Tarihin Poland

Tushen tarihin Yaren mutanen Poland ana iya samo su zuwa zamanin da, lokacin da ƙasar Poland ta yau ta kasance da ƙabilu daban-daban da suka haɗa da Celts, Scythians, dangin Jamus, Sarmatians, Slavs da Balts.Duk da haka, Lechites na Yammacin Slavic, kakannin kakanni na kabilanci, sun kafa matsuguni na dindindin a cikin ƙasashen Poland a lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiya.Lechitic Western Polans, ƙabilar da sunanta ke nufin "mutanen da ke zaune a fili", sun mamaye yankin kuma sun ba Poland - wacce ke a yankin Arewa ta Tsakiyar Turai - sunanta.A cewar almara na Slav, ’yan’uwan Lech, Czech, da Rus suna farauta tare sa’ad da kowannensu ya nufi wata hanya dabam inda daga baya za su zauna kuma su kafa ƙabilarsu.Czech ya tafi yamma, Rus zuwa gabas yayin da Lech ya tafi arewa.A can, Lech ya hango wata kyakkyawar farar gaggafa mai tsananin zafi da karewa ga 'ya'yanta.Bayan wannan tsuntsu mai ban al'ajabi wanda ya shimfiɗa fuka-fukinsa, ya bayyana ja-janayen rana kuma Lech ya yi tunanin cewa wannan alama ce ta zama a wannan wuri wanda ya kira Gniezno.Gniezno shine babban birnin Poland na farko kuma sunan yana nufin "gida" ko "gida" yayin da farar mikiya ta tsaya a matsayin alamar iko da girman kai.

An kafa kasar Poland a matsayin kasa karkashin daular Piast, wacce ta mulki kasar a tsakanin karni na 10 zuwa na 14.Littattafan tarihi da ke magana game da ƙasar Poland sun fara ne da mulkin Duke Mieszko I, wanda mulkinsa ya fara kafin 963 kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 992. Mieszko ya koma Kiristanci a shekara ta 966, bayan aurensa da Gimbiya Doubravka ta Bohemia, Kirista mai ƙwazo.An san taron a matsayin "baftisma na Poland", kuma ana yawan amfani da kwanan wata don alamar alama ta farkon ƙasar Poland.Mieszko ya kammala haɗin kan ƙasashen ƙabilun Lechitic waɗanda ke da mahimmanci ga kasancewar sabuwar ƙasar.Bayan bayyanarta, Poland ta kasance ƙarƙashin jagorancin jerin sarakuna waɗanda suka mai da jama'a zuwa Kiristanci, suka samar da daula mai ƙarfi tare da haɓaka al'adun Poland na musamman wanda aka haɗa cikin al'adun Turai mafi girma.

Kiristanci na Poland yana nufin gabatarwa da yaduwar Kiristanci a Poland.Abin da ya sa aka yi hakan shi ne Baftisma na Poland, baftisma na Mieszko I, shugaban farko na ƙasar Poland a nan gaba, da kuma yawancin kotuna.An gudanar da bikin ne a ranar Asabar mai tsarki na 14 ga Afrilu 966, ko da yake har yanzu masana tarihi suna jayayya da ainihin wurin, inda biranen Poznań da Gniezno suka kasance wuraren da aka fi dacewa.Ana ɗaukar matar Mieszko, Dobrawa na Bohemia a matsayin babban tasiri a shawarar Mieszko na karɓar Kiristanci.Yayin da yaduwar addinin Kiristanci a kasar Poland ya dauki shekaru aru-aru, a karshe tsarin ya yi nasara, domin a cikin shekaru da dama da suka wuce Poland ta shiga cikin manyan kasashen Turai da fadar Paparoma da Daular Roma mai tsarki suka amince da ita.A cewar masana tarihi, baftisma na Poland alama ce ta farkon mulkin Poland.Duk da haka, kiristanci tsari ne mai tsawo kuma mai wuyar gaske, saboda yawancin al'ummar Poland sun kasance arna har zuwa lokacin da arna suka yi a cikin 1030s.

Ɗan Mieszko, Duke Bolesław I the Brave (r. 992–1025), ya kafa tsarin Cocin Poland, ya ci nasara a yankuna kuma an naɗa shi sarautar farko na Poland a hukumance a shekara ta 1025, kusa da ƙarshen rayuwarsa.Bolesław ya kuma nemi yaɗa addinin Kiristanci zuwa sassan gabashin Turai da suka rage arna, amma ya fuskanci koma baya sa’ad da aka kashe babban mai wa’azinsa, Adalbert na Prague a Prussia a shekara ta 997. A lokacin taron Gniezno a shekara ta 1000, Sarkin Roma Mai Tsarki Otto III. ya amince da Archbishopric na Gniezno, cibiyar da ke da mahimmanci don ci gaba da wanzuwar mulkin ƙasar Poland.A lokacin mulkin magajin Otto, Sarkin Roma Mai Tsarki Henry II, Bolesław ya yi yaƙi da Masarautar Jamus tsakanin 1002 zuwa 1018.

Mulkin Bolesław I mai faɗi ya cika albarkatun ƙasar Poland ta farko, kuma ya biyo bayan rushewar masarautu.An farfaɗowa a ƙarƙashin Casimir I the Restorer (r. 1039–58).Ɗaya daga cikin gyare-gyaren da ya yi shi ne gabatarwa, zuwa Poland, na wani muhimmin kashi na feudalism: bayar da fiefdoms ga mayakansa na mayaka, don haka sannu a hankali ya mayar da su zuwa ƙwararrun soja na tsakiya.Ɗan Casimir Bolesław II Mai Karimci (r. 1058–79) ya shiga cikin rikici da Bishop Stanislaus na Szczepanów wanda a ƙarshe ya haifar da faɗuwar sa.Bolesław ya sa aka kashe bishop a shekara ta 1079 bayan da cocin Poland ta kore shi bisa zargin zina.Wannan matakin ya haifar da tawaye na manyan sarakunan Poland wanda ya kai ga ajiye Bolesław tare da korar shi daga kasar.A cikin 1116, Gallus Anonymus ya rubuta tarihin tarihi, Gesta principum Polonorum, wanda aka yi niyya a matsayin ɗaukaka ga majiɓincinsa Bolesław III Wrymouth (r. 1107-38), mai mulki wanda ya farfado da al'adar bajintar soja na lokacin Bolesław I.Ayyukan Gallus ya kasance tushen rubutaccen tushe don farkon tarihin Poland.

Bayan Bolesław III ya raba Poland tsakanin 'ya'yansa maza a cikin Alkawari na 1138, rarrabuwar kawuna na cikin gida ya lalata tsarin sarautar Piast a ƙarni na 12 da 13.A cikin 1180, Casimir II the Just, wanda ya nemi tabbacin papal na matsayinsa na babban Duke, ya ba da kariya da ƙarin gata ga Cocin Poland a Congress of Łęczyca.Kusan 1220, Wincenty Kadłubek ya rubuta Chronica seu originale regum et principum Poloniae, wani babban tushen tarihin Yaren mutanen Poland na farko.

A cikin karni na 9 mai yiwuwa Mazovia ta kasance a cikin kabilar Mazovians, kuma an shigar da ita cikin kasar Poland a cikin rabin na biyu na karni na 10 karkashin mulkin Piast Mieszko I. Sakamakon rarrabuwar kawuna na Poland bayan mutuwar sarkin Poland. Bolesław III Wrymouth, a cikin 1138 an kafa Duchy na Mazovia, kuma a cikin ƙarni na 12th da 13th ya haɗu da wasu ƙasashe na ɗan lokaci na ɗan lokaci kuma ya jure mamaye Prussians, Yotvingians, da Ruthenia.Don kare sashensa na arewa Conrad I na Mazovia da aka kira a cikin Teutonic Knights a 1226 kuma ya ba su Chełmno Land.Yankin tarihi na Mazovia (Mazowsze) a farkon ya ƙunshi yankuna ne kawai a bankin dama na Vistula kusa da Płock kuma yana da alaƙa mai ƙarfi da Greater Poland (ta hanyar Włocławek da Kruszwica).A zamanin mulkin sarakunan Poland na farko na daular Piast, Płock na ɗaya daga cikin kujerunsu, kuma a kan tudun Cathedral (Wzgórze Tumskie) sun tayar da palatium.A cikin lokacin 1037-1047 shi ne babban birnin mai zaman kansa, jihar Mazovian ta Masław.Tsakanin 1079 da 1138 wannan birni ya kasance babban birnin Poland.

A cikin 1226, ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin Piast na yanki, Konrad I na Masovia, ya gayyaci Teutonic Knights don taimaka masa yaƙar arna na Baltic Prussian, ya ba da damar Teutonic Knights amfani da Chełmno Land a matsayin tushe don yakin su.Wannan ya haifar da ƙarni na yaƙi tsakanin Poland da Teutonic Knights, sannan kuma tsakanin Poland da ƙasar Prussian ta Jamus.Mamaya na farko na Mongol na Poland ya fara a 1240;Ya ƙare a cikin shan kashi na Yaren mutanen Poland da sojojin Kirista na kawance da kuma mutuwar Silesian Piast Duke Henry II the Pious a yakin Legnica a 1241.

A cikin 1242, Wrocław ya zama birni na farko na Poland da aka haɗa, yayin da lokacin rarrabuwa ya kawo ci gaban tattalin arziki da haɓakar garuruwa.An kafa sababbin garuruwa kuma an ba da matsayin gari bisa ga Dokar Magdeburg.A cikin 1264, Bolesław Pious ya ba da 'yancin Yahudawa a cikin Dokar Kalisz.

Ƙoƙarin sake haɗa ƙasashen Poland ya sami ci gaba a ƙarni na 13, kuma a shekara ta 1295, Duke Przemysł na biyu na Greater Poland ya yi nasarar zama sarki na farko tun bayan Bolesław na biyu da ya zama sarkin Poland.Ya yi mulki a kan iyaka kuma ba da daɗewa ba aka kashe shi.A cikin 1300-05 Sarki Wenceslaus II na Bohemia shi ma ya yi sarauta a matsayin sarkin Poland.An maido da mulkin Piast yadda ya kamata a ƙarƙashin Władysław I the Elbow-high (r. 1306–33), wanda ya zama sarki a shekara ta 1320. A 1308, Teutonic Knights sun kwace Gdańsk da yankin Pomerelia da ke kewaye.Sarki Casimir III Mai Girma (r. 1333–70), ɗan Władysław kuma na ƙarshe na sarakunan Piast, ya ƙarfafa da kuma faɗaɗa Mulkin Poland da aka maido, amma lardunan Silesia na yamma (wanda Casimir ya ba da shi a 1339) da galibin Yaren mutanen Poland. An yi asarar Pomerania zuwa kasar Poland tsawon ƙarni masu zuwa.An samu ci gaba wajen dawo da lardin tsakiyar Mazovia da ke mulki daban, duk da haka, kuma a shekara ta 1340 aka fara cin nasarar Red Ruthenia, wanda ke nuna fadada Poland zuwa gabas.Majalisar Krakow, babban taron manyan sarakunan tsakiya, gabas, da arewacin Turai, wataƙila sun taru don shirya yaƙin yaƙi da Turkiyya, a shekara ta 1364, a daidai lokacin da aka kafa Jami'ar Jagiellonian nan gaba, ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin jami'o'in Turai. .A ranar 9 ga Oktoba 1334, Casimir III ya tabbatar da gata da Bolesław the Pious ya ba Yahudawa a cikin 1264 kuma ya ba su damar zama a Poland da yawa.

Bayan da masarautar Poland da reshen ƙaramin Piast suka mutu a shekara ta 1370, Poland ta zama ƙarƙashin mulkin Louis I na Hungary na Gidan Capetian na Anjou, wanda ya jagoranci ƙungiyar Hungary da Poland da ta dade har zuwa 1382. A 1374, Louis ya ba da izini. Shugaban kasar Poland gatan Koszyce don tabbatar da gadon daya daga cikin 'ya'yansa mata a Poland.Yar ƙaramarsa Jadwiga ta hau gadon sarautar Poland a 1384.

A 1386, Grand Duke Jogaila na Lithuania ya koma Katolika kuma ya auri Sarauniya Jadwiga ta Poland.Wannan aikin ya ba shi damar zama sarkin Poland da kansa, kuma ya yi sarauta a matsayin Władysław II Jagieło har mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1434. Auren ya kafa ƙungiyar Poland da Lithuania da ke ƙarƙashin daular Jagiellonian .Na farko a cikin jerin "ƙungiyoyi" na yau da kullum shine Ƙungiyar Krewo na 1385, inda aka yi shirye-shirye don auren Jogaila da Jadwiga.Haɗin gwiwar Yaren mutanen Poland da Lithuania ya kawo yankuna da yawa na Ruthenia wanda Grand Duchy na Lithuania ke iko da shi cikin ikon Poland kuma ya tabbatar da fa'ida ga al'ummomin ƙasashen biyu, waɗanda suka kasance tare da haɗin gwiwa a ɗayan manyan ƙungiyoyin siyasa a Turai tsawon ƙarni huɗu masu zuwa. .Lokacin da Sarauniya Jadwiga ta rasu a shekara ta 1399, masarautar Poland ta fada hannun mijinta shi kadai.A cikin yankin Tekun Baltic, gwagwarmayar Poland tare da Teutonic Knights ya ci gaba kuma ya ƙare a yakin Grunwald (1410), babban nasara cewa Poles da Lithuanians sun kasa bibiyar wani gagarumin yajin aiki a kan babban wurin zama na Teutonic Order a. Malbork Castle.Ƙungiyar Horodło na 1413 ta ƙara bayyana dangantakar da ke tsakanin Masarautar Poland da Grand Duchy na Lithuania.

