Tarihin Misira Tsarin lokaci

appendices

haruffa

bayanin kula

nassoshi


Tarihin Misira
History of Egypt ©HistoryMaps

6200 BCE - 2024

Tarihin Misira



Tarihi na Masar yana cike da albarkatu mai dorewa, wanda ke da yawa ga ƙasashe masu albarka da kogin Nilu ke ciyar da su da nasarorin da mazaunanta suka samu, da kuma tasirin waje.Sirri na zamanin da na Masar ya fara buɗewa tare da zayyana hiroglyphs na Masar, wani muhimmin ci gaba da aka samu ta hanyar gano Dutsen Rosetta.Kusan 3150 KZ, haɗin gwiwar siyasa na Sama da Ƙasar Masar ya haifar da farkon wayewar Masarawa, ƙarƙashin mulkin Sarki Narmer a lokacin daular Farko.Wannan lokacin mulkin ƴan asalin ƙasar Masar ya ci gaba har sai da daular Achaemenid ta ci nasara a karni na shida KZ.A cikin 332 KZ, Alexander the Great ya shiga Masar a lokacin yakinsa na hambarar da Daular Achaemenid , ya kafa Daular Macedonia na ɗan gajeren lokaci.Wannan zamanin ya ba da labarin hawan Hellenistic Ptolemaic Kingdom, wanda Ptolemy I Soter ya kafa a shekara ta 305 KZ, ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin janar na Alexander.Ptolemies sun yi fama da tashe-tashen hankula na asali kuma sun shiga cikin rikice-rikice na kasashen waje da na cikin gida, wanda ya haifar da raguwar masarautar a hankali da kuma shigar da shi cikin Daular Roma, bayan mutuwar Cleopatra.Mulkin Romawa a kan Masar, wanda ya haɗa da zamanin Byzantine, ya kasance daga 30 KZ zuwa 641 AZ, tare da ɗan gajeren lokaci na ikon daular Sasaniya daga 619 zuwa 629, wanda aka sani da Sasanian Masar.Bayan mamayar musulmi a Masar , yankin ya zama wani bangare na halifanci daban-daban da daulolin musulmi, wadanda suka hada da Halifancin Rashidun (632-661), Khalifan Umayyad (661-750), Khalifan Abbasid (750-935), Khalifan Fatimid (909-1171). ), Ayyubid Sultanate (1171-1260), daMamluk Sultanate (1250-1517).A cikin 1517, Daular Ottoman , karkashin Selim I, ta kama Alkahira, tare da haɗa Masar a cikin mulkinsu.Masar ta ci gaba da zama a karkashin mulkin Ottoman har zuwa 1805, sai dai lokacin da Faransa ta mamaye daga 1798 zuwa 1801. Tun daga 1867, Masar ta sami 'yancin cin gashin kai a matsayin Khedivate na Masar, amma an kafa ikon Birtaniya a 1882 bayan yakin Anglo-Masar.Bayan yakin duniya na daya da juyin juya halin Masar na 1919, Masarautar Masar ta bulla, duk da cewa Birtaniya tana da iko kan harkokin waje, tsaro, da sauran muhimman batutuwa.Wannan mamayar ta Biritaniya ta ci gaba har zuwa shekara ta 1954, lokacin da yarjejeniyar Anglo-Masar ta kai ga janyewar sojojin Birtaniya gaba daya daga mashigin Suez.A shekara ta 1953, aka kafa Jamhuriyar Masar ta zamani, kuma a cikin 1956, tare da cikakken kwashe sojojin Birtaniya daga mashigin Suez, Shugaba Gamal Abdel Nasser ya gabatar da gyare-gyare masu yawa kuma ya kafa Jamhuriyar Larabawa tare da Siriya a takaice.Jagorancin Nasser ya ƙunshi Yaƙin kwanaki Shida da kafa Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙira.Magajinsa, Anwar Sadat, wanda ya rike mukamin daga 1970 zuwa 1981, ya fice daga ka’idojin siyasa da tattalin arziki na Nasser, ya dawo da tsarin jam’iyyu da yawa, sannan ya kaddamar da manufofin tattalin arziki na Infitah.Sadat ya jagoranci Masar a yakin Yom Kippur na 1973, inda ya kwato yankin Sinai na Masar daga mamayar Isra'ila, wanda ya kai ga cimma yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tsakanin Masar da Isra'ila .An bayyana tarihin Masar na baya-bayan nan da abubuwan da suka faru bayan kusan shekaru talatin na mulkin Hosni Mubarak.Juyin juya halin Masar na 2011 ya kai ga kawar da Mubarak daga mulki tare da zaben Mohamed Morsi a matsayin zababben shugaban Masar na farko ta hanyar dimokuradiyya.Tashe-tashen hankula da rikice-rikicen da suka biyo bayan juyin juya halin 2011 ya haifar da juyin mulkin Masar a shekara ta 2013, da tsare Morsi, da kuma zaben Abdel Fattah al-Sisi a matsayin shugaban kasa a shekara ta 2014.
Predynastic Misira
Predynastic Misira ©Anonymous
6200 BCE Jan 1 - 3150 BCE

Predynastic Misira

Egypt
Prehistoric da Predynastic Masar, tun daga farkon mazaunin ɗan adam zuwa kusan 3100 KZ, alama ce ta canji zuwa Zamanin Daular Farko, wanda Fir'auna na farko ya fara, wanda wasu masana Masarautar Masar suka bayyana a matsayin Narmer da Hor-Aha da wasu, tare da Menes kuma yana kasancewa. mai yiwuwa sunan daya daga cikin wadannan sarakuna.Ƙarshen Predynastic Masar, wanda aka saba da shi tun daga 6200 KZ zuwa 3000 KZ, ya yi daidai da ƙarshen lokacin Naqada III.Duk da haka, ana muhawara game da ainihin ƙarshen wannan lokacin saboda sababbin binciken binciken archaeological da ke nuna ci gaba a hankali, wanda ya haifar da amfani da kalmomi kamar "lokacin Protodynastic," "Daular Zero," ko "Dynasty 0".[1]An rarraba zamanin Predynastic zuwa zamanin al'adu, mai suna bayan wuraren da aka fara samun takamaiman nau'ikan matsugunan Masarawa.Wannan lokacin, gami da zamanin Protodynastic, ana siffanta shi da haɓakawa a hankali, kuma “al’adu” dabam-dabam da aka gano ba ɓangarori ba ne amma rarrabuwa na ra’ayi da ke taimakawa nazarin wannan zamanin.Yawancin binciken binciken kayan tarihi na Predynastic yana cikin Upper Egypt.Hakan ya faru ne saboda ɓarkewar kogin Nilu ya fi yawa a yankin Delta, wanda ya binne wuraren Delta da yawa tun kafin zamani.[2]
3150 BCE - 332 BCE
Dynastic Misiraornament
Farkon Zamanin Dynastic na Masar
Narmer, wanda aka ambata tare da Menes, ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mai mulkin farko na haɗin kai na Masar. ©Imperium Dimitrios
3150 BCE Jan 1 00:01 - 2686 BCE

Farkon Zamanin Dynastic na Masar

Thinis, Gerga, Qesm Madinat Ge
Zamanin Farko na Dynastic na zamanin d Misira, bayan haɗewar Sama da Ƙarƙashin Masar a kusa da 3150 KZ, ya haɗa da Daular Farko da ta Biyu, tana dawwama har zuwa kusan 2686 KZ.[3] Wannan lokacin ya ga babban birnin ya tashi daga Thinis zuwa Memphis, kafa tsarin allah-sarki, da kuma ci gaban muhimman al'amuran wayewar Masar kamar fasaha, gine-gine, da addini.[4]Kafin 3600 KZ, Ƙungiyoyin Neolithic tare da Kogin Nilu sun mayar da hankali kan aikin noma da dabbobi.[5] Ci gaba cikin sauri a cikin wayewa ya biyo baya ba da daɗewa ba, [6] tare da sabbin abubuwa a cikin tukwane, yawan amfani da jan ƙarfe, da ɗaukar dabarun gine-gine kamar busasshen busasshen rana da baka.Wannan lokacin kuma ya nuna haɗewar Ƙasar Masar ta Sama da Ƙarƙashin Sarki Narmer, wanda aka kwatanta da kambi biyu kuma an kwatanta shi a cikin tatsuniyoyi a matsayin allan falcon-Horus mai cin nasara Set.[7] Wannan haɗewar ta kafa harsashin sarautar Allah da ke dawwama shekaru dubu uku.Narmer, wanda aka gano tare da Menes, ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mai mulkin farko na haɗaɗɗen Masar, tare da kayan tarihi da ke danganta shi da Masarautar Sama da Ƙasa.Sarakunan Daular Farko sun amince da mulkinsa a matsayin tushe.[8] Tasirin Masarawa ya wuce iyakarta, tare da ƙauyuka da kayan tarihi da aka samu a kudancin Kan'ana da ƙananan Nubia, wanda ke nuna ikon Masarawa a cikin waɗannan yankuna a lokacin zamanin Daular Farko.[9]Ayyukan jana'izar sun samo asali, tare da masu arziki suna gina mastabas, magabatan dala daga baya.Wataƙila haɗewar siyasa ta ɗauki ƙarni, tare da gundumomin gida sun kafa hanyoyin kasuwanci da kuma tsara ayyukan noma a mafi girma.Har ila yau, lokacin ya ga ci gaban tsarin rubuce-rubuce na Masar, yana fadada daga wasu alamomi zuwa fiye da 200 phonograms da akida.[10]
Tsohon Masarautar Masar
Tsohon Masarautar Masar ©Anonymous
2686 BCE Jan 1 - 2181 BCE

Tsohon Masarautar Masar

Mit Rahinah, Badrshein, Egypt
Tsohuwar Mulkin Masarawa ta dā, wadda ta yi kusan 2700-2200 KZ, an gane ta a matsayin "Zamanin Dala" ko "Zamanin Masu Gina Dala."Wannan zamanin, musamman a lokacin daular Hudu, ya sami gagarumin ci gaba a ginin dala, wanda manyan sarakuna irin su Sneferu, Khufu, Khafre, da Menkaure suka jagoranta, waɗanda ke da alhakin manyan dala a Giza.[11] Wannan lokacin ya nuna kololuwar wayewar Masar ta farko kuma shine farkon lokaci na "Mulkin" guda uku, wanda ya haɗa da Tsakiyar Tsakiya da Sabbin Sarautu, yana nuna alamar wayewa a cikin ƙananan kwarin Nilu.[12]Kalmar “Tsohuwar Mulki”, wanda Masanin ilimin Masar Baron von Bunsen ya yi a cikin 1845, [13] da farko ya bayyana ɗayan “zamanan zinare” uku na tarihin Masar.Bambance-bambancen Tsakanin Zamanin Daular Farko da Tsohuwar Mulkin ya samo asali ne akan juyin halittar gine-gine da tasirin sa na al'umma da tattalin arziki.Tsohuwar Mulkin, wacce aka fi sani da zamanin daga Daular Uku zuwa Daular Shida (2686-2181 KZ), an san shi da gine-ginen gine-ginen da ke da girma, tare da mafi yawan bayanan tarihi da aka samo daga waɗannan gine-gine da kuma rubutunsu.Daular Memphite ta bakwai da ta takwas suma masana Masarautar Masar sun haɗa su a matsayin wani ɓangare na Tsohuwar Mulki.Wannan lokacin yana da ƙaƙƙarfan tsaro na cikin gida da wadata amma lokacin tsaka-tsakin Farko ya biyo bayansa, [14] lokacin rashin haɗin kai da raguwar al'adu.Tunanin sarkin Masar a matsayin allah mai rai, [15] mai cikakken iko, ya bayyana a lokacin Tsohuwar Mulki.Sarki Djoser, sarkin farko na daular Uku, ya koma birnin Memphis, inda ya fara sabon zamani na gine-ginen dutse, wanda ya tabbatar da gina dala ta mataki na gininsa, Imhotep.Tsohuwar Masarautar ta shahara musamman ga dala da yawa da aka gina a matsayin kaburburan sarki a wannan lokacin.
Tsakanin Tsakanin Farko na Masar
Idin Masarawa. ©Edwin Longsden Long
2181 BCE Jan 1 - 2055 BCE

Tsakanin Tsakanin Farko na Masar

Thebes, Al Qarnah, Al Qarna, E
Tsakanin Tsakanin Farko na tsohuwar Masar, wanda ya kai kusan 2181-2055 KZ, ana yawan kwatanta shi da "lokacin duhu" [16] bayan ƙarshen Tsohon Mulki.[17] Wannan zamanin ya haɗa da na Bakwai (wanda wasu masana Masarautar Masar suka ɗauka), na takwas, na tara, da na goma, da ɓangaren daular sha ɗaya.Masanin ilimin Egypt Georg Steindorff da Henri Frankfort ne suka bayyana manufar Matsakaici na Farko a cikin 1926.[18]Wannan lokacin yana da alamun abubuwa da yawa da ke haifar da raguwar Tsohuwar Mulki.Tsawon mulkin Pepi II, babban fir'auna na ƙarshe na daular 6, ya haifar da batutuwan da suka biyo baya yayin da ya zarce magada da yawa.[19] Ƙarfafa ikon masu mulkin larduna, waɗanda suka zama na gado kuma masu zaman kansu daga ikon sarauta, [20] ya ƙara raunana ikon tsakiya.Bugu da ƙari, ƙarancin korar Nilu mai yuwuwa ya haifar da yunwa, [21] ko da yake ana muhawara game da rugujewar ƙasa, su ma sun kasance dalili.Daular ta bakwai da ta takwas ba su da tabbas, ba tare da sanin masu mulkinsu ba.Labarin Manetho na sarakuna 70 da suka yi sarauta na kwanaki 70 a wannan lokacin yana da ƙari.[22] Daular Bakwai maiyuwa ta kasance mai mulki ne na jami'an daular ta shida, [23] da sarakunan daular ta takwas sun yi iƙirarin zuriya daga daular ta shida.[24] An samu ƴan kayan tarihi kaɗan daga waɗannan lokuttan, ciki har da wasu da aka danganta su ga Neferkare II na daular Bakwai da wani ƙaramin dala da Sarki Ibi na daular Takwas ya gina.Daular Tara da ta Goma, tushensu a Heracleopolis, suma ba su da cikakkun bayanai.Akhthoes, mai yiyuwa iri daya da Wahkare Khety I, shine sarki na farko na daular tara, wanda ake masa lakabi da mugun shugaba kuma ana zargin kada ya kashe shi.[25] Ƙarfin waɗannan daular ya yi ƙasa da na Fir'auna Tsohuwar Mulki.[26]A kudanci, masu fada a ji a Siut sun ci gaba da kulla alaka ta kud da kud da sarakunan Heracleopolitan kuma sun yi aiki a matsayin shinge tsakanin arewa da kudu.Ankhtifi, wani fitaccen shugaban yakin kudancin kasar, ya yi ikirarin cewa ya ceci mutanensa daga yunwa, yana mai tabbatar da cin gashin kansa.Lokacin daga ƙarshe ya ga hawan Sarakunan Theban, wanda ya kafa dauloli na sha ɗaya da na sha biyu.Intef, mai mulkin Thebes, ya shirya Upper Egypt da kansa, ya kafa mataki ga magajinsa waɗanda daga ƙarshe suka yi iƙirarin sarauta.[27] Intef II da Intef III sun faɗaɗa yankinsu, tare da Intef III suka ci gaba zuwa Masar ta Tsakiya don yaƙi da sarakunan Heracleopolitan.[28] Mentuhotep II, na Daular Goma sha ɗaya, a ƙarshe ya ci sarakunan Heracleopolitan a kusa da 2033 KZ, wanda ya jagoranci Masar zuwa Masarautar Tsakiya kuma ya kawo ƙarshen Tsakanin Tsakanin Farko.
Masarautar Tsakiyar Masar
Fir'auna Horemhab na Masar yana yaƙi da Nubians a Upper Nile. ©Angus McBride
2055 BCE Jan 1 - 1650 BCE

Masarautar Tsakiyar Masar

Thebes, Al Qarnah, Al Qarna, E
Masarautar Tsakiyar Masar, wadda ta taso daga kusan 2040 zuwa 1782 KZ, lokaci ne na sake haɗewa bayan rarrabuwar siyasa ta Farko na Tsakanin lokaci.Wannan zamanin ya fara ne da mulkin Mentuhotep na biyu na daular sha ɗaya, wanda aka lasafta shi ne ya sake haɗa Masar bayan ya ci nasara da sarakunan ƙarshe na Daular Goma.Mentuhotep II, wanda aka yi la'akari da wanda ya kafa Masarautar Tsakiyar, [29] ya faɗaɗa ikon Masar zuwa Nubia da Sinai, [30] kuma ya farfado da ƙungiyar masu mulki.[31] Mulkinsa ya kai shekaru 51, bayan da dansa, Mentuhotep III, ya hau kan karagar mulki.[30]Mentuhotep III, wanda ya yi mulki na shekaru goma sha biyu, ya ci gaba da karfafa mulkin Theban a kan Masar, yana gina garu a gabashin Delta don kare al'ummar kasar daga barazanar Asiya.[30] Ya kuma qaddamar da balaguron farko zuwa Punt.[32] Mentuhotep IV ya biyo baya amma ba ya nan musamman daga jerin sunayen sarakunan Masar na d ¯ a, [33] yana haifar da ka'idar gwagwarmayar iko tare da Amenemhet I, sarkin farko na daular sha biyu.Wannan lokacin kuma ya ƙunshi rikici na cikin gida, kamar yadda aka tabbatar ta rubuce-rubuce daga Nehry, wani jami'in zamani.[34]Amenemhet I, hawan mulki ta yiwu ta hanyar cin zarafi, [35] ya kafa tsarin fiudal a Masar, ya gina sabon babban birni kusa da el-Lisht na zamani, [36] kuma ya yi amfani da farfaganda, ciki har da Annabcin Neferty, don ƙarfafa mulkinsa. .[37] Har ila yau, ya ƙaddamar da sauye-sauye na soja kuma ya nada dansa Senusret I a matsayin mai mulki a cikin shekara ta ashirin, [38] al'adar da ta ci gaba a cikin Mulkin Tsakiya.Senusret Na fadada tasirin Masar zuwa Nubia, [39] ya mallaki ƙasar Kush, [40] kuma ya ƙarfafa matsayin Masar a Gabas ta Tsakiya.[41] Ɗansa, Senusret III, wanda aka sani da jarumin sarki, ya gudanar da yakin neman zabe a Nubia [42] da Falasdinu , [43] kuma ya sake fasalin tsarin gudanarwa don daidaita iko.[42]Mulkin Amenemhat III ya nuna kololuwar wadatar tattalin arzikin Masarautar Tsakiyar, [44] tare da manyan ayyukan hakar ma'adinai a cikin Sinai [45] kuma ya ci gaba da aikin gyaran ƙasar Faiyum.[46 <] > Duk da haka, daular ta yi rauni har zuwa ƙarshenta, wanda aka yi masa alama da ɗan gajeren mulkin Sobekneferu, sarki mace ta farko a Masar.[47]Bayan mutuwar Sobekneferu, daular Goma sha Uku ta bullo, wanda ke da gajeriyar mulki da karancin ikon tsakiya.[48] ​​Neferhotep I ya kasance babban mai mulkin wannan daular, yana mai da iko akan Upper Egypt, Nubia, da Delta.[49] <> Duk da haka, a hankali ƙarfin daular ya ragu, wanda ya kai ga Tsakanin Tsakanin lokaci na Biyu da hawan Hyksos.[50] Wannan lokacin yana da alamar kwanciyar hankali ta siyasa, haɓakar tattalin arziki, faɗaɗa soja, da ci gaban al'adu, wanda ya yi tasiri sosai ga tsohon tarihin Masar.
Tsakanin Tsakanin Lokaci na Biyu na Masar
Hyksos mamayewa na Masar. ©Anonymous
1650 BCE Jan 1 - 1550 BCE

Tsakanin Tsakanin Lokaci na Biyu na Masar

Abydos Egypt, Arabet Abeidos,
Tsakanin Matsakaici na Biyu a zamanin d Misira, wanda aka yi kwanan watan daga 1700 zuwa 1550 KZ, [51] lokaci ne na rarrabuwar kawuna da hargitsin siyasa, wanda ke nuna tabarbarewar ikon tsakiya da hawan dauloli daban-daban.Wannan lokacin ya ga ƙarshen Masarautar Tsakiya tare da mutuwar Sarauniya Sobekneferu a kusa da 1802 KZ da bayyanar daular 13 zuwa 17.[52] Daular 13, ta fara daga Sarki Sobekhotep na I, ta yi gwagwarmayar tabbatar da mulkin Masar, tana fuskantar saurin sauye-sauye na masu mulki, daga karshe kuma ta ruguje, wanda ya kai ga hawan dauloli na 14 da 15.Daular ta 14, wacce ta yi daidai da daular marigayi 13, ta kasance a cikin Kogin Nilu kuma tana da jerin shuwagabanni na ɗan gajeren lokaci, wanda ya ƙare tare da mamaye Hyksos.Hyksos, mai yiwuwa ƙaura ko mahara daga Falasdinu, sun kafa daular 15, suna mulki daga Avaris kuma suna tare da daular 16 na gida a Thebes.[53] Daular Abydos (c. 1640 zuwa 1620 KZ) [54] na iya kasancewa daular gida na ɗan gajeren lokaci da ke mulki a kan wani yanki na Masarautar Masar a lokacin Tsakanin Tsakanin Tsakanin Na Biyu a Masar ta dā kuma ta kasance ta zamani tare da dauloli na 15th da 16th.Daular Abydos ta kasance ƙanƙanta tare da mulki akan Abydos ko Thinis kawai.[54]Daular ta 16, wadda Africanus da Eusebius suka bayyana daban-daban, ta fuskanci matsin lamba na soja daga Daular 15, wanda ya kai ga faduwarta a kusa da 1580 KZ.[55] Daular 17, wadda Thebans suka kafa, tun farko ta tabbatar da zaman lafiya da daular 15 amma daga karshe ta shiga yaƙe-yaƙe da Hyksos, wanda ya ƙare a zamanin Seqenenre da Kamose, waɗanda suka yi yaƙi da Hyksos.[56]Ƙarshen Tsakanin Tsakanin Lokaci na Biyu ya kasance alama ce ta haɓaka daular 18 a ƙarƙashin Ahmose I, wanda ya kori Hyksos kuma ya haɗa Masar, yana ba da sanarwar farkon Sabuwar Mulki mai wadata.[57] Wannan lokaci yana da mahimmanci a cikin tarihin Masar don nuna rashin zaman lafiya na siyasa, tasirin kasashen waje, da sake haɗuwa da ƙarfafa mulkin Masar.
Sabuwar Masarautar Masar
Fir'auna Ramesses II na Masar a yakin Qadesh a Siriya, 1300 KZ. ©Angus McBride
1550 BCE Jan 1 - 1075 BCE

Sabuwar Masarautar Masar

Thebes, Al Qarnah, Al Qarna, E
Sabuwar Masarautar, wacce aka fi sani da Masarautar Masar, ta taso daga karni na 16 zuwa na 11 KZ, wanda ya kunshi dauloli na sha takwas zuwa na ashirin.Ya biyo bayan tsaka-tsaki na biyu kuma ya gabaci tsaka-tsakin lokaci na uku.Wannan zamanin, wanda aka kafa tsakanin 1570 zuwa 1544 KZ [58] ta hanyar sadarwar radiocarbon, shine lokaci mafi wadata da ƙarfi a Masar.[59]Daular Goma Sha Takwas ta ƙunshi fitattun fir'aunai kamar Ahmose I, Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, Amenhotep III, Akhenaten, da Tutankhamun.Ahmose I, wanda aka yi la'akari da wanda ya kafa daular, ya sake hada Masar kuma ya yi yakin neman zabe a cikin Levant.[60] Magadansa, Amenhotep I da Thutmose I, sun ci gaba da yakin neman zabe a Nubia da Levant, tare da Thutmose I shine Fir'auna na farko da ya ketare Euphrates.[61]Hatshepsut, 'yar Thutmose I, ta fito a matsayin mai mulki mai ƙarfi, maido da hanyoyin sadarwar kasuwanci da ƙaddamar da manyan ayyukan gine-gine.[62] Thutmose III, wanda aka sani da bajintar soja, ya fadada daular Masar sosai.[63] Aminhotep III, ɗaya daga cikin fir'aunai mafi arziki, ya shahara saboda gudunmawar gine-ginensa.Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun fir'auna na daular goma sha takwas shine Amenhotep IV, wanda ya canza sunansa zuwa Akhenaten don girmama Aten, wakilcin allahn Masar, Ra.A karshen daular sha takwas, matsayin Masar ya canza sosai.Taimakon da Akhenaten ya nuna rashin sha'awar al'amuran kasa da kasa, Hittiyawa sannu a hankali sun ba da damar yin tasiri a cikin Levant don zama babban iko a siyasar duniya - ikon da Seti I da dansa Ramesses II za su fuskanta a lokacin daular goma sha tara.Daular ta ƙare da sarakuna Ay da Horemheb, waɗanda suka tashi daga matsayi na hukuma.[64]Vizier Ramesses I ne ya kafa daula ta sha tara ta tsohuwar Masar, wanda sarki na ƙarshe na daular sha takwas, Fir'auna Horemheb ya nada.Ramesses I ɗan gajeren mulki ya kasance lokacin riƙon ƙwarya tsakanin mulkin Horemheb da zamanin fir'aunai mafi rinjaye.Ɗansa, Seti I, da jikansa, Ramesses II, sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ɗaukaka Masar zuwa matakan ƙarfin daular da ba a taɓa gani ba.Wannan daular ta nuna wani muhimmin mataki a tarihin Masar, wanda ke da ƙaƙƙarfan jagoranci da manufofin faɗaɗawa.Fitaccen fir'auna na daular Ashirin, Ramesses III, ya fuskanci mamayar mutanen Teku da 'yan Libiya, inda ya yi nasarar dakile su amma ya yi tsadar tattalin arziki.[65 <>] Mulkinsa ya ƙare da rigingimu na cikin gida, inda ya kafa matakin rugujewar sabuwar Mulkin.Ƙarshen daular ta kasance da rashin ƙarfi na mulki, wanda daga ƙarshe ya haifar da haɓaka masu iko na gida kamar Manyan Firistoci na Amun da Smendes a Ƙasar Masar, wanda ke nuna farkon tsaka-tsakin lokaci na uku.
Tsakanin Tsakanin Lokaci na Uku na Masar
Sojojin Assuriyawa na Ashurbanipal II sun kewaye wani birni. ©Angus McBride
1075 BCE Jan 1 - 664 BCE

Tsakanin Tsakanin Lokaci na Uku na Masar

Tanis, Egypt
Tsakanin Matsakaici na uku na tsohuwar Masar, farawa da mutuwar Ramesses XI a cikin 1077 KZ, alama ce ta ƙarshen Sabuwar Mulki kuma ta riga ta ƙarshen zamani.Wannan zamanin yana da alaƙa da rarrabuwar kawuna na siyasa da raguwar martabar duniya.A lokacin daular ta 21, Masar ta ga rabuwar mulki.Smendes I, wanda ke mulki daga Tanis, ya mallaki Ƙasar Masar, yayin da Manyan Firistoci na Amun a Thebes suka yi tasiri sosai a Masar ta Tsakiya da ta Sama.[66 <] > Duk da bayyanar, wannan rarrabuwar ba ta yi tsanani ba saboda alaƙar dangi tsakanin firistoci da fir'auna.Daular 22, wanda Shoshenq I ya kafa a kusa da 945 KZ, ya kawo kwanciyar hankali.Sai dai bayan mulkin Osorkon na biyu, kasar ta rabu yadda ya kamata, inda Shoshenq III ke rike da Masarautar Lower Egypt da Takelot II da kuma Osorkon na uku wanda ke mulkin Masar ta Tsakiya da Sama.Thebes ta fuskanci yakin basasa, wanda aka warware don goyon bayan Osorkon B, wanda ya kai ga kafa daular 23.Wannan lokacin an yi masa alama da ƙarin rarrabuwar kawuna da haɓakar jahohin birni.Masarautar Nubian ta yi amfani da rabon Masar.Daular ta 25, wadda Piye ta kafa a kusan shekara ta 732 KZ, ta ga sarakunan Nubian suna mika ikonsu akan Masar.An lura da wannan daular don ayyukan gine-gine da kuma sake gina haikali a cikin kwarin Nilu.[67] Amma, karuwar tasirin Assuriya akan yankin yana barazana ga 'yancin kai na Masar.Mamayewar Assuriyawa tsakanin shekara ta 670 zuwa 663 KZ, saboda mahimmancin dabarun Masar da albarkatunta, musamman katako na narkewar ƙarfe, ya raunana ƙasar sosai.Fir'auna Taharqa da Tantamani sun fuskanci ci gaba da rikici da Assuriya, wanda ya kai ga korar Thebes da Memphis a shekara ta 664 KZ, wanda ke nuna ƙarshen mulkin Nubian a kan Masar.[68]Tsakanin Tsakanin Tsakanin Na Uku ya ƙare da hawan daular 26 a ƙarƙashin Psamtik I a shekara ta 664 KZ, bayan janyewar Assuriya da cin nasarar Tantamani.Psamtik I ya haɗa Masar, yana kafa iko akan Thebes, kuma ya ƙaddamar da Late Period na tsohuwar Masar.Mulkinsa ya kawo kwanciyar hankali da 'yanci daga tasirin Assuriya, wanda ya kafa tushen abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin Masar.
Marigayi Lokacin Tsohuwar Masar
Hasashen misalin ƙarni na 19 na haduwar Cambyses II na Psamtik III. ©Jean-Adrien Guignet
664 BCE Jan 1 - 332 BCE

Marigayi Lokacin Tsohuwar Masar

Sais, Basyoun, Egypt
Ƙarshen zamanin d ¯ a Misira, wanda ya kasance daga 664 zuwa 332 KZ, ya nuna mataki na ƙarshe na mulkin Masarawa na asali kuma ya haɗa da mulkin Farisa a kan yankin.Wannan zamanin ya fara ne bayan Tsakanin Tsakanin Tsakanin Na Uku da mulkin Daular Nubian 25th, wanda ya fara da Daular Saite wanda Psamtik I ya kafa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar Neo-Assyrian .Daular ta 26, wadda aka fi sani da Daular Saite, ta yi mulki daga 672 zuwa 525 KZ, tana mai da hankali kan sake haɗewa da faɗaɗawa.Psamtik I ya ƙaddamar da haɗin kai a kusa da 656 KZ, kanta sakamakon kai tsaye na Buhun Thebes na Assuriya.An fara gina magudanar ruwa daga Kogin Nilu zuwa Bahar Maliya.Wannan lokacin ya ga fadada tasirin Masar zuwa Gabas Kusa da kuma manyan balaguron soji, kamar na Psamtik II zuwa Nubia.[69] Littafin Papyrus na Brooklyn, sanannen rubutun likita daga wannan lokacin, yana nuna ci gaban zamanin.[70] Art daga wannan lokacin sau da yawa ana nuna al'adun dabbobi, kamar allahn Pataikos mai fasalin dabba.[71]Zamanin Achaemenid na Farko (525-404 KZ) ya fara ne da yakin Pelusium, wanda ya ga Masarautar Achaemenid mai fa'ida a karkashin Cambyses ta mamaye Masar, kuma Masar ta zama rudani.Wannan daular ta haɗa da sarakunan Farisa kamar Cambyses, Xerxes I, da Darius Mai Girma, kuma sun shaida tawaye irin na Inaros II, waɗanda Atheniya suka goyi bayan .Sarakunan Farisa, irin su Aryandes da Achaemenes, sun yi mulkin Masar a wannan lokacin.Daular ta 28 zuwa ta 30 ta wakilci Masarautar Masar ta ƙarshe na gagarumin mulkin ƙasar.Daular ta 28, ta kasance daga 404 zuwa 398 KZ, ta ƙunshi sarki guda ɗaya, Amyrtaeus.Daular ta 29 (398-380 KZ) ta ga masu mulki kamar Hakor suna yakar mamayar Farisa.Daular 30th (380-343 KZ), wanda fasahar Daular 26 ta rinjayi, ta ƙare tare da shan kashi Nectanebo II, wanda ya haifar da sake haɗawa da Farisa.Lokaci na Achaemenid na Biyu (343-332 KZ) ya nuna daular 31st, tare da sarakunan Farisa suna mulki a matsayin Fir'auna har lokacin da Alexander the Great ya ci nasara a 332 KZ.Wannan ya sauya Masar zuwa zamanin Hellenistic a karkashin Daular Ptolemaic wanda Ptolemy I Soter, daya daga cikin janar-janar Alexander ya kafa.Lokacin Marigayi yana da mahimmanci ga sauye-sauyen al'adu da na siyasa, wanda ke haifar da haɗin gwiwar Masar a cikin duniyar Hellenistic.
332 BCE - 642
Zaman Greco-Romanornament
Yakin Alexander the Great na Masar
Alexander Musa ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
332 BCE Jun 1

Yakin Alexander the Great na Masar

Alexandria, Egypt
Alexander the Great , sunan da ke bayyana ta cikin tarihi, ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a duniyar duniyar da yaƙi da Masar a shekara ta 332 KZ.Zuwansa Masar ba kawai ya kawo karshen mulkin Farisa na Achaemenid ba, har ma ya kafa harsashin zamanin Hellenistic, wanda ya haɗa al'adun Girka da Masarawa.Wannan labarin ya zurfafa cikin mahallin tarihi da tasirin cin nasarar Alexander a Masar, wani muhimmin lokaci a cikin tarihinsa mai tarin yawa.Gabatarwa zuwa NasaraKafin isowar Alexander, Masar tana ƙarƙashin ikon daular Farisa a matsayin wani ɓangare na mulkin Daular Achaemenid.Farisa, karkashin jagorancin sarakuna irin su Darius III, sun fuskanci rashin jin daɗi da tawaye a cikin Masar.Wannan tashin hankali ya kafa mataki don gagarumin canjin iko.Alexander the Great, Sarkin Makidoniya, ya fara yaƙin neman zaɓe na yaƙi da Daular Farisa Achaemenid, yana kallon Masar a matsayin nasara mai mahimmanci.Bajintar da ya yi na soja da kuma raunin daular Farisa a Masar ya taimaka wajen shiga kasar ba tare da hamayya ba.A shekara ta 332 K.Z., Iskandari ya shiga Masar, kuma ƙasar nan da nan ta faɗa hannunsa.Faɗuwar mulkin Farisa ya kasance alama ce ta mika wuya na sarkin Farisa na Masar, Mazaces.Hanyar Alexander, wanda ke nuna girmamawa ga al'adu da addinin Masar, ya sa ya sami goyon bayan al'ummar Masar.Kafa AlexandriaƊaya daga cikin mahimman gudunmawar Alexander shine kafa birnin Alexandria a bakin tekun Bahar Rum.Wannan birni, mai suna bayansa, ya zama cibiyar al'adu da ilmantarwa na Helenawa, wanda ke nuna haɗuwa da wayewar Girka da Masar.Yunkurin Alexander ya haifar da lokacin Hellenistic a Masar, wanda ke da yaɗuwar al'adu, harshe, da ra'ayoyin siyasa na Girka.Wannan zamanin ya ga haɗe-haɗen al'adun Girka da Masar, suna yin tasiri ga fasaha, gine-gine, addini, da mulki.Ko da yake mulkin Alexander a Masar ya kasance ɗan gajeren lokaci, gadonsa ya kasance ta hanyar daular Ptolemaic, wanda Janar Ptolemy I Soter ya kafa.Wannan daular, hade da tasirin Girka da Masar, ta mallaki Masar har zuwa lokacin da Romawa suka ci nasara a shekara ta 30 KZ.
Ptolemaic Misira
Ptolemaic Egypt ©Osprey Publishing
305 BCE Jan 1 - 30 BCE

Ptolemaic Misira

Alexandria, Egypt
Masarautar Ptolemaic, wanda Ptolemy I Soter ya kafa a cikin 305 KZ, wani janar na Makidoniya kuma abokin Alexander the Great , tsohuwar ƙasar Girka ce da ke Masar a lokacin Hellenistic.Wannan daular, wadda ta dawwama har mutuwar Cleopatra VII a shekara ta 30 KZ, ita ce daular ƙarshe kuma mafi tsawo a zamanin d Misira, wanda ke nuna sabon zamani da ke da alaƙa da haɗin kai na addini da kuma bayyanar al'adun Greco-Masar.[72]Bayan da Alexander the Great ya ci nasara a kan Achaemenid Persian -wanda ke mulkin Masar a shekara ta 332 KZ, daularsa ta rushe bayan mutuwarsa a shekara ta 323 KZ, wanda ya haifar da gwagwarmayar iko tsakanin magajinsa, diadochi.Ptolemy ya tabbatar da Masar kuma ya kafa Alexandria a matsayin babban birninta, wanda ya zama cibiyar al'adun Girka, koyo, da kasuwanci.[73] Masarautar Ptolemaic, bayan yaƙe-yaƙe na Siriya, ta faɗaɗa zuwa wasu sassan Libya, Sinai, da Nubia.Don haɗa kai da Masarawa na asali, Ptolemies sun ɗauki lakabin Fir'auna kuma sun nuna kansu a cikin salon Masar a kan abubuwan tunawa na jama'a yayin da suke kiyaye ainihin Hellenanci da al'adunsu.[74 <>] Mulkin masarautar ya ƙunshi tsarin mulki mai sarƙaƙƙiya, wanda ya fi amfanar masu mulkin Girka, tare da iyakancewar haɗin kai na Masarawa na asali, waɗanda ke da iko kan al'amuran gida da na addini.[74 <>] A hankali Ptolemies suka rungumi al’adun Masar, tun daga Ptolemy II Philadelphus, gami da auren ‘yan’uwa da shiga cikin ayyukan addinin Masar, kuma sun goyi bayan ginawa da kuma maido da haikali.[75]Ptolemaic Masar, daga tsakiyar karni na 3 KZ, ya fito a matsayin mafi arziki kuma mafi karfi na jihohin Alexander na magadan, yana kwatanta wayewar Girka.[74] Duk da haka, daga tsakiyar karni na biyu KZ, rikice-rikice na dynastic na cikin gida da yaƙe-yaƙe na waje sun raunana mulkin, wanda ya sa ta ƙara dogara ga Jamhuriyar Roma.Karkashin Cleopatra VII, shigar Masar cikin yakin basasar Romawa ya haifar da hadewa a matsayin kasa ta Hellenanci ta karshe.Daga nan Masar Masar ta zama lardi mai wadata, tana riƙe da Girkanci a matsayin harshen gwamnati da kasuwanci har zuwa lokacin da musulmi suka ci nasara a shekara ta 641 AD.Alexandria ya kasance babban birni mai mahimmanci na Bahar Rum har zuwa ƙarshen Zamani na Tsakiya.[76]
Roman Misira
Sojojin Romawa sun kafa a gaban dala na Giza. ©Nick Gindraux
30 BCE Jan 1 - 641

Roman Misira

Alexandria, Egypt
Masarautar Romawa, a matsayin lardin daular Roma daga 30 KZ zuwa 641 AD, yanki ne mai mahimmanci wanda ya ƙunshi yawancin Masar na zamani, ban da Sinai.Lardi ne mai wadata sosai, sananne ne don samar da hatsi da ci gaban tattalin arzikin birane, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama lardunan Romawa mafi arziki a wajen Italiya.[77] Yawan jama'a, wanda aka kiyasta tsakanin miliyan 4 zuwa 8, [78] sun kasance a tsakiyar Alexandria, babbar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Daular Roma kuma birni na biyu mafi girma.[79]Sojojin Romawa a Masar da farko sun haɗa da runduna uku, daga baya an rage su zuwa biyu, waɗanda dakarun taimako suka ƙara.[80 <>] A hukumance, an raba ƙasar Masar zuwa sunayen suna, tare da kowane babban birni da aka sani da babban birni, yana jin daɗin wasu gata.[80] Yawan jama'a ya bambanta da kabilanci da al'adu, galibi sun ƙunshi manoma manoma masu magana da Masar.Sabanin haka, mazauna birni a cikin manyan biranen suna jin yaren Girka kuma suna bin al'adun Hellenanci.Duk da waɗannan rarrabuwa, an sami gagarumin motsin jama'a, ƙauyuka, da yawan karatun karatu.[80] Constitutio Antoniniana na 212 CE ya ba da izinin zama ɗan ƙasar Roma ga duk Masarawa masu 'yanci.[80]Masarautar Romawa ta kasance mai juriya da farko, tana murmurewa daga Annobar Antonine a ƙarshen karni na 2.[80] Amma, a lokacin Rikicin karni na Uku, ta fada karkashin daular Palmyrene bayan mamayewar Zenobia a shekara ta 269 AZ, sai da sarki Aurelian ya kwato ta, daga baya kuma ya fafata da 'yan kwacen sarki Diocletian.[81] Mulkin Diocletian ya kawo sauye-sauye na gudanarwa da na tattalin arziki, wanda ya yi daidai da haɓakar Kiristanci , wanda ya haifar da bullar harshen 'yan Koftik tsakanin Kiristocin Masar.[80]Ƙarƙashin Diocletian, an ƙaura iyakar kudancin zuwa Cataract na Farko na Kogin Nilu a Syene (Aswan), wanda ke nuna iyakar zaman lafiya mai tsayi.[81] Marigayi sojojin Romawa, ciki har da limitanei da na yau da kullum kamar Scythians, sun kiyaye wannan iyakar.An ƙarfafa zaman lafiyar tattalin arziƙi ta hanyar gabatar da tsabar tsabar zinare ta Constantine Mai Girma .[81] Har ila yau, lokacin ya ga canji zuwa ga mallakar filaye masu zaman kansu, tare da muhimman kadarori na majami'u na Kirista da ƙananan masu mallakar ƙasa.[81]Annobar Farko ta isa Bahar Rum ta Masarautar Masar tare da Annobar Justinian a 541. Makomar Masar ta canza sosai a cikin ƙarni na 7: Daular Sasaniya ta ci nasara a 618, a taƙaice ta koma ƙarƙashin ikon Romawa ta Gabas a 628 kafin ta zama wani ɓangare na Rashidun ta dindindin. Halifancin da ya biyo bayan mamayar musulmi a shekara ta 641. Wannan juyin mulki ya kawo karshen mulkin Romawa a Masar, wanda ya kawo wani sabon zamani a tarihin yankin.
639 - 1517
Medieval Misiraornament
Yakin Larabawa na Masar
Yakin Musulmi a Masar ©HistoryMaps
639 Jan 1 00:01 - 642

Yakin Larabawa na Masar

Egypt
Yaƙin Musulmai na Masar , wanda ya faru tsakanin 639 da 646 AD, ya kasance wani muhimmin al'amari a cikin tarihin Masar.Wannan cin nasara ba wai kawai ya kawo ƙarshen mulkin Roman/ Bzantine a Masar ba har ma ya ba da sanarwar shigar Musulunci da harshen Larabci, wanda ya tsara yanayin al'adu da addini na yankin.Wannan maƙala ta zurfafa a cikin mahallin tarihi, manyan yaƙe-yaƙe, da kuma dawwaman tasirin wannan muhimmin lokaci.Kafin yakin musulmi, Masar ta kasance karkashin ikon Rumawa, tana aiki a matsayin lardi mai mahimmanci saboda yanayin da take da shi da kuma arzikin noma.Duk da haka, daular Rumawa ta raunana ta hanyar rikici na cikin gida da rikice-rikice na waje, musamman tare da Daular Sassani , wanda ya kafa mataki don sabon iko ya fito.Yakin musulmi ya fara ne a karkashin jagorancin Janar Amr bn al-As, wanda halifa Omar, khalifa na biyu na halifancin Rashidun Musulunci ya aiko.Matakin farko na cin nasara ya kasance alama ce ta manyan yaƙe-yaƙe, gami da babban yakin Heliopolis a 640 AZ.Dakarun Rumawa karkashin jagorancin Janar Theodorus, sun sha kaye da gaske, wanda hakan ya ba da damar dakarun musulmi su kame manyan garuruwa kamar Iskandariya.Iskandariya, babbar cibiyar kasuwanci da al'adu, ta fada hannun Musulmai a shekara ta 641 AD.Duk da yunƙurin da daular Rumawa ta yi na sake samun iko, ciki har da wani babban yaƙin neman zaɓe a shekara ta 645 AZ, ƙoƙarinsu bai yi nasara ba, wanda ya kai ga mamaye ƙasar Masar gaba ɗaya a shekara ta 646 AZ.Yakin ya haifar da sauye-sauye masu yawa a cikin addini da al'adun Masar.A hankali Musulunci ya zama babban addini, ya maye gurbin Kiristanci , Larabci ya zama babban harshe, yana tasiri ga tsarin zamantakewa da gudanarwa.Gabatar da gine-gine da fasaha na Musulunci ya bar tarihi mai dorewa a kan al'adun Masar.Karkashin mulkin musulmi, Masar ta ga sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki da gudanarwa.Harajin Jizya da aka dora wa wadanda ba musulmi ba ne ya kai ga musulunta, yayin da sabbin masu mulki kuma suka fara gyare-gyaren filaye, da inganta harkar noma da noma.
Zamanin Umayyawa &amp; Abbasid a Misira
juyin juya halin Abbasid ©HistoryMaps
661 Jan 1 - 969

Zamanin Umayyawa & Abbasid a Misira

Egypt
Fitna ta farko, babban yakin basasar Musulunci na farko, ya haifar da gagarumin sauyi a harkokin mulkin Masar.A wannan lokacin ne Halifa Ali ya nada Muhammad bn Abi Bakr a matsayin gwamnan Masar.Sai dai Amr bn al-As yana goyon bayan Banu Umayyawa ya yi nasara akan Ibn Abi Bakr a shekara ta 658 ya kuma mulki Masar har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekara ta 664. A karkashin mulkin Umayyawa, masu goyon bayan Umayyawa kamar Maslama bn Mukhallad al-Ansari sun ci gaba da mulkin Masar har zuwa lokacin Fitina ta Biyu. .A lokacin wannan rikici ne aka kafa gwamnatin Zubairud da Khawarijawa ke marawa baya, wadda ba ta da farin jini a wajen Larabawa.Khalifan Umayyawa Marwan na daya ya mamaye kasar Masar a shekara ta 684, inda ya maido da mulkin Umayyawa sannan ya nada dansa Abd al-Aziz a matsayin gwamna, wanda ya yi mulki mai inganci a matsayin mataimakinsa na tsawon shekaru 20.[82]A karkashin mulkin Umayyawa, gwamnoni kamar Abd al-Malik ibn Rifa'a al-Fahmi da Ayyub ibn Sharhabil, wadanda aka zaba daga cikin manyan sojoji na cikin gida (jund), sun aiwatar da manufofin da suka kara matsin lamba kan Copts kuma suka fara musulunta.[83] Wannan ya haifar da tawaye da yawa na 'yan Koftik saboda karuwar haraji, wanda aka fi sani da shi a cikin 725. Larabci ya zama harshen gwamnati a cikin 706, yana ba da gudummawa ga samuwar Larabci na Masar.Zaman Banu Umayyawa ya kare da karin tawaye a 739 da 750.A lokacin Abbasid , Masar ta sami sabbin haraji da ƙarin tawaye na 'yan Koftik.Matakin da halifa al-Mu'tasim ya dauka a shekara ta 834 na mayar da mulki da kula da harkokin kudi ya haifar da gagarumin sauye-sauye, ciki har da maye gurbin sojojin kasashen Larabawa da sojojin Turkiyya.Karni na 9 ya ga yawan musulmai sun zarce kiristoci 'yan Koftik , tare da larabci da tsarin musulunta.“Anarchy at Samarra” a cikin zuciyar Abbasiyawa ne ya taimaka wajen bullar yunkurin Alid a Masar.[84]Zaman Tulunid ya fara ne a shekara ta 868 lokacin da aka nada Ahmad ibn Tulun a matsayin gwamna, wanda ke nuni da cewa Masar ta samu 'yancin kai na siyasa.Duk da gwagwarmayar iko na cikin gida, Ibn Tulun ya kafa doka mai zaman kanta, yana tara dukiya mai yawa tare da fadada tasiri a cikin Levant.Amma wadanda suka gaje shi, sun fuskanci rigingimu na cikin gida da barazana daga waje, wanda ya kai ga sake mamaye Masarawa Abbasiyawa a shekara ta 905. [85]Bayan Tulunid Masar ta ga ci gaba da tashe-tashen hankula da kuma tasowar manyan mutane kamar kwamandan Turkiyya Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid.Mutuwarsa a shekara ta 946 ta kai ga gadin dansa Unujur cikin lumana da kuma mulkin Kafur da ya biyo baya.Duk da haka, cin nasarar Fatimid a shekara ta 969 ya kawo ƙarshen wannan lokacin, wanda ya haifar da sabon zamani na tarihin Masar.[86]
Fatimid Na Masar
Fatimid Na Masar ©HistoryMaps
969 Feb 6 - Jul 9

Fatimid Na Masar

Fustat, Kom Ghorab, Old Cairo,
Yakin Fatimid na Masar a shekara ta 969 miladiyya wani muhimmin lamari ne na tarihi inda Daular Fatimid karkashin Janar Jawhar ta kwace Masar daga daular Ikhshidid.Wannan cin nasara ya faru ne a kan yanayin Khalifancin Abbasiyawa masu rauni da rikice-rikice na cikin gida a cikin Masar, gami da yunwa da gwagwarmayar jagoranci bayan mutuwar Abu al-Misk Kafur a shekara ta 968 AD.Fatimiyyawa, bayan da suka ƙarfafa mulkinsu a Ifriqiya (yanzu Tunisiya da gabashin Aljeriya) tun daga shekara ta 909 miladiyya, sun yi amfani da yanayin ruɗani a Masar.A cikin wannan rashin kwanciyar hankali, jiga-jigan Masarawa na gida sun ƙara fifita mulkin Fatimid don maido da tsari.Halifa Fatimid al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah ya shirya wani gagarumin balaguro, wanda Jawhar ya jagoranta, wanda ya fara a ranar 6 ga Fabrairun 969 Miladiyya.Ziyarar dai ta shiga yankin Delta ne a cikin watan Afrilu, inda ta ci karo da turjiya kadan daga dakarun Ikhshidid.Tabbacin da Jawhar ya yi na kare lafiya da haƙƙin Masarawa ya taimaka wajen mika wuya cikin lumana na babban birnin ƙasar, Fustat, a ranar 6 ga Yulin 969 AZ, wanda ke nuna nasarar kwace Fatimid.Jawhar ya mulki Masar a matsayin mataimakinsa na tsawon shekaru hudu, inda a lokacin ya kakkabe ‘yan tawaye, ya kuma kaddamar da gina Alkahira, sabon babban birnin kasar.Sai dai yakin da ya yi na soji a Siriya da kuma yakar Rumawa bai yi nasara ba, lamarin da ya kai ga halaka sojojin Fatimid da wani hari na Qarmatiya kusa da birnin Alkahira.Halifa al-Mu'izz ya koma kasar Masar ne a shekara ta 973 miladiyya ya kuma kafa birnin Alkahira a matsayin kujerar khalifancin Fatimid, wanda ya dade har zuwa lokacin da Saladin ya kawar da ita a shekara ta 1171 miladiyya.
Fatimid Misira
Fatimid Misira ©HistoryMaps
969 Jul 9 - 1171

Fatimid Misira

Cairo, Egypt
Daular Fatimidiyya , daular Isma'ili Shi'a, ta wanzu tun daga karni na 10 zuwa na 12 miladiyya.An sanya mata suna Fatima 'yar Annabin Musulunci,Muhammad , da mijinta, 'Ali ibn Abi Talib.Fatimidawa sun samu karbuwa daga al'ummomin Isma'ila daban-daban da sauran kungiyoyin musulmi.[87] Mulkin su ya miƙe daga yammacin Bahar Rum zuwa Bahar Maliya, ciki har da Arewacin Afirka, da sassan Maghreb, Sicily, Levant, da Hejaz.An kafa daular Fatimid tsakanin shekara ta 902 zuwa 909 miladiyya karkashin jagorancin Abu Abdallah.Ya ci Aglabid Ifriqiya, wanda ya share fage ga halifanci.[88] Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah, wanda aka san shi a matsayin Imam, ya zama halifa na farko a shekara ta 909 miladiyya.[89] Da farko, al-Mahdiyya ya kasance babban birnin kasar, wanda aka kafa a shekara ta 921 CE, sannan ya koma al-Mansuriyya a shekara ta 948 miladiyya.A karkashin mulkin al-Mu'izz, an ci Masar a shekara ta 969 AZ, kuma aka kafa Alkahira a matsayin sabuwar babban birnin kasar a shekara ta 973 miladiyya.Masar ta zama zuciyar al'adu da addini ta daular, ta samar da al'adun Larabci na musamman.[90]Halifancin Fatimid an san shi da jurewar addini ga waɗanda ba musulmi ba, Yahudawa, da Kiristoci , [91] ko da yake ta yi gwagwarmaya don mayar da al'ummar Masar zuwa ga imani.[92] A lokacin mulkin al-'aziz da al-Hakim, musamman a karkashin al-Mustansir, halifanci ya ga khalifofin sun yi kasa a gwiwa a cikin harkokin gwamnati, inda ’yan wasiku ke samun karin karfi.[93 <>] Shekaru 1060 sun kawo yaƙin basasa, wanda ya haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna na siyasa da na kabilanci a cikin sojoji, yana barazana ga daular.[94]Duk da ɗan taƙaitaccen farfaɗo da aka yi a ƙarƙashin wazirin Badr al-Jamali, Khalifancin Fatimid ya ragu a ƙarshen ƙarni na 11th da 12th, [95] ya ƙara raunana da Turkawa Seljuk a Siriya da kuma ' yan Salibiyya a cikin Levant.[94 <] > A shekara ta 1171 miladiyya, Saladin ya soke mulkin Fatimid, ya kafa daular Ayyubid tare da mayar da ƙasar Masar cikin mulkin halifancin Abbasiyawa .[96]
Ayyubid Misira
Ayyubid Misira. ©HistoryMaps
1171 Jan 1 - 1341

Ayyubid Misira

Cairo, Egypt
Daular Ayyubid, wacce Saladin ya kafa a shekara ta 1171 CE, ta nuna gagarumin sauyi a Gabas ta Tsakiya ta tsakiya.Saladin, Musulmin Sunna ne dan asalin Kurdawa, ya fara aiki a karkashin Nur ad-Din na Syria, kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yakar ' yan Salibiyya a Fatimid Masar.Bayan mutuwar Nur ad-Din, Khalifancin Abbasiyawa ya ayyana Saladin a matsayin Sarkin Musulmi na farko.Sabuwar mulkinsa da aka kafa ya faɗaɗa cikin sauri, wanda ya ƙunshi yawancin Levant, Hijaz, Yemen, sassan Nubia, Tarabulus, Cyrenaica, kudancin Anatoliya, da arewacin Iraki .Bayan mutuwar Salahuddin a shekara ta 1193 AZ, 'ya'yansa sun yi ta neman mulki, amma daga karshe dan uwansa al-Adil ya zama sarki a shekara ta 1200 AZ.Daular ta ci gaba da mulki ta zuriyarsa.A cikin 1230s, sarakunan Siriya sun nemi 'yancin kai, wanda ya kai ga raba kan daular Ayyubid har zuwa lokacin da As-Salih Ayyub ya sake hade mafi yawan Siriya a shekara ta 1247 Miladiyya.Sai dai daulolin musulmi na cikin gida sun kori Ayyubids daga Yemen, Hijaz, da wasu sassan Mesofotamiya.Duk da ɗan gajeren mulkin, Ayyubids sun canza yankin, musamman Masar.Sun mayar da shi daga Shi’a zuwa ga ‘yan Sunna masu rinjaye, inda suka mai da ta zama cibiyar siyasa, soja, tattalin arziki da al’adu har zuwa lokacin da Daular Usmaniyya ta yi nasara a shekara ta 1517. Daular ta bunkasa tattalin arziki da ayyukan tunani, tare da gina madrasa masu yawa don karfafa musulincin Sunna.Sarkin Mamluk , wanda ya biyo baya, ya ci gaba da mulkin Ayyubid na Hama har zuwa 1341, ya ci gaba da gadon sarautar Ayyubid a yankin tsawon shekaru 267.
Mamluk Misira
Mamluk Misira ©HistoryMaps
1250 Jan 1 - 1517

Mamluk Misira

Cairo, Egypt
MasarautarMamluk Sultanate , wacce ke mulkin Masar, Levant, da Hejaz daga tsakiyar 13th zuwa farkon ƙarni na 16 AZ, jiha ce da ke ƙarƙashin rundunar sojan Mamluks (sojojin ƴancin bayi) waɗanda wani sarki ke jagoranta.An kafa Masarautar a cikin 1250 tare da kifar da daular Ayyubid , an raba Masarautar zuwa lokaci biyu: Turkic ko Bahri (1250-1382) da Circassian ko Burji (1382-1517), suna da sunan kabilun Mamluks masu mulki.Da farko, sarakunan Mamluk daga rundunar Ayyubid Sultan as-Salih Ayyub (r. 1240-1249) suka karbe mulki a shekara ta 1250. Musamman sun yi galaba akan Mongols a shekara ta 1260 karkashin Sultan Qutuz da Baybars, suna duba fadadasu zuwa kudu.A karkashin Baybars, Qalawun (r. 1279-1290), da al-Ashraf Khalil (r. 1290-1293), Mamluks sun fadada yankinsu, suna cin nasara a jihohin Crusader , suna fadada zuwa Makuria, Cyrenaica, Hejaz, da kudancin Anatoliya.Kolin Sarkin Musulmi ya kasance a zamanin mulkin al-Nasir Muhammad (r. 1293-1341), sai kuma rigingimu na cikin gida da mulki ya koma manyan sarakuna.A al'adance, Mamluks suna daraja wallafe-wallafe da ilimin taurari, suna kafa ɗakunan karatu masu zaman kansu a matsayin alamomin matsayi, tare da ragowar da ke nuna dubban littattafai.Zaman Burji ya fara ne da juyin mulkin sarki Barquq a shekara ta 1390, wanda ke nuna raguwa yayin da ikon Mamluk ya raunana saboda mamayewa, tawaye, da bala'o'i.Sultan Barsbay (1422-1438) yayi ƙoƙarin farfado da tattalin arziki, gami da sarrafa kasuwanci da Turai.Daular Burji ta fuskanci rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa, wanda ke da gajerun sarakuna da rikice-rikice, ciki har da yaƙe-yaƙe da Timur Lenk da mamaye Cyprus.Rarrabuwar siyasarsu ta hana turjiya da Daular Usmaniyya , wanda ya kai ga mamaye Masar karkashin mulkin Ottoman Sultan Selim I a shekara ta 1517. Daular Usmaniyya ta rike ajin Mamluk a matsayin masu mulki a Masar, inda suka mayar da shi tsakiyar lokacin daular Usmaniyya, duk da cewa ta kasance karkashin vassalage.
1517 - 1914
Ottoman Misiraornament
Farkon Ottoman Masar
Ottoman Alkahira ©Anonymous
1517 Jan 1 00:01 - 1707

Farkon Ottoman Masar

Egypt
A farkon karni na 16, bayan da Daular Usmaniyya ta mamaye kasar Masar a shekara ta 1517, Sultan Selim na daya ya nada Yunus Pasha a matsayin gwamnan Masar, amma ba da dadewa ba aka maye gurbinsa da Hayır Bey saboda matsalar cin hanci da rashawa.[97] Wannan lokacin ya nuna gwagwarmayar iko tsakanin wakilan Ottoman daMamluks , waɗanda suka ci gaba da tasiri mai mahimmanci.An shigar da Mamluks cikin tsarin gudanarwa, suna rike da manyan mukamai a sanjak 12 na Masar.A karkashin Sultan Suleiman Mai Girma, an kafa Greater Divan da Lesser Divan don taimakawa pasha, tare da wakilci daga sojoji da hukumomin addini.Selim ya kafa runduna shida don kare Masar, wanda Suleiman ya kara na bakwai.[98]Gwamnatin Ottoman tana yawan canza gwamnan Masar, sau da yawa a kowace shekara.Wani gwamna Hain Ahmed Pasha ya yi yunkurin kafa 'yancin kai amma aka ci tura aka kashe shi.[98 [98] <] > A cikin 1527, an gudanar da binciken ƙasa a ƙasar Masar, inda aka rarraba ƙasa zuwa nau'i huɗu: yankin sarkin musulmi, fifs, filin kula da sojoji, da filayen tushe na addini.An aiwatar da wannan binciken a shekara ta 1605. [98.]Karni na 17 a Masar ya kasance da tashe-tashen hankula na soji da kuma tashe-tashen hankula, sau da yawa saboda yunƙurin da ake yi na hana kwace da sojoji ke yi.A cikin 1609, wani gagarumin rikici ya kai ga nasarar Kara Mehmed Pasha shiga Alkahira, sannan gyare-gyaren kudi ya biyo baya.[98 <>] A wannan lokacin, Mamluk beys na gida ya sami rinjaye a cikin gwamnatin Masar, yawanci yana rike da mukaman soja kuma yana kalubalantar gwamnonin da Ottoman ya nada.[99] <> Sojojin Masar, masu ƙaƙƙarfan alaƙar gida, suna yawan yin tasiri ga nadin hakimai kuma suna da iko sosai akan gudanarwa.[100]Ƙarni kuma ya ga bunƙasa ƙungiyoyi biyu masu tasiri a Masar: Faqari, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da sojan dokin Ottoman, da kuma Qasimi, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da sojojin Masar na asali.Waɗannan ƙungiyoyin, waɗanda ke da alamar launukansu da alamominsu, sun yi tasiri sosai a harkokin mulki da siyasar Ottoman Masar.[101]
Daga baya Ottoman Misira
Marigayi Ottoman Misira. ©Anonymous
1707 Jan 1 - 1798

Daga baya Ottoman Misira

Egypt
A karni na 18, Mamluk beys suka mamaye pashas da Ottoman ya nada a Masar, musamman ta ofisoshin Shaykh al-Balad da Amir al-hajj.Wannan canjin mulki ba shi da kyau a rubuce saboda rashin cikakkun bayanai na tarihin wannan lokacin.[102]A shekara ta 1707, rikici tsakanin bangarorin Mamluk biyu, Qasimites da Fiqarites, karkashin jagorancin Shaykh al-Balad Qasim Iywaz, ya haifar da tsawaita yaki a wajen birnin Alkahira.Mutuwar Qasim Iywaz ta kai ga dansa Ismail ya zama Shaikhul Balad, wanda ya sasanta bangarorin a tsawon shekaru 16 da ya yi yana mulki.[102] "Babban fitina" na 1711-1714, boren addini na adawa da ayyukan Sufaye, ya haifar da gagarumin tashin hankali har sai an danne shi.[103] Kisan Ismail a shekara ta 1724 ya haifar da kara fadan mulki, inda shugabanni irin su Shirkas Bey da Dhu-'l-Fiqar suka yi nasara kuma aka kashe su bi da bi.[102]A shekara ta 1743 Othman Bey Ibrahim da Ridwan Bey suka yi gudun hijira, wadanda suka yi mulkin Masar tare, suka canza wasu manyan ofisoshi.Sun tsallake rijiya da baya a yunkurin juyin mulki da dama, wanda ya haifar da sauye-sauye a shugabanci da bullowar Ali Bey al-Kabir.[102] Ali Bey, wanda da farko ya shahara da kare ayari, ya nemi ya rama wa mutuwar Ibrahim kuma ya zama Sheikh al-Balad a shekara ta 1760. Tsananin mulkinsa ya haifar da rashin amincewa, wanda ya kai shi gudun hijira na wucin gadi.[102]A cikin 1766, Ali Bey ya gudu zuwa Yemen amma ya koma Alkahira a 1767, yana ƙarfafa matsayinsa ta hanyar nada abokansa a matsayin beys.Ya yi ƙoƙari ya daidaita ikon soja kuma ya ayyana Misira mai cin gashin kanta a 1769, yana tsayayya da ƙoƙarin Ottoman na sake samun iko.[102] Ali Bey ya fadada tasirinsa a duk fadin yankin Larabawa, amma mulkinsa ya fuskanci kalubale daga ciki, musamman daga surukinsa, Abu-'l-Dhahab, wanda a karshe ya hada kai da Daular Usmaniyya kuma ya yi tattaki zuwa Alkahira a shekara ta 1772. [102]Kashe Ali Bey da kuma mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1773 ya kai Masar ta koma hannun Ottoman karkashin Abu-'l-Dhahab.Bayan mutuwar Abu-'l-Dhahab a shekara ta 1775, an ci gaba da gwabza fadan mulki, inda Ismail Bey ya zama Sheikh al-Balad amma daga karshe Ibrahim da Murad Bey suka kore shi, wanda ya kafa mulkin hadin gwiwa.Wannan lokacin ya kasance alamar rikice-rikice na cikin gida da balaguron Ottoman a cikin 1786 don sake tabbatar da ikon Masar.A shekara ta 1798, lokacin da Napoleon Bonaparte ya mamaye Masar, Ibrahim Bey da Murad Bey har yanzu suna kan madafun iko, wanda ke nuna ci gaba da hargitsin siyasa da sauyin mulki a tarihin Masar na karni na 18.[102]
Mamayar Faransa ta Masar
Bonaparte Kafin Sphinx. ©Jean-Léon Gérôme
1798 Jan 1 - 1801

Mamayar Faransa ta Masar

Egypt
Tawagar Faransa zuwa Masar , da alama don tallafawa Porte Ottoman da murkusheMamluk , Napoleon Bonaparte ne ya jagoranta.Sanarwar Bonaparte a Alexandria ta jaddada daidaito, cancanta, da mutunta Musulunci, wanda ya bambanta da rashin wadannan halaye na Mamluks.Ya yi alkawarin bude kofar shiga ga daukacin Masarawa domin samun mukaman gudanarwa tare da ba da shawarar hambarar da gwamnatin Fafaroma domin nuna riko da Faransawa ga Musulunci.[102]Sai dai Masarawan sun nuna shakku kan manufar Faransa.Bayan nasarar da Faransa ta samu a yakin Embabeh (Battle of Pyramids), inda sojojin Murad Bey da Ibrahim Bey suka yi nasara, an kafa majalisar karamar hukuma a birnin Alkahira da suka hada da Sheik, Mamluks, da 'yan kasar Faransa, wadanda akasari ke aiki don aiwatar da dokar Faransa.[102]An yi tambaya kan rashin nasara a Faransa bayan da rundunarsu ta sha kashi a yakin kogin Nilu da rashin nasara a Upper Masar.Hankali ya ta'azzara tare da shigar da harajin gida, wanda ya kai ga tayar da kayar baya a Alkahira a watan Oktoban 1798. An kashe Janar Dupuy na Faransa, amma Bonaparte da Janar Kléber sun yi gaggawar murkushe boren.Amfani da Masallacin Al-Azhar da Faransa ke yi a matsayin barga ya haifar da babban laifi.[102]Balaguron Bonaparte na Siriya a 1799 ya raunana ikon Faransa na dan lokaci a Masar.Bayan dawowarsa, ya yi galaba a kan wani harin hadin gwiwa da Murad Bey da Ibrahim Bey suka kai masa, sannan ya murkushe sojojin Turkiyya a Aboukir.Daga nan sai Bonaparte ya bar Masar, inda ya nada Kléber a matsayin magajinsa.[102] Kléber ya fuskanci wani mawuyacin hali.Bayan yarjejeniyar farko na ficewa daga Faransa da Birtaniyya suka toshe, Alkahira ta fuskanci tarzoma, wanda Kléber ya murkushe.Ya yi shawarwari da Murad Bey, inda ya ba shi ikon mallakar Upper Masar, amma an kashe Kléber a watan Yuni 1800. [102.]Janar Jacques-Francois Menou ya gaji Kléber, yana ƙoƙari ya sami tagomashin musulmi amma ya raba Masarawa ta hanyar ayyana kariyar Faransa.A shekara ta 1801, sojojin Ingila da na Turkiyya sun sauka a Abu Qir, wanda ya kai ga nasara a Faransa.Janar Belliard ya mika wuya a birnin Alkahira a watan Mayu, sannan Menou ya mika mulki a Alexandria a watan Agusta, wanda ya kawo karshen mamayar Faransa.[102] Dawwamammen gado na mamayar Faransa shine "Description de l'Egypte," cikakken bincike na Masar da malaman Faransanci suka yi, wanda ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga fannin Egiptology.[102]
Masar karkashin Muhammad Ali
Hira da Mehemet Ali a fadarsa dake birnin Alexandria. ©David Roberts
1805 Jan 1 - 1953

Masar karkashin Muhammad Ali

Egypt
Daular Muhammad Ali, wadda ta kasance daga 1805 zuwa 1953, ta yi nuni ga zamani mai sauyi a tarihin Masar, wanda ya hada da Ottoman Masar , Khedivate da Birtaniyya ta mamaye, da Masarautar Sarkin Musulmi da Masarautar Masar mai cin gashin kanta, wanda ya kawo karshe a juyin juya halin 1952 da kafuwar jamhuriyar. MasarWannan lokaci na tarihin Masar a karkashin daular Muhammad Ali ya kasance yana da gagarumin kokari na zamani na zamani, da mayar da albarkatun kasa, da fadace-fadacen soja, da karuwar tasirin Turawa, wanda ya kafa hanyar da Masar za ta bi don samun 'yancin kai.Muhammad Ali ya karbe mulki ne a cikin yakin basasa na hanyoyi uku tsakanin Daular Usmaniyya,da Mamluks , da kuma sojojin haya na Albaniya .A shekara ta 1805, Sultan Ottoman ya amince da shi a matsayin sarkin Masar, wanda ke nuna ikonsa ba tare da jayayya ba.Gangamin yaƙi da Saudis (Yaƙin Ottoman-Saudi, 1811-1818)Da yake mai da martani ga umarnin Ottoman, Muhammad Ali ya kaddamar da yaki da Wahabiyawa a Najd, wadanda suka kame Makka.Kamfen din da dansa Tusun ya jagoranta tun da farko ya yi nasarar kwato yankunan Makka.Gyarawa da Ƙasa (1808-1823)Muhammad Ali ya kaddamar da sauye-sauye da suka hada da mayar da kasa kasa, inda ya kwace filaye tare da bayar da isassun kudaden fansho, inda ya zama mai mallakar filaye na farko a Masar.Ya kuma yi yunƙurin inganta aikin soji, wanda hakan ya kai ga gamu da ɓarke ​​a birnin Alkahira.Ci gaban Tattalin ArziƙiA karkashin Muhammad Ali, tattalin arzikin Masar ya kasance na biyar mafi samar da auduga a duniya.Gabatar da injinan tururi ya sabunta masana'antar Masar, duk da rashin ajiyar kwal na farko.mamaye Libya da Sudan (1820-1824)Muhammad Ali ya fadada ikon Masar zuwa gabashin Libya da Sudan don tabbatar da hanyoyin kasuwanci da ma'adinin zinare.Wannan faɗaɗa ya sami nasarar nasarar soja da kuma kafa Khartoum.Yaƙin Girka (1824-1828)Sarkin Daular Usmaniyya ne ya gayyace shi, Muhammad Ali ya taka rawar gani wajen dakile yakin neman ‘yancin kai na kasar Girka, inda ya tura sojojinsa da suka yi wa kwaskwarima a karkashin dansa Ibrahim.Yaƙi da Sultan (Yaƙin Masar-Ottoman, 1831-33)Rikici ya kunno kai kan burin Muhammad Ali na mika mulki, wanda ya kai ga samun gagarumar nasarar soji a Lebanon, Syria, da Anatoliya.Koyaya, shiga tsakani na Turai ya dakatar da ƙarin fadadawa.Mulkin Muhammad Ali ya ƙare a shekara ta 1841 tare da kafa tsarin mulki na gado a cikin iyalinsa, ko da yake tare da ƙuntatawa da ke jaddada matsayinsa na vassal zuwa Daular Ottoman.Duk da rasa gagarumin iko, gyare-gyarensa da manufofin tattalin arziki sun yi tasiri mai dorewa a Masar.Bayan Muhammad Ali, Masarautar Masarautar Masarautar Masarautar daularsa ce, kowanne yana fama da kalubale na ciki da waje, ciki har da tsoma bakin Turawa da gyare-gyaren gudanarwa.Mulkin Ingila na Masar (1882)Haɓaka rashin jin daɗi da ƙungiyoyin kishin ƙasa ya haifar da ƙara tsoma bakin Turai, wanda ya ƙare a cikin mamayar Birtaniyya na Masar a cikin 1882 bayan matakin soja a kan tawayen kishin ƙasa.
Suez Canal
Bude Canal na Suez, 1869 ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1859 Jan 1 - 1869

Suez Canal

Suez Canal, Egypt
An gina magudanan ruwa na dā da ke haɗa Kogin Nilu da Bahar Maliya don sauƙin tafiya.Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan magudanar ruwa, mai yuwuwa an gina shi a zamanin mulkin Senusret II ko Ramesses II, daga baya an haɗa shi cikin magudanar ruwa mai faɗi ƙarƙashin Necho II (610-595 KZ).Tsohon magudanar ruwa mai cikakken aiki, duk da haka, Darius I (522-486 KZ) ya kammala shi.[104]Napoleon Bonaparte, wanda ya zama Sarkin Faransa a 1804, da farko ya yi la'akari da gina magudanar ruwa don haɗa Tekun Bahar Rum da Bahar Maliya.Duk da haka, an yi watsi da wannan shirin saboda kuskuren imani cewa irin wannan magudanar ruwa zai buƙaci makullai masu tsada da cin lokaci.A cikin karni na 19, Ferdinand de Lesseps ya sami rangwame daga Sa'id Pasha, Khedive na Masar da Sudan, a cikin 1854 da 1856. Wannan yarjejeniya ta kasance don ƙirƙirar kamfani don ginawa da sarrafa magudanar ruwa da aka buɗe ga dukan ƙasashe na 99. shekaru bayan budewa.De Lesseps ya yi amfani da dangantakar abokantaka da Sa'id, wanda aka kafa a lokacin da yake matsayin jami'in diflomasiyyar Faransa a shekarun 1830.Daga nan ne De Lesseps ya shirya hukumar kula da huda tsibirin Suez, wanda ya kunshi kwararru 13 daga kasashe bakwai, domin tantance yiwuwar da kuma mafi kyawun hanyar da za a bi a magudanar ruwa.Hukumar, ta amince da tsare-tsaren Linant de Bellefonds, ta ba da cikakken rahoto a cikin Disamba 1856, wanda ya kai ga kafa kamfanin Suez Canal a ranar 15 ga Disamba 1858. [105.]An fara ginin kusa da Port Said a ranar 25 ga Afrilu 1859 kuma ya ɗauki kimanin shekaru goma.An fara amfani da aikin tilastawa (corvée) har zuwa 1864. [106] An kiyasta cewa sama da mutane miliyan 1.5 ne suka shiga aikin ginin, inda dubun-dubatar suka kamu da cututtuka kamar kwalara.[107] An buɗe hanyar Suez Canal bisa hukuma a ƙarƙashin ikon Faransa a cikin Nuwamba 1869, wanda ke nuna babban ci gaba a kasuwancin teku da kewayawa.
Tarihin Masar a karkashin turawan Ingila
Guguwar Tel el Kebir ©Alphonse-Marie-Adolphe de Neuville
1889 Jan 1 - 1952

Tarihin Masar a karkashin turawan Ingila

Egypt
Mulkin kai tsaye na Birtaniyya a Masar, daga 1882 zuwa 1952, lokaci ne da ke da gagarumin sauyi na siyasa da ƙungiyoyin kishin ƙasa.Wannan zamanin ya fara ne da nasarar da sojojin Birtaniya suka yi kan sojojin Masar a Tel el-Kebir a watan Satumba na shekarar 1882 kuma ya kare da juyin juya halin Masar a shekara ta 1952, wanda ya mayar da Masar din zama jamhuriya kuma ya kai ga korar mashawartan Birtaniya.Wadanda Muhammad Ali ya gaje shi sun hada da dansa Ibrahim (1848), jikan Abbas na daya (1848), Said (1854), da Isma'il (1863).Abbas na yi taka-tsan-tsan, yayin da Said da Ismail suke da buri amma ba su da kudi.Ayyukan ci gaban da suke da shi, kamar Suez Canal da aka kammala a 1869, sun haifar da bashi mai yawa ga bankunan Turai da kuma haraji mai yawa, yana haifar da rashin jin daɗi ga jama'a.Yunkurin da Ismail yayi na faɗaɗa Habasha bai yi nasara ba, wanda ya kai ga nasara a Gundet (1875) da Gura (1876).A shekarar 1875, rikicin kudi na Masar ya sa Ismail ya sayar da kaso 44% na Masar a mashigin Suez ga Turawan Ingila.Wannan yunƙurin, haɗe da karuwar basussuka, ya haifar da masu kula da harkokin kuɗi na Burtaniya da Faransa suka yi tasiri sosai kan gwamnatin Masar a shekara ta 1878. [108.]Rashin gamsuwa da shiga tsakani na kasashen waje da gudanar da mulki na cikin gida ya haifar da yunkurin kishin kasa, inda fitattun mutane irin su Ahmad Urabi suka bullo a shekara ta 1879. Gwamnatin Urabi ta kishin kasa a 1882, ta himmatu wajen kawo sauyi a dimokuradiyya, ta haifar da tsoma bakin soja daga Birtaniya da Faransa.Nasarar Birtaniyya a Tel el-Kebir [109] ta kai ga maido da Tewfik Pasha tare da kafa wata hukuma ta Biritaniya.[110]A cikin 1914, an kafa tsarin kariyar Burtaniya, wanda ya maye gurbin tasirin Ottoman.A wannan lokacin, abubuwan da suka faru kamar abin da ya faru na Dinshaway na 1906 ya haifar da tunanin kishin ƙasa.[111] Juyin juya halin 1919, wanda ya kunna ta hanyar gudun hijira na jagoran 'yan kishin kasa Saad Zaghlul, ya jagoranci Birtaniya ta ayyana 'yancin kai na Masar a cikin 1922. [112.]An aiwatar da kundin tsarin mulki a shekara ta 1923, wanda ya kai ga zaben Saad Zaghlul a matsayin Firayim Minista a 1924. Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Masar ta 1936 ta yi yunkurin daidaita lamarin, amma tasirin Birtaniyya da ke ci gaba da tsoma baki a siyasar masarautar ya haifar da ci gaba da tashin hankali.Juyin juya halin 1952, wanda kungiyar 'Yancin Jami'ai ta shirya, ya haifar da sauke Sarki Farouk tare da ayyana Masar a matsayin jamhuriya.Kasancewar sojojin Birtaniyya ya ci gaba har zuwa 1954, wanda ke nuna ƙarshen kusan shekaru 72 na tasirin Birtaniyya a Masar.[113]
Masarautar Masar
Jirgin sama akan dala lokacin yakin duniya na biyu Masar. ©Anonymous
1922 Jan 1 - 1953

Masarautar Masar

Egypt
A cikin Disamba 1921, hukumomin Birtaniyya a Alkahira sun mayar da martani ga zanga-zangar 'yan kishin kasa ta hanyar korar Saad Zaghlul tare da kafa dokar fada.Duk da wannan tashe-tashen hankula, Birtaniya ta ayyana 'yancin kai na Masar a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu, 1922, wanda ya kawo karshen kariyar tare da kafa Masarautar Masar mai cin gashin kanta tare da Sarwat Pasha a matsayin Firayim Minista.Duk da haka, Biritaniya tana da iko sosai a Masar, ciki har da yankin Canal, Sudan, kariya daga waje, da tasiri kan 'yan sanda, sojoji, layin dogo, da sadarwa.Mulkin sarki Fu’ad dai ya sha fama da gwagwarmaya da jam’iyyar Wafd, wata kungiya mai kishin kasa mai adawa da tasirin Birtaniyya, da kuma Birtaniya da ke da nufin ci gaba da rike madafun iko na Suez Canal.Wasu manyan rundunonin siyasa sun bayyana a wannan lokacin, kamar Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci (1925) da 'Yan Uwa Musulmi (1928), na karshen ya girma zuwa wani muhimmin bangare na siyasa da addini.Bayan rasuwar Sarki Fu’ad a shekarar 1936, dansa Farouk ya hau karagar mulki.Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Masar ta 1936, wacce ta shafi kishin kasa da kumamamayewar Italiya na Abyssinia, ta bukaci Burtaniya da ta janye sojojinta daga Masar, sai dai a yankin Suez Canal, kuma ta ba da izinin dawowar su a lokacin yaki.Duk da wadannan sauye-sauyen, cin hanci da rashawa da ake ganin cewa ‘yar tsana ta Biritaniya ta ɓata mulkin Sarki Farouk, wanda hakan ya haifar da ƙarin ra’ayin kishin ƙasa.A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu , Masar ta yi aiki a matsayin tushe na ayyukan ƙawance.Bayan yakin, kashin da Masar ta yi a yakin Palastinu (1948-1949) da rashin gamsuwa na cikin gida ya haifar da juyin juya halin Masar na 1952 na kungiyar 'Yancin Jami'ai.Sarki Farouk ya yi murabus daga mukamin dansa, Fuad II, amma an kawar da sarautar a shekarar 1953, inda aka kafa Jamhuriyar Masar.An warware matsayin Sudan a 1953, wanda ya kai ga samun 'yancin kai a 1956.
Juyin juya halin Masar na 1952
Juyin juya halin Masar 1952 ©Anonymous
1952 Jul 23

Juyin juya halin Masar na 1952

Egypt
Juyin Juyin Juya Halin Masar na 1952, [127] wanda kuma aka fi sani da Juyin Julin 23 na Yuli ko juyin mulkin 1952, ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a fagen siyasa, tattalin arziki, da al'ummar Masar.An ƙaddamar da shi a ranar 23 ga Yuli 1952 ta Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Jami'ai, karkashin jagorancin Mohamed Naguib da Gamal Abdel Nasser, [128] juyin juya halin ya haifar da hambarar da Sarki Farouk.Wannan taron ya haifar da siyasar juyin-juya hali a cikin kasashen Larabawa, ya yi tasiri ga kawar da mulkin mallaka, da kuma karfafa hadin kan duniya ta uku a lokacin yakin cacar baki .Jami'an 'Yanci da nufin kawar da mulkin mallaka na tsarin mulki a Masar da Sudan, da kawo karshen mamayar Burtaniya , da kafa jamhuriya, da tabbatar da 'yancin kai na Sudan.[129 <] > Juyin juya halin ya ƙulla wata manufa ta kishin ƙasa da kuma adawa da mulkin mallaka, yana mai da hankali kan kishin ƙasa na Larabawa da rashin jituwa a duniya.Masar ta fuskanci kalubale daga kasashen yammacin duniya, musamman Birtaniya (wacce ta mamaye Masar tun 1882) da kuma Faransa , dukansu sun damu da karuwar kishin kasa a yankunansu.Har ila yau yanayin yaƙi da Isra'ila ya haifar da ƙalubale, tare da Jami'an 'Yanci na tallafawa Falasdinawa.[130] Waɗannan batutuwa sun ƙare a cikin rikicin Suez na 1956, inda Ingila, Faransa, da Isra'ila suka mamaye Masar.Duk da dimbin hasarar da sojoji suka yi, ana kallon yakin a matsayin wata nasara ta siyasa ga Masar, musamman ganin yadda ya bar mashigar ruwa ta Suez cikin ikon Masar a karon farko tun shekara ta 1875, tare da shafe abin da ake kallo a matsayin wata alama ta wulakanci da kasa baki daya.Wannan ya kara karfafa kira ga juyin juya hali a wasu kasashen Larabawa.Juyin juya halin ya haifar da gagarumin sauyi na noma da bunkasa masana'antu, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban ababen more rayuwa da bunkasar birane.[131] A cikin shekarun 1960, gurguzu na Larabawa ya zama rinjaye, [132] ya canza Masar zuwa tsarin tattalin arziki na tsakiya.Duk da haka, tsoron fuskantar juyin juya hali, tsattsauran ra'ayi na addini, kutsawa cikin gurguzu, da rikici da Isra'ila ya haifar da tsauraran takunkumin siyasa da kuma hana tsarin jam'iyyu da yawa.[133 <] > Waɗannan hane-hane sun kasance har zuwa lokacin shugabancin Anwar Sadat (wanda ya fara a 1970), wanda ya sauya yawancin manufofin juyin juya hali.Nasarar farko na juyin juya halin ya zaburar da ƙungiyoyin kishin ƙasa a wasu ƙasashe, kamar tawaye masu adawa da mulkin mallaka da na mulkin mallaka a Aljeriya, [127] da kuma yin tasiri wajen hambarar da masarautu da gwamnatoci masu goyon bayan Yammacin Turai a yankin MENA.Masar na bikin tunawa da juyin juya hali a kowace shekara a ranar 23 ga Yuli.
1953
Republican Misiraornament
Nasser Era Misira
Nasser ya koma ga taron jama'a a birnin Alkahira bayan ya sanar da mayar da kamfanin Suez Canal zuwa kasa ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1956 Jan 1 - 1970

Nasser Era Misira

Egypt
Zaman tarihin Masar a karkashin Gamal Abdel Nasser, tun daga juyin juya halin Masar na 1952 zuwa mutuwarsa a 1970, ya sami gagarumin ci gaba na zamani da gyare-gyare na gurguzu, da kuma kishin kasa na Larabawa da goyon baya ga kasashe masu tasowa.Nasser, babban jagoran juyin juya halin Musulunci na shekarar 1952, ya zama shugaban kasar Masar a shekara ta 1956. Ayyukansa, musamman mayar da kamfanin Suez Canal kasa a shekarar 1956 da nasarar siyasar Masar a rikicin Suez, ya kara masa suna a Masar da kuma kasashen Larabawa.Duk da haka, martabarsa ta ragu sosai saboda nasarar da Isra’ila ta samu a Yaƙin kwanaki Shida .Zamanin Nasser ya ga ci gaban da ba a taɓa ganin irinsa ba a yanayin rayuwa, tare da ƴan ƙasar Masar sun sami damar samun gidaje, ilimi, aikin yi, kiwon lafiya, da walwalar jama'a.Tasirin tsoffin sarakuna da gwamnatocin Yammacin Turai a cikin al'amuran Masar ya ragu sosai a wannan lokacin.[134 <>] Tattalin arzikin ƙasa ya girma ta hanyar gyare-gyaren noma, ayyukan sabunta masana'antu kamar ayyukan ƙarfe na Helwan da babban madatsar ruwa na Aswan, da ƙaddamar da manyan sassan tattalin arziki, gami da Kamfanin Suez Canal.[134] Kololuwar tattalin arzikin Masar karkashin Nasser ya ba da izinin samar da ilimi da kiwon lafiya kyauta, yana ba da waɗannan fa'idodin ga 'yan ƙasa na sauran ƙasashen Larabawa da na Afirka ta hanyar cikakken guraben karatu da izinin rayuwa don ilimi mafi girma a Masar.Duk da haka, ci gaban tattalin arziki ya ragu a ƙarshen 1960s, wanda yakin basasar Yemen ta Arewa ya yi tasiri, kafin murmurewa a ƙarshen 1970s.[135]A al'adance, Masarautar Nasser ta samu zamanin zinare, musamman a fagen wasan kwaikwayo, fim, waƙa, talabijin, rediyo, adabi, zane-zane, wasan ban dariya, da kiɗa.[136 <>] Mawakan Masarawa, marubuta, da mawaƙa, kamar mawaƙa Abdel Halim Hafez da Umm Kulthum, marubuci Naguib Mahfouz, da ƴan wasan kwaikwayo kamar Faten Hamama da Soad Hosny, sun sami shahara.A wannan zamanin, Masar ta jagoranci kasashen Larabawa a wadannan fagagen al'adu, inda ta rika shirya fina-finai sama da 100 a duk shekara, sabanin fina-finan da ake samarwa a duk shekara a lokacin mulkin Hosni Mubarak (1981-2011).[136]
Rikicin Suez
Rikicin Suez ©Anonymous
1956 Oct 29 - Nov 7

Rikicin Suez

Gaza Strip
Rikicin Suez na 1956, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Yaƙin Larabawa na Biyu – Yaƙin Isra’ila , Ta’addancin Ƙungiyoyin Uku, da Yaƙin Sinai, wani muhimmin al’amari ne a zamanin Yaƙin Cacar , wanda ya haifar da tashe-tashen hankula na siyasa da na mulkin mallaka.Ya fara ne da mayar da kamfanin Suez Canal kasa da shugaban kasar Masar Gamal Abdel Nasser ya yi a ranar 26 ga Yuli, 1956. Wannan matakin ya kasance wani gagarumin tabbaci na ikon mallakar Masar, yana kalubalantar ikon da masu hannun jarin Birtaniya da Faransa suka yi a baya.Magudanar ruwa, wadda ta kasance hanya mai mahimmanci ta ruwa tun lokacin da aka bude ta a 1869, tana da muhimmiyar dabara da mahimmancin tattalin arziki, musamman don jigilar mai bayan yakin duniya na biyu .A shekara ta 1955, ya kasance babbar hanyar samar da mai a Turai.Dangane da mayar da Nasser kasar, Isra'ila ta mamaye Masar a ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 1956, sannan kuma sojojin hadin gwiwa na Birtaniya da Faransa suka kai wa Masar hari.Waɗannan ayyukan an yi niyya ne don dawo da ikon magudanar ruwa da korar Nasser.Rikicin ya yi kamari cikin sauri, inda sojojin Masar suka tare magudanar ruwa ta hanyar nutsewar jiragen ruwa.Sai dai matsananciyar matsin lamba na kasa da kasa, musamman daga Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet , ya tilasta wa maharan janyewa.Rikicin ya yi nuni da raguwar tasirin da Birtaniyya da Faransa ke da shi a duniya tare da nuna sauye-sauyen ma'auni ga Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet.Mahimmanci, Rikicin Suez ya afku ne a kan koma bayan da ake samu na kyamar mulkin mallaka da kuma gwagwarmayar kishin kasashen Larabawa.Manufofin harkokin waje na Masar a karkashin Nasser, musamman adawarsa ga tasirin kasashen yamma a Gabas ta Tsakiya, sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita rikicin.Bugu da kari, yunkurin Amurka na kafa kawancen tsaro a yankin gabas ta tsakiya, a cikin fargabar fadadawar Tarayyar Soviet, ya kara dagula yanayin yanayin siyasa.Rikicin Suez ya nuna irin sarkakiyar siyasar yakin cacar baka da kuma sauyin yanayin dangantakar kasa da kasa a wannan lokacin.Abubuwan da suka biyo bayan Rikicin Suez sun sami alamun ci gaba da yawa.Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kafa rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya ta UNEF da nufin 'yan sanda kan iyakar Masar da Isra'ila, lamarin da ke nuna wata sabuwar rawar da ake takawa wajen samar da zaman lafiya a tsakanin kasa da kasa wajen warware rikici.Murabus da Firayim Ministan Burtaniya Anthony Eden ya yi da kuma nasarar da Ministan Harkokin Wajen Canada Lester Pearson ya samu na Nobel na zaman lafiya ne sakamakon rikicin kai tsaye.Bugu da ƙari kuma, lamarin na iya yin tasiri ga shawarar da Tarayyar Soviet ta yi na mamaye ƙasar Hungary .
Yakin Kwanaki Shida
Six-Day War ©Anonymous
1967 Jun 5 - Jun 10

Yakin Kwanaki Shida

Middle East
A watan Mayun 1967, shugaban Masar Gamal Abdel Nasser ya tura dakarunsa cikin yankin Sinai, kusa da kan iyakar Isra'ila.Yayin da yake fuskantar matsin lambar da kasashen Larabawa suka yi da kuma kara tsammanin karfin sojan Larabawa, Nasser ya bukaci janyewar Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNEF) daga kan iyakar Masar da Isra'ila a Sinai a ranar 18 ga Mayun 1967. Bayan haka, Masar ta hana Isra'ila shiga mashigin Tiran. wani yunkuri da Isra'ila ta dauki matakin yaki.A ranar 30 ga Mayu, Sarki Hussein na Jordan da Nasser sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar tsaron Jordan da Masar.Tun da farko Masar ta shirya kai hari kan Isra'ila a ranar 27 ga Mayu amma ta soke shi a karshe.A ranar 5 ga watan Yuni, Isra'ila ta kai wani hari na riga-kafi a kan Masar, inda ta yi mummunar barna a filayen jiragen sama na Masar tare da lalata sojojin sama.Wannan matakin ya kai ga mamayar Isra'ila a yankin Sinai da zirin Gaza.Jordan da Syria da ke marawa Masar baya sun shiga yakin amma sun fuskanci mamayar da Isra'ila ke yi a gabar yammacin kogin Jordan da tuddan Golan.Tsagaita bude wuta, wanda kwamitin sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya shiga, ya samu karbuwa daga Masar, Jordan, da Syria tsakanin 7 zuwa 10 ga watan Yuni.Rashin nasara a yakin 1967 ya sa Nasser yayi murabus a ranar 9 ga watan Yuni, inda ya zabi mataimakin shugaban kasa Zakaria Mohieddin a matsayin magajinsa.Sai dai Nasser ya janye murabus din nasa biyo bayan zanga-zangar da jama'a suka yi na nuna goyon bayan sa.Bayan yakin, an yi shari'ar manyan hafsoshin soja bakwai da suka hada da ministan yaki Shams Badran.An kama Field-Marshal Abdel-Hakim Amer, babban kwamandan sojojin kasar kuma an bayar da rahoton cewa ya kashe kansa a gidan yari a watan Agusta.
Anwar Sadat Misira
Shugaba Sadat a shekarar 1978 ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1970 Jan 1 - 1981

Anwar Sadat Misira

Egypt
Shugabancin Anwar Sadat a Masar daga ranar 15 ga Oktoban 1970 har zuwa lokacin da aka kashe shi a ranar 6 ga Oktoban 1981, ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a siyasar Masar da huldar kasashen waje.Bayan ya gaji Gamal Abdel Nasser, Sadat ya rabu da manufofin Nasser, musamman ta hanyar siyasarsa ta Infitah, wadda ta sauya alkiblar tattalin arziki da siyasa ta Masar.Ya kawo karshen kawancen dabarun yaki da Tarayyar Sobiet , inda ya zabi a kara kulla alaka da Amurka .Sadat ya kuma kaddamar da shirin zaman lafiya da Isra'ila, wanda ya kai ga mayar da yankin Masar da Isra'ila ta mamaye, ya kuma bullo da tsarin siyasa a Masar wanda, ko da yake ba cikakken dimokiradiyya ba ne, ya ba da damar shiga jam'iyyu da dama.Wa'adinsa ya ga karuwar cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati da kuma karuwar rashin daidaito tsakanin masu hannu da shuni da talakawa, al'amuran da suka ci gaba a karkashin magajinsa, Hosni Mubarak.[137]A ranar 6 ga Oktoban 1973, Sadat da Hafez al-Assad na Syria suka kaddamar da yakin Oktoba kan Isra'ila don kwato kasar da ta bata a yakin kwanaki shida na 1967.Yakin, wanda ya fara tun daga Yom Kippur na Yahudawa da kuma lokacin watan Musulunci na Ramadan, da farko ya ga ci gaban Masar da Siriya a yankin Sinai da tuddan Golan.Sai dai farmakin da Isra'ila ta kai ya haifar da hasarar gaske ga Masar da Siriya.Yaƙin ya ƙare tare da Masar ta sake samun wani yanki a Sinai amma kuma tare da samun nasarar Isra'ila a yammacin gabar kogin Suez.Duk da koma bayan da sojoji suka samu, an yaba Sadat da dawo da girman kan Masar tare da nuna wa Isra'ila cewa halin da ake ciki ba zai dore ba.Yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tsakanin Masar da Isra'ila, wanda shugaban Amurka Jimmy Carter ya jagoranta, kuma Sadat da Firaministan Isra'ila Menachem Begin suka sanya wa hannu, ta amince da Isra'ila a hukumance domin kawo karshen mamayar da Isra'ila ke yi a zirin Sinai da kuma ba da shawarar ba da 'yancin cin gashin kai ga yankunan Falasdinawa.Shugabannin kasashen Larabawa karkashin jagorancin Hafez al-Assad sun yi Allah wadai da yarjejeniyar, lamarin da ya kai ga dakatar da Masar daga kungiyar hadin kan Larabawa da kuma warewar yankin kadaici.[138 <] > Yarjejeniyar ta fuskanci adawa mai yawa a cikin gida, musamman daga ƙungiyoyin Islama.Wannan adawar ta kai ga kisan Sadat da 'yan gwagwarmayar Islama na sojojin Masar suka yi a ranar tunawa da yakin Oktoba.
1971 Jan 1

Infitah

Egypt
A karkashin Shugaba Gamal Abdel Nasser, tattalin arzikin Masar ya kasance karkashin ikon gwamnati da tsarin tattalin arziki, wanda ke da iyakacin ikon saka hannun jari.Masu suka a shekarun 1970s sun lakafta shi a matsayin "tsarin tsarin Soviet " wanda ke da rashin iya aiki, wuce gona da iri, da almubazzaranci.[141]Shugaba Anwar Sadat, wanda ya gaji Nasser, ya nemi kawar da hankalin Masar daga ci gaba da tashe-tashen hankula da Isra'ila, da kuma rabon albarkatun kasa ga sojoji.Ya yi imani da manufofin tattalin arziƙin jari-hujja don haɓaka mahimman kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.Ana ganin daidaitawa da Amurka da kasashen Yamma a matsayin hanyar samun wadata da kuma yuwuwar dimokradiyya.[142 <] > Manufar Infitah, ko “buɗaɗɗiya”, ta nuna gagarumin sauyin akida da siyasa daga tsarin Nasser.Yana da nufin sassauta ikon gwamnati a kan tattalin arziki da karfafa masu zaman kansu.Wannan manufar ta haifar da manyan attajirai da masu matsakaicin matsakaici amma tana da iyakacin tasiri kan matsakaicin Masari, wanda ya haifar da rashin gamsuwa da yawa.Cire tallafin kayan abinci na yau da kullun a cikin 1977 karkashin Infitah ya haifar da gagarumin 'Bread Riots'.An soki manufofin da ke haifar da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, da hasashen filaye, da kuma cin hanci da rashawa.[137]Samar da sassaucin ra'ayi na tattalin arziki a lokacin Sadat ya kuma ga gagarumin ƙaura na Masarawa zuwa ƙasashen waje don aiki.Tsakanin 1974 zuwa 1985, Masarawa sama da miliyan uku sun ƙaura zuwa yankin Gulf na Farisa.Kudaden da aka samu daga wadannan ma’aikatan sun baiwa iyalansu damar komawa gida don sayen kayayyakin masarufi kamar firiji da motoci.[143]A fagen 'yancin ɗan adam, manufofin Sadat sun haɗa da dawo da tsarin da ya dace da kuma haramta azabtarwa ta doka.Ya wargaza yawancin na'urorin siyasar Nasser tare da gurfanar da tsofaffin jami'ai bisa laifin cin zarafi a zamanin Nasser.Yayin da da farko yake ƙarfafa ƙwarin gwiwar shiga siyasa, Sadat daga baya ya ja da baya daga waɗannan ƙoƙarin.Shekarunsa na ƙarshe sun kasance suna da ƙara tashe-tashen hankula saboda rashin jin daɗin jama'a, rikice-rikice na bangaranci, da kuma komawa ga matakan danniya, gami da kama mutane ba tare da shari'a ba.
Yom Kippur War
Barasassun makamai na Isra'ila da na Masar sun tsaya gaba da juna kai tsaye a wani sharadi na munin yakin da aka yi a kusa da mashigin Suez. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1973 Oct 6 - Oct 25

Yom Kippur War

Golan Heights
A cikin 1971, shugaban Masar Anwar Sadat ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar abota da Tarayyar Soviet , amma a shekara ta 1972, ya nemi masu ba da shawara na Soviet su bar Masar.The Soviets, tsunduma a détente da Amurka, shawara a kan Masar soja mataki a kan Isra'ila .Duk da haka, Sadat, yana neman sake dawo da yankin Sinai da kuma karfafa kishin kasa bayan shan kaye a yakin 1967, ya karkata zuwa yaki da Isra'ila, da nufin samun nasara don sauya halin da ake ciki.[139]Kafin yakin 1973, Sadat ya kaddamar da yakin diplomasiyya, inda ya sami goyon baya daga kasashe fiye da dari, ciki har da mafi yawan mambobin kungiyar Larabawa da masu zaman kansu, da kuma kungiyar hadin kan Afirka.Syria ta amince ta shiga cikin rikicin kasar Masar.A lokacin yakin, da farko sojojin Masar sun yi nasarar tsallakawa cikin yankin Sinai inda suka yi tazarar kilomita 15, a cikin iyakar sojojin sama nasu.Duk da haka, maimakon ƙarfafa matsayinsu, sai suka ƙara turawa cikin hamada, suna fama da hasara mai yawa.Wannan ci gaban da aka samu ya haifar da gibi a layin nasu, wanda wani bangaren tankokin yaki na Isra'ila karkashin jagorancin Ariel Sharon suka yi amfani da shi, inda suka kutsa cikin yankin Masar har zuwa birnin Suez.A lokaci guda kuma, Amurka ta ba da tallafin jiragen sama na dabara da kuma dala biliyan 2.2 na taimakon gaggawa ga Isra'ila.A mayar da martani, Ministocin mai na kungiyar OPEC karkashin jagorancin Saudiyya , sun kakaba takunkumin hana man fetur da Amurka ta amince da kudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, wanda Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet suka goyi bayan, a karshe ya yi kira da a kawo karshen fada da fara tattaunawar zaman lafiya.A ranar 4 ga Maris 1974, [140] sojojin Isra'ila sun fice daga yammacin mashigin Suez Canal, kuma jim kadan bayan haka, an dage takunkumin man fetur da aka yi wa Amurka.Duk da kalubalen da sojoji suka fuskanta da hasarar da aka samu, an dauki yakin a matsayin nasara a Masar, musamman saboda nasarorin farko da suka dawo da martabar kasa.Wannan ra'ayi da shawarwarin da suka biyo baya ya haifar da tattaunawar zaman lafiya da Isra'ila, wanda ya sa Masar ta sake dawo da dukkanin yankin Sinai domin samun yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya.
Camp David Accords
Taron 1978 a Camp David tare da (zaune, lr) Aharon Barak, Menachem Begin, Anwar Sadat, da Ezer Weizman. ©CIA
1978 Sep 1

Camp David Accords

Camp David, Catoctin Mountain
Yarjejeniyar Camp David, wani muhimmin lokaci a tarihin Masar karkashin Shugaba Anwar Sadat, wasu jerin yarjejeniyoyin da aka rattaba hannu a kan su ne a watan Satumban 1978 wadanda suka aza harsashin zaman lafiya tsakanin Masar da Isra'ila .Asalin yarjejeniyar ya samo asali ne daga shekaru da yawa na rikici da tashin hankali tsakanin kasashen Larabawa, ciki har da Masar, da Isra'ila, musamman bayan yakin kwanaki shida na 1967 da yakin Yom Kippur na 1973.Tattaunawar ta kasance wani gagarumin fice daga siyasar Masar a baya na rashin amincewa da kiyayya ga Isra'ila.Manyan jigo a cikin wadannan shawarwarin sun hada da shugaban Masar Anwar Sadat, da firaministan Isra'ila Menachem Begin, da shugaban Amurka Jimmy Carter, wanda ya dauki nauyin tattaunawar a sansanin na Camp David.Tattaunawar ta kasance daga 5 zuwa 17 ga Satumba 1978.Yarjejeniyar Camp David ta ƙunshi wasu tsare-tsare guda biyu: ɗaya na zaman lafiya tsakanin Masar da Isra'ila da kuma wani don faɗaɗa zaman lafiya a Gabas ta Tsakiya, gami da shawarar cin gashin kan Falasɗinawa.Yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da aka kulla tsakanin Masar da Isra'ila a watan Maris na shekarar 1979, ta sa Masar ta amince da Isra'ila tare da janyewar Isra'ila daga zirin Sinai, wanda ta mamaye tun shekara ta 1967.Yarjejeniyar ta yi tasiri sosai a Masar da yankin.Ga Masar, ya nuna babban sauyi a manufofin ketare da kuma yunƙurin zaman lafiya da Isra'ila.Sai dai yarjejeniyar ta fuskanci adawa sosai a kasashen Larabawa, lamarin da ya kai ga dakatar da Masar na wucin gadi daga kungiyar kasashen Larabawa tare da yin tsamin dangantaka da sauran kasashen Larabawa.A cikin gida, Sadat ya fuskanci adawa sosai, musamman daga kungiyoyin Islama, wanda ya kai ga kashe shi a shekarar 1981.Ga Sadat, yarjejeniyar Camp David wani bangare ne na dabarun kawar da Masar daga tasirin Soviet da kuma kusanci da Amurka , canjin da ya hada da sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki da siyasa a Masar.Shirin samar da zaman lafiya, duk da cewa yana da cece-kuce, ana kallon wani mataki na tabbatar da zaman lafiya da ci gaba a yankin da ya dade yana fama da rikici.
Hosni Mubarak zamanin Masar
Hosni Mubarak ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1981 Jan 1 - 2011

Hosni Mubarak zamanin Masar

Egypt
Mulkin Hosni Mubarak a Masar, wanda ya kasance daga 1981 zuwa 2011, yana da lokacin kwanciyar hankali, amma duk da haka yana da tsarin mulkin kama-karya da takaitattun 'yancin siyasa.Mubarak ya hau karagar mulki ne bayan kisan Anwar Sadat, kuma da farko an yi maraba da mulkinsa a matsayin ci gaba da manufofin Sadat, musamman zaman lafiya da Isra'ila da kuma daidaitawa da kasashen yammacin duniya.A karkashin Mubarak, Masar ta ci gaba da kiyaye yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da Isra'ila kuma ta ci gaba da dangantakarta da Amurka , tana samun taimakon soja da tattalin arziki.A cikin gida, gwamnatin Mubarak ta mayar da hankali ne kan 'yantar da tattalin arziki da zamanantar da jama'a, lamarin da ya haifar da ci gaba a wasu sassa amma kuma ya kara tazara tsakanin masu hannu da shuni da talakawa.Manufofinsa na tattalin arziki sun fi son mayar da hannun jari da kuma saka hannun jari na ketare, amma galibi ana sukar sa saboda inganta cin hanci da rashawa da kuma cin gajiyar wasu tsirarun mutane.Hakazalika mulkin Mubarak ya kasance yana fuskantar murkushe 'yan adawa da kuma tauye 'yancin siyasa.Gwamnatinsa ta yi kaurin suna wajen take hakkin bil'adama, da suka hada da murkushe kungiyoyin Islama, da nuna bacin rai, da kuma ta'asar 'yan sanda.Mubarak ya ci gaba da amfani da dokar ta-baci don tsawaita ikonsa, tare da takaita adawar siyasa da kuma ci gaba da mulki ta hanyar zabuka na magudi.A shekarun baya-bayan nan na mulkin Mubarak an samu karuwar rashin gamsuwar jama'a saboda batutuwan tattalin arziki, rashin aikin yi, da kuma rashin 'yancin siyasa.Wannan ya kawo karshen rikicin Larabawa na 2011, jerin zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati, wadanda suka bukaci ya yi murabus.Zanga-zangar wadda ta kasance da gagarumin zanga-zanga a fadin kasar, a karshe ta kai ga Mubarak ya yi murabus a watan Fabrairun 2011, wanda ya kawo karshen mulkinsa na shekaru 30.Murabus din nasa ya nuna wani muhimmin lokaci a tarihin Masar, wanda ke wakiltar kin amincewar da jama'a suka yi na mulkin kama-karya da kuma muradin sake fasalin dimokradiyya.Duk da haka, bayan mulkin Mubarak yana cike da kalubale da ci gaba da rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa.
Juyin juya halin Masar 2011
Juyin juya halin Masar 2011. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
2011 Jan 25 - Feb 11

Juyin juya halin Masar 2011

Egypt
Rikicin Masar daga shekara ta 2011 zuwa 2014 wani lokaci ne mai cike da tashe-tashen hankula da ke tattare da tashe-tashen hankula na siyasa da tashe-tashen hankula a cikin al'umma.An fara ne da juyin juya halin Masar na shekara ta 2011, wani bangare na juyin juya halin Larabawa, inda aka yi zanga-zangar adawa da mulkin shugaba Hosni Mubarak na shekaru 30.Korafe-korafe na farko dai sun hada da ta'asar 'yan sanda, cin hanci da rashawa na jihohi, batutuwan tattalin arziki, da rashin 'yancin siyasa.Wannan zanga-zangar ta kai ga murabus din Mubarak a watan Fabrairun 2011.Bayan murabus din Mubarak, Masar ta shiga cikin rudani.Majalisar Koli ta Sojoji (SCAF) ta karbi iko, wanda ya kai ga wani lokaci na mulkin soja.Wannan matakin ya kasance da ci gaba da zanga-zangar, rashin zaman lafiya, da rikici tsakanin fararen hula da jami'an tsaro.A watan Yunin 2012 ne aka zabi Mohamed Morsi na kungiyar 'yan uwa musulmi a matsayin shugaban kasa a zaben demokradiyya na farko a Masar.Duk da haka, shugabancinsa ya kasance mai rigima, ana sukar shi don ƙarfafa mulki da kuma aiwatar da wata manufa ta Islama.Sanarwar kundin tsarin mulkin Morsi a watan Nuwamba 2012, wanda ya ba shi iko mai yawa, ya haifar da zanga-zangar da tashe tashen hankula na siyasa.Masu adawa da mulkin Morsi sun kai ga zanga-zanga a watan Yunin 2013, wanda ya kai ga juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi a ranar 3 ga watan Yulin 2013, inda ministan tsaro Abdel Fattah el-Sisi ya tsige Morsi daga mulki.Bayan juyin mulkin, an dauki tsauraran matakan murkushe kungiyar 'yan uwa musulmi, inda aka kama shugabanni da dama ko kuma suka fice daga kasar.Wannan lokacin ya sami ƙaruwa mai yawa a cikin take haƙƙin ɗan adam da danniya na siyasa.An amince da sabon kundin tsarin mulki a watan Janairun 2014, kuma an zabi Sisi a matsayin shugaban kasa a watan Yunin 2014.Rikicin Masar na 2011-2014 ya yi tasiri sosai a fagen siyasar kasar, inda aka sauya sheka daga mulkin Mubarak na tsawon lokaci zuwa wani dan gajeren lokaci na dimokiradiyya a karkashin Morsi, sannan kuma ya koma kan mulki karkashin mulkin soja karkashin Sisi.Rikicin ya bayyana rarrabuwar kawuna a tsakanin al'umma tare da bayyana kalubalen da ake fuskanta wajen cimma daidaiton siyasa da mulkin demokradiyya a Masar.
El-Sisi Shugaban Kasa
Field Marshal Sisi a matsayin Ministan Tsaro, 2013. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
2014 Jan 1

El-Sisi Shugaban Kasa

Egypt
Shugaban kasar Masar Abdel Fattah el-Sisi tun daga shekara ta 2014 ya kasance yana da nasaba da karfafa karfin iko, da mai da hankali kan ci gaban tattalin arziki, da tsaurara matakan tsaro da 'yan adawa.El-Sisi wanda tsohon kwamandan soji ne ya hau karagar mulki bayan hambarar da shugaba Mohamed Morsi a shekara ta 2013, a cikin rudanin siyasa da tashe tashen hankulan jama'a.A karkashin el-Sisi, Masar ta ga muhimman ababen more rayuwa da ayyukan raya tattalin arziki, wadanda suka hada da fadada mashigin ruwa na Suez da kuma kaddamar da sabon babban birnin gudanarwa.Wadannan ayyuka wani bangare ne na kokarin kara bunkasa tattalin arziki da jawo jarin kasashen waje.Sai dai kuma sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki da suka hada da rage tallafin da karin haraji a zaman wani bangare na yarjejeniyar lamuni ta IMF, sun kuma haifar da karin tsadar rayuwa ga Masarawa da dama.Gwamnatin El-Sisi dai ta tsaya tsayin daka kan harkokin tsaro, bisa la'akari da bukatar yaki da ta'addanci da tabbatar da zaman lafiya.Wannan ya kunshi gagarumin yakin soji a yankin Sinai na yaki da masu kaifin kishin Islama da kuma karfafa rawar da sojoji ke takawa a harkokin mulki da tattalin arziki.To sai dai kuma, el-Sisi ya kasance yana fuskantar suka na take hakkin dan Adam da kuma murkushe 'yan adawa.Gwamnati ta danne ’yancin fadin albarkacin baki, taro, da ‘yan jarida, inda aka samu rahotanni da dama na kama mutane ba bisa ka’ida ba, da tilasta bacewar jama’a, da murkushe kungiyoyin fararen hula, masu fafutuka, da ‘yan adawa.Hakan dai ya janyo suka daga kasashen duniya daga kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama da wasu gwamnatocin kasashen waje.

Appendices



APPENDIX 1

Egypt's Geography explained in under 3 Minutes


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APPENDIX 2

Egypt's Geographic Challenge


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APPENDIX 3

Ancient Egypt 101


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APPENDIX 4

Daily Life In Ancient Egypt


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APPENDIX 5

Daily Life of the Ancient Egyptians - Ancient Civilizations


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APPENDIX 6

Every Egyptian God Explained


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APPENDIX 7

Geopolitics of Egypt


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Characters



Amenemhat I

Amenemhat I

First king of the Twelfth Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom

Ahmose I

Ahmose I

Founder of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt

Djoser

Djoser

Pharaoh

Thutmose III

Thutmose III

Sixth pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty

Amenhotep III

Amenhotep III

Ninth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty

Hatshepsut

Hatshepsut

Fifth Pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt

Mentuhotep II

Mentuhotep II

First pharaoh of the Middle Kingdom

Senusret I

Senusret I

Second pharaoh of the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt

Narmer

Narmer

Founder of the First Dynasty

Ptolemy I Soter

Ptolemy I Soter

Founder of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt

Nefertiti

Nefertiti

Queen of the 18th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt

Sneferu

Sneferu

Founding pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt

Gamal Abdel Nasser

Gamal Abdel Nasser

Second president of Egypt

Imhotep

Imhotep

Egyptian chancellor to the Pharaoh Djoser

Hosni Mubarak

Hosni Mubarak

Fourth president of Egypt

Ramesses III

Ramesses III

Second Pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty in Ancient Egypt

Ramesses II

Ramesses II

Third ruler of the Nineteenth Dynasty

Khufu

Khufu

Second Pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty

Amenemhat III

Amenemhat III

Sixth king of the Twelfth Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom

Muhammad Ali of Egypt

Muhammad Ali of Egypt

Governor of Egypt

Cleopatra

Cleopatra

Queen of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt

Anwar Sadat

Anwar Sadat

Third president of Egypt

Seti I

Seti I

Second pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt

Footnotes



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