregory XI ya watsar da Avignon kuma ya koma kotu zuwa Roma (ya isa ranar 17 ga Janairu, 1377).Amma bayan mutuwar Gregory a shekara ta 1378, dangantakar da ke tsakanin magajinsa Urban VI da wani bangare na Cardinals ya haifar da Schism na Yamma.Wannan ya fara layi na biyu na Paparoma Avignon, daga baya ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin shege.Antipope na ƙarshe na Avignon, Benedict XIII, ya rasa yawancin goyon bayansa a cikin 1398, ciki har da na Faransa;bayan shekaru biyar da Faransawa suka yi wa kawanya, sai ya gudu zuwa Perpignan a shekara ta 1403. An kawo karshen rikicin a shekara ta 1417 a Majalisar Constance.

Schism na Yamma rarrabuwa ne a cikin Cocin Katolika wanda ya daɗe daga 1378 zuwa 1417 inda bishop da ke zaune a Roma da Avignon dukansu suka yi iƙirarin su ne Paparoma na gaskiya, kuma sashe na uku na masu da'awar Pisan sun haɗa su a 1409. Tashin hankalin mutane ne suka jawo shi. da kuma kawancen siyasa, tare da Paparoma Avignon yana da alaƙa da masarautar Faransa.Waɗannan ƴan hamayyar da'awar sarautar Paparoma sun lalata martabar ofishin.Paparoma ya zauna a Avignon tun shekara ta 1309, amma Paparoma Gregory XI ya koma Roma a shekara ta 1377. Duk da haka, Cocin Katolika ta rabu a shekara ta 1378 lokacin da Kwalejin Cardinal ta bayyana cewa ta zaɓi Paparoma Urban VI da Clement VII a cikin watanni shida na mutuwar Gregory XI. .Bayan yunƙurin sulhu da yawa, Majalisar Pisa (1409) ta bayyana cewa duka abokan hamayyar su ba su da halal kuma sun ayyana zaɓe na uku da ake zargin Paparoma.An warware schism a ƙarshe lokacin da mai da'awar Pisan John XXIII ya kira Majalisar Constance (1414-1418).Majalisar ta shirya yin watsi da duka Paparoma Gregory XII da na Pisan antipope John XXIII, sun kori antipope na Avignon Benedict XIII, kuma suka zabi Martin V a matsayin sabon Paparoma da ke sarauta daga Roma.

Tun daga lokacin mulkin mallaka na farko na Turawa, wariyar launin fata, tsanantawa, da cin zarafi ga addinan ’yan asalin asali, masu mulkin mallaka na Kiristanci da mazauna Turawa ne suka aiwatar da shi tun daga ƙarni na 15-16 zuwa gaba.A zamanin Ganowa da kuma ƙarnin da suka biyo baya, daulolin Sipaniya da na Fotigal sun kasance mafi himma wajen yunƙurin mayar da ƴan asalin ƙasar Amirka zuwa addinin Kirista.Paparoma Alexander VI ya ba da bijimin Inter caetera a watan Mayu 1493 wanda ya tabbatar da ƙasashen daMasarautar Spain ta yi iƙirari , kuma ya ba da umarni a musanya cewa 'yan asalin ƙasar su zama Kiristanci na Katolika.A lokacin balaguron na biyu na Columbus, ƴan sa-kai na Benedictine sun raka shi, tare da wasu firistoci goma sha biyu.Tare da cin nasara da Mutanen Espanya na daular Aztec , an gudanar da bisharar yawan jama'ar 'yan asalin a cikin abin da ake kira "ci nasara na ruhaniya."An yi amfani da umarni da yawa na gyarawa a farkon kamfen na canza ƴan asalin ƙasar.Franciscans da Dominicans sun koyi yarukan ƴan asalin ƙasar, kamar Nahuatl, Mixtec, da Zapotec.Ɗaya daga cikin makarantun farko na ƴan asalin ƙasar Mexico Pedro de Gante ne ya kafa shi a shekara ta 1523. Ƙungiyoyin ƴan ta'adda sun yi nufin canza shugabannin 'yan asalin ƙasar, tare da bege da fatan al'ummominsu za su yi koyi da su.A yankuna da ke da yawan jama'a, ƴan sa-kai sun tara al'ummomin ƴan asalin ƙasar don gina majami'u, wanda hakan ya sa canjin addini ya fito fili;wadannan majami'u da majami'u sau da yawa sun kasance a wurare iri ɗaya da tsoffin haikalin, galibi suna amfani da duwatsu iri ɗaya."'Yan asalin ƙasar sun baje kolin martani iri-iri, daga gaba ɗaya zuwa rungumar sabon addini."A tsakiya da kudancin Meziko inda akwai al'adar 'yan asalin ƙasar ta ƙirƙirar rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce, 'yan friars sun koya wa marubutan 'yan asalin su rubuta nasu harsuna da haruffan Latin.Akwai mahimman rubutun rubutu a cikin yarukan ƴan asalin waɗanda ƴan asalin ƙasar suka ƙirƙira a cikin al'ummominsu don manufarsu.A yankunan kan iyaka da ba a sami ƴan ƴan asalin ƙasar ba, friars da Jesuits sukan ƙirƙiro manufa, tare da tara ƴan asalin ƙasar da suka tarwatse a cikin al'ummomin da ƴan sa-kai ke kulawa domin a sami sauƙin yin wa'azin bishara da tabbatar da riko da bangaskiya.An kafa wa] annan ayyuka a ko'ina cikin }asashen Spain, wanda ya tashi daga yankunan kudu maso yammacin Amirka na yanzu ta hanyar Mexico da kuma zuwa Argentina da Chile.

Sake fasalin wani babban yunkuri ne a cikin addinin Kiristanci na Yamma a cikin karni na 16 na Turai wanda ya haifar da kalubale na addini da siyasa ga Cocin Katolika da kuma musamman ga ikon Paparoma, wanda ya taso daga abin da Cocin Katolika ya dauka kurakurai ne, cin zarafi, da kuma sabani.Gyaran baya shine farkon Furotesta da kuma rabuwar Ikilisiyar Yamma zuwa Furotesta da kuma abin da ake kira Cocin Katolika a yanzu.Har ila yau, ana la'akari da shi a matsayin daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke nuna ƙarshen tsakiyar zamanai da farkon farkon zamanin zamani a Turai.Kafin Martin Luther, akwai ƙungiyoyin gyara da yawa a baya.Ko da yake ana la'akari da gyaran gyare-gyaren da aka fara da wallafa litattafai casa'in da biyar na Martin Luther a shekara ta 1517, ba a kore shi ba sai Janairu 1521 da Paparoma Leo X. Dokar tsutsotsi ta Mayu 1521 ta la'anci Luther kuma a hukumance ta haramta wa 'yan ƙasa Daular Roma Mai Tsarki daga karewa ko yada ra'ayoyinsa.Yaduwar injin buga littattafai na Gutenberg ya samar da hanyoyin yada kayan addini cikin sauri cikin yare.Luther ya rayu bayan an ayyana shi a matsayin haramtacciyar doka saboda kariyar mai zabe Frederick the Wise.Yunkurin farko a Jamus ya bambanta, kuma wasu masu gyara irin su Huldrych Zwingli da John Calvin sun tashi.Gabaɗaya, ’yan gyara sun yi jayayya cewa ceto a cikin Kiristanci cikakken matsayi ne bisa bangaskiya ga Yesu kaɗai kuma ba tsarin da ke buƙatar ayyuka masu kyau ba, kamar yadda a ra’ayin Katolika.Mahimman abubuwan da suka faru na lokacin sun haɗa da: Diet of Worms (1521), samuwar Duchy Lutheran na Prussia (1525), Gyaran Ingilishi (1529 a gaba), Majalisar Trent (1545-63), Aminci na Augsburg (1555), korar Elizabeth I (1570), Dokar Nantes (1598) da Aminci na Westphalia (1648).The Counter-Reformation, wanda kuma ake kira juyin Katolika ko Revival na Katolika, shine lokacin gyare-gyaren Katolika da aka fara don mayar da martani ga sauye-sauyen Furotesta.

Zuwan Ferdinand Magellan a Cebu yana wakiltar ƙoƙarin farko daSpain ta yi na maida ƴan ƙasar zuwa Kiristanci.Dangane da bayanin abubuwan da suka faru, Magellan ya sadu da Raja Humabon na Cebu, wanda ke da jikan mara lafiya wanda mai binciken, ko kuma ɗaya daga cikin mutanensa, ya iya taimaka wa magani.Saboda godiya, Humabon da babban abokinsa sun yarda a yi wa kansu baftisma “Carlos” da “Juana”, tare da yi wa wasu mutanensa 800 baftisma.Daga baya, Lapulapu, sarkin tsibirin Mactan da ke makwabtaka da shi ya sa mutanensa sun kashe Magellan kuma suka fatattaki balaguron Mutanen Espanya.A cikin 1564, Luís de Velasco, Mataimakin Sabon Spain, ya aika mai binciken Basque Miguel López de Legazpi zuwa Philippines .Balaguron Legazpi, wanda ya haɗa da Friar Augustinian kuma mai dawafi Andrés de Urdaneta, ya gina birnin Cebu a yanzu a ƙarƙashin kulawar Child Holy Child, kuma daga baya ya ci Mulkin Maynila a 1571 da kuma makwabciyar Masarautar Tondo a 1589. Masu mulkin mallaka suka ci gaba. su shiga addinin Musulunci yayin da suke bincike tare da mamaye sauran sassan kasar Philippines a yanzu har zuwa shekara ta 1898, ban da wasu sassan Mindanao, wadanda suka kasance Musulmi tun daga karshen karni na 10 AZ, da kuma Cordilleras, inda yawancin kabilun tsaunuka suka rike dadadden tarihi. imani kamar yadda suka yi tsayayya da mulkin mallaka na Yamma har zuwa zuwan Amurka a farkon karni na 20.

Hijira Puritan zuwa New England an yi alama a cikin tasirinta daga 1620 zuwa 1640, yana raguwa sosai daga baya.Kalmar Babban Hijira yawanci tana nufin ƙaura a cikin lokacin Turawan Ingilishi zuwa Massachusetts da Caribbean, musamman Barbados.Sun zo cikin ƙungiyoyin iyali maimakon a matsayin keɓaɓɓu kuma an motsa su musamman don ’yancin yin abin da suka gaskata.

Al'amarin Galileo (Italiyanci: il processo a Galileo Galilei) ya fara ne a shekara ta 1610 kuma ya ƙare da shari'a da la'antar Galileo Galilei ta hanyar bincike na Katolika na Roman Katolika a 1633. Galileo an gurfanar da shi saboda goyon bayansa na heliocentrism, samfurin astronomical wanda duniya da kuma duniya. taurari suna kewaya rana a tsakiyar sararin samaniya.A cikin 1610, Galileo ya buga Sidereus Nuncius (Starry Messenger), yana kwatanta abubuwan mamaki da ya yi da sabon na'urar hangen nesa, daga cikinsu, watannin Jupiter na Galili.Tare da waɗannan abubuwan lura da ƙarin abubuwan da suka biyo baya, kamar matakan Venus, ya haɓaka ka'idar heliocentric na Nicolaus Copernicus da aka buga a cikin De revolutionibus orbium coelestium a 1543. Binciken Galileo ya gamu da adawa a cikin Cocin Katolika, kuma a cikin 1616 an sanar da Inquisition. heliocentrism ya zama "yan bidi'a."Galileo ya ci gaba da ba da shawarar ka’idar igiyar ruwa a shekara ta 1616, da tauraro mai wutsiya a 1619;ya bayar da hujjar cewa igiyar ruwa shaida ce ta motsin duniya.A cikin 1632 Galileo ya buga Tattaunawarsa Game da Tsarin Tsarin Duniya Biyu, wanda ya kare heliocentrism, kuma ya shahara sosai.Da yake mayar da martani ga yawan gardama game da tiyoloji, ilmin taurari da falsafa, Inquisition na Romawa ya gwada Galileo a shekara ta 1633, suka same shi “wanda ake zargi da bidi’a sosai”, kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku inda ya kasance har mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1642. A wannan lokacin, an sami littattafan heliocentric. an dakatar da Galileo kuma an umurce shi da ya kaurace wa rikewa, koyarwa ko kare ra'ayoyin heliocentric bayan shari'ar.Asali Paparoma Urban na VIII ya kasance majiɓinci ga Galileo kuma ya ba shi izinin bugawa akan ka'idar Copernican idan dai ya ɗauke ta a matsayin hasashe, amma bayan buga a 1632, an karɓe ikon mallakar.

Ƙaddamar da gyare-gyare shine lokacin farfadowa na Katolika wanda aka fara don mayar da martani ga juyin juya halin Furotesta.An fara shi da Majalisar Trent (1545-1563) kuma ya ƙare tare da ƙarshen yaƙe-yaƙe na addini a Turai a 1648. An ƙaddamar da shi don magance illolin sauye-sauye na Furotesta, Ƙaddamar da Gyarawa wani ƙoƙari ne na gaske wanda ya ƙunshi uzuri da rashin fahimta. takardu da tsarin majami'u kamar yadda Majalisar Trent ta zartar.Na ƙarshe daga cikin waɗannan sun haɗa da ƙoƙarin cin abinci na Imperial na Daular Roman Mai Tsarki , gwajin bidi'a da bincike, ƙoƙarin yaƙi da cin hanci da rashawa, ƙungiyoyi na ruhaniya, da kafa sabbin umarni na addini.Irin waɗannan manufofin suna da tasiri mai dorewa a tarihin Turai tare da gudun hijirar Furotesta na ci gaba har zuwa 1781 Patent of Toleration, kodayake ƙananan korar sun faru a ƙarni na 19.Irin waɗannan gyare-gyaren sun haɗa da tushe na makarantun hauza don horar da firistoci masu dacewa a cikin rayuwar ruhaniya da al'adun tauhidi na Ikilisiya, sake fasalin rayuwar addini ta hanyar maido da umarni zuwa tushen su na ruhaniya, da kuma sababbin ƙungiyoyi na ruhaniya da ke mai da hankali kan rayuwar ibada da na sirri. dangantaka da Kristi, gami da sufancin Mutanen Espanya da makarantar ruhaniya ta Faransa.Har ila yau, ya ƙunshi ayyukan siyasa waɗanda suka haɗa daInquisition na Mutanen Espanya da Inquisition na Portuguese a Goa da Bombay-Bassein da dai sauransu. Babban mahimmanci na Counter-Reformation shine manufa don isa sassan duniya da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka a matsayin Katolika na rinjaye da kuma kokarin gwadawa. sake mayar da al'ummomi irin su Sweden da Ingila waɗanda a da sun kasance Katolika daga lokacin Kiristanci na Turai, amma an rasa su ga Reformation.

Farkawa ta Farko (wani lokaci Babban Farkawa) ko Farkawa ta bishara jerin farkawa ta Kirista ce wacce ta mamaye Biritaniya da yankin Arewacin Amurka goma sha uku a cikin 1730s da 1740s.Yunkurin farfaɗo ya shafi Furotesta na dindindin yayin da mabiya suka yi ƙoƙarin sabunta taƙawa da ibada.Babban farkawa ya nuna bullar bisharar Anglo-Amurka a matsayin motsi mai ratsa jiki a cikin majami'un Furotesta.A cikin Amurka , ana amfani da kalmar Great Awakening sau da yawa, yayin da a cikin United Kingdom ana kiran motsi a matsayin farkawa ta bishara.Gina kan tushen tsofaffin al'adu-Puritanism, Pietism da Presbyterianism-manyan jagororin farfaɗo irin su George Whitefield, John Wesley da Jonathan Edwards sun bayyana tauhidin farkawa da ceto wanda ya zarce iyakoki na ɗarika kuma ya taimaka ƙirƙirar ainihin Ikklesiyoyin bishara.Masu Farfadowa sun ƙara wa koyarwar koyarwar gyare-gyaren Furotesta da girmamawa kan budowar Ruhu Mai Tsarki.Wa’azi na ƙwazo ya sa masu sauraro su fahimci bukatarsu ta ceto ta wurin Yesu Kristi kuma ta ƙarfafa zurfafa tunani da kuma sadaukar da kai ga sabon mizani na ɗabi’a.Tiyolojin Farfaɗo ya nanata cewa jujjuyawar addini ba yardawar hankali ba ce kawai don gyara koyaswar Kirista amma dole ne ta zama “sabuwar haihuwa” da aka samu cikin zuciya.Revivalists kuma sun koyar da cewa samun tabbacin ceto wani abu ne na yau da kullun a cikin rayuwar Kirista.Yayin da farkawa ta Ikklesiyoyin bishara ta haɗu da masu shelar bishara a cikin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban a kusa da imani ɗaya, kuma ya haifar da rarrabuwa a cikin majami'u da ke tsakanin waɗanda suka goyi bayan farfaɗo da waɗanda ba su yi ba.Masu hamayya sun zargi farfaɗo da haifar da rikici da tsatsauran ra'ayi a cikin majami'u ta hanyar ba da damar masu wa'azi marasa ilimi, masu tafiya da kuma ƙarfafa sha'awar addini.

The Restoration Movement (wanda kuma aka sani da Harkar Maido da Amurka ko Dutsen-Campbell Movement, kuma a matsayin Campbellism) motsi ne na Kirista wanda ya fara a kan iyakar Amurka yayin farkawa ta biyu (1790-1840) na farkon karni na 19.Majagaba na wannan motsi suna neman gyara coci daga ciki kuma suna neman “haɗin kan duka Kiristoci cikin jiki ɗaya wanda aka tsara bisa cocin Sabon Alkawari.Harkar Maidowa ta samo asali daga sassa daban-daban na farfaɗowar addini waɗanda suka dace da Kiristanci na farko.Ƙungiyoyi biyu, waɗanda da kansu suka samar da hanyoyi iri ɗaya ga bangaskiyar Kirista, suna da mahimmanci musamman.Na farko, wanda Barton W. Stone ya jagoranta, ya fara ne a Cane Ridge, Kentucky, kuma an bayyana shi da "Kiristoci".Na biyu ya fara ne a yammacin Pennsylvania da Virginia (yanzu West Virginia) kuma Thomas Campbell da dansa, Alexander Campbell, sun yi karatu a Scotland;Daga ƙarshe sun yi amfani da sunan “Almajiran Kristi”.Duka ƙungiyoyin biyu sun nemi su maido da dukan ikkilisiyar Kirista bisa ga alamu na bayyane da aka tsara a cikin Sabon Alkawari, kuma dukansu biyu sun gaskata cewa akida ta sa Kiristanci ya rabu.A 1832 sun shiga cikin zumunci tare da musafaha.Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, sun kasance da haɗin kai cikin imani cewa Yesu shi ne Kristi, Ɗan Allah;cewa Kiristoci su yi bikin Jibin Ubangiji a ranar farko ta kowane mako;da kuma cewa baftisma na manya masu bi dole ne ta hanyar nutsewa cikin ruwa.: 147-148 Domin waɗanda suka kafa suna so su watsar da duk lakabin ɗarikoki, sun yi amfani da sunayen Littafi Mai Tsarki ga mabiyan Yesu. Ikklisiyoyi na ƙarni na 1 kamar yadda aka kwatanta a cikin Sabon Alkawari.Wani masanin tarihi na wannan yunkuri ya yi nuni da cewa da farko kungiyar hadin kai ce, tare da manufar maido da taka rawa a karkashin kasa.

Stamford Raffles ne ya aiko da masu wa’azi na farko a ƙasashen waje a shekara ta 1824, lokacin da Sumatra ke ƙarƙashin mulkin Burtaniya na ɗan lokaci.Sun lura cewa Batak kamar sun karɓi sabon tunani na addini, kuma suna iya faɗuwa zuwa aikin farko, ko dai na Musulunci ko Kirista, don ƙoƙarin tuba.Aiki na biyu wanda a cikin 1834 na Kwamitin Kwamishinonin Ofishin Jakadancin {asashen Waje na Amirka ya gamu da mummunan ƙarshen lokacin da Batak ya kashe mishan biyu masu juriya ga tsangwama daga waje a cikin adat na gargajiya.An kafa al'ummar Kirista ta farko a Sumatra ta Arewa a Sipirok, al'ummar (Batak) mutanen Angkola.Mishaneri uku daga wata majami'a mai zaman kanta a Ermelo, Netherlands sun isa a 1857, kuma a ranar 7 ga Oktoba 1861 ɗaya daga cikin mishan Ermelo ya haɗu tare da Ƙungiyar Mishan ta Rhenish, wadda kwanan nan aka kori daga Kalimantan sakamakon yakin Banjarmasin.Aikin ya yi nasara matuka, inda aka samu tallafin kudi daga Jamus, kuma ya yi amfani da dabarun aikin bishara karkashin jagorancin Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen, wanda ya shafe mafi yawan rayuwarsa daga 1862 har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1918 a Arewacin Sumatra, ya samu nasarar sauya mutane da yawa daga cikin Simalungun da Batak Toba. da kuma wasu tsiraru na Angkola.

Dangane da waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru, kiristanci mai tsattsauran ra'ayi wani yunkuri ne na ƙin yarda da tasiri na ɗan adam na falsafa saboda wannan yana shafar addinin Kiristanci.Musamman maƙasudin matakai masu mahimmanci ga fassarar Littafi Mai-Tsarki, da ƙoƙarin toshe hanyoyin shiga majami'unsu ta hanyar zato na kimiyya na rashin yarda da Allah, Kiristoci masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun fara bayyana a cikin ƙungiyoyin Kirista daban-daban a matsayin ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu masu yawa na tsayin daka ga ɓatanci daga Kiristanci mai tarihi.A tsawon lokaci, ƙungiyar Ikklesiyoyin bishara ta kasu zuwa manyan fikafikai biyu, tare da lakabin Mahimmanci na bin reshe ɗaya, yayin da kalmar Ikklesiyoyin bishara ta zama tutar da aka fi so na mafi matsakaici.Ko da yake duka sassan Bishara sun samo asali ne a cikin masu magana da Ingilishi, yawancin masu bishara a yau suna rayuwa a wani wuri a duniya.

Majalisar Ecumenical ta biyu ta Vatican, wacce aka fi sani da Majalisar Vatican ta biyu, ko Vatican II, ita ce majalisa ta 21st ecumenical na Cocin Roman Katolika.Majalisar ta taru a Basilica ta St. Peter’s da ke Roma na tsawon lokaci (ko zama) na tsawon lokaci hudu (ko zama), kowannensu yana dawwama tsakanin makonni 8 zuwa 12, a cikin kaka na kowace shekara hudu na 1962 zuwa 1965. An dauki shekaru uku ana shirye-shiryen majalisar, daga lokacin rani. na 1959 zuwa kaka na 1962. Majalisar da aka bude a kan 11 Oktoba 1962 da John XXIII (Paparoma a lokacin shirye-shirye da kuma na farko zaman), kuma aka rufe a kan 8 Disamba 1965 da Paul VI (Paparoma a lokacin karshe uku zaman, bayan da mutuwar John XXIII a ranar 3 ga Yuni 1963).Paparoma John XXIII ya kira majalisa saboda yana jin cewa Cocin na bukatar "sabuntawa" (a cikin Italiyanci: aggiornamento).Domin a yi cudanya da mutanen ƙarni na 20 a cikin duniya da ke ƙara zama masu zaman kansu, wasu ayyukan Ikilisiya sun buƙaci a inganta, kuma ana buƙatar koyarwarta a gabatar da su a hanyar da za ta dace da fahimtar su.Mahalarta taron Majalisar da yawa sun ji tausayin hakan, yayin da wasu suka ga ba a cika bukatar sauyi ba kuma sun ki yin yunƙurin a wannan hanya.Amma goyon baya ga aggiornamento ya ci nasara kan juriya ga canji, kuma a sakamakon haka takardun majistariya goma sha shida da majalisa ta samar sun ba da shawarar ci gaba mai mahimmanci a cikin koyaswa da aiki: wani babban gyara na liturgy, sabunta tauhidin Ikilisiya, na wahayi da kuma na 'yan boko, sabon tsarin kula da dangantaka tsakanin Ikilisiya da duniya, zuwa ecumenism, ga addinan da ba na Kirista ba ga 'yancin addini kuma mafi mahimmanci, a kan Ikklisiya na gabas.

Ecumenism a sarari yana nufin ƙungiyoyi tsakanin ƙungiyoyin Kirista don kafa matakin haɗin kai ta hanyar tattaunawa.Ecumenism ya samo asali ne daga Girkanci οἰκουμένη (oikoumene), wanda ke nufin "duniya da ke zaune", amma fiye da alama wani abu kamar "ɗaɗin duniya."Za a iya bambanta motsi zuwa ƙungiyoyin Katolika da Furotesta, tare da na karshen halin da redefined ecclesiology na "denominationalism" (wanda Cocin Katolika, da sauransu, ƙi).A cikin karnin da ya gabata, an yi yunƙuri don daidaita saɓanin da ke tsakanin Cocin Katolika da majami'un Orthodox na Gabas.Ko da yake an sami ci gaba, damuwa game da matsayin Paparoma na farko da kuma 'yancin kai na kananan majami'un Orthodox ya toshe ƙudirin ƙarshe na ɓarna.A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba 1894, Paparoma Leo XIII ya buga Orientalium Dignitas.A ranar 7 ga Disamba 1965, an ba da sanarwar hadin gwiwa na Katolika-Orthodox na Paparoma Paul VI da Ecumenical Patriarch Athenagoras I wanda ke dauke da fitar da juna na 1054.

Ana ci gaba da rubuta tarihin Kiristanci a yau.Yayin da aka haifi sababbin tsararraki na Kirista da girma, labarun kansu da abubuwan da suka faru sun zama wani ɓangare na babban labarin bangaskiya.Ci gaban addinin Kiristanci ya kasance mai ban mamaki musamman a shekarun baya-bayan nan, inda a yanzu addinin ya kasance mafi girma a duniya.Ana jin tasirin Kiristanci a kusan kowane bangare na al'umma.Ya shafi gwamnatoci, kasuwanci, kimiyya, da al'adu ta hanyoyi masu zurfi.Duk da haka, duk da tasirinsa mai ban mamaki a duniya, Kiristanci ya kasance tafiya mai zurfi ga kowane mabiyanta.Babu Kiristoci biyu da suke tafiya iri ɗaya, kuma bangaskiyar kowane mutum tana samuwa ta wurin abubuwan da suka faru da kuma dangantakarsu.A ƙarshe, Kiristanci rayayye ne, bangaskiya mai numfashi wanda ke ci gaba da canzawa kuma mutanen da ke bin ta suna canza su.Za a ƙayyade makomarta ta labaran da muke bayarwa, zaɓin da muka yi, da kuma yadda muka zaɓi mu yi rayuwarmu.