Sarautar matashin Władysław III (1434–44), wanda ya gaji mahaifinsa Władysław II Jagieło kuma ya yi sarauta a matsayin sarkin Poland da Hungary, ya mutu sakamakon mutuwarsa a yakin Varna da sojojin Daular Ottoman .Wannan bala'i ya kai ga shekaru uku da suka ƙare tare da hawan ɗan'uwan Władysław Casimir IV Jagiellon a shekara ta 1447.Muhimman abubuwan da suka faru na lokacin Jagiellonian sun mayar da hankali ne a lokacin dogon mulkin Casimir IV, wanda ya dade har zuwa 1492. A cikin 1454, Poland ta haɗa Royal Prussia da Yaƙin Shekaru Goma sha Uku na 1454-66 tare da jihar Teutonic .A shekara ta 1466, an kammala zaman lafiya na Thorn.Wannan yarjejeniya ta raba Prussia don ƙirƙirar Gabashin Prussia, Duchy na Prussia na gaba, wani yanki daban wanda ke aiki a matsayin fief na Poland a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Teutonic Knights.Poland kuma ta fuskanci Daular Ottoman da Tatar Crimea a kudu, kuma a gabas ta taimaka wa Lithuania don yakar Grand Duchy na Moscow .Ƙasar tana bunƙasa ne a matsayin ƙasar feudal, wadda ke da tattalin arzikin noma mafi rinjaye da kuma ƙaƙƙarfar manyan sarakuna.Kraków, babban birnin sarauta, ya zama babbar cibiyar ilimi da al'adu, kuma a shekara ta 1473 aka fara aikin buga littattafai a can.Tare da girma da mahimmancin szlachta (tsakiya da ƙarami), majalisar sarki ta samo asali har zuwa shekara ta 1493 ta zama Janar Janar Sejm (majalisar dokoki) wanda ba ya wakiltar manyan manyan sarakuna na masarautar.Dokar Nihil novi, wanda Sejm ya karɓa a cikin 1505, ya canza yawancin ikon majalisa daga sarki zuwa Sejm.Wannan taron ya nuna farkon lokacin da aka sani da "Golden Liberty", lokacin da mulkin Poland ya kasance "mai 'yanci da daidaito".A cikin karni na 16, babban ci gaban kasuwancin agribusinesses na folwark wanda manyan mutane ke sarrafa shi ya haifar da ƙara munanan yanayi ga manoma masu aikin gona waɗanda suka yi aiki da su.Rikicin siyasa na manyan mutane shi ma ya hana ci gaban birane, wasu daga cikinsu suna ci gaba a lokacin marigayi Jagiellonian , tare da iyakance haƙƙin mutanen gari, tare da hana fitowar masu matsakaicin matsayi.

A cikin ƙarni na 16, ƙungiyoyin gyare-gyare na Furotesta sun yi zurfafa shiga cikin Kiristanci na Poland da kuma sakamakon sake fasalin Poland ya ƙunshi ɗarikoki daban-daban.Manufofin haɗin kai na addini da aka bunƙasa a Poland kusan babu kamarsu a Turai a lokacin kuma da yawa waɗanda suka tsere daga yankunan da rikicin addini ya daidaita sun sami mafaka a Poland.Sarautar Sarki Sigismund na Tsohon (1506 – 1548) da Sarki Sigismund II Augustus (1548 – 1572) sun shaida tsananin noman al’adu da kimiyya ( Zamanin Zinare na Renaissance a Poland), wanda masanin astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus (1473) -1543) shine mafi kyawun wakilci.Jan Kochanowski (1530-1584) mawaƙi ne kuma firaministan fasaha na lokacin.A cikin 1525, a lokacin mulkin Sigismund I, an ba da umarnin Teutonic kuma Duke Albert ya yi wani abin girmamawa a gaban Sarkin Poland (Prussian Homage) don fief, Duchy na Prussia.Mazovia a ƙarshe an haɗa shi da cikakken shiga cikin Crown Yaren mutanen Poland a cikin 1529.Mulkin Sigismund II ya ƙare lokacin Jagiellonian, amma ya haifar da Union of Lublin (1569), cikakkiyar cikar haɗin gwiwa tare da Lithuania.Wannan yarjejeniya ta canja Ukraine daga Grand Duchy na Lithuania zuwa Poland kuma ta canza tsarin mulkin Poland-Lithuania zuwa wata ƙungiya ta gaske, ta kiyaye shi fiye da mutuwar Sigismund II mara haihuwa, wanda aikin sa ya sa kammala wannan tsari ya yiwu.Kasar Poland ta hada Livonia a arewa maso gabas a shekara ta 1561 kuma Poland ta shiga yakin Livonia da Tsardom na Rasha .Ƙungiyar kashe-kashen, wadda ta yi ƙoƙarin duba ci gaba da mulkin jihar da manyan iyalai na Poland da Lithuania, suka yi a Sejm a Piotrków a 1562-63.A fagen addini, ’yan’uwa na Poland sun rabu da ’yan Calvin, kuma an buga Littafi Mai Tsarki na Protestant Brest a shekara ta 1563. ’Yan Jesuit, da suka zo a 1564, an ƙaddara su yi tasiri sosai a tarihin Poland.

Ƙungiyar Lublin ta 1569 ta kafa Ƙungiyar Commonwealth ta Poland-Lithuania, wata ƙasa ta tarayya da ta fi dacewa fiye da tsarin siyasa na farko tsakanin Poland da Lithuania.Poland – Lithuania ta zama sarautar zaɓaɓɓu, inda sarakunan gado suka zaɓi sarki.Tsarin mulkin sarakuna, wanda ya fi na sauran ƙasashen Turai yawa, ya zama tsarin dimokraɗiyya na farko ("ƙaƙƙarfan demokraɗiyya mai daraja"), sabanin sarautun da aka yi a wancan lokacin a sauran ƙasashen Turai.Farkon Commonwealth ya zo daidai da wani lokaci a tarihin Poland lokacin da aka sami babban iko na siyasa kuma an sami ci gaba a cikin wayewa da wadata.Ƙungiyar Poland-Lithuania ta zama mai tasiri a cikin harkokin Turai da kuma muhimmiyar al'adu wanda ya yada al'adun Yammacin Turai (tare da halayen Poland) zuwa gabas.A cikin rabin na biyu na karni na 16 da rabin farko na karni na 17, Commonwealth ta kasance daya daga cikin mafi girma da yawan jama'a a Turai ta wannan zamani, yankin da ke kusa da murabba'in kilomita miliyan daya kuma yana da kusan miliyan goma.Tattalin arzikinta ya mamaye harkar noma mai mayar da hankali kan fitar da kayayyaki zuwa ketare.An ba da tabbacin haƙurin addini na ƙasa a cikin Warsaw Confederation a 1573.

Bayan da mulkin daular Jagiellonian ya ƙare a shekara ta 1572, Henry na Valois (daga baya Sarki Henry III na Faransa ) shi ne ya lashe zaben farko na "zaɓe na 'yanci" da sarakunan Poland suka yi, wanda aka gudanar a shekara ta 1573. Dole ne ya amince da ƙaƙƙarfan taron pacta. wajibci kuma ya gudu Poland a cikin 1574 lokacin da labarai ya zo na kujerar sarautar Faransa, wanda ya kasance magaji.Tun daga farko, zaɓen sarauta ya ƙara yin tasiri a ƙasashen waje a cikin Commonwealth yayin da ƙasashen waje ke neman yin amfani da manyan sarakunan Poland don sanya 'yan takara su dace da bukatunsu.Sarautar Stephen Báthory na Hungary ya biyo bayansa (r. 1576–1586).Ya kasance mai fafutukar soji da na cikin gida kuma ana girmama shi a al'adar tarihi ta Poland a matsayin wani lamari da ba kasafai ba na zaben sarki mai nasara.Ƙaddamar da Kotun Koli ta doka a cikin 1578 yana nufin canja wurin shari'o'in ɗaukaka da yawa daga sarauta zuwa iko mai daraja.

Warsaw Confederation, wanda Majalisar Dokokin Poland (sejm konwokacyjny) ta sanya hannu a ranar 28 ga Janairu 1573 a Warsaw, tana ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan Turai na farko da ke ba da yancin addini.Wani muhimmin ci gaba ne a cikin tarihin Poland da na Lithuania wanda ya ba da juriya na addini ga manyan mutane da 'yantattu a cikin Yaren mutanen Poland-Lithuania Commonwealth kuma ana ɗaukarsa farkon farkon 'yancin addini a cikin Yaren mutanen Poland-Lithuania Commonwealth.Ko da yake bai hana duk wani rikici bisa addini ba, ya sa Commonwealth ta zama wuri mafi aminci da juriya fiye da yawancin Turai na zamani, musamman a lokacinYaƙin Shekaru Talatin na gaba.

Wani lokaci na mulki a ƙarƙashin Gidan Vasa na Sweden ya fara a cikin Commonwealth a cikin shekara ta 1587. Sarakuna biyu na farko daga wannan daular, Sigismund III (r. 1587-1632) da Władysław IV (r. 1632-1648), sun yi ƙoƙari akai-akai. sha'awar shiga sarautar Sweden, wanda ya kasance tushen jan hankali ga al'amuran Commonwealth.A wancan lokacin, Cocin Katolika ta fara kai farmaki a kan akida kuma Counter-Reformation ta yi ikirarin tuba da yawa daga da'irar Furotesta na Poland da Lithuania.A cikin 1596, Ƙungiyar Brest ta raba Kiristoci na Gabas na Commonwealth don ƙirƙirar Ikilisiyar Uniate na Gabashin Gabas, amma ƙarƙashin ikon Paparoma.Tawayen Zebrzydowski akan Sigismund III ya bayyana a 1606-1608.Da yake neman rinjaye a Gabashin Turai, Commonwealth sun yi yaƙi da Rasha tsakanin 1605 zuwa 1618 a lokacin da Rasha ta shiga cikin matsaloli;Ana kiran jerin rikice-rikice a matsayin Yaƙin Poland-Muscovite ko Dymitriad.Yunkurin ya haifar da faɗaɗa yankunan gabacin ƙungiyar gamayya ta Poland-Lithuania, amma ba a cim ma burin karbar sarautar Rasha ga daular mulkin Poland ba.Sweden ta nemi rinjaye a yankin Baltic a lokacin yakin Poland da Sweden na 1617-1629, kuma Daular Ottoman ta matsa daga kudu a yakin Cecora a 1620 da Khotyn a 1621. Fadada aikin gona da manufofin satar mutane a Poland ya haifar da jerin abubuwa. na Cossack boren .Ƙungiya da masarautar Habsburg, Commonwealth ba ta shiga kai tsaye a cikinYaƙin Shekaru Talatin .Władysław's IV mulkin ya kasance mafi yawan zaman lafiya, tare da mamayewar Rasha a cikin hanyar Smolensk War na 1632-1634 ya yi nasara.Ikilisiyar Orthodox, da aka dakatar a Poland bayan Union of Brest, an sake kafa shi a cikin 1635.

A zamanin mulkin John II Casimir Vasa (r. 1648 – 1668), sarki na uku kuma na karshe a daularsa, dimokuradiyyar masu daraja ta fada cikin koma baya sakamakon mamayewar kasashen waje da rikice-rikicen cikin gida.Waɗannan bala'o'i sun ninka ba zato ba tsammani kuma sun nuna ƙarshen Zamanin Zinare na Poland.Tasirinsu shine sanya Commonwealth mai ƙarfi ta kasance mai rauni ga shiga tsakani na ƙasashen waje.Tashin hankalin Cossack Khmelnytsky na 1648-1657 ya mamaye yankunan kudu maso gabas na kambin Poland;illolinsa na dogon lokaci sun kasance bala'i ga Commonwealth.Veto na farko na liberum (na'urar majalisar da ta ba kowane memba na Sejm damar rushe zaman da ake yi a yanzu) wani mataimaki ne ya yi amfani da shi a 1652. Wannan al'ada za ta raunana gwamnatin tsakiya ta Poland da gaske.A cikin yerjejeniyar Pereyaslav (1654), 'yan tawayen Ukrainian sun ayyana kansu a matsayin masu mulkin Tsardom na Rasha .Yaƙin Arewa na Biyu ya faɗo cikin manyan ƙasashen Poland a 1655–1660;ya haɗa da mummunan mamayewa da mamaye Poland da ake magana da shi da ambaliyar ruwan Sweden.A lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe ƙungiyar Commonwealth ta yi asarar kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na al'ummarta da kuma matsayinta na babban iko saboda mamayewar da Sweden da Rasha suka yi.A cewar Farfesa Andrzej Rottermund, manajan gidan sarauta da ke Warsaw, barnar da Poland ta yi a cikin Ruwan Ruwa ya fi barna a ƙasar a yakin duniya na biyu.Rottermund ya yi iƙirarin cewa mahara na Sweden sun wawashe dukiyar Commonwealth mafi muhimmanci, kuma yawancin abubuwan da aka sace ba su sake komawa Poland ba.Swedes sun lalata Warsaw, babban birnin Tarayyar Poland-Lithuania, kuma daga cikin mutanen 20,000 kafin yakin, 2,000 ne kawai suka rage a cikin birnin bayan yakin.Yaƙin ya ƙare a shekara ta 1660 tare da yerjejeniyar Oliva, wanda ya yi sanadin asarar wasu kadarorin arewacin Poland.Babban hare-haren bayi na Tatar na Crimean kuma yana da mummunar illa ga tattalin arzikin Poland.Merkuriusz Polski, jarida ta farko ta Poland, an buga shi a cikin 1661.

An zabi Sarki Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki, dan Pole na asali, don maye gurbin John II Casimir a 1669. Yaƙin Poland-Ottoman (1672-76) ya barke a lokacin mulkinsa, wanda ya kasance har zuwa 1673, kuma ya ci gaba a ƙarƙashin magajinsa, John III Sobieski ( r. 1674-1696).Sobieski ya yi niyya don ci gaba da fadada yankin Baltic (kuma har zuwa wannan ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar sirri ta Jaworów tare da Faransa a 1675), amma an tilasta masa a maimakon yaƙar yaƙe-yaƙe da Daular Ottoman .Ta yin haka, a takaice Sobieski ya farfado da karfin soja na Commonwealth.Ya ci nasara kan musulmi da ke fadada yakin Khotyn a shekara ta 1673 kuma ya taimaka sosai wajen kubutar da Vienna daga harin da Turkiyya ta kai wa yakin Vienna a shekara ta 1683. Mulkin Sobieski ya kasance matsayi na karshe a tarihin Commonwealth: a rabin farko na 18th. karni, Poland ta daina kasancewa mai taka rawa a siyasar duniya.Yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta dindindin (1686) tare da Rasha ita ce sasantawa ta ƙarshe tsakanin ƙasashen biyu kafin ɓangarorin farko na Poland a 1772.Ƙasar Commonwealth, wadda ta fuskanci kusan yaƙi na yau da kullun har zuwa 1720, ta sami hasarar yawan jama'a da barna mai yawa ga tattalin arzikinta da tsarin zamantakewa.Gwamnati ta zama mara tasiri bayan manyan rikice-rikice na cikin gida, gurbacewar tsarin dokoki da kuma amfani da muradun kasashen waje.Basaraken ya fada ƙarƙashin ikon ƴan tsirarun iyalai masu girman kai tare da kafaffun yankuna.Yawan jama'ar birni da ababen more rayuwa sun lalace, tare da mafi yawan gonakin manoma, waɗanda mazaunansu ke fuskantar matsanancin halin ɗabi'a.Ci gaban kimiyya, al'adu da ilimi ya tsaya ko kuma ya koma baya.

Zaɓen sarauta na 1697 ya kawo wani mai mulkin gidan Saxon na Wettin zuwa ga kursiyin Poland: Augustus II the Strong (r. 1697-1733), wanda ya sami damar zama kursiyin kawai ta hanyar yarda ya tuba zuwa Roman Katolika.Ɗansa Augustus III ne ya gaje shi (r. 1734–1763).Sarautar sarakunan Saxon (waɗanda dukansu ne masu zaɓen sarauta na Saxony a lokaci ɗaya) sun rushe ta hanyar ƴan takarar kujerar sarauta kuma sun shaida ƙara wargaza Commonwealth.Haɗin kai tsakanin Commonwealth da masu zaɓe na Saxony sun haifar da bullar wani yunkuri na kawo sauyi a cikin Commonwealth da farkon al'adun Wayar da Kan Poland, manyan ci gaba mai kyau na wannan zamanin.

Babban Yakin Arewa (1700-1721) ya kasance rikici ne inda kawancen da Tsardom na Rasha ya jagoranta ya yi nasarar gwagwarmayar daular daular Sweden a Arewa, Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai.Wannan lokacin ana ganin wannan lokacin a matsayin husufin wucin gadi, mai yiwuwa shi ne mummunan rauni wanda ya kawo rugujewar tsarin siyasar Poland.An naɗa Stanisław Leszczyński a matsayin sarki a shekara ta 1704 a ƙarƙashin kariyar Sweden, amma ya ɗauki shekaru kaɗan kawai.Sejm na Silent na 1717 ya nuna farkon kasancewar Commonwealth a matsayin mai ba da kariya ta Rasha: Tsardom zai ba da garantin kawo sauyi mai kawo cikas ga 'yancin cin gashin kai na masu sarauta daga wancan lokacin don tabbatar da ikon tsakiya na Commonwealth da kuma yanayin rashin ƙarfi na siyasa na dindindin. .A cikin tsagaita bude wuta tare da al'adun jure wa addini, an kashe Furotesta a lokacin Tumult Thorn a shekara ta 1724. A 1732, Rasha, Ostiriya da Prussia, maƙwabta uku masu ƙarfi da makirci na Poland, sun shiga yarjejeniyar sirri ta Black Eagles uku tare da niyyar sarrafa sarautar nan gaba a cikin Commonwealth.

Yakin samun nasara a Poland ya kasance babban rikici na Turai wanda ya haifar da yakin basasa na Poland a kan gadon Augustus na biyu na Poland, wanda sauran kasashen Turai suka fadada don biyan bukatun kansu.Faransa daSpain , masu ikon Bourbon guda biyu, sun yi ƙoƙarin gwada ikon Habsburgs na Austriya a Yammacin Turai, kamar yadda Masarautar Prussia ta yi, yayin da Saxony da Rasha suka yi gangami don tallafawa wanda ya yi nasara a Poland.Yakin da aka yi a Poland ya haifar da hawan Augustus na uku, wanda baya ga Rasha da Saxony, Habsburgs ke goyon bayan siyasa.Manyan yaƙin neman zaɓe na soja da yaƙe-yaƙe sun faru ne a wajen ƙasar Poland.Bourbons, wanda Charles Emmanuel III na Sardinia ya goyi bayan, sun yi yaƙi da yankunan Habsburg keɓe.A cikin Rhineland, Faransa ta sami nasarar karbe Duchy na Lorraine, kuma a Italiya, Spain ta sake samun iko a kan masarautun Naples da Sicily da aka yi asara a Yaƙin Mulkin Sipaniya, yayin da ribar yankuna a arewacin Italiya ta iyakance duk da yakin basasa.Rashin son Biritaniya na goyon bayan Habsburg Ostiriya ya nuna rashin lafiyar Anglo-Austrian Alliance.Ko da yake an sami zaman lafiya na farko a shekara ta 1735, amma yaƙin ya ƙare da yarjejeniyar Vienna (1738), inda aka tabbatar da Augustus III a matsayin sarkin Poland kuma abokin hamayyarsa Stanislaus na I an ba shi Duchy na Lorraine da Duchy na Bar, sa'an nan. biyu fiefs na Mai Tsarki Roman Empire .Francis Stephen, Duke na Lorraine, an bai wa Grand Duchy na Tuscany diyya don asarar Lorraine.Duchy na Parma ya tafi Austria yayin da Charles na Parma ya ɗauki rawanin Naples da Sicily.Yawancin ribar da aka samu a yankin sun kasance suna goyon bayan Bourbons, saboda Duchies na Lorraine da Bar sun tafi daga zama fiefs na Daular Roman Mai Tsarki zuwa na Faransa, yayin da Bourbons na Spain suka sami sabbin masarautu guda biyu a cikin nau'in Naples da Sicily.Habsburgs na Austriya, a nasu bangaren, sun karɓi duchies biyu na Italiya a madadin, kodayake ba da daɗewa ba Parma za ta koma cikin ikon Bourbon.Habsburgs za su rike Tuscany har zuwa zamanin Napoleonic.Yakin ya zama bala'i ga 'yancin kai na Poland, kuma ya sake tabbatar da cewa sauran manyan kasashen Turai za su kula da harkokin Commonwealth-Lithuania Commonwealth, ciki har da zaben Sarkin da kansa.Bayan Agusta na III, za a sami ƙarin sarki ɗaya na Poland, Stanislas II Agusta, shi kansa ɗan tsana na Rasha, kuma a ƙarshe Poland za ta raba ta da makwabta kuma ta daina kasancewa a matsayin ƙasa mai iko a ƙarshen karni na 18. .Poland kuma ta mika wuya ga Livonia da ikon kai tsaye kan Duchy na Courland da Semigallia, wanda, duk da cewa ya kasance dan asalin Poland, ba a haɗa shi cikin Poland daidai ba kuma ya zo ƙarƙashin tasirin Rasha mai ƙarfi wanda kawai ya ƙare tare da faduwar Daular Rasha a 1917.

A cikin ƙarshen karni na 18th, an yi ƙoƙarin yin gyare-gyare na asali na cikin gida a cikin Yaren mutanen Poland-Lithuanian Commonwealth yayin da ta zame cikin rugujewa.Ayyukan gyare-gyaren, wanda ƙungiyar dangin Czartoryski mai girma da aka sani da Familia suka haɓaka da farko, ya haifar da martani mai ƙiyayya da martani na soja daga maƙwabta, amma ya haifar da yanayi wanda ya inganta haɓakar tattalin arziki.Babban birni mafi yawan jama'a, babban birnin Warsaw, ya maye gurbin Danzig (Gdańsk) a matsayin babbar cibiyar kasuwanci, kuma mahimmancin azuzuwan zamantakewar birane masu wadata ya karu.Shekarun baya-bayan nan na wanzuwar Commonwealth masu zaman kansu sun kasance suna da yunƙurin kawo sauyi da ci gaba mai nisa a fagagen ilimi, rayuwar tunani, fasaha da juyin halitta na tsarin zamantakewa da siyasa.Zaɓen sarauta na shekara ta 1764 ya haifar da ɗaukaka Stanisław August Poniatowski, ƙwararrun ƙwararru mai ladabi da haɗin kai da dangin Czartoryski, amma Empress Catherine Babba ta Rasha ta zaɓe ta da hannu, wanda ya sa ran zai zama mabiyinta na biyayya.Stanisław August ya mulki kasar Poland-Lithuania har zuwa wargajewarta a shekara ta 1795. Sarkin ya shafe mulkinsa a tsaka mai wuya tsakanin sha'awarsa ta aiwatar da sauye-sauyen da suka wajaba don ceto jihar da ta gaza da kuma fahimtar wajabcin ci gaba da kulla alaka da masu daukar nauyin Rasha.Bayan kawar da Bar Confederation ( tawaye na manyan mutane da aka yi wa rinjayar Rasha), an raba sassan Commonwealth tsakanin Prussia, Austria da Rasha a cikin 1772 a sakamakon Frederick Great na Prussia, wani aikin da aka sani da sunan Bangaren Farko na Poland: An kwace manyan lardunan Commonwealth ta hanyar yarjejeniya tsakanin kasashe uku masu karfi na kasar kuma wata kasa ce kawai ta rage.

Kashi na Farko na Poland ya faru ne a cikin 1772 a matsayin farkon kashi uku wanda daga ƙarshe ya kawo ƙarshen wanzuwar Tarayyar Poland-Lithuania ta 1795. Girman iko a cikin Daular Rasha ya yi barazana ga Masarautar Prussia da masarautar Habsburg (Mulkin Galicia). da Lodomeria da Masarautar Hungary) kuma shine babban dalilin da ya haifar da Kashi na Farko.Frederick the Great, Sarkin Prussia, ya ƙera ɓangaren don hana Austria, wanda ke kishin nasarar Rasha a kan Daular Ottoman , daga zuwa yaƙi.An raba yankuna a Poland da maƙwabta masu ƙarfi (Austria, Rasha da Prussia) don maido da daidaiton ikon yanki a tsakiyar Turai tsakanin waɗannan ƙasashe uku.Tare da Poland ba za ta iya kare kanta da kyau ba kuma sojojin kasashen waje sun riga sun shiga cikin kasar, Sejm na Poland ya amince da bangare a cikin 1773 a lokacin Partition Sejm, wanda kasashe uku suka kira shi.

Sashe na biyu na 1793 na Poland shine na biyu na ɓangarori uku (ko haɗin kai) wanda ya kawo ƙarshen wanzuwar Tarayyar Poland-Lithuania ta 1795. Bangaren na biyu ya faru ne bayan Yaƙin Poland-Rasha na 1792 da Ƙungiyar Targowica ta Tarayyar Turai. 1792, kuma masu cin gajiyar yankunanta sun amince da shi, daular Rasha da Masarautar Prussia.Majalisar Dokokin Poland da aka tilastawa (Sejm) ta amince da rabon a cikin 1793 (duba Grodno Sejm) a cikin ɗan gajeren yunƙuri na hana makawa cikakken mamaye Poland, Partition na Uku.

Abubuwan da suka faru na baya-bayan nan sun tayar da hankali, ba da jimawa ba masu gyara na Poland sun yi aiki a shirye-shiryen tayar da kayar baya na ƙasa.Tadeusz Kościuszko, sanannen janar kuma jigo ne na juyin juya halin Amurka , an zaɓi shi a matsayin jagoransa.Ya dawo daga ƙasashen waje kuma ya ba da sanarwar Kościuszko a Kraków a ranar 24 ga Maris, 1794. Ya yi kira da a yi boren ƙasa a ƙarƙashin ikonsa mafi girma.Kościuszko ya 'yantar da manoma da yawa domin ya sanya su a matsayin kosynierzy a cikin sojojinsa, amma tashin hankalin da aka yi fama da shi, duk da goyon bayan da ake samu na kasa, ya kasa samar da taimakon kasashen waje da ake bukata don nasararsa.A ƙarshe, sojojin haɗin gwiwar Rasha da Prussia sun murkushe shi, tare da kama Warsaw a cikin Nuwamba 1794 bayan yakin Praga.A cikin 1795, Rasha, Prussia da Ostiryia sun yi wani bangare na uku na Poland a matsayin yanki na ƙarshe wanda ya haifar da rushewar Tarayyar Poland-Lithuanian Commonwealth.An kai Sarki Stanisław August Poniatowski zuwa Grodno, aka tilasta masa yin murabus, kuma ya yi ritaya zuwa Saint Petersburg.Tadeusz Kościuszko, wanda aka daure da farko, an ba shi damar yin hijira zuwa Amurka a 1796.Martanin jagorancin Poland zuwa kashi na ƙarshe shine batun muhawarar tarihi.Masana adabi sun gano cewa babban abin da ya fi jin daɗi a cikin shekaru goma na farko shi ne rashin bege wanda ya haifar da hamada mai ɗabi'a da tashe-tashen hankula da cin amanar kasa ke mulki.A gefe guda kuma, masana tarihi sun nemi alamun tsayin daka ga mulkin kasashen waje.Ban da waɗanda suka tafi gudun hijira, manyan mutane sun yi rantsuwar aminci ga sababbin shugabanninsu kuma sun yi aiki a matsayin hafsoshi a rundunarsu.

Ko da yake babu wata ƙasa ta Poland da ta kasance tsakanin 1795 zuwa 1918, ra'ayin 'yancin kai na Poland ya kasance mai rai a cikin karni na 19.An yi tashe-tashen hankula da sauran ayyukan makami da aka yi wa masu ra'ayin raba kasa.Ƙoƙarin soji bayan ɓangarorin ya fara samo asali ne bisa ƙawance na ƴan gudun hijirar Poland da Faransa bayan juyin-juya hali.Jan Henryk Dąbrowski na Polish Legions sun yi yaƙi a yakin Faransa a wajen Poland tsakanin 1797 zuwa 1802 da fatan cewa shigar da gudummawar da suka bayar za a sami lada tare da 'yantar da ƙasarsu ta Poland.Jozef Wybicki ya rubuta waƙar ƙasar Poland, "Ba a Rasa Poland tukuna", ko "Dąbrowski's Mazurka", don yabon ayyukansa a cikin 1797.Duchy na Warsaw, ƙaramar ƙasar Poland ce mai cin gashin kanta, Napoleon ne ya ƙirƙira a cikin 1807 bayan shan kayen da ya yi a Prussia da rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin Tilsit tare da Sarkin sarakuna Alexander I na Rasha.Sojojin Duchy na Warsaw, karkashin jagorancin Józef Poniatowski, sun shiga yakin neman zabe da yawa a cikin kawance da Faransa, ciki har da yakin Austro-Polish mai nasara na 1809, wanda, hade da sakamakon sauran gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na Yaƙin Haɗin Kan Biyar , ya haifar da hakan. a cikin wani fadada na duchy ta yankin.Mamayewar Faransawa na Rasha a cikin 1812 da Yaƙin Jamusanci na 1813 sun ga ayyukan soja na ƙarshe na duchy.Kundin tsarin mulki na Duchy na Warsaw ya soke saɓo a matsayin abin da ke nuni da manufofin juyin juya halin Faransa , amma bai inganta sake fasalin ƙasa ba.

Bayan da Napoleon ya sha kashi , an kafa wani sabon tsari na Turai a Majalisar Vienna, wanda ya hadu a cikin shekaru 1814 da 1815. Adam Jerzy Czartoryski, tsohon abokin tarayya na Sarkin sarakuna Alexander I, ya zama babban mai ba da shawara ga harkokin kasa na Poland.Majalisar ta aiwatar da wani sabon tsarin rabo, wanda ya yi la'akari da wasu nasarorin da Poles suka samu a lokacin Napoleon.An maye gurbin Duchy na Warsaw a cikin 1815 tare da sabuwar Mulkin Poland, wanda ba a san shi da sunan Congress Poland ba.Ragowar daular Poland ta kasance tare da daular Rasha a cikin wata ƙungiya ta sirri a ƙarƙashin sarkin Rasha kuma an yarda da tsarin mulkinta da na soja.Gabashin masarauta, manyan yankuna na tsohuwar Yaren mutanen Poland-Lithuania Commonwealth sun kasance sun kasance cikin daular Rasha kai tsaye a matsayin Yankin Yamma.Waɗannan yankuna, tare da Congress Poland, ana ɗaukar su gabaɗaya don samar da Bangaren Rasha.Rasha, Prussian, da Ostiriya "bangarorin" sunaye ne na yau da kullun don ƙasashen tsohuwar Commonwealth, ba ainihin rukunin gudanarwa na yankunan Yaren mutanen Poland-Lithuania ba bayan rarrabuwa.Bangaren Prussian ya haɗa da wani yanki da aka ware azaman Grand Duchy na Posen.Makiyaya a karkashin gwamnatin Prussian sun kasance a hankali suna ba da ikon mallaka a ƙarƙashin gyare-gyare na 1811 da 1823. Ƙayyadaddun gyare-gyare na doka a cikin Ƙungiyoyin Australiya sun mamaye ta da talauci na karkara.Birnin Cracow 'Yanci wata karamar jamhuriya ce da Majalisar Vienna ta kirkira a karkashin kulawar hadin gwiwa na ikon raba kasa guda uku.Duk da rashin fahimta daga yanayin siyasar 'yan kishin kasar Poland, an samu ci gaban tattalin arziki a kasashen da kasashen ketare suka karbe saboda lokacin da majalisar dokokin Vienna ta samu gagarumin ci gaba wajen gina masana'antu na farko.

Manufofin da suka ƙara dagula manufofin rarrabuwar kawuna sun haifar da yunƙurin juriya a ƙasar Poland, kuma a shekara ta 1830 'yan kishin ƙasar Poland suka tayar da tashin hankalin Nuwamba.Wannan tawaye ya ci gaba da zama cikakken yaki da kasar Rasha, amma shugabancin ya samu karbuwa daga hannun masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na Poland wadanda ba su son kalubalantar daular tare da nuna adawa da fadada tushen zamantakewar 'yancin kai ta hanyar matakai kamar gyaran ƙasa.Duk da gagarumin albarkatun da aka tattara, jerin kurakurai da wasu manyan kwamandojin da suka nada da gwamnatin Poland ta masu tayar da kayar baya suka haifar da shan kashi da sojojin Rasha suka yi a 1831. Majalisa Poland ta rasa kundin tsarin mulki da soja, amma a hukumance ta kasance wani tsarin gudanarwa na daban. naúrar a cikin daular Rasha.Bayan shan kaye da aka yi a watan Nuwamba, dubban tsaffin mayakan Poland da sauran masu fafutuka sun yi hijira zuwa yammacin Turai.Wannan al'amari, wanda aka sani da Babban ƙaura, ba da daɗewa ba ya mamaye rayuwar siyasa da tunani na Poland.Tare da shugabannin ƙungiyoyin 'yancin kai, al'ummar Poland a ƙasashen waje sun haɗa da mafi kyawun wallafe-wallafen Poland da masu fasaha, ciki har da mawaƙa na Romantic Adam Mickiewicz, Juliusz Słowacki, Cyprian Norwid, da kuma mawaki Frédéric Chopin.A cikin Poland da aka mamaye da kuma danniya, wasu sun nemi ci gaba ta hanyar gwagwarmayar rashin tashin hankali da ke mayar da hankali kan ilimi da tattalin arziki, wanda aka sani da aikin kwayoyin;wasu kuma tare da hadin gwiwar ’yan gudun hijirar, sun shirya makirci da kuma shirye-shiryen tayar da makamai na gaba.

Babban ƙaura shine ƙaura na dubban Poles da Lithuanians, musamman daga ƴan siyasa da al'adu, daga 1831 zuwa 1870, bayan gazawar tashin hankalin Nuwamba na 1830-1831 da sauran tashe-tashen hankula irin su tashin hankalin Kraków na 1846 da Tashin Janairu na 1863-1864.Hijirar ta shafi kusan baki dayan jiga-jigan siyasa a majalisar dokokin Poland.’Yan gudun hijirar sun haɗa da masu fasaha, sojoji da jami’an tawaye, membobin Sejm na Congress Poland na 1830-1831 da fursunonin yaƙi da yawa waɗanda suka tsere daga zaman talala.

Tashin hankalin kasa da aka shirya bai cimma ruwa ba saboda hukumomin da ke cikin sassan sun gano shirye-shirye a asirce.Tashin hankalin mafi girma na Poland ya ƙare a cikin fiasco a farkon 1846. A cikin tashin Kraków na Fabrairu 1846, aikin kishin ƙasa ya haɗu tare da buƙatun juyin juya hali, amma sakamakon shine shigar da Birnin Cracow na Free a cikin Ƙungiyar Austrian.Jami'an Austriya sun yi amfani da rashin jin daɗi na ƙauyen tare da ingiza mazauna ƙauyen a kan ƙungiyoyin masu tayar da kayar baya.Wannan ya haifar da kisan gillar Galician na 1846, babban tawaye na serfs na neman taimako daga yanayin bayan-feudal na aiki na wajibi kamar yadda ake yi a cikin folwarks.Tashin hankalin ya 'yantar da mutane da yawa daga kangin da kuma gaggauta yanke shawarar da ta kai ga kawar da mulkin mallaka na Poland a cikin daular Austriya a shekara ta 1848. Ba da daɗewa ba wani sabon salon shigar Poland cikin ƙungiyoyin juyin juya hali ya faru a cikin ɓangarori da sauran sassa na Turai a cikin mahallin . Juyin juya halin bazara na 1848 (misali kasancewar Józef Bem a cikin juyin juya hali a Austria da Hungary).Juyin Juyin Juya Halin 1848 na Jamus ya haifar da tashin hankalin Babban Poland na 1848, wanda manoma a cikin Prussian Partition, waɗanda a lokacin suna da ikon mallaka, sun taka muhimmiyar rawa.

Rashin gazawar tashin hankalin Janairu a Poland ya haifar da mummunan rauni na tunani kuma ya zama ruwan sha mai tarihi;lalle ne, shi ya haifar da ci gaban zamani na kishin kasa na Poland.Poles, waɗanda aka yiwa a cikin yankuna a ƙarƙashin gwamnatocin Rasha da Prussian don har yanzu tsauraran iko da ƙara tsanantawa, sun nemi kiyaye asalinsu ta hanyoyin da ba na tashin hankali ba.Bayan boren, Congress Poland aka rage a hukumance amfani daga "Mulkin Poland" zuwa "Vistula Land" da kuma an fi shiga cikin Rasha daidai, amma ba gaba daya shafe.An sanya harsunan Rasha da Jamus a duk hanyoyin sadarwa na jama’a, kuma Cocin Katolika bai tsira daga zalunci mai tsanani ba.Ilimin jama'a yana ƙara fuskantar Russification da matakan Jamusanci.An rage jahilci, mafi inganci a cikin ɓangaren Prussian, amma ilimi a cikin harshen Poland an kiyaye shi ta hanyar ƙoƙarin da ba na hukuma ba.Gwamnatin Prussian ta bi Jamusanci, ciki har da sayan filaye mallakar Poland.A gefe guda kuma, yankin Galicia (yammacin Ukraine da kudancin Poland) sun sami kwanciyar hankali a hankali na manufofin masu mulki har ma da farfaɗowar al'adun Poland.Ta fuskar tattalin arziki da koma baya a cikin al'umma, ya kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin mafi ƙanƙanta na Masarautar Austro-Hungary kuma daga 1867 an ƙara ba da izinin ikon cin gashin kai.Stańczycy, ƙungiyar masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na Poland mai goyon bayan Ostiriya wanda manyan masu mallakar filaye ke jagoranta, sun mamaye gwamnatin Galici.An kafa Cibiyar Koyon Yaren mutanen Poland (wata makarantar kimiyya) a Kraków a cikin 1872.Ayyukan zamantakewa da ake kira "aiki na yau da kullum" sun ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi masu taimakon kansu waɗanda ke inganta ci gaban tattalin arziki da kuma aiki akan inganta haɓakar kasuwancin Poland, masana'antu, noma ko wasu.An tattauna tare da aiwatar da sabbin hanyoyin kasuwanci na samar da mafi girman aiki ta hanyar ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci da ƙungiyoyin sha'awa na musamman, yayin da bankunan Poland da cibiyoyin hada-hadar kuɗi suka ba da lamuni na kasuwanci da suka dace.Wani babban yanki na ƙoƙari a cikin aikin kwayoyin halitta shine ilimi da haɓaka tunani na jama'a.An kafa dakunan karatu da dakunan karatu da yawa a ƙananan garuruwa da ƙauyuka, kuma littattafan da aka buga na lokaci-lokaci da yawa sun nuna karuwar sha'awar ilimi.Ƙungiyoyin kimiyya da ilimi sun yi aiki a cikin birane da yawa.Irin waɗannan ayyukan sun fi bayyana a cikin Prussian Partition.Positivism a Poland ya maye gurbin Romanticism a matsayin jagorar tunani, zamantakewa da wallafe-wallafe.Ya nuna akida da dabi'u na bourgeoisie na birni masu tasowa.Kusan 1890, azuzuwan birane a hankali sun yi watsi da ra'ayoyin masu fa'ida kuma suka shiga ƙarƙashin tasirin kishin ƙasa na Turai na zamani.

Juyin Juyin Juya Hali na 1905-1907 a Poland na Rasha, sakamakon shekaru masu yawa na rashin jin daɗi na siyasa da kuma tauye burin ƙasa, ya kasance alama ce ta hanyar siyasa, yajin aiki da tawaye.Tawayen ya kasance wani ɓangare na rikice-rikice da yawa a cikin daular Rasha da ke da alaƙa da juyin juya halin na 1905. A Poland, manyan ƴan juyin juya hali su ne Roman Dmowski da Józef Piłsudski.Dmowski yana da alaƙa da ƙungiyar masu ra'ayin kishin ƙasa ta dama, yayin da Piłsudski yana da alaƙa da Jam'iyyar Socialist ta Poland.Kamar yadda hukumomi suka sake kafa iko a cikin daular Rasha, tawaye a cikin Congress Poland, wanda aka sanya a karkashin dokar Martial, ya bushe kuma, a wani bangare sakamakon tsarist concessions a cikin yankunan na kasa da na ma'aikata, ciki har da wakilcin Poland a cikin sabon. Ya halitta Rasha Duma.Rushewar tawaye a ɓangaren Rasha, tare da ƙarfafa Jamusanci a cikin Prussian Partition, ya bar Ostiriya Galicia a matsayin yankin da aikin kishin Poland ya fi girma.A cikin ɓangaren Ostiriya, al'adun Poland an haɓaka su a fili, kuma a cikin Prussian Partition, akwai manyan matakan ilimi da matsayin rayuwa, amma ɓangaren Rasha ya kasance mai mahimmanci ga al'ummar Poland da burinta.Kimanin masu magana da harshen Poland miliyan 15.5 sun rayu a cikin yankuna da Poles ke da yawa: yammacin ɓangaren Rasha, ɓangaren Prussian da ɓangaren yammacin Austrian.Matsugunin kabilanci na Yaren mutanen Poland ya bazu kan wani babban yanki gaba zuwa gabas, gami da mafi girman maida hankali a yankin Vilnius, ya kai sama da kashi 20% na wannan adadin.Ƙungiyoyin ƴan sandan ƙasar Poland waɗanda suka karkata zuwa ga ƴancin kai, kamar ƙungiyar gwagwarmayar gwagwarmaya, an kafa su a cikin 1908-1914, galibi a Galicia.An raba 'yan sanda kuma jam'iyyun siyasarsu sun rabu a jajibirin yakin duniya na daya, tare da Dmowski's National Democracy (pro-Entente) da kuma Piłsudski's bangaren sun dauki matsayi na adawa.

Jamhuriyar Poland ta biyu, a lokacin da aka fi sani da Jamhuriyar Poland, kasa ce a Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai da ta wanzu tsakanin 1918 zuwa 1939. An kafa jihar a shekara ta 1918, bayan yakin duniya na farko .Jamhuriya ta biyu ta daina wanzuwa a cikin 1939, lokacin da Jamus ta mamaye Poland, Tarayyar Soviet da Jamhuriyar Slovakia, wanda ke nuna farkon wasan kwaikwayo na Turai na Yaƙin Duniya na biyu .Lokacin da, bayan rikice-rikicen yanki da yawa, an kammala iyakokin jihar a cikin 1922, maƙwabtan Poland sun kasance Czechoslovakia, Jamus, Garin Danzig, Lithuania, Latvia, Romania da Tarayyar Soviet.Ta sami damar zuwa Tekun Baltic ta ɗan gajeren rairayin bakin teku kowane gefen birnin Gdynia, wanda aka sani da Corridor na Poland.Tsakanin Maris da Agusta 1939, Poland kuma ta raba kan iyaka da lardin Hungarian na Subcarpathia na lokacin.Yanayin siyasa na jamhuriya ta biyu ya yi tasiri sosai a sakamakon yakin duniya na farko da tashe-tashen hankula da kasashe makwabta gami da bullowar 'yan Nazi a Jamus.Jumhuriya ta biyu ta kiyaye matsakaicin ci gaban tattalin arziki.Wuraren al'adu na interwar Poland - Warsaw, Kraków, Poznań, Wilno da Lwów - sun zama manyan biranen Turai da wuraren manyan jami'o'i na duniya da sauran cibiyoyin ilimi.

Bayan fiye da karni na mulkin kasashen waje, Poland ta sami 'yancin kai a karshen yakin duniya na daya a matsayin daya daga cikin sakamakon shawarwarin da aka yi a taron zaman lafiya na Paris na 1919. Yarjejeniyar Versailles da ta fito daga taron da aka kafa. al'ummar Poland mai cin gashin kanta tare da hanyar shiga teku, amma ta bar wasu iyakokinta don yanke shawara ta hanyar plebiscites.Sauran iyakoki an daidaita su ta hanyar yaki da yarjejeniyoyin da suka biyo baya.An gwabza yaƙe-yaƙe guda shida na kan iyaka a cikin 1918-1921, gami da rikicin iyakar Poland da Czechoslovakia kan Cieszyn Silesia a cikin Janairu 1919.Kamar yadda waɗannan rikice-rikicen kan iyaka suka kasance cikin damuwa, Yaƙin Poland-Soviet na 1919-1921 shine mafi mahimmancin jerin ayyukan soja na zamanin.Piłsudski ya yi nisa da zane-zane mai nisa na adawa da Rasha a Gabashin Turai, kuma a cikin 1919 sojojin Poland sun tura gabas zuwa Lithuania, Belarus da Ukraine ta hanyar cin gajiyar shagaltuwar Rasha da yakin basasa, amma ba da daɗewa ba suka fuskanci Soviet yamma. shekara ta 1918-1919.Yammacin Ukraine ya riga ya zama gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Yaƙin Poland-Ukrainian, wanda ya kawar da shelar Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Yammacin Yukren a cikin Yuli 1919. A cikin kaka na 1919, Piłsudski ya ƙi amincewa da roƙon gaggawa daga tsoffin ikon Entente don tallafawa motsin Anton Denikin's White a gaba. Moscow.Yaƙin Poland-Soviet ya fara daidai da harin Kiev na Poland a cikin Afrilu 1920. Tare da haɗin gwiwa da Hukumar Kula da Yukren ta Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Ukrain, sojojin Poland sun wuce Vilnius, Minsk da Kiev a watan Yuni.A wancan lokacin, wani gagarumin farmaki da Tarayyar Soviet ta kai ya kori Poles daga mafi yawan Ukraine.A bangaren arewa kuwa, sojojin Soviet sun isa wajen birnin Warsaw a farkon watan Agusta.Nasarar Soviet da saurin ƙarshen Poland ya zama kamar babu makawa.Koyaya, Poles sun sami nasara mai ban mamaki a Yaƙin Warsaw (1920).Bayan haka, ƙarin nasarorin sojan Poland ya biyo baya, kuma Soviets sun ja da baya.Sun bar yankunan da ke da yawan jama'a na Belarusians ko Ukrain zuwa mulkin Poland.Zaman lafiya na Riga ya kammala sabuwar iyakar gabas a cikin Maris 1921.Kama Piłsudski na Vilnius a cikin Oktoba 1920 ya kasance ƙusa a cikin akwatin gawa na tsohuwar dangantakar Lithuania-Poland da ta yi rauni sakamakon Yaƙin Poland-Lithuania na 1919-1920;Dukkan jihohin biyu za su ci gaba da yin gaba da juna har tsawon lokacin da ake tsaka da yakin.Amincin Riga ya zaunar da iyakar gabas ta hanyar adanawa Poland wani yanki mai mahimmanci na tsoffin yankuna na gabas na Commonwealth akan farashin raba filayen tsohon Grand Duchy na Lithuania (Lithuania da Belarus) da Ukraine.'Yan Ukrain sun ƙare ba tare da wata ƙasa ta kansu ba kuma sun ji cin amana da shirye-shiryen Riga;bacin ransu ya haifar da matsananciyar kishin kasa da kyamar Poland.Yankunan Kresy (ko kan iyaka) a gabas da suka ci nasara ta 1921 zasu zama tushen tsarin musanya da Soviets suka tsara kuma suka aiwatar a cikin 1943-1945, wanda a wancan lokacin ya rama jihar Poland da ta sake kunno kai ga kasashen gabas da suka rasa. Tarayyar Soviet tare da mamaye yankunan gabashin Jamus.Sakamakon nasarar yakin Poland-Soviet ya bai wa Poland fahimtar karfinta a matsayin karfin soja mai cin gashin kansa kuma ya karfafa gwiwar gwamnati da ta yi kokarin warware matsalolin kasa da kasa ta hanyar samar da mafita na bai-daya.Manufofin yanki da na kabilanci na lokacin tsaka-tsaki sun ba da gudummawa ga mummunan dangantaka da yawancin maƙwabtan Poland da rashin haɗin gwiwa tare da ƙarin cibiyoyin iko, musamman Faransa da Birtaniya.

A ranar 12 ga Mayun 1926, Piłsudski ya yi juyin mulki na Mayu, sojoji sun hambarar da gwamnatin farar hula da suka yi adawa da Shugaba Stanisław Wojciechowski da sojojin da ke biyayya ga halaltacciyar gwamnati.Daruruwa ne suka mutu a fadan ‘yan uwa.Piłsudski dai ya samu goyon bayan wasu bangarori na bangaren hagu wadanda suka tabbatar da nasarar juyin mulkin nasa ta hanyar dakile safarar jiragen kasa na sojojin gwamnati.Ya kuma samu goyon bayan manyan masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, matakin da ya bar jam'iyyar National Democrats ta dama a matsayin babbar hanyar zamantakewar jama'a daya tilo da ke adawa da kwace.Bayan juyin mulkin, da farko sabuwar gwamnatin ta mutunta tsarin majalisar dokokin kasar, amma sannu a hankali ta kara tsaurara matakan tsaro tare da yin watsi da kame-kame.A shekarar 1929 ne aka kafa kungiyar Centrole, gamayyar jam'iyyun hagu, kuma a shekarar 1930 ta yi kira da a kawar da mulkin kama-karya.A cikin 1930, an narkar da Sejm kuma an ɗaure wasu wakilai na adawa a kurkuku a Brest Fortress.An kama abokan hamayyar siyasa dubu biyar gabanin zaben majalisar dokokin Poland na 1930, wanda aka yi magudi don ba da mafi yawan kujeru ga kungiyar masu fafutukar neman hadin kai da gwamnati (BBWR).Tsarin mulkin Sanation mai mulki ("sanation" yana nufin nuna "warkarwa") wanda Piłsudski ya jagoranta har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1935 (kuma zai kasance a wurin har zuwa 1939) ya nuna juyin mulkin kama karya daga tsakiyar hagu zuwa ga kawancen masu ra'ayin mazan jiya.An ba wa cibiyoyi da jam’iyyun siyasa damar gudanar da ayyukansu, amma an yi amfani da tsarin zaben da aka yi, aka kuma yi wa wadanda ba su son ba da hadin kai cikin biyayya.Daga shekara ta 1930, an daure masu adawa da mulkin, da dama daga cikin masu ra'ayin hagu, kuma an yanke musu hukunci mai tsanani, kamar su Brest, ko kuma ana tsare su a gidan yarin Bereza Kartuska da makamantansu na fursunonin siyasa.Kimanin mutane dubu uku ne aka tsare ba tare da shari’a ba a lokuta daban-daban a sansanin ‘yan gudun hijira na Bereza tsakanin 1934 zuwa 1939. A shekara ta 1936, alal misali, an kai masu fafutuka 369 a wurin, ciki har da ’yan gurguzu na Poland 342.Mazauna masu tawaye sun tayar da tarzoma a 1932, 1933 da kuma yajin aikin manoma na 1937 a Poland.Sauran rikice-rikicen jama'a sun haifar da ma'aikatan masana'antu (misali abubuwan da suka faru na "Bloody Spring" na 1936), 'yan Ukraine masu kishin kasa da masu fafutuka na yunkurin Belarushiyanci.Dukansu sun zama makasudin sasantawa da 'yan sanda da sojoji marasa tausayi. Baya ga daukar nauyin danniya na siyasa, gwamnatin ta inganta dabi'ar Józef Piłsudski wanda ya riga ya wanzu tun kafin ya zama mulkin kama-karya.Piłsudski ya rattaba hannu kan yerjejeniyar ba da cin zarafi na Soviet-Polish a 1932 da kuma sanarwar Jamus da Poland na rashin cin zarafi a 1934, amma a 1933 ya nace cewa babu wata barazana daga Gabas ko Yamma kuma ya ce siyasar Poland ta mayar da hankali ga zama cikakke. masu zaman kansu ba tare da biyan bukatun kasashen waje ba.Ya ƙaddamar da manufar kiyaye nisa daidai da daidaitaccen hanya ta tsakiya game da manyan maƙwabta biyu, daga baya Józef Beck ya ci gaba.Piłsudski ya ci gaba da kula da sojojin, amma ba su da kayan aiki, ba a horar da su sosai kuma ba su da shiri sosai don yiwuwar rikici a nan gaba.Shirin yaƙin da ya yi kawai shi ne yaƙin karewa da mamayewar Soviet. Jinkirin zamani bayan mutuwar Piłsudski ya ragu sosai a bayan ci gaban da makwabtan Poland suka yi da matakan kare iyakar yamma, wanda Piłsudski ya dakatar daga 1926, ba a aiwatar da shi ba sai Maris 1939.Lokacin da Marshal Piłsudski ya mutu a shekara ta 1935, ya ci gaba da samun goyon bayan manyan sassan al’ummar Poland duk da cewa bai taɓa yin kasada don gwada shahararsa a zaɓe na gaskiya ba.Mulkinsa na kama-karya ne, amma a wancan lokacin Czechoslovakia ce kawai ta kasance ta dimokiradiyya a dukkan yankunan da ke makwabtaka da Poland.Masana tarihi sun dauki ra'ayoyi mabambanta game da ma'ana da sakamakon juyin mulkin da Piłsudski ya yi da kuma mulkinsa na kashin kansa da ya biyo baya.

A ranar 1 ga Satumba, 1939, Hitler ya ba da umarnin mamaye Poland, taron bude yakin duniya na biyu .Poland ta rattaba hannu kan kawancen sojan Ingila da Poland a kwanan nan a ranar 25 ga Agusta, kuma ta dade tana kawance da Faransa .Ba da daɗewa ba ƙasashen yamma biyu suka shelanta yaƙi a kan Jamus, amma sun kasance ba su da aiki sosai (lokacin da farkon rikicin ya zama sananne da sunan Phoney War) kuma ba su ba da taimako ga ƙasar da aka kai hari ba.Ƙungiyoyin Wehrmacht mafi girma a fasaha da lambobi sun ci gaba da sauri zuwa gabas kuma sun shiga cikin kisan fararen hula na Poland a duk yankin da aka mamaye.A ranar 17 ga Satumba, Soviet mamayewa na Poland ya fara.Tarayyar Soviet ta mamaye mafi yawan yankunan gabacin Poland da wasu ƴan tsiraru 'yan Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci suke zaune cikin sauri.Ƙungiyoyin biyu masu mamayewa sun raba ƙasar kamar yadda suka amince a cikin sirrin yarjejeniyar Molotov-Ribbentrop.Manyan jami'an gwamnatin Poland da babban hafsan soji sun tsere daga yankin yakin, inda suka isa gadar Romaniya a tsakiyar watan Satumba.Bayan shigar Soviet sun nemi mafaka a Romania.An raba Poland da Jamus ta mamaye daga shekara ta 1939 zuwa yankuna biyu: yankunan Poland da Jamus ta mamaye kai tsaye zuwa cikin Jamus Reich da yankunan da ke mulki a ƙarƙashin abin da ake kira Janar Janar na mamaya.Poles sun kafa wani yunkuri na juriya na karkashin kasa da kuma gwamnatin Poland-a gudun hijira wadda ta fara aiki aParis , sannan, daga Yuli 1940, a London.Dangantakar diflomasiyya tsakanin Poland da Tarayyar Soviet, wadda ta karye tun watan Satumba na shekarar 1939, ta koma ne a watan Yulin shekarar 1941 a karkashin yarjejeniyar Sikorski-Mayski, wadda ta taimaka wajen samar da sojojin Poland (Sojan Anders) a Tarayyar Soviet.A watan Nuwamban shekarar 1941, firaministan kasar Sikorski ya tashi zuwa Tarayyar Soviet domin tattaunawa da Stalin kan rawar da take takawa a fagen yakin Soviet da Jamus, amma Birtaniya na son sojojin Poland a Gabas ta Tsakiya.Stalin ya yarda, kuma aka kwashe sojojin a can.Ƙungiyoyin da suka kafa Ƙasar Ƙarƙashin Ƙasa ta Poland waɗanda ke aiki a Poland a duk lokacin yakin sun kasance masu aminci ga kuma bisa ka'ida a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Poland-ta gudun hijira, suna aiki ta hanyar Wakilin Gwamnati na Poland.A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, ɗaruruwan dubban Poles ne suka shiga cikin rundunar Sojojin cikin gida ta Poland (Armia Krajowa), wani ɓangare na Rundunar Sojin Poland na gwamnatin da ke gudun hijira.Kimanin 'yan sanda 200,000 ne suka yi yaki a Gabashin Yamma a cikin Sojojin Poland a Yamma masu biyayya ga gwamnatin da ke gudun hijira, da kuma kimanin 300,000 a cikin Sojojin Poland a Gabas karkashin umurnin Tarayyar Soviet a Gabashin Gabas.Ƙungiya mai goyon bayan Tarayyar Soviet a Poland, wadda Jam'iyyar Ma'aikata ta Poland ke jagoranta, ta fara aiki tun daga 1941. A hankali aka kafa sojojin ƙasa masu tsananin kishin ƙasa.Tun daga ƙarshen shekara ta 1939, an kwashe ɗaruruwan dubban Poles daga yankunan da Tarayyar Soviet ta mamaye kuma aka ɗauke su zuwa gabas.Daga cikin manyan jami'an soji da kuma wasu da ake ganin ba su da haɗin kai ko kuma za su iya cutar da Soviets, kimanin 22,000 ne suka kashe a asirce a kisan kiyashin Katyn.A watan Afrilun 1943, Tarayyar Soviet ta katse dangantakar da ke tsakaninta da gwamnatin Poland da ke gudun hijira bayan da sojojin Jamus suka sanar da gano manyan kaburbura da ke dauke da hafsoshin sojojin Poland da aka kashe.Soviets sun yi iƙirarin cewa Poles sun aikata wani mummunan aiki ta hanyar neman Red Cross ta bincika waɗannan rahotanni.Daga 1941, an fara aiwatar da Magani na ƙarshe na Nazi, kuma Holocaust a Poland ya ci gaba da karfi.Warsaw shine wurin tashin Warsaw Ghetto a cikin Afrilu-Mayu 1943, wanda ya haifar da rushewar Warsaw Ghetto daga rukunin SS na Jamus.An dai kawar da barayin Yahudawa a kasar Poland da Jamus ta mamaye a garuruwa da dama.Yayin da ake ci gaba da kawar da Yahudawan don a hallaka su, an yi tashe-tashen hankula da ba za a iya yiwuwa ba ta Ƙungiyar Yaƙin yahudawa da sauran ƴan tawayen Yahudawa.

A lokacin da ake kara samun hadin gwiwa tsakanin kasashen yamma da Tarayyar Soviet bayan mamayar Nazi a shekara ta 1941, tasirin gwamnatin Poland da ke gudun hijira ya ragu matuka sakamakon mutuwar firaminista Władysław Sikorski, shugabanta mafi ƙwazo. , a cikin wani hatsarin jirgin sama a ranar 4 ga Yuli 1943. A wannan lokacin, an kafa ƙungiyoyin farar hula na Poland-Communist da na soja masu adawa da gwamnati, karkashin jagorancin Wanda Wasilewska da goyon bayan Stalin, a cikin Tarayyar Soviet.A cikin Yuli 1944, Tarayyar Soviet Red Army da Soviet-sarrafawa Polish Army Army shiga cikin ƙasa na gaba postwar Poland.A cikin yakin da aka dade a 1944 da 1945, Soviets da abokansu na Poland sun ci nasara kuma sun kori sojojin Jamus daga Poland a kan asarar fiye da 600,000 sojojin Soviet.Babban aiki guda ɗaya na gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar Poland a yakin duniya na biyu kuma babban taron siyasa shine Tashin Warsaw wanda ya fara a ranar 1 ga Agustan 1944. Tashin hankalin, wanda yawancin mazauna birnin suka shiga, Sojojin Gida na karkashin kasa ne suka ingiza su kuma suka amince da su. da gwamnatin Poland da ke gudun hijira a wani yunƙuri na kafa gwamnatin Poland da ba ta gurguzu ba gabanin isowar rundunar soja ta Red Army.Tun da farko dai an shirya zanga-zangar ne a matsayin zanga-zangar dauke da makamai na dan gajeren lokaci da ake sa ran cewa sojojin Tarayyar Soviet da ke tunkarar Warsaw za su taimaka a duk wani yaki da za su kwace birnin.Soviets ba su taɓa yarda da shiga tsakani ba, duk da haka, sun dakatar da ci gaba a kogin Vistula.Jamusawan sun yi amfani da wannan damar wajen aiwatar da mugunyar murkushe dakarun da ke goyon bayan Poland ta karkashin kasa.An kwashe watanni biyu ana gwabza kazamin boren da ya yi sanadin mutuwa ko kuma korar dubban daruruwan fararen hula a birnin.Bayan da Poles da aka ci nasara suka mika wuya a ranar 2 ga Oktoba, Jamusawa sun yi shirin lalata Warsaw bisa umarnin Hitler wanda ya shafe sauran kayayyakin more rayuwa na birnin.Sojojin farko na Poland, suna yaƙi tare da Rundunar Sojan Soviet, sun shiga Warsaw mai lalacewa a ranar 17 ga Janairu 1945.

Bisa yarjejeniyar 1945 na Potsdam da manyan kasashe uku masu nasara suka rattabawa hannu, Tarayyar Soviet ta rike mafi yawan yankunan da aka kama sakamakon yarjejeniyar Molotov-Ribbentrop na 1939, ciki har da yammacin Ukraine da yammacin Belarus, kuma ta sami wasu.Poland an biya diyya tare da yawancin Silesia, ciki har da Breslau (Wrocław) da Grünberg (Zielona Góra), mafi yawan Pomerania, gami da Stettin (Szczecin), da babban yanki na Kudancin Gabashin Prussia, tare da Danzig (Gdańsk), ana jiran taron sulhu na ƙarshe da Jamus wanda a ƙarshe bai taɓa faruwa ba.Gamayyar hukumomin Poland ke kira da "Yankin da aka Kwato", an haɗa su a cikin ƙasar Poland da aka sake ginawa.Tare da shan kashin da Jamus ta sha Poland ta koma yamma dangane da wurin da ta ke kafin yaƙi wanda ya haifar da ƙasa mafi ƙanƙanta da samun damar shiga teku da yawa. Poles ɗin sun rasa kashi 70% na ƙarfin man da suke da shi kafin yaƙin Soviets, amma sun samu daga Jamusawa tushe ne na masana'antu da kayan more rayuwa wanda ya ba da damar tattalin arzikin masana'antu iri-iri a karon farko a tarihin Poland.Jirgin da korar Jamusawa daga yankin gabashin Jamus kafin yakin ya fara ne kafin da kuma lokacin da Tarayyar Soviet ta mamaye wadannan yankuna daga hannun 'yan Nazi, kuma wannan tsari ya ci gaba a cikin shekaru bayan yakin.An kori Jamusawa 8,030,000, korarsu, ko ƙaura zuwa 1950.Korar farko a Poland hukumomin gurguzu na Poland ne suka yi tun kafin taron Potsdam, don tabbatar da kafa Poland mai kama da kabila.Kimanin kashi 1% (100,000) na farar hular Jamus a gabashin layin Oder-Neisse sun halaka a yakin da aka yi kafin mika wuya a watan Mayun 1945, sannan wasu Jamusawa 200,000 a Poland aka yi aikin tilastawa kafin a kore su.Jamusawa da yawa sun mutu a sansanonin ƙwadago kamar sansanin ƙwadago na Zgoda da sansanin Potulice.Daga cikin Jamusawan da suka rage a cikin sabbin iyakokin Poland, da yawa daga baya sun zaɓi yin hijira zuwa Jamus bayan yaƙin.A gefe guda kuma, Poles na kabilanci miliyan 1.5-2 sun ƙaura ko kuma an kore su daga yankunan Poland da Tarayyar Soviet ta mamaye.An sake tsugunar da mafi yawansu a tsoffin yankunan Jamus.Akalla Poles miliyan ɗaya sun rage a cikin abin da ya zama Tarayyar Soviet, kuma aƙalla rabin miliyan sun ƙare a Yamma ko kuma wasu wurare a wajen Poland.Duk da haka, akasin sanarwar hukuma na cewa dole ne a kawar da tsoffin mazauna Jamus na yankunan da aka dawo da su cikin gaggawa don su zauna a Poles da Tarayyar Soviet ta raba da muhallansu, yankunan da aka dawo da su da farko sun fuskanci matsanancin ƙarancin al'umma.’Yan sanda da yawa da aka yi gudun hijira ba za su iya komawa ƙasar da suka yi yaƙi da ita ba domin suna cikin ƙungiyoyin siyasa da ba su dace da sababbin gwamnatocin gurguzu ba, ko kuma don sun samo asali ne daga yankunan gabashin Poland kafin yaƙin da aka haɗa cikin Tarayyar Soviet.An hana wasu daga dawowa kawai bisa karfin gargadin cewa duk wanda ya yi aikin soja a kasashen Yamma zai shiga cikin hadari.Hukumomin Soviet sun bi su, kama, azabtar da su da kuma tsare su da yawa saboda suna cikin Sojan Gida ko wasu nau'o'in, ko kuma an tsananta musu saboda sun yi yaki a yammacin Turai.Yankunan da ke bangarorin biyu na sabuwar iyakar Poland da Yukren suma an “tsarkake su ta kabilanci”.Daga cikin 'yan Ukrain da Lemkos da ke zaune a Poland a cikin sababbin iyakoki (kimanin 700,000), kusan 95% an tilasta musu komawa Soviet Ukraine, ko (a cikin 1947) zuwa sababbin yankuna a arewa da yammacin Poland a karkashin Operation Vistula.A Volhynia, 98% na yawan mutanen Poland kafin yakin ya kasance an kashe su ko kuma an kore su;a Gabashin Galicia, an rage yawan mutanen Poland da kashi 92%.A cewar Timothy D. Snyder, kimanin 'yan sanda 70,000 da kuma 'yan Ukraine kimanin 20,000 ne aka kashe a rikicin kabilanci da ya faru a shekarun 1940, a lokacin yakin da kuma bayan yakin.A cewar wani kiyasi da ɗan tarihi Jan Grabowski ya yi, kimanin 50,000 daga cikin Yahudawa 250,000 na Poland da suka tsere wa Nazis a lokacin da aka shafe ghettos sun tsira ba tare da barin Poland ba (sauran ya halaka).An sake dawo da ƙarin daga Tarayyar Soviet da sauran wurare, kuma ƙidayar jama'a a watan Fabrairun 1946 ta nuna kimanin Yahudawa 300,000 a cikin sabbin iyakokin Poland.A cikin Yahudawan da suka tsira, da yawa sun zaɓi yin hijira ko kuma sun ji cewa an tilasta musu yin hijira saboda tashin hankalin da yahudawa ke yi a Poland.Saboda sauye-sauyen iyakoki da yawan jama'a na ƙasashe daban-daban, Poland mai ra'ayin gurguzu mai tasowa ta ƙare da yawancin al'ummar Poland na kabilanci (97.6% bisa ga ƙidayar Disamba 1950).Ragowar ‘yan tsirarun ‘yan tsiraru ba su samu kwarin guiwa ba, daga hukumomi ko makwabtansu, su jaddada kabilancinsu.

Dangane da umarnin taron Yalta na Fabrairu na 1945, an kafa gwamnatin wucin gadi ta Poland ta Haɗin kai a cikin Yuni 1945 a ƙarƙashin ikon Soviet;Ba da daɗewa ba Amurka da sauran ƙasashe da yawa sun amince da shi.Mulkin Soviet ya bayyana tun daga farko, yayin da aka gabatar da fitattun jagororin Polan karkashin kasa a Moscow ("Trial of the goma sha shida" na Yuni 1945).A cikin shekarun baya bayan nan, ’yan adawa sun kalubalanci mulkin gurguzu da ya kunno kai, ciki har da na soja da ake kira “la’anannun soja”, wadanda dubbai daga cikinsu suka mutu a fafatawar da makamai ko kuma Ma’aikatar Tsaro ta Jama’a ta bi ta da kuma kashe su.Irin wadannan 'yan ta'adda sukan sanya begensu bisa tsammanin barkewar yakin duniya na uku da kuma shan kaye a Tarayyar Soviet .Ko da yake yarjejeniyar Yalta ta yi kira da a gudanar da zaɓe cikin 'yanci, amma 'yan gurguzu ne ke iko da zaɓen 'yan majalisar dokokin Poland na Janairu 1947.Wasu jiga-jigan dimokuradiyya da masu goyon bayan kasashen yamma, karkashin jagorancin Stanisław Mikołajczyk, tsohon firaminista a gudun hijira, sun shiga cikin gwamnatin wucin gadi da zabukan 1947, amma a karshe an kawar da su ta hanyar magudin zabe, tsoratarwa da tashin hankali.Bayan zabukan 1947, 'yan gurguzu sun matsa zuwa ga kawar da "dimokradiyyar jama'a" na jam'i bayan yakin da kuma maye gurbinsa da tsarin gurguzu na jiha.Jam'iyyar 'yan gurguzu mai rinjaye ta Democratic Bloc na zabukan 1947, ta zama Front of Unity Unity a 1952, ta zama tushen ikon gwamnati a hukumance.Gwamnatin Poland da ke gudun hijira, ba ta san duniya ba, ta ci gaba da kasancewa har zuwa 1990.An kafa Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Poland (Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa) a ƙarƙashin mulkin Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Poland United Workers' Party (PZPR).An kafa PZPR mai mulki ne ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar tilastawa a cikin Disamba 1948 na Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Ma'aikatan Poland (PPR) da Jam'iyyar Socialist ta Poland (PPS) wadda ba ta gurguzu ba ta tarihi.Shugaban PPR ya kasance jagoranta na lokacin yaƙi Władysław Gomułka, wanda a cikin 1947 ya ayyana "hanyar Poland zuwa gurguzu" kamar yadda aka yi niyya don dakile, maimakon kawar da, abubuwan jari-hujja.A cikin 1948 hukumomin Stalinist suka yi masa juyin mulki, cire shi kuma aka daure shi.PPS, wanda reshenta na hagu ya sake kafawa a cikin 1944, tun daga lokacin yana da alaƙa da 'yan gurguzu.'Yan gurguzu masu mulki, wadanda a bayan yakin Poland sun gwammace su yi amfani da kalmar "' gurguzu" maimakon "kwaminisanci" don gano tushen akidarsu, suna buƙatar haɗawa da ƙaramin abokin gurguzu don faɗaɗa roƙon su, da'awar haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin ɗan gurguzu da kuma kawar da gasa akan siyasa. HaguMasu ra'ayin gurguzu, wadanda suka rasa kungiyarsu, sun fuskanci matsin lamba na siyasa, tsaftace akida da tsarkakewa don zama masu dacewa da haɗin kai bisa sharuddan PPR.Manyan jagororin masu ra'ayin gurguzu na 'yan gurguzu sune Firayim Minista Edward Osóbka-Morawski da Józef Cyrankiewicz.A lokacin mafi girman lokaci na lokacin Stalinist (1948-1953), ta'addanci ya zama barata a Poland kamar yadda ya cancanta don kawar da juyin juya hali.Dubban dubban masu adawa da gwamnatin ne aka yi musu shari'a ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma an kashe adadi mai yawa.Jamhuriyyar Jama'ar ta kasance karkashin jagorancin wasu jiga-jigan Tarayyar Soviet da ba a amince da su ba kamar Bolesław Bierut, Jakub Berman da Konstantin Rokossovsky.An ƙwace Cocin Katolika mai zaman kanta a Poland daga 1949, kuma a shekara ta 1950 an matsa masa lamba don ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniya da gwamnati.A cikin 1953 kuma daga baya, duk da narkewar da aka yi bayan mutuwar Stalin a waccan shekarar, an tsananta tsananta wa Cocin kuma aka tsare shugabanta, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński.Babban abin da ya faru a cikin zalunci na Ikilisiyar Poland shine gwajin wasan kwaikwayo na Stalinist na Kraków Curia a cikin Janairu 1953.

A watan Maris na shekara ta 1956, bayan taro na 20 na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Tarayyar Soviet a birnin Moscow, aka kawo karshen Stalinization, an zabi Edward Ochab don maye gurbin marigayi Bolesław Bierut a matsayin sakataren farko na Jam'iyyar United Workers' Party ta Poland.Sakamakon haka, rashin kwanciyar hankali na zamantakewa da ayyukan kawo sauyi sun mamaye Poland da sauri;an saki dubban fursunonin siyasa kuma an yi wa mutane da dama da aka zalunta a baya a hukumance.An murkushe tarzomar ma'aikata a Poznań a watan Yunin 1956 da karfi, amma sun haifar da samar da 'yan canji a halin yanzu a cikin jam'iyyar gurguzu.A cikin ci gaba da tashe-tashen hankula na zamantakewa da na ƙasa, an ƙara girgizawa a cikin shugabancin jam'iyyar a matsayin wani ɓangare na abin da aka sani da Poland Oktoba na 1956. Yayin da yake riƙe mafi yawan manufofin gurguzu na tattalin arziki da zamantakewa, mulkin da Władysław Gomułka ya jagoranta, sabuwar na farko. sakataren PZPR, rayuwar cikin gida mai sassaucin ra'ayi a Poland.Dogaro da Tarayyar Soviet ya ɗan canza, kuma dangantakar jihar da Coci da masu fafutuka na Katolika an kafa sabon tushe.Yarjejeniyar komawa gida da Tarayyar Soviet ta ba da damar mayar da dubban daruruwan Poles da ke hannun Soviet, ciki har da da yawa tsoffin fursunonin siyasa.An yi watsi da ƙoƙarin tattarawa — ƙasar noma, ba kamar sauran ƙasashe na Comecon ba, ta kasance mafi yawan ɓangaren mallakar mallakar dangin manoma.Abubuwan da jihohi suka wajabta na kayayyakin aikin gona a ƙayyadaddun, an rage ƙarancin farashi, kuma daga 1972 an kawar da su.Zaben 'yan majalisa na 1957 ya biyo bayan shekaru da dama na kwanciyar hankali na siyasa wanda ya kasance tare da tabarbarewar tattalin arziki da dakile sauye-sauye da masu kawo sauyi.Ɗaya daga cikin yunƙurin ƙarshe na ɗan gajeren lokaci na sake fasalin shine yankin da ba shi da makaman nukiliya a tsakiyar Turai wanda Adam Rapacki, ministan harkokin wajen Poland ya gabatar a cikin 1957.Al'adu a Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Poland, zuwa matakai daban-daban masu alaka da adawar masu hankali ga tsarin mulkin kama karya, ya bunkasa zuwa wani matsayi mai zurfi a karkashin Gomułka da magajinsa.Sau da yawa tsarin ƙirƙira ya kasance mai rauni ta hanyar tantancewar jihohi, amma an ƙirƙiri manyan ayyuka a fannoni kamar wallafe-wallafe, wasan kwaikwayo, sinima da kiɗa, da sauransu.Aikin jarida na fahimtar lullubi da nau'ikan shahararrun al'adun ƴan ƙasa da na yamma sun sami wakilci sosai.An isar da bayanai da ayyukan da ba a tantance ba da ayyukan da'irar émigré ta hanyoyi daban-daban.Mujallar Kultura da ke birnin Paris ta samar da wani tsari mai ma'ana don tunkarar al'amurran kan iyakoki da makwabciyar Poland mai 'yanci a nan gaba, amma ga Talakawa Rediyon Free Turai na da matukar muhimmanci.

Halin 'yanci na bayan-1956, na raguwa na shekaru masu yawa, ya koma cikin Maris 1968, lokacin da aka dakatar da zanga-zangar dalibai a lokacin rikicin siyasar Poland na 1968.A wani bangare na motsi na Prague Spring, shugabannin 'yan adawa na Poland, masu ilimi, malamai da dalibai sun yi amfani da jerin abubuwan tarihi na Dziady na wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi a Warsaw a matsayin tushen zanga-zangar, wanda ba da daɗewa ba ya bazu zuwa wasu cibiyoyin ilimi mafi girma kuma ya juya cikin ƙasa.Hukumomin kasar dai sun mayar da martani ne da wani gagarumin mataki na murkushe ayyukan ‘yan adawa da suka hada da korar malaman jami’o’i da korar dalibai a jami’o’i da sauran cibiyoyin ilimi.A tsakiyar muhawarar kuma akwai ƙananan wakilai na Katolika a cikin Sejm ('yan kungiyar Znak) waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙari su kare daliban.A cikin wani jawabi da ya yi a hukumance, Gomułka ya ja hankali kan rawar da masu fafutukar yahudawa ke takawa a abubuwan da ke faruwa.Wannan ya ba da harsashi ga ƙungiyar gurguzu mai kishin ƙasa da ƙiyayya a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Mieczysław Moczar da ke adawa da shugabancin Gomułka.Ta yin amfani da yanayin nasarar soja da Isra’ila ta samu a Yaƙin kwanaki Shida na 1967, wasu a cikin jagororin gurguzu na Poland sun yi yaƙin nuna kyamar Yahudawa a kan ragowar al’ummar Yahudawa a Poland.An zargi wadanda aka kaiwa wannan kamfen din da rashin aminci da nuna tausayawa ga zaluncin Isra'ila.An yi musu lakabi da '''yan sahyoniya''' kuma an zarge su da laifin tashin hankalin da aka yi a watan Maris na 1968, wanda a karshe ya kai ga yin hijira na yawancin Yahudawan Poland da suka rage (kimanin 'yan kasar Poland 15,000 sun bar kasar).Tare da goyon bayan gwamnatin Gomułka, sojojin Yaren mutanen Poland sun shiga cikin mummunar mamayewar Warsaw Pact na Czechoslovakia a watan Agustan 1968, bayan an sanar da ka'idar Brezhnev ba bisa ka'ida ba.

Ƙaruwar farashin kayan masarufi masu mahimmanci ya haifar da zanga-zangar Poland na 1970. A cikin Disamba, an sami tarzoma da yajin aiki a biranen tashar jiragen ruwa na Tekun Baltic Gdańsk, Gdynia, da Szczecin wanda ya nuna rashin gamsuwa da yanayin rayuwa da aiki a ƙasar.Don farfado da tattalin arziki, daga 1971 gwamnatin Gierek ta gabatar da sauye-sauye masu yawa wadanda suka hada da manyan rancen kasashen waje.Wadannan ayyuka da farko sun haifar da ingantattun yanayi ga masu amfani, amma a cikin ƴan shekaru dabarun ya ci tura kuma tattalin arzikin ya tabarbare.Tarayyar Soviet ta zargi Edward Gierek da rashin bin shawararsu ta ‘yan’uwa, da rashin karfafa jam’iyyar gurguzu da kungiyoyin kwadago na hukuma da kuma kyale dakarun ‘yan gurguzu’ su fito.A ranar 5 ga Satumba 1980, Stanisław Kania ya maye gurbin Gierek a matsayin sakataren farko na PZPR.Wakilan kwamitocin ma'aikata na gaggawa daga ko'ina cikin Poland sun hallara a Gdańsk a ranar 17 ga Satumba kuma sun yanke shawarar kafa wata kungiya ta kasa guda daya mai suna "Solidarity".A cikin Fabrairun 1981, Ministan Tsaro Janar Wojciech Jaruzelski ya zama Firayim Minista.Dukansu Solidarity da jam'iyyar gurguzu sun rabu sosai kuma Soviets sun yi rashin haƙuri.An sake zaben Kania a Jam’iyyar Congress a watan Yuli, amma tabarbarewar tattalin arzikin ya ci gaba da tabarbarewar gaba daya.A taron farko na Solidarity National Congress a watan Satumba-Oktoba 1981 a Gdańsk, Lech Wałęsa aka zaba shugaban kungiyar na kasa da kashi 55% na kuri'un.An yi kira ga ma'aikatan sauran kasashen Gabashin Turai, inda aka bukace su da su bi tafarkin hadin kai.Ga Soviets, taron ya kasance "mai adawa da 'yan gurguzu da kuma anti-Soviet Orgy" kuma shugabannin gurguzu na Poland, da Jaruzelski da Janar Czesław Kiszczak suka jagoranta, sun kasance a shirye su yi amfani da karfi.A cikin Oktoba 1981, an nada Jaruzelski a matsayin sakataren farko na PZPR.Kuri'u na Plenum ya kasance 180 zuwa 4, kuma ya ci gaba da rike mukaman gwamnatinsa.Jaruzelski ya nemi majalisar dokokin kasar da ta haramta yajin aiki tare da ba shi damar yin amfani da iko na ban mamaki, amma lokacin da ba a amince da bukatarsa ​​ba, ya yanke shawarar ci gaba da shirye-shiryensa.

A ranar 12-13 ga Disamba 1981, gwamnatin kasar ta ayyana dokar ta-baci a kasar Poland, inda aka yi amfani da sojoji da 'yan sanda na musamman na ZOMO wajen murkushe hadin kai.Shugabannin Tarayyar Soviet sun nace cewa Jaruzelski ya kwantar da 'yan adawa tare da sojojin da ke hannunsa, ba tare da sa hannun Soviet ba.An kama ko an tsare kusan dukkan shugabannin kungiyar Solidarity da ’yan boko masu alaka da su.An kashe ma'aikata tara a yankin Pacific na Wujek.Amurka da sauran kasashen yammacin duniya sun mayar da martani ta hanyar kakabawa Poland da Tarayyar Soviet takunkumin tattalin arziki .An shawo kan tarzoma a kasar, amma ta ci gaba.Bayan samun wasu kamanni na kwanciyar hankali, gwamnatin Poland ta huta sannan ta soke dokar soja ta matakai da dama.A watan Disamba na 1982 an dakatar da dokar soja kuma an saki wasu ƙananan fursunonin siyasa, ciki har da Wałęsa.Kodayake dokar soja ta ƙare a hukumance a watan Yuli 1983 kuma an aiwatar da wani bangare na afuwa, ɗaruruwan fursunonin siyasa sun kasance a kurkuku.Jerzy Popiełuszko, sanannen limamin cocin hadin gwiwa, jami'an tsaro sun sace tare da kashe shi a watan Oktoban 1984.Ƙarin abubuwan da suka faru a Poland sun faru a lokaci guda tare da jagorancin masu neman sauyi na Mikhail Gorbachev a cikin Tarayyar Soviet (tsarin da aka sani da Glasnost da Perestroika).A watan Satumba na 1986, an ayyana afuwar gaba ɗaya kuma gwamnati ta saki kusan dukkan fursunonin siyasa.To sai dai kuma kasar ba ta da kwanciyar hankali, domin kokarin da gwamnatin ke yi na tsara al'umma tun daga sama har kasa ya ci tura, yayin da yunkurin 'yan adawa na samar da wata al'umma ta daban, shi ma bai yi nasara ba.Da matsalar tattalin arziki da ba a warware ta ba, kuma cibiyoyin al'umma sun lalace, duka masu mulki da 'yan adawa sun fara neman hanyoyin da za su fita daga kangin.Taimakawa ta hanyar tsaka mai wuya na Cocin Katolika, an kafa tuntuɓar bincike.Zanga-zangar dalibai ta sake komawa a watan Fabrairun 1988. Ci gaba da tabarbarewar tattalin arziki ya haifar da yajin aiki a fadin kasar a watan Afrilu, Mayu da Agusta.Tarayyar Soviet, da ta ƙara tabarbarewa, ba ta son yin amfani da sojoji ko wasu matsi don tayar da gwamnatocin ƙawance a cikin matsala.Gwamnatin Poland ta ji cewa dole ne ta yi shawarwari da 'yan adawa kuma a cikin watan Satumba na 1988 an fara tattaunawa ta farko da shugabannin kungiyar hadin kai a Magdalenka.Tarurruka da yawa da suka gudana sun haɗa da Wałęsa da Janar Kiszczak, da sauransu.Yarjejeniyar da ta dace da kuma cece-kuce a cikin jam’iyya ta kai ga gudanar da Tattaunawar Zagaye na hukuma a shekarar 1989, sannan zaben ‘yan majalisar dokokin Poland ya biyo baya a watan Yuni na waccan shekarar, lamarin da ke nuna faduwar gurguzu a Poland.

Yarjejeniyar Tebura ta Poland ta Afrilu 1989 ta yi kira ga ƙananan hukumomi, manufofin tabbatar da aikin yi, halatta ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago masu zaman kansu da sauye-sauye masu yawa.Kashi 35% na kujerun majalisar Sejm (majalissar dokoki ta kasa) da dukkan kujerun majalisar dattijai ne aka fafata cikin 'yanci;sauran kujerun Sejm (65%) an basu garanti ga 'yan gurguzu da abokansu.A ranar 19 ga watan Agusta, Shugaba Jaruzelski ya nemi dan jarida da mai fafutuka Tadeusz Mazowiecki da ya kafa gwamnati;a ranar 12 ga Satumba, Sejm ya kada kuri'ar amincewa da Firayim Minista Mazowiecki da majalisarsa.Mazowiecki ya yanke shawarar barin sake fasalin tattalin arziki gaba daya a hannun masu sassaucin ra'ayi na tattalin arziki karkashin jagorancin sabon mataimakin firaministan kasar Leszek Balcerowicz, wanda ya ci gaba da tsarawa da aiwatar da manufofinsa na "girgizawa".A karon farko a tarihin bayan yakin, Poland ta sami gwamnati karkashin jagorancin wadanda ba 'yan gurguzu ba, wanda ya kafa misali nan ba da jimawa ba wasu kasashen Gabashin Bloc za su bi su a wani al'amari da ake kira juyin juya halin 1989. Amincewar Mazowiecki na "layi mai kauri" dabarar tana nufin ba za a yi “farautar maita” ba, watau, rashin ɗaukar fansa ko keɓewa daga siyasa dangane da tsoffin jami’an gurguzu.A wani bangare saboda yunkurin kididdigar albashi, hauhawar farashin kayayyaki ya kai kashi 900 cikin 100 a karshen shekarar 1989, amma ba da dadewa ba aka magance ta ta hanyoyin tsattsauran ra'ayi.A cikin Disamba 1989, Sejm ya amince da Shirin Balcerowicz don canza tattalin arzikin Poland cikin sauri daga tsarin tsakiya zuwa tattalin arzikin kasuwa mai 'yanci.An yi wa kundin tsarin mulkin Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Poland kwaskwarima don kawar da nassoshi game da "jagoranci" na jam'iyyar gurguzu kuma aka mayar da ƙasar suna "Jamhuriyar Poland".Jam'iyyar 'yan gurguzu ta United Workers' Party ta rushe kanta a cikin Janairu 1990. A madadinta, an kafa sabuwar jam'iyya, Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland."Gwamnatin kai-da-kai", da aka soke a 1950, an kafa doka a cikin Maris 1990, wanda zaɓaɓɓun jami'ai za su jagoranci;Asalin sashinta shine gmina mai zaman kanta.A cikin Nuwamba 1990, Lech Wałęsa aka zaba shugaban kasa na shekaru biyar;a watan Disamba, ya zama zababben shugaban kasar Poland na farko da aka zaba.An gudanar da zaben 'yan majalisar dokoki na farko na Poland a watan Oktoba na shekarar 1991. Jam'iyyu 18 ne suka shiga sabon Sejm, amma wakilai mafi girma sun samu kashi 12% na kuri'un da aka kada.A cikin 1993, rukunin sojojin Arewacin Soviet na baya, wanda ke da nasaba da mulkin da ya gabata, ya bar Poland.Poland ta shiga kungiyar tsaro ta NATO a shekarar 1999. Tun daga lokacin ne wasu daga cikin sojojin Poland suka shiga yakin Iraki da yakin Afghanistan.Poland ta shiga Tarayyar Turai a matsayin wani ɓangare na haɓakarta a shekara ta 2004. Duk da haka, Poland ba ta amince da kudin Euro a matsayin kudinta ba, amma a maimakon haka tana amfani da zloty na Poland.A watan Oktoban 2019, jam'iyyar shari'a da adalci ta Poland (PiS) ta lashe zaben 'yan majalisar dokoki, tare da kiyaye rinjaye a majalisar wakilai.Na biyu shi ne centrist Civic Coalition (KO).Gwamnatin Firayim Minista Mateusz Morawiecki ta ci gaba.Duk da haka, an dauki shugaban PiS Jarosław Kaczyński a matsayin mafi karfin siyasa a Poland ko da yake ba memba na gwamnati ba.A cikin Yuli 2020, an sake zabar Shugaba Andrzej Duda, wanda PiS ke goyan bayansa.

An kafa Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Poland na yanzu a ranar 2 ga Afrilu 1997. Wanda aka fi sani da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Jamhuriyar Poland, ya maye gurbin karamin tsarin mulki na 1992, sigar karshe na kundin tsarin mulkin Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Poland, wanda aka sani daga Disamba 1989 a matsayin Tsarin Mulki na Jamhuriyar Poland.Shekaru biyar bayan 1992 an shafe su a cikin tattaunawa game da sabon hali na Poland.Ƙasar ta canza sosai tun 1952 lokacin da aka kafa Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Poland.An buƙaci sabon yarjejeniya kan yadda za a amince da ɓangarori masu banƙyama na tarihin Poland;rikidewa daga tsarin jam’iyya daya zuwa jam’iyyu da yawa da kuma daga gurguzu zuwa tsarin tattalin arzikin kasuwa mai ‘yanci;da haɓakar yawan jama'a tare da al'adun Roman Katolika na tarihi na Poland.Majalisar Dokokin Kasar Poland ta amince da ita a ranar 2 ga Afrilu 1997, ta amince da kuri’ar raba gardama ta kasa a ranar 25 ga Mayu 1997, wanda shugaban kasar ya gabatar a ranar 16 ga Yuli 1997, kuma ya fara aiki a ranar 17 ga Oktoba 1997. ayyukan tsarin mulki.A tarihi, mafi mahimmanci shine Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 3 ga Mayu 1791.

A ranar 10 ga Afrilun 2010, jirgin Tupolev Tu-154 da ke aiki da Jirgin sama na Sojojin Sama na Poland mai lamba 101 ya yi hadari a kusa da birnin Smolensk na kasar Rasha, inda ya kashe mutane 96 da ke cikinsa.Daga cikin wadanda abin ya shafa har da shugaban kasar Poland Lech Kaczyński, da matarsa ​​Maria, tsohuwar shugabar kasar Poland da ke gudun hijira, Ryszard Kaczorowski, babban hafsan hafsoshin Poland da wasu manyan hafsoshin sojan Poland, shugaban babban bankin kasa. Poland, jami'an gwamnatin Poland, 'yan majalisar dokokin Poland 18, manyan limaman cocin Poland, da dangin wadanda aka kashe a kisan kiyashin Katyn.Kungiyar ta taso ne daga birnin Warsaw domin halartar wani taron tunawa da cika shekaru 70 da kisan kiyashin da aka yi a kusa da Smolensk.Matukin jirgin na yunkurin sauka a filin jirgin saman Smolensk North - wani tsohon sansanin sojin sama - cikin hazo mai kauri, tare da rage ganuwa zuwa kusan mita 500 (1,600 ft).Jirgin ya yi nisa a kasa da hanyar da aka saba zuwa har sai da ya bugi bishiyu, ya yi birgima, ya juyo ya fado kasa, ya kwanta a wani yanki mai dazuka mai nisa kadan da titin jirgin.Duka binciken jami'an Rasha da na Poland sun gano babu wata matsala ta fasaha game da jirgin, kuma sun kammala da cewa ma'aikatan jirgin sun kasa gudanar da tsarin cikin aminci a yanayin da aka ba su.Hukumomin kasar Poland sun sami nakasu mai tsanani a cikin tsari da horar da rundunar sojojin sama da abin ya shafa, wanda daga baya aka wargaza.Wasu manyan jami'an sojan Poland da dama sun yi murabus sakamakon matsin lamba daga 'yan siyasa da kafafen yada labarai.