Tarihin Spain

-218

Spain

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Tarihin Spain
©Diego Velázquez

570 BCE - 2023

Tarihin Spain



Tarihin Spain ya kasance a zamanin da lokacin da mutanen Romawa na gabacin tekun Bahar Rum na Tekun Iberian suka yi hulɗa da Helenawa da Phoenicians da kuma tsarin rubutun farko da aka sani da rubutun Paleohispanic.A lokacin Antiquity na gargajiya, yankin tsibirin shine wurin da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka da yawa na Helenawa, Carthaginians, da Romawa.Mutanen ’yan asalin yankin, irin su mutanen Tartessos, sun yi cudanya da masu mulkin mallaka don ƙirƙirar al’adun Iberian na musamman.Romawa suna kiran dukan yankin Peninsula a matsayin Hispania, daga inda sunan zamani na Spain ya samo asali.An rarraba yankin, a lokuta daban-daban, zuwa lardunan Romawa daban-daban.Kamar yadda sauran daular Rum ta Yamma ta kasance, Spain ta kasance ƙarƙashin mamayewar ƙabilun Jamusawa a ƙarni na 4 da 5 AZ, wanda ya haifar da asarar mulkin Romawa da kafa masarautun Jamus, musamman Visigoths da Suebi. alamar farkon tsakiyar zamanai a Spain.An kafa masarautu iri-iri na Jamus a yankin Iberian a farkon karni na 5 AD bayan faduwar mulkin Romawa;Mulkin Jamus ya ɗauki kimanin shekaru 200 har zuwa lokacin da Umayyad suka mamaye Hispania a cikin 711 kuma ya nuna shigar Musulunci zuwa tsibirin Iberian.An san yankin da Al-Andalus, kuma in ban da karamar Masarautar Asturia, wata jiha ce ta kiristoci a arewacin Iberia, yankin ya ci gaba da kasancewa karkashin ikon jihohin da musulmi ke jagoranta tun a farkon tsakiyar zamanai, lokacin da aka sani. a matsayin Golden Age na Musulunci.A lokacin Babban Tsakanin Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar, sannu a hankali Kiristoci daga arewa suka faɗaɗa ikonsu akan Iberia, lokacin da aka sani da Reconquista .Zamanin farko na zamani gabaɗaya ya samo asali ne daga ƙungiyar Sarakunan Castile da Aragon a ƙarƙashin Sarakunan Katolika, Isabella I na Castile da Ferdinand II na Aragon a 1469. A ƙarƙashin mulkin Philip II na Spain ne zamanin Golden Age na Spain ya bunƙasa. , Daular Sipaniya ta kai kololuwar yanki da tattalin arziki, kuma fadarsa da ke El Escorial ta zama cibiyar bunƙasa fasaha.Za a kara gwada ikon Spain ta hanyar shiga cikin yakin shekaru tamanin, inda suka yi ƙoƙari kuma suka kasa kwato sabuwar Jamhuriyar Holland mai cin gashin kanta, da kumayakin shekaru talatin , wanda ya haifar da ci gaba da raguwar ikon Habsburg don goyon bayan daular Faransa Bourbon . .Yaƙin Mulkin Sifaniya ya barke tsakanin Bourbons na Faransa da Habsburgs na Austriya akan 'yancin ya gaji Charles II.A daidai lokacin da, da kuma biyo baya, zamanin Napoleon yaƙe-yaƙe na Amurkawa na Mutanen Espanya ya haifar da asarar mafi yawan yankunan Spain a cikin Amurka.A lokacin sake kafa mulkin Bourbon a Spain, an gabatar da tsarin mulki a shekara ta 1813.Karni na ashirin ya fara don Spain a cikin rikice-rikice na waje da na gida;Yakin Mutanen Espanya da Amurka ya haifar da asarar dukiyoyin 'yan mulkin mallaka na Spain da jerin mulkin kama-karya na soja, na farko karkashin Miguel Primo de Rivera da na biyu karkashin Dámaso Berenguer.Daga ƙarshe, rikice-rikicen siyasa a cikin Spain ya haifar da yakin basasa na Spain, wanda sojojin Republican suka yi yaƙi da masu kishin ƙasa.Bayan shiga tsakani na kasashen waje a bangarorin biyu, 'yan kishin kasa sun yi nasara, karkashin jagorancin Francisco Franco, wanda zai jagoranci mulkin kama-karya na farkisanci na kusan shekaru arba'in.Mutuwar Francisco ta haifar da dawowar sarautar Sarki Juan Carlos na I, wanda ya ga an sami 'yanci ga al'ummar Spain tare da sake shiga tsakani da kasashen duniya bayan shekaru masu zalunci da keɓancewa a karkashin Franco.An kafa sabon tsarin mulki na sassaucin ra'ayi a cikin 1978. Spain ta shiga Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Turai a 1986 (an canza zuwa Tarayyar Turai tare da yarjejeniyar Maastricht na 1992), da kuma Eurozone a 1998. Juan Carlos ya yi murabus a 2014, kuma ɗansa Felipe ya gaje shi. VI, sarki na yanzu.
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Ziyarci Shago

900 BCE - 218 BCE
Tarihin Farkoornament
Phoenician a Iberia
Ana sauke jirgi na ƙasar Finisiya a tashar jiragen ruwa na Taya, ɗaya daga cikin manyan biranen kasuwanci na zamanin dā. ©Giovanni Caselli
900 BCE Jan 1

Phoenician a Iberia

Cádiz, Spain
Phoenicians na Levant, Girkawa na Turai, da Carthaginians na Afirka duk sun mamaye sassan Iberia don sauƙaƙe kasuwanci.A cikin ƙarni na 10 KZ, an fara tuntuɓar juna tsakanin Phoenicians da Iberia (a gefen Tekun Bahar Rum).A wannan karnin kuma an samu bullar garuruwa da birane a yankunan kudancin kasar ta Iberia.Phoenicians sun kafa yankin Gadir (yanzu Cádiz) kusa da Tartessos.Kafuwar Cádiz, birni mafi dadewa da ake ci gaba da zama a yammacin Turai, an ƙirƙira shi ne zuwa 1104 KZ, ko da yake, a shekara ta 2004, babu wani binciken binciken kayan tarihi da ya wuce karni na 9 KZ.Phoenicians sun ci gaba da amfani da Cádiz a matsayin wurin kasuwanci na tsawon ƙarni da yawa suna barin kayan tarihi iri-iri, musamman nau'ikan sarcophaguses daga kusan karni na 4 ko na 3 KZ.Sabanin tatsuniya, babu wani tarihin yankunan Phoenician da ke yammacin Algarve (wato Tavira), kodayake ana iya samun wasu tafiye-tafiye na ganowa.Tasirin Phoenician a yanzu Portugal ta kasance ta hanyar al'adu da musayar kasuwanci tare da Tartessos.A ƙarni na 9 KZ, Phoeniciyawa, daga birnin-taya sun kafa yankin Malaka (yanzu Malaga) da Carthage (a Arewacin Afirka).A cikin wannan karni, Phoenicians kuma sun sami babban tasiri a kan Iberia tare da gabatarwar amfani da Iron, na tukwane, samar da man zaitun da ruwan inabi.Su ne kuma ke da alhakin farkon nau'ikan rubuce-rubucen Iberian, suna da babban tasiri na addini da haɓaka ci gaban birane.Duk da haka, babu wata hujja ta gaske da za ta goyi bayan tatsuniyar gidauniyar Finikiya ta birnin Lisbon tun a shekara ta 1300 K.Z., a ƙarƙashin sunan Alis Ubbo ("Harbor Safe"), ko da a wannan lokacin akwai ƙauyuka da aka tsara a Olissipona. (Lisbon na zamani, a cikin Portuguese Estremadura) tare da tasirin Rum.Akwai tasiri mai ƙarfi na Phoenician da zama a cikin birnin Balsa (Tavira na zamani, Algarve), a cikin ƙarni na 8 KZ.An lalata Tavira mai tasirin Phoenician ta tashin hankali a ƙarni na 6 KZ.Tare da raguwar mulkin mallaka na Phoenician na Tekun Bahar Rum na Iberia a ƙarni na 6 KZ da yawa daga cikin mazaunan sun bace.Ƙarni na 6 KZ kuma ya ga tashin mulkin mallaka na Carthage, wanda sannu a hankali ya maye gurbin Phoenicians a yankunan da suka yi mulki.
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Girkawa a Iberia
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
575 BCE Jan 1

Girkawa a Iberia

Alt Empordà, Spain
Girkawa na Archaic sun isa tsibirin a ƙarshen karni na 7 KZ.Sun kafa mulkin mallaka na Girka kamar Empúries (570 KZ).An kafa Empúries a wani karamin tsibiri a bakin kogin Fluvià, a cikin yankin da 'yan asalin ke zaune (a halin yanzu, bakin Fluvià yana da kimanin kilomita 6 zuwa arewa).Bayan da Sarkin Farisa Cyrus II ya ci Phocaea a shekara ta 530 K.Z., yawan mutanen sabon birnin ya ƙaru sosai ta wurin ’yan gudun hijira.Masunta na Girka, 'yan kasuwa, da mazauna Phocaea ne suka kafa su a c.575 KZ, Empúries shine mafi girman tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Girka da aka rubuta a cikin Bahar Rum kuma ya riƙe ainihin al'adu na kusan shekaru dubu.Girkawa ne ke da alhakin sunan Iberia, a fili bayan kogin Iber (Ebro).
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Celtiberians
Celtiberians ©Angus McBride
500 BCE Jan 1

Celtiberians

Cádiz, Spain
Strabo ya buga imanin Ephorus cewa akwai Celts a cikin tsibirin Iberian har zuwa Cadiz.Al'adun kayan tarihi na yankunan arewa-maso-yamma na tsibirin Iberian sun nuna ci gaba tun daga ƙarshen zamanin Bronze (kimanin karni na 9 KZ) har sai da al'adun Romawa (c. karni na 1 KZ).Yana da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin kabilun Celtic na Gallaecians da Astures.Yawan jama'a sun fi yin kiwo da kiwo, wanda ƙwararrun mayaƙa ke ba da kariya, kamar na sauran yankuna na Turai ta Atlantika, waɗanda ke tsakiyar tudu, da ake kira castros, waɗanda ke sarrafa ƙananan wuraren kiwo. Mazaunan bukkoki madauwari sun tsira har zuwa zamanin Romawa. a arewacin Iberia, daga Arewacin Portugal, Asturias da Galicia ta Cantabria da arewacin Leon zuwa kogin Ebro.Kasancewar Celtic a Iberia wataƙila ya kasance tun farkon karni na 6 KZ, lokacin da castros ya haifar da sabon dawwama tare da bangon dutse da ramukan kariya.Masanin ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi, Martín Almagro Gorbea da Alvarado Lorrio sun fahimci bambancin kayan aikin ƙarfe da kuma tsarin zamantakewar iyali na ci gaban al'adun Celtiberiya kamar yadda suke tasowa daga al'adun castro na archaic wanda suke la'akari da "proto-Celtic".Abubuwan binciken kayan tarihi sun gano al'adun a matsayin ci gaba da al'adun da marubutan gargajiya suka ruwaito tun daga ƙarshen karni na 3 zuwa gaba (Almagro-Gorbea da Lorrio).Taswirar kabilanci na Celtiberia ta kasance yanki sosai duk da haka, wanda ya ƙunshi kabilu daban-daban da al'ummomi daga ƙarni na 3 sun ta'allaka ne akan kaƙƙarfan oppida kuma suna wakiltar babban digiri na haɗin kai na gida tare da al'adun masu zaman kansu a cikin haɗe-haɗen Celtic da Iberian stock.
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Carthaginian Iberia
Jaruman Hispanic, karni na 2 KZ ©Angus McBride
237 BCE Jan 1 - 218 BCE

Carthaginian Iberia

Saguntum, Spain
Bayan shan kashi na Carthage a cikin Yaƙin Farko na Farko , Janar na Carthaginian Hamilcar Barca ya murkushe tawayen 'yan amshin shata a Afirka kuma ya horar da sabon sojojin da ya ƙunshi Numidians tare da sojojin haya da sauran sojojin.A cikin 236 KZ, ya jagoranci balaguro zuwa Iberia inda ya yi fatan samun sabuwar daular Carthage don rama yankunan da aka rasa a cikin rikice-rikice na baya-bayan nan da Roma kuma ya zama tushe don ɗaukar fansa a kan Romawa.A cikin shekaru takwas, da karfin makamai da diflomasiyya, Hamilcar ya kulla wani yanki mai yawa, wanda ya mamaye kusan rabin yankin Iberian, kuma sojojin Iberian daga baya sun zo don zama wani babban ɓangare na sojojin da ɗansa Hannibal ya jagoranci zuwa tsibirin Italiya don yaki. Romawa, amma mutuwar Hamilcar a cikin yaƙi (228 KZ) ya hana shi kammala cin nasara a tsibirin Iberian kuma nan da nan ya biyo bayan rushewar daular da ya kafa.
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218 BCE - 472
Roman Hispanicornament
Yakin Yaki na Biyu
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
218 BCE Jan 1 - 204 BCE

Yakin Yaki na Biyu

Spain
Yaƙin Punic na biyu (218 zuwa 201 KZ) shine na biyu na yaƙe-yaƙe uku da aka yi tsakanin Carthage da Roma, manyan iko biyu na yammacin Bahar Rum a ƙarni na 3 KZ.Tsawon shekaru 17 jihohin biyu sun yi ta gwagwarmayar neman mulki, musamman a Italiya da Iberia, amma kuma a tsibirin Sicily da Sardinia da kuma, a karshen yakin, a Arewacin Afirka.Bayan manyan abubuwa da asarar mutane a bangarorin biyu an ci Carthaginians.Makidoniya, Syracuse da masarautun Numidia da yawa an jawo su cikin fada;kuma sojojin Iberian da na Gallic sun gwabza a bangarorin biyu.Akwai manyan gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na soja guda uku a lokacin yakin: Italiya, inda Hannibal ya ci sojojin Roma akai-akai, tare da kamfen na lokaci-lokaci a Sicily, Sardinia da Girka;Iberia, inda Hasdrubal, ɗan'uwan Hannibal, ya kare garuruwan mulkin mallaka na Carthagin tare da nasara gaurayawan kafin ya shiga Italiya da Afirka, inda a karshe Roma ta ci yakin.
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Spain
Augustan sansanin soja ©Brian Delf
218 BCE Jan 2 - 472

Spain

Spain
Hispania shine sunan Roman don yankin Iberian da lardunanta.A karkashin Jamhuriyar Roman, an raba Hispania zuwa larduna biyu: Hispania Citerior da Hispania Ulterior.A lokacin Principate, Hispania Ulterior an raba shi zuwa sabbin larduna biyu, Baetica da Lusitania, yayin da Hispania Citerior aka sake masa suna Hispania Tarraconensis.Daga baya, yammacin Tarraconensis ya rabu, da farko a matsayin Hispania Nova, daga baya aka sake masa suna "Callaecia" (ko Gallaecia, inda Galicia ta zamani).Daga Tetrarchy Diocletian (CE 284) zuwa gaba, an sake raba kudancin ragowar Tarraconensis a matsayin Carthaginensis, kuma dukkanin lardunan Hispanic na babban yankin, tare da tsibiran Balearic da lardin Arewacin Afirka na Mauretania Tingitana, daga baya an haɗa su cikin rukuni. Diocese na farar hula karkashin jagorancin wani vicarius.An kuma yi amfani da sunan Hispania a lokacin mulkin Visigothic.Wurin zamani sunaye Spain da Hispaniola duk an samo su daga Hispania.Romawa sun inganta biranen da ake da su, irin su Tarragona (Tarraco), kuma sun kafa wasu kamar Zaragoza (Caesaraugusta), Mérida (Augusta Emerita), Valencia (Valentia), León ("Legio Septima"), Badajoz ("Pax Augusta"), da kuma PalenciaTattalin arzikin yankin ya faɗaɗa ƙarƙashin koyarwar Romawa.Hispania ya ba wa Roma abinci, man zaitun, giya da ƙarfe.An haifi sarakuna Trajan, Hadrian, da Theodosius I, masanin falsafa Seneca, da mawaƙa Martial, Quintilian, da Lucan a cikin Hispania.Bishops na Hispanic sun gudanar da Majalisar Elvira a kusa da 306.Bayan faduwar daular Roma ta yamma a karni na 5, sassan Hispania sun shiga karkashin ikon kabilun Jamusawa na Vandals, Suebi, da Visigoths.
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Celtiberian Wars
Numantia (1881) A cikin 133 BC, masu kare Numantia na ƙarshe sun ƙone garinsu kuma suka kashe kansu don gudun kada Romawa su kama su da rai. ©Alejo Vera
181 BCE Jan 1 - 133 BCE

Celtiberian Wars

Spain
Yaƙin Celtiberian na farko (181-179 KZ) da Yaƙin Celtiberian na biyu (154-151 KZ) sune biyu daga cikin manyan tawaye uku na Celtiberians (ƙawancen ƙawancen Celtic da ke zaune a gabashin tsakiyar Hispania, daga cikinsu zamu iya kiran Pellendones). , da Arevaci, da Lusones, da Titti da kuma Belli) a kan kasancewar Romawa a cikin Hispania.Lokacin dayaƙi na biyu ya ƙare, Carthaginians sun bar ikon yankunan Hispanic zuwa Roma.Mutanen Celtiberi sun yi iyaka da wannan sabon lardin Roma.Sun fara fuskantar sojojin Romawa da ke aiki a yankunan da ke kewaye da Celtiberia kuma wannan ya haifar da yakin Celtiberian na farko.Nasarar da Romawa suka samu a wannan yaƙin da kuma yerjejeniyar zaman lafiya da Praetor Gracchus ya kafa tare da ƙabilu da yawa ya kai shekaru 24 na zaman lafiya.A shekara ta 154 K.Z., Majalisar Dattijan Roma ta ƙi cewa garin Belli da ke Segeda ya gina kewayen bango, kuma ya ayyana yaƙi.Don haka, yakin Celtiberiya na biyu (154-152 KZ) ya fara.Akalla kabilu uku na Celtiberians ne suka shiga yakin: Titti, Belli (garuruwan Segeda da Nertobriga) da Arevaci (garuruwan Numantia, Axinum da Ocilis).Bayan wasu nasarori na farko na Celtiberian, karamin jakadan Marcus Claudius Marcellus ya yi wasu rashin nasara kuma ya yi sulhu da Celtiberians.Jakadan na gaba, Lucius Licinius Lucullus, ya kai hari ga Vaccaei, ƙabilar da ke zaune a tsakiyar kwarin Duero wanda ba ya yaƙi da Roma.Ya yi haka ba tare da izinin Majalisar Dattawa ba, tare da uzurin cewa Vaccaei ya yi wa Carpetani zalunci.Yaƙin Celtiberian na biyu ya mamaye yaƙin Lusitania na (154-150 KZ).Babban tawaye na uku bayan Yaƙin Celtiberian shine Yaƙin Numantine (143-133 KZ), wani lokaci ana ɗaukarsa azaman Yaƙin Celtiberian na uku.
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Visigothic Spain
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
418 Jan 1 - 721

Visigothic Spain

Spain
Kabilun Jamusawa na farko da suka mamaye Hispania sun zo a ƙarni na 5, yayin da Daular Rum ta ruɓe.Visigoths, Suebi, Vandals da Alans sun isa Hispania ta hanyar tsallaka tsaunukan Pyrenees, wanda ya kai ga kafa Masarautar Suebi a Gallaecia, a arewa maso yamma, Masarautar Vandal na Vandalusia (Andalusia), kuma a ƙarshe Masarautar Visigothic a Toledo.Visigoths na Romanized sun shiga Hispania a shekara ta 415. Bayan juyin mulkin mulkinsu zuwa Katolika na Roman kuma bayan sun ci yankunan Suebic da ke fama da rikice-rikice a arewa maso yamma da yankunan Byzantine a kudu maso gabas, daular Visigothic a ƙarshe ta ƙunshi babban yanki na Iberian Peninsula.Yayin da Daular Rum ta ragu, kabilun Jamus sun mamaye tsohuwar daular.Wasu sun kasance foederati, kabilun da aka shigar da su don yin hidima a cikin sojojin Roma, kuma an ba su ƙasa a cikin daular a matsayin biyan kuɗi, wasu, kamar Vandals, sun yi amfani da rashin ƙarfi na daular don neman ganima a cikin iyakokinta.Waɗannan ƙabilun da suka tsira sun mallaki cibiyoyin Roman da ke wanzu, kuma suka haifar da mulkoki ga Romawa a sassa daban-daban na Turai Visigoths sun karɓi Hispania bayan 410.A lokaci guda kuma, akwai wani tsari na "Romanization" na Jamusanci da kabilar Hunnic sun zauna a ɓangarorin biyu na lemun tsami (ƙarar iyakar daular tare da kogin Rhine da Danube).Visigoths, alal misali, an canza su zuwa Kiristanci na Arian a kusa da 360, tun kafin a tura su cikin yankin daular ta hanyar fadada Huns.A cikin hunturu na 406, yin amfani da Rhine daskararre, 'yan gudun hijira daga (Jamus) Vandals da Sueves, da (Sarmatian) Alans, suna tserewa Huns masu tasowa, sun mamaye daular da karfi.Visigoths, sun kori Roma shekaru biyu da suka gabata, sun isa Gaul a cikin 412, suna kafa daular Visigothic na Toulouse (a kudancin Faransa ta zamani) kuma a hankali sun faɗaɗa tasirin su zuwa Hispania bayan yaƙin Vouillé (507) a cikin kuɗin Vandals da Alans, waɗanda suka ƙaura zuwa Arewacin Afirka ba tare da barin alamar dindindin ba akan al'adun Hispanic.Masarautar Visigothic ta canza babban birninta zuwa Toledo kuma ta kai matsayi mai girma a lokacin mulkin Leovigild.
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587 - 711
Gothic Spainornament
Visigothic King Reccared ya zama Katolika
Juya Reccared zuwa Katolika ©Antonio Muñoz Degrain
587 Jan 1

Visigothic King Reccared ya zama Katolika

Toledo, Spain
Reccared shine ƙaramin ɗan sarki Leovigild ta matarsa ​​ta farko.Kamar mahaifinsa, Reccared yana da babban birninsa a Toledo.Sarakunan Visigothic da masu fada aji sun kasance Kiristocin Arian na al'ada, yayin da yawan mutanen Hispano-Roman su ne Roman Katolika.Bishop na Katolika Leander na Seville ya taimaka wajen mayar da babban ɗa kuma magajin Leovigild, Hermenegild, zuwa Katolika.Leander ya goyi bayan tawayensa kuma an kore shi saboda rawar da ya taka.A cikin Janairu 587, Reccared ya yi watsi da Arianism don Katolika, babban abin da ya faru na mulkinsa da kuma juyi ga Visigothic Hispania.Yawancin sarakunan Arian da malaman coci sun bi misalinsa, tabbas na kusa da shi a Toledo, amma akwai tashin hankali na Arian, musamman a Septimania, lardinsa na arewa, bayan Pyrenees, inda jagoran 'yan adawa shi ne Bishop Arian Athaloc, wanda ya yi suna a tsakanin. abokan gabansa na Katolika na kasancewa kusan Arius na biyu.Daga cikin shugabannin masu zaman kansu na tashin hankalin Septimanian, ƙididdigar Granista da Wildigern sun yi kira ga Guntram na Burgundy, wanda ya ga damarsa kuma ya aika da dux Desiderius.Sojojin Reccared sun ci nasara kan 'yan tawayen Arian da abokansu na Katolika da kisa mai yawa, Desiderius da kansa aka kashe.
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711 - 1492
Al-Andalus & Kirista Reconquestornament
Yakin Umayyawa na Hispania
Sarki Don Rodrigo yana haranga sojojinsa a yakin Guadalete na Bernardo Blanco y Pérez ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
711 Jan 1 - 718

Yakin Umayyawa na Hispania

Iberian Peninsula
Yakin Umayyawa na Hispania, wanda kuma aka fi sani da mamayar Umayyawa na daular Visigothic, shine farkon fadada daular Umayyawa akan Hispania (a cikin yankin Iberian Peninsula) daga 711 zuwa 718. Yakin ya haifar da lalata daular Visigothic da masarautar Visigothic. kafa Umayyah Wilaya ta Al-Andalus.A lokacin halifancin halifa al-Walid na Umayyawa na shida (r. 705-715), dakaru karkashin jagorancin Tariq bn Ziyad sun sauka a farkon shekara ta 711 a Gibraltar a karkashin jagorancin rundunar da ta kunshi Berbers daga arewacin Afirka.Bayan ya kayar da Sarkin Visigothic Roderic a gagarumin yakin Guadalete, Tariq ya samu karfafuwa da rundunar Larabawa karkashin jagorancin babbansa walinsa Musa bn Nusayr ya ci gaba da zuwa arewa.A shekara ta 717, haɗin gwiwar Larabawa-Berber sun ketare Pyrenees zuwa Septimania.Sun ci gaba da zama a Gaul har zuwa 759.
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711 Jan 2 - 1492

Sake dawowa

Spain
Reconquista wani gini ne na tarihi na tsawon shekaru 781 a cikin tarihin tsibirin Iberian tsakanin mamayar da Umayyad suka mamaye Hispania a 711 da faduwar daular Nasrid ta Granada a 1492, inda masarautun Kirista suka fadada ta hanyar yaki kuma suka ci al- al. - Andalus, ko kuma yankunan Iberia da Musulmai ke mulki.Farkon Reconquista bisa al'ada yana da alamar yakin Covadonga (718 ko 722), nasara ta farko da sojojin Kirista suka yi a Hispania tun bayan mamayewar soja na 711 wanda hadin gwiwar sojojin Larabawa-Berber suka yi.'Yan tawayen da Pelagius ya jagoranta sun fatattaki sojojin musulmi a tsaunukan arewacin Hispania tare da kafa daular Asturia mai cin gashin kanta ta kiristoci.A ƙarshen karni na 10, wazirin Umayyad Almanzor ya yi yaƙin neman zaɓe na tsawon shekaru 30 don murkushe masarautun Kiristocin arewa.Sojojinsa sun mamaye arewa, har ma sun kori babban cocin Santiago de Compostela.Lokacin da gwamnatin Cordoba ta wargaje a farkon karni na 11, jerin kananan jahohin da suka gaje su da aka sani da taifas suka fito.Masarautun Arewa sun yi amfani da wannan hali, suka shiga cikin kasar Andalus;sun haifar da yakin basasa, sun tsoratar da raunanan taifa, suka sanya su biya haraji mai yawa (parias) don "kariya".Bayan sake dawowar musulmi a karkashin Almohad a karni na 12, manyan garuruwan Moorish a kudu sun fada hannun sojojin Kirista a karni na 13 bayan yakin Las Navas de Tolosa (1212) - Cordoba a 1236 da Seville a 1248 - barin kawai. yankin musulmi na Granada a matsayin jiha mai rahusa a kudu.Bayan mika wuya na Granada a cikin Janairu 1492, daukacin yankin Iberian sarakunan Kirista ne ke iko da su.A ranar 30 ga Yuli, 1492, sakamakon dokar Alhambra, an kori dukan al'ummar Yahudawa—wasu mutane 200,000 da karfi.An yi nasarar cin galaba a kan wasu dokoki (1499-1526) wanda ya tilasta musu musulunta a Spain, wadanda daga baya aka kore su daga yankin Iberian da umarnin Sarki Philip III a shekara ta 1609.Tun daga karni na 19, tarihin tarihi na gargajiya ya yi amfani da kalmar Reconquista don abin da aka yi tunani a baya a matsayin maido da daular Visigothic akan yankunan da aka ci.Ma'anar Reconquista, wanda aka ƙarfafa a cikin tarihin tarihin Mutanen Espanya a cikin rabi na biyu na karni na 19, yana da alaƙa da haɓaka asalin asalin ƙasar Sipaniya, yana mai da hankali kan al'amuran ƙasa da na soyayya.
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756 Jan 1 - 929

Masarautar Cordoba

Córdoba, Spain
Masarautar Cordoba ta kasance daular Musulunci ta tsakiya a yankin Iberian Peninsula.Kafuwarta a tsakiyar karni na takwas zai zama farkon shekaru dari bakwai na mulkin musulmi a kasashen Spain da Portugal a yanzu.Yankunan Masarautar da ke cikin yankin da Larabawa suke kira Al-Andalus, sun kasance wani bangare na Khalifancin Umayyawa tun farkon karni na takwas.Bayan da Abbasiyawa suka hambarar da mulkin halifanci a shekara ta 750, yariman Umayyawa Abd ar-Rahman na daya ya tsere daga tsohuwar babban birnin Damascus ya kafa masarautu mai cin gashin kanta a Iberia a shekara ta 756. Babban birnin lardin Cordoba ya zama babban birnin kasar, kuma cikin shekaru da dama ya zama babban birnin kasar. daya daga cikin manya da manyan birane a duniya.Bayan da farko ya amince da halaccin halifancin Abbasiyawa na Bagadaza, a shekara ta 929 sarki Abd al-Rahman na uku ya ayyana halifancin Cordoba, tare da kansa a matsayin halifa.
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Masarautar Portugal
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1139 Jan 1 - 1910

Masarautar Portugal

Lisbon, Portugal
A cikin 1139, bayan babban nasara a yakin Ourique da Almoravids, sojojinsa sun ayyana Afonso Henriques Sarkin Portugal na farko .Bisa ga almara, Kristi ya sanar daga sama manyan ayyuka na Afonso, ta yadda zai kafa Cortes Portuguese na farko a Lamego kuma babban Bishop na Braga ya nada shi rawani.A cikin 1142 ƙungiyar 'yan Salibiyya ta Anglo-Norman a kan hanyarsu ta zuwa ƙasa mai tsarki sun taimaka wa Sarki Afonso Henriques a cikin Siege na Lisbon (1142).A cikin Yarjejeniyar Zamora a cikin 1143, Alfonso VII na Leon da Castile sun amince da 'yancin kai na Portuguese daga Masarautar León.
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1212 Jul 16

Yaƙin Las Navas de Tolosa

Santa Elena, Jaén, Andalusia,
Yaƙin Las Navas de Tolosa wani muhimmin juyi ne a cikin Reconquista da tarihin tsakiyar Spain.Sojojin kiristoci na Sarki Alfonso na VIII na Castile sun hadu da sojojin abokan hamayyarsa, Sancho VII na Navarre da Peter II na Aragon, a yaki da sarakunan Almohad musulmi na kudancin rabin yankin Iberian Peninsula.Halifa al-Nasir (Miramamolín a cikin tarihin Mutanen Espanya) ya jagoranci sojojin Almohad, wanda ya ƙunshi mutane daga ko'ina cikin Halifancin Almohad.Mugunyar da Almohad suka yi ya ƙara saurin raguwar su duka a yankin Iberian Peninsula da Maghreb shekaru goma bayan haka.Wannan ya ba da ƙarin ƙwazo ga Reconquest na Kirista kuma ya rage raguwar ikon Moors a Iberia.
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1478 Jan 1 - 1809

Binciken Mutanen Espanya

Spain
Kotun Koli na Ofishin Mai Tsarki na Bincike ya fara zuwa ƙarshen Reconquista kuma an yi niyya don kiyaye ka'idodin Katolika a cikin masarautun su da maye gurbin Inquisition na Medieval, wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikon Paparoma.Ya zama mafi mahimmanci daga cikin bayyananni daban-daban guda uku na babban binciken Katolika tare da binciken Roman da Inquisition na Portuguese.Ana iya bayyana "Inquisition na Mutanen Espanya" gabaɗaya kamar yadda yake aiki a Spain da kuma a cikin dukkan yankuna da yankuna na Spain, waɗanda suka haɗa da tsibiran Canary, Masarautar Naples, da duk mallakar Mutanen Espanya a Arewa, Tsakiya, da Kudancin Amurka.Bisa kididdigar zamani, kusan mutane 150,000 ne aka gurfanar da su bisa laifuka daban-daban a tsawon karni uku na binciken Mutanen Espanya, wadanda aka kashe tsakanin 3,000 zuwa 5,000.Tun da farko an yi nufin Inquisition ne don gano masu bidi'a a cikin waɗanda suka tuba daga Yahudanci da Musulunci zuwa Katolika.An tsananta tsarin bangaskiyar sabbin mabiya darikar Katolika bayan da dokar sarauta da aka bayar a shekara ta 1492 da 1502 ta umurci Yahudawa da Musulmai su koma Katolika ko kuma su bar Castile, wanda ya haifar da dubban daruruwan tubalin tilastawa, da tsananta wa conversos da moriscos, da kuma yawan korar Yahudawa da Musulmai daga Spain.An soke Inquisition a cikin 1834, a lokacin mulkin Isabella II, bayan wani lokaci na raguwar tasiri a cikin karni da ya gabata.
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1492 - 1810
Farkon Zamanin Spainornament
Karshen Mulkin Musulmi
Sallama na Granada ©Francisco Pradilla Ortiz
1492 Jan 2

Karshen Mulkin Musulmi

Granada, Spain
Ferdinand da Isabella sun kammala Reconquista tare da yaki da Masarautar Granada wanda ya fara a 1482 kuma ya ƙare tare da mika wuya Granada a ranar 2 ga Janairu 1492. Moors a Castile a baya sun ƙidaya "rabin miliyan a cikin daular".A shekara ta 1492 wasu 100,000 sun mutu ko kuma sun kasance bayi, 200,000 sun yi hijira, kuma 200,000 sun kasance a Castile.Da yawa daga cikin jiga-jigan musulmi, ciki har da tsohon Sarkin Granada Muhammad XII, wanda aka bai wa yankin tsaunin Alpujarras a matsayin masarauta, sun sami rayuwa a ƙarƙashin mulkin Kirista ba za a iya jurewa ba kuma sun yi hijira zuwa Tlemcen a Arewacin Afirka.
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Tafiya na Christopher Columbus
Hoton Columbus yana ikirarin mallakar ƙasar a cikin caravels, Niña da Pinta ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1492 Aug 3

Tafiya na Christopher Columbus

Bahamas
Tsakanin 1492 zuwa 1504, dan kasar Italiya mai bincike Christopher Columbus ya jagoranci balaguron gano tekun Sipaniya guda hudu na tekun Atlantic zuwa Amurka.Waɗannan tafiye-tafiyen sun haifar da yaduwar ilimin Sabuwar Duniya.Wannan ci gaban ya ƙaddamar da lokacin da aka fi sani da Age of Discovery, wanda ya ga mulkin mallaka na Amurka, musayar halittu mai alaka, da cinikayyar tekun Atlantika.Wadannan abubuwan da suka faru, da illolinsu da sakamakonsu har ya zuwa yanzu, ana yawan ambaton su a matsayin farkon wannan zamani.
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Spain da Portugal sun raba Sabuwar Duniya
Yarjejeniyar Tordesillas ©Anonymous
1494 Jun 7

Spain da Portugal sun raba Sabuwar Duniya

America
Yarjejeniyar Tordesillas, wacce aka sanya hannu a Tordesillas, Spain a ranar 7 ga Yuni 1494, kuma ta tabbata a Setúbal, Portugal, ta raba sabbin ƙasashen da aka gano a wajen Turai tsakanin Masarautar Portugal da Masarautar Sipaniya (Crown of Castile), tare da gasar 370 na meridian yamma tsibirin Cape Verde, kusa da gabar yammacin Afirka.Wannan layin ya kasance kusan rabin tsakanin tsibiran Cape Verde (da Portuguese) da tsibiran da Christopher Columbus ya shiga a tafiyarsa ta farko (wanda ake da'awar Castile da León), mai suna a cikin yarjejeniyar Cipangu da Antillia (Cuba da Hispaniola).Ƙasar da ke gabas na Portugal ne kuma ƙasashen yamma zuwa Castile, wanda ke canza wani yanki na farko da Paparoma Alexander VI ya gabatar.Spain ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar, 2 Yuli 1494, da Portugal, 5 Satumba 1494. An raba daya gefen duniya bayan 'yan shekarun da suka gabata da Yarjejeniyar Zaragoza, wanda aka sanya hannu a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 1529, wanda ya ayyana antimeridian zuwa layin. na ƙaddamar da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun yarjejeniyar Tordesillas.Asalin waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin biyu ana adana su a Babban Taskar Indies a Spain da kuma a Taskar Tarihi ta Torre do Tombo a Portugal.Duk da karancin bayanai game da yanayin Sabuwar Duniya, Portugal da Spain sun mutunta yarjejeniyar.Sauran kasashen Turai duk da haka ba su sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ba kuma gabaɗaya sun yi watsi da ita, musamman waɗanda suka zama Furotesta bayan Gyarawa.
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Habsburg Spain
Sarki Philip III na Spain (r. 1598–1621) ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1517 Jan 1 - 1700

Habsburg Spain

Spain
Habsburg Spain kalma ce ta tarihi ta zamani da ake magana da ita zuwa Spain na ƙarni na 16 da 17 (1516 – 1700) lokacin da sarakuna daga gidan Habsburg suka yi sarauta (wanda kuma ke da alaƙa da rawar da ta taka a tarihin Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai).Sarakunan Hispanic na Habsburg (musamman Charles I da Philip II) sun kai ga girman tasirinsu da ikon mulkin daular Spain.Sun mallaki yankuna a kan nahiyoyi biyar da suka hada da Amurka, Indiyawan Gabas, Ƙasashen Ƙasashe , Belgium, Luxembourg da yankuna a yanzu aItaliya , Faransa da Jamus a Turai, Daular Portuguese daga 1580 zuwa 1640, da sauran yankuna daban-daban kamar ƙananan yankuna. kamar Ceuta da Oran a Arewacin Afirka.An kuma kira wannan lokaci na tarihin Mutanen Espanya a matsayin "Age of Expansion".Tare da Habsburgs, Spain ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan ikon siyasa da na soja a Turai da duniya don yawancin ƙarni na 16 da 17.A lokacin Habsburg's lokacin, Spain ta shigo da zamanin zinare na Mutanen Espanya na fasaha da wallafe-wallafen samar da wasu fitattun marubuta da masu zane-zane da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru, waɗanda suka haɗa da Teresa na Ávila, Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Miguel de Cervantes, Francisco de Quevedo, Diego Velázquez, El Greco, Domingo de Soto, Francisco Suárez da Francisco de Vitoria.Spain a matsayin kasa mai haɗin kai ta zama de jure bayan dokokin Nueva Planta na 1707 wanda ya yi nasara ga manyan rawanin tsoffin masarautunta.Spain a matsayin kasa mai haɗin kai ta zama de jure bayan dokokin Nueva Planta na 1707 wanda ya yi nasara ga manyan rawanin tsoffin masarautunta.Bayan mutuwar a shekara ta 1700 na Sarkin Habsburg na ƙarshe na Spain Charles II, sakamakon Yaƙin Nasarar Mutanen Espanya ya kai ga hawan Philip V na daular Bourbon kuma ya fara sabon tsarin ƙasa.
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Magellan balaguro
Gano Mashigin Magellan, zanen mai na Álvaro Casanova Zenteno. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1519 Sep 20 - 1522 Sep 6

Magellan balaguro

Asia
Balaguron Magellan , wanda aka fi sani da balaguron Magellan – Elcano, balaguro ne na Sipaniya wanda ɗan ƙasar Portugal Ferdinand Magellan ya jagoranta zuwa Moluccas, wanda ya tashi daga Spain a cikin 1519, kuma ya ƙare da zagaye na farko na duniya a cikin 1522 ta ɗan Spain Juan Sebastián Elcano. .Balaguron ya cika burinsa na farko - don nemo hanyar yamma zuwa Moluccas (Tsibirin Spice).Jirgin ya bar Spain ne a ranar 20 ga Satumba 1519, suka bi ta tekun Atlantika da kuma gabacin gabar tekun Kudancin Amirka, daga karshe suka gano mashigin Magellan, wanda ya ba su damar wucewa zuwa Tekun Pacific (wanda Magellan ya kira).Jirgin ruwan ya kammala tsallakawa zuwa tekun Pasifik na farko, inda ya tsaya a kasar Philippines , kuma daga karshe ya isa Moluccas bayan shekaru biyu.A ƙarshe ma'aikatan da Juan Sebastián Elcano ya jagoranta sun koma Spain a ranar 6 ga Satumba 1522, bayan sun tashi zuwa yamma, kusa da Cape of Good Hope, ta cikin ruwa da Portuguese ke sarrafawa.Tun farko dai jiragen sun ƙunshi mutane kusan 270 da jiragen ruwa biyar.Tafiyar ta fuskanci wahalhalu da dama da suka haɗa da yunƙurin yin zagon ƙasa na Portugal, kisan gilla, yunwa, ɓarna, guguwa, da gamuwa da ƙiyayya da ƴan asalin ƙasar.Maza 30 ne kawai da jirgin ruwa ɗaya (Victoria) suka kammala tafiya komawa Spain.Magellan da kansa ya mutu a yaƙi a Philippines, kuma wasu jami'ai sun yi nasara a matsayin babban kyaftin, tare da Elcano ya jagoranci tafiyar Victoria ta dawowa.Sarkin Spain Charles na daya ne ya dauki nauyin wannan balaguron balaguron, tare da fatan zai gano hanyar yamma zuwa Moluccas mai fa'ida, saboda hanyar gabas na karkashin ikon Portugal karkashin yarjejeniyar Tordesillas.
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1521 May 26 - Aug 13

Hernan Cortes ya ci daular Aztecs

Mexico City, CDMX, Mexico
Faɗuwar Tenochtitlan, babban birnin daular Aztec , wani muhimmin al'amari ne a cikin mamayar da Mutanen Espanya suka yi wa daular.Ya faru ne a cikin 1521 biyo bayan cin zarafi na ƙungiyoyin gida da kuma cin gajiyar rarrabuwar kawuna na siyasa da ɗan ƙasar Spain Hernán Cortés ya yi.Abokan ƴan asalin ƙasar ne suka taimaka masa, da mai fassara kuma abokin tafiyarsa La Malinche.Ko da yake an yi yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa tsakanin Daular Aztec da haɗin gwiwar da Mutanen Espanya ke jagoranta, wanda ya ƙunshi mafi yawan mutanen Tlaxcaltec, shi ne kewayen Tenochtitlan wanda ya kai ga rushewar wayewar Aztec kuma ya nuna ƙarshen kashi na farko na Mutanen Espanya sun mamaye daular Aztec.Al'ummar Aztec dai sun lalace a lokacin saboda yawan mace-macen da ake samu sakamakon cutar sankarau, wadda ta kashe yawancin shugabancinta.Domin cutar sankarau ta kasance tana yaɗuwa a Asiya da Turai shekaru aru-aru, Mutanen Espanya sun sami rigakafi kuma sun ɗan yi tasiri a cikin annoba.Cin nasara da Daular Aztec ya kasance muhimmin mataki a mulkin mallaka na Spain na Amurka.Tare da wannan cin nasara, Spain ta sami damar shiga tekun Pacific.Ta haka ne, daular Sipaniya za ta iya cimma ainihin burinta na tekun teku na kaiwa kasuwannin Asiya.
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1532 Jan 1 - 1572

Mamaye Mutanen Espanya na Daular Inca

Peru
Cin nasara da Mutanen Espanya na Daular Inca , wanda kuma aka sani da Cin Nasara na Peru, ya kasance daya daga cikin muhimman kamfen a cikin mulkin mallaka na Spain na Amurka.Bayan shekaru na binciken farko da fadace-fadacen soji, sojojin Spain 168 a karkashin mai ci Francisco Pizarro, da 'yan uwansa, da abokansu na asali sun kama Sapa Inca Atahualpa a yakin Cajamarca na 1532.Wannan shi ne mataki na farko a cikin dogon yakin da ya dauki shekaru da yawa ana gwabzawa amma ya ƙare a nasarar Mutanen Espanya a 1572 da kuma mulkin mallaka na yankin a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Peru.Cin nasara da Daular Inca, ya haifar da yakin neman zabe zuwa Chile da Colombia a yau, da kuma balaguro zuwa Basin Amazon.Lokacin da Mutanen Espanya suka isa kan iyakokin Daular Inca a cikin 1528, ya mamaye yanki mai yawa kuma ya kasance mafi girma daga cikin manyan wayewar farko na Columbian hudu.Tsaye kudu daga Ancomayo, wanda a yanzu aka sani da kogin Patía, a kudancin Colombia na yanzu zuwa kogin Maule a cikin abin da za a kira shi Chile daga baya, da kuma gabas daga Tekun Pacific zuwa gefen gandun daji na Amazonian, ya rufe. wasu daga cikin filaye masu tsaunuka a Duniya.Basaraken Sipaniya Pizarro da mutanensa sun sami taimako sosai a cikin kasuwancinsu ta hanyar mamayewa a lokacin da Daular Inca ke tsakiyar yakin gadi tsakanin sarakunan Huáscar da Atahualpa.Atahualpa da alama ya ƙara yin lokaci tare da Huayna Capac a cikin shekarun da yake a arewa tare da sojojin da suka ci Ecuador.Don haka Atahualpa ya kasance kusa da kuma yana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da sojoji da manyan hafsoshinta.Lokacin da Huayna Capac da ɗansa na fari da magaji, Ninan Cuyochic, suka mutu ba zato ba tsammani a shekara ta 1528 daga abin da ke iya zama ƙanƙara, cuta da Mutanen Espanya suka shigar a cikin Amurka, an jefa tambayar wanda zai yi nasara a matsayin sarki.Huayna ya mutu kafin ya iya nada sabon magaji.
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Ƙungiyar Iberian
Philip II na Spain ©Sofonisba Anguissola
1580 Jan 1 - 1640

Ƙungiyar Iberian

Iberian Peninsula
Ƙungiyar Iberian tana nufin ƙungiyar dynastic na Masarautar Castile da Aragon da Masarautar Portugal a ƙarƙashin Kambin Castilian wanda ya kasance tsakanin 1580 zuwa 1640 kuma ya kawo dukan tsibirin Iberian, da kuma mallakar Portuguese na ketare, a ƙarƙashin Sarkin Habsburg na Spain Philip. II, Philip III da kuma Philip IV.Ƙungiyar ta fara ne bayan rikicin maye gurbi na Portugal da kuma yaƙin da ya biyo baya na maye gurbin Portugal, kuma ya daɗe har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa gidan Braganza a matsayin sabuwar daular Portugal.Sarkin Habsburg, shine kawai abin da ya haɗu da masarautu da yankuna da yawa, waɗanda majalisun gwamnatoci daban-daban guda shida na Castile, Aragon, Portugal, Italiya, Flanders da Indies suka mulki.Gwamnatoci, cibiyoyi da al'adun doka na kowace masarauta sun kasance masu zaman kansu ba tare da juna ba.Dokokin Alien (Leyes de extranjería) sun ƙaddara cewa ɗan ƙasa na masarauta ɗaya baƙo ne a duk sauran masarautu.
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1588 Jul 21 - May

Mutanen Espanya Armada

English Channel
Armada na Mutanen Espanya jirgin ruwa ne na Sipaniya na jiragen ruwa 130 da suka tashi daga Lisbon a ƙarshen Mayu 1588 a ƙarƙashin umarnin Duke na Medina Sidoniya, tare da manufar raka sojoji daga Flanders don mamaye Ingila .Medina Sidoniya yar sarki ce ba tare da gogewar umarnin sojan ruwa ba amma Sarki Philip II ya nada shi kwamanda.Manufar ita ce a hambarar da Sarauniya Elizabeth I da kafa ta Furotesta a Ingila, don dakatar da tsoma bakin Ingilishi a cikin Netherlands na Spain, da kuma dakatar da cutar da jiragen ruwa masu zaman kansu na Ingilishi da Dutch ke haifarwa wanda ya kawo cikas ga bukatun Spain a cikin Amurka.Jiragen ruwa na Ingila sun tashi daga Plymouth don kai wa Armada hari.Sun kasance da sauri kuma sun fi ƙarfin motsa jiki fiye da manyan galleons na Mutanen Espanya, wanda ya ba su damar yin wuta a kan Armada ba tare da asara ba yayin da Armada ya tashi zuwa gabas daga gabar kudu na Ingila.Armada zai iya tsayawa a cikin Solent tsakanin tsibirin Wight da yankin Ingilishi kuma ya mamaye tsibirin Wight, amma Medina Sidoniya tana ƙarƙashin umarnin Sarki Philip II don saduwa da Alexander Farnese, Duke na sojojin Parma a Netherlands don haka Ingila Za a iya mamaye sojojin Parma da sauran sojojin da ke dauke da su a cikin jiragen ruwa na Armada.Bindigogin Ingilishi sun lalata Armada, sannan Sir Francis Drake ya kama wani jirgin ruwan Spain a tashar Turancin Ingilishi.Armada ya koma Calais.Yayin da ake jiran sadarwa daga Duke na Parma, Armada ya warwatse da wani harin wuta na dare na Ingilishi ya watsar da shi tare da sojojin Parma, wanda jiragen ruwa na Dutch suka tare shi a tashar jiragen ruwa.A cikin yakin Gravelines da ya biyo baya, jiragen ruwan Spain sun kara lalacewa kuma suna cikin hadarin gudu a bakin tekun Holland lokacin da iska ta canza.Rundunar Armada, wadda iskar kudu maso yamma ke tukawa, sun ja da baya zuwa arewa, tare da rundunar sojojin Ingila da suka yi ta fama da su a gabar gabashin Ingila.Yayin da Armada ya koma Spain a kusa da Scotland da Ireland, an kara rushe shi da hadari.Jiragen ruwa da yawa sun rushe a gabar tekun Scotland da Ireland, kuma fiye da kashi uku na jiragen ruwa 130 na farko sun kasa komawa Spain.Kamar yadda masana tarihi Martin da Parker suka bayyana, "Philip II yayi ƙoƙari ya mamaye Ingila, amma tsare-tsarensa sun ɓace. Wannan ya faru ne saboda rashin kulawa da kansa, ciki har da nada wani aristocrat ba tare da kwarewar sojan ruwa ba a matsayin kwamandan Armada, amma kuma ga yanayi mara kyau, kuma adawar turawan Ingila da kawayensu na kasar Holland, wadanda suka hada da amfani da jiragen ruwan wuta da suka shiga cikin Armada da aka kafa."Balaguron ya kasance mafi girma na yakin Anglo-Spanish da ba a bayyana ba.A shekara mai zuwa, Ingila ta shirya irin wannan gagarumin yaƙin neman zaɓe a kan Spain, Ingilishi Armada, wani lokaci ana kiransa "counter-Armada na 1589", wanda kuma bai yi nasara ba.
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1635 May 19 - 1659 Nov 7

Yakin Franco-Spanish

Spain
An gwabza yakin Franco-Spanish (1635-1659) tsakanin Faransa da Spain, tare da shiga cikin jerin sunayen abokan gaba ta hanyar yakin.Kashi na farko, wanda ya fara a watan Mayu 1635 kuma ya ƙare tare da 1648 Aminci na Westphalia, ana ɗaukar rikici mai alaƙa naYaƙin Shekaru Talatin .Mataki na biyu ya ci gaba har zuwa 1659 lokacin da Faransa da Spain suka amince da sharuɗɗan zaman lafiya a cikin yarjejeniyar Pyrenees.Manyan yankunan da ake rikici sun haɗa da arewacin Italiya, da Sipaniya Netherlands , da Rhineland na Jamus.Bugu da kari, Faransa ta goyi bayan tawaye ga mulkin Spain a Portugal (1640-1668), Catalonia (1640-1653) da Naples (1647), yayin da daga 1647 zuwa 1653 Spain ta goyi bayan 'yan tawayen Faransa a yakin basasar da aka fi sani da Fronde.Dukansu kuma sun goyi bayan bangarorin adawa a cikin 1639 zuwa 1642 Yakin Basasa na Piedmontese.Faransa ta kaucewa shiga kai tsaye a yakin shekaru talatin har zuwa watan Mayun 1635 lokacin da ta shelanta yaki akan Spain da Daular Roma mai tsarki, inda ta shiga rikici a matsayin kawancen Jamhuriyar Holland da Sweden.Bayan Westphalia a shekara ta 1648, yakin ya ci gaba tsakanin Spain da Faransa, ba tare da wani bangare da ya iya samun gagarumar nasara ba.Duk da ƙananan nasarorin da Faransanci suka samu a Flanders da kuma arewa maso gabas na Pyrenees, a shekara ta 1658 duka bangarorin biyu sun gaji da kudi kuma sun yi zaman lafiya a watan Nuwamba 1659.Rikicin yankin Faransa ya yi ƙanƙanta amma ya ƙarfafa iyakarsa a arewa da kudu, yayin da Louis XIV na Faransa ya auri Maria Theresa ta Spain, babbar 'yar Philip IV na Spain.Duk da cewa Spain ta ci gaba da kasancewa da babbar daular duniya har zuwa farkon karni na 19, a al'adance ana ganin yarjejeniyar Pyrenees a matsayin alamar ƙarshen matsayinta na babbar ƙasar Turai da farkon hawan Faransa a ƙarni na 17.
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Yakin Maidowa Portuguese
Philip II & III na Portugal da Spain. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1640 Dec 1 - 1668 Feb 11

Yakin Maidowa Portuguese

Portugal
Yakin Maido da Fotigal shi ne yaƙin da aka yi tsakanin Portugal da Spain wanda ya fara da juyin juya halin Portugal na 1640 kuma ya ƙare da yarjejeniyar Lisbon a 1668, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen ƙungiyar Iberian.Lokacin daga 1640 zuwa 1668 ya kasance alamar tashe-tashen hankula na lokaci-lokaci tsakanin Portugal da Spain, da kuma gajerun batutuwan yaƙe-yaƙe masu tsanani, yawancin abin da ya faru ta hanyar rikice-rikicen Mutanen Espanya da Portuguese tare da ikon Iberian ba.Spain ta shigayakin shekaru talatin har zuwa 1648 da yakin Franco-Spanish har zuwa 1659, yayin da Portugal ta shiga yakin Dutch-Portuguese har zuwa 1663.A cikin karni na goma sha bakwai da kuma bayan haka, wannan lokaci na rikice-rikice na lokaci-lokaci an san shi kawai, a Portugal da sauran wurare, a matsayin Yaƙin Yaƙi.Yaƙin ya kafa Gidan Braganza a matsayin sabuwar daular Portugal, wanda ya maye gurbin House of Habsburg wanda ya kasance tare da kambin Portuguese tun lokacin rikicin na 1581.
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1701 Jul 1 - 1715 Feb 6

Yaƙin Nasarar Mutanen Espanya

Central Europe
Yaƙin samun nasarar Mutanen Espanya, wanda aka yi yaƙi daga Yuli 1701 zuwa Satumba 1714, kuma ya haifar da mutuwar a watan Nuwamba 1700 na Charles II na Spain, shine gwagwarmayar sarrafa daular Spain tsakanin magadansa, Philip na Anjou da Archduke Charles na Austria. .Rikicin ya jawo a yawancin kasashen Turai, ciki har da Spain, Austria, Faransa, Jamhuriyar Holland, Savoy da Birtaniya .Rikicin da ke da alaƙa sun haɗa da Babban Yaƙin Arewa na 1700-1721, Yaƙin Independence na Rákóczi a Hungary, Camisards sun yi tawaye a kudancin Faransa, Yaƙin Sarauniya Anne a Arewacin Amurka da ƙananan yaƙe-yaƙe na kasuwanci a Indiya da Kudancin Amurka.Ko da yake ya raunana ta fiye da karni na ci gaba da rikici, Spain ta kasance mai iko a duniya wanda yankunansu sun hada da Sipaniya Netherlands , manyan sassanItaliya , Philippines , da kuma yawancin Amirkawa, wanda ke nufin sayen ta ko dai Faransa ko Austria na iya yin barazana ga ma'auni na Turai. na iko.Kokarin da Louis XIV na Faransa da William III na Ingila suka yi na warware matsalar ta hanyar diflomasiyya, Mutanen Espanya da Charles na biyu sun yi watsi da shi, jikan Louis, Philip na Anjou, a matsayin magajinsa.Sanarwar da ya yi a matsayin sarkin daular Spain da ba ta rabu ba a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 1700 ta haifar da yaki, tare da Faransa da Spain a gefe guda da Grand Alliance a daya.Faransawa sun sami fa'ida a farkon matakan, amma an tilasta musu shiga cikin tsaro bayan 1706;duk da haka, a shekara ta 1710 Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin sun kasa samun wani gagarumin ci gaba, yayin da Bourbon nasara a Spain ya tabbatar da matsayin Philip a matsayin sarki.Lokacin da Sarkin sarakuna Joseph I ya mutu a shekara ta 1711, Archduke Charles ya gaji ɗan'uwansa a matsayin sarki, kuma sabuwar gwamnatin Biritaniya ta fara tattaunawar zaman lafiya.Tun da kawai tallafin Birtaniyya ya kiyaye abokansu a yakin, wannan ya haifar da 1713-15 Aminci na Utrecht yarjejeniya, biye da 1714 Yarjejeniyoyi na Rastatt da Baden.An tabbatar da Filibus a matsayin sarkin Spain domin ya yi watsi da hakkin kansa ko zuriyarsa na gadon sarautar Faransa;Daular Sipaniya ta kasance da ƙarfi sosai, amma an ba da yankuna a Italiya da Ƙananan ƙasashe zuwa Austria da Savoy.Biritaniya ta riƙe Gibraltar da Menorca waɗanda ta kama a lokacin yaƙin, ta sami babban rangwame na kasuwanci a cikin Amurkan Sipaniya, kuma ta maye gurbin Dutch a matsayin manyan ikon teku da kasuwanci na Turai.Yaren mutanen Holland sun sami ingantaccen layin tsaro a cikin abin da yake yanzu Holland Holland;ko da yake sun kasance babban ikon kasuwanci, tsadar yakin ya lalata tattalin arzikinsu har abada.Faransa ta janye goyon baya ga mutanen Yakubu da aka kora kuma ta amince da Hanoveriyawa a matsayin magada ga karagar Burtaniya;tabbatar da abokantaka da Spain babbar nasara ce, amma ya bar su sun gaji.Rarraba daular Roma mai tsarki ya ci gaba, tare da Prussia, Bavaria da Saxony suna ƙara zama ƙasashe masu zaman kansu.Haɗe da nasara a kan Ottomans , wannan yana nufin Austria ta ƙara mayar da hankali ga kudancin Turai.
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Fadakarwa a Spain
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1750 Jan 1

Fadakarwa a Spain

Spain
Tunanin zamanin wayewar kai ya zo Spain a cikin karni na 18 tare da sabon daular Bourbon, bayan mutuwar sarkin Habsburg na karshe, Charles II, a 1700. Lokacin gyarawa da 'hasken son rai' karkashin Bourbons na karni na sha takwas. mayar da hankali kan daidaitawa da sabunta gwamnatin Spain, da inganta ayyukan more rayuwa, farawa da mulkin Sarki Charles III da aikin wazirinsa, José Moñino, ƙidaya na Floridablanca.A fagen siyasa da tattalin arziki, kambin ya aiwatar da jerin sauye-sauye, waɗanda aka fi sani da sauye-sauyen Bourbon, waɗanda ke da nufin sa daular ketare ta sami wadata don amfanin Spain.Haskaka a Spain ya nemi fadada ilimin kimiyya, wanda Benedictine sufa Benito Feijoo ya ƙarfafa shi.Daga 1777 zuwa 1816, kambin Mutanen Espanya ya ba da gudummawar balaguron kimiyya don tattara bayanai game da yuwuwar arzikin tsiro na daular.Lokacin da masanin kimiyya na Prussian Alexander von Humboldt ya ba da shawarar wani balaguron kimiyya na kansa zuwa Amurka ta Spain, kambin Mutanen Espanya ya ba shi izini ba kawai ba, amma umarnin da aka ba wa jami'an rawani don taimaka masa.Masanan Mutanen Espanya sun nemi fahimtar koma bayan daular Sipaniya daga zamaninta na farko, da nufin kwato martabar da take da ita.A cikin Mutanen Espanya Amurka, Haskawa kuma yana da tasiri a fagen ilimi da kimiyya, tare da fitattun mutanen Spain haifaffen Amurkawa a cikin waɗannan ayyukan.Mamayewar Napoleon na tsibirin Iberian yana da matukar illa ga Spain da daular Spain ta ketare.An yi la'akari da ra'ayoyin wayewar Hispanic a matsayin babban mai ba da gudummawa ga yakin Amurka na 'yancin kai, kodayake yanayin ya fi rikitarwa.
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1756 May 17 - 1763 Feb 12

Yakin Shekara Bakwai

Central Europe
Yaƙin Shekaru Bakwai (1756–1763) rikici ne na duniya tsakanin Burtaniya da Faransa don fifikon duniya.Biritaniya, Faransa da Spain sun yi yaƙi a Turai da ƙasashen waje tare da rundunonin ƙasa da sojojin ruwa, yayin da Prussia ta nemi faɗaɗa yanki a Turai da ƙarfafa ikonta.An dade ana gwabza fada tsakanin ‘yan mulkin mallaka da suka hada Birtaniya da Faransa da Spain a Arewacin Amurka da kuma Indiyan Yamma a kan gagarumin sikeli tare da sakamako mai ma’ana.Tsoron cewa nasarar da Biritaniya ta samu a kan Faransa a cikin Yaƙin Shekaru Bakwai (1756-63) ya yi barazana ga ma'auni na Turai, Spain ta haɗu da Faransanci kuma ta mamaye Portugal , abokiyar Birtaniya, amma ta sha fama da cin zarafi na soja kuma ya ƙare har sai ya rabu da shi. Florida zuwa Birtaniya a Yarjejeniyar Paris (1763) yayin samun Louisiana daga Faransa.Spain ta sake samun Florida tare da Yarjejeniyar Paris (1783), wacce ta kawo karshen Yaƙin Juyin Juyin Juya Hali na Amurka (1775–83), kuma ta sami ingantaccen matsayi na duniya.Spain ta shiga yakin a 1761, ta shiga Faransa a cikin Yarjejeniyar Iyali ta Uku tsakanin sarakunan Bourbon guda biyu.Haɗin kai tare da Faransa ya kasance bala'i ga Spain, tare da asarar Birtaniyya na manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa guda biyu, Havana a yammacin Indies da Manila a Philippines, sun dawo a cikin 1763 yarjejeniyar Paris tsakanin Faransa, Spain da Burtaniya.
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Yaƙin Trafalgar
Tunanin mai zane Nicholas Pocock na halin da ake ciki a 1700h ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1805 Oct 21

Yaƙin Trafalgar

Cape Trafalgar, Spain
Yaƙin Trafalgar yaƙin ruwa ne tsakanin Sojojin ruwa na Biritaniya da haɗin gwiwar sojojin ruwa na Faransa da na Spain a lokacin Yaƙin Haɗin kai na Uku (Agusta-Disamba 1805) na Yaƙin Napoleon (1803-1815).Hakan ya haifar da nasarar da Birtaniyya ta samu wanda ke tabbatar da karfin sojojin ruwa na Biritaniya tare da kawo karshen karfin tekun Spain.
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1808 May 1 - 1814 Apr 17

Yakin Peninsular

Spain
Yakin Peninsular (1807-1814) shine rikicin soja da aka yi a yankin Iberian da Spain, Portugal , da Ingila suka yi a kan mamaya da mamaye sojojin Faransa na farko a lokacin Yaƙin Napoleon .A cikin Spain, ana la'akari da shi tare da Yaƙin 'Yancin Mutanen Espanya.Yakin ya fara ne lokacin da sojojin Faransa da Spain suka mamaye kasar Portugal a shekarar 1807 ta hanyar wucewa ta kasar Sipaniya, kuma ya yi kamari ne a shekara ta 1808 bayan Napoleon Faransa ta mamaye kasar Spain, wadda ita ce kawarta.Napoleon Bonaparte ya tilasta wa Ferdinand VII da mahaifinsa Charles IV murabus sannan ya dora dan uwansa Joseph Bonaparte a kan karagar Sipaniya kuma ya kaddamar da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Bayonne.Yawancin Mutanen Espanya sun yi watsi da mulkin Faransa kuma sun yi yaƙi mai zubar da jini don kawar da su.Yakin da aka yi a mashigar ya ci gaba har zuwa lokacin da kawance na shida ya yi nasara kan Napoleon a shekara ta 1814, kuma ana daukarsa a matsayin daya daga cikin yakin 'yantar da kasa na farko kuma yana da matukar muhimmanci ga bullar manyan yakin neman zabe.
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Yaƙin Amurka na Mutanen Espanya na Independence
Yaƙin Rancagua a 1814 ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1808 Sep 25 - 1833 Sep 29

Yaƙin Amurka na Mutanen Espanya na Independence

South America
Yaƙe-yaƙe na Amurkawa na Mutanen Espanya yaƙe-yaƙe ne da yawa a cikin Amurkan Sifen tare da manufar 'yancin kai na siyasa daga mulkin Spain a farkon karni na 19.Wadannan sun fara ne jim kadan bayan fara mamayar kasarSpain a lokacin yakin Napoleon.Don haka, tsauraran lokacin yaƙin soja zai tashi daga yaƙin Chacaltaya (1809), a Bolivia ta yau, zuwa yaƙin Tampico (1829), a Mexico .Abubuwan da suka faru a Amurkan Sipaniya suna da alaƙa da yaƙe-yaƙe na 'yancin kai a tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Faransa na St. Domingue, Haiti, da kuma miƙa mulki zuwa 'yancin kai a Brazil .Musamman ‘yancin kai na Brazil, ya yi tarayya da na Amurka ta Sipaniya, tun da duk rikice-rikicen biyu sun samo asali ne sakamakon mamayar da Napoleon ya yi a yankin Iberian Peninsula, wanda ya tilastawa gidan sarautar Portugal gudun hijira zuwa Brazil a shekara ta 1807. An dauki matakin samun ‘yancin kai daga Latin Amurka. wuri a cikin yanayin siyasa da tunani na gabaɗayan ikon mallaka wanda ya fito daga zamanin wayewa wanda ya yi tasiri ga duk juyin juya halin Atlantika, gami da juyin juya halin farko a Amurka da Faransa .Wani dalilin da ya fi kai tsaye yaƙe-yaƙe na Amurkawa na Mutanen Espanya na samun 'yancin kai shine abubuwan da suka faru na musamman a cikin Masarautar Spain da masarautarta waɗanda Cortes na Cadiz suka haifar, wanda ya ƙare tare da bullowar sabbin jahohin Amurkawa na Spain a cikin duniyar bayan Napoleon.
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Mummunan Shekara Goma
Ferdinand VII wanda Francisco Goya ya zana. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1823 Oct 1 - 1833 Sep 29

Mummunan Shekara Goma

Spain
Shekaru goma sharuɗɗan al'ada ne na shekaru goma na ƙarshe na mulkin Sarki Ferdinand VII na Spain, tun daga soke tsarin mulkin Spain na 1812, a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1823, zuwa mutuwarsa a ranar 29 ga Satumba 1833.Shekaru goma sun ga jerin tarzoma da yunƙurin juyin juya hali marasa iyaka, kamar na Torrijos, wanda masu sassaucin ra'ayin Ingilishi suka ba da tallafi, a ranar 11 ga Disamba 1831. Baya ga bangaren masu sassaucin ra'ayi, manufofin Ferdinand sun haifar da rashin jin daɗi kuma a cikin jam'iyyar masu ra'ayin mazan jiya: a 1827 tawaye ya barke. a Catalonia, kuma daga baya ya mika shi zuwa Valencia, Aragon, Basque Country da Andalusia, wanda masu ra'ayin mazan jiya suka motsa shi bisa ga maido da Ferdinand ya kasance mai jin kunya, musamman don dawo da binciken.A wani abin da ake kira Yaƙin Agraviados, wasu mazaje kusan 30,000 ne ke iko da mafi yawan yankunan Kataloniya da wasu yankunan arewa, har ma suka kafa gwamnati mai cin gashin kai.Ferdinand ya shiga tsakani da kansa, yana motsawa zuwa Tarragona don kashe tawaye: ya yi alkawarin yin afuwa, amma da zarar masu tayar da hankali sun mika wuya, ya sa aka kashe shugabanninsu kuma aka kwashe wasu zuwa Faransa.Wani rashin zaman lafiya ya zo lokacin da, a ranar 31 ga Maris 1830, Ferdinand ya ba da takunkumin Pragmatic, wanda mahaifinsa Charles IV ya amince da shi a farkon 1789, amma ba a buga ba har sai lokacin.Dokar ta ba da damar gadon sarautar Spain kuma ga mata masu gado, idan ba a samu namiji ba.Ferdinand zai haifi 'ya'ya biyu ne kawai, 'ya'ya mata biyu, babbar ita ce sarauniya Isabella II, wadda aka haifa a watan Oktoba 1830. An cire takunkumin daga magajin Ferdinand ɗan'uwan Carlos, Count of Molina.
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1833 Jan 1 - 1876

Carlist Wars

Spain
Yaƙin Carlist jerin yaƙe-yaƙe ne na basasa da suka faru a Spain a cikin ƙarni na 19.Masu fafatawar sun fafata a kan da'awar karagar mulki, duk da cewa an samu wasu bambance-bambancen siyasa.Sau da yawa a cikin lokacin daga 1833 zuwa 1876 Carlists - mabiyan Don Carlos (1788-1855), jariri, da zuriyarsa - sun haɗu da kukan "Allah, Ƙasa, da Sarki" kuma sun yi yaƙi don hanyar Mutanen Espanya. al'ada (Legitimism da Katolika) a kan 'yanci, kuma daga baya jamhuriya, na gwamnatocin Spain na lokacin.Yaƙe-yaƙe na Carlist suna da wani yanki mai ƙarfi na yanki (yankin Basque, Catalonia, da dai sauransu), ganin cewa sabon oda ya shiga cikin tambaya game da takamaiman tsare-tsaren doka da kwastan da aka kiyaye tsawon ƙarni.Lokacin da Sarki Ferdinand VII na Spain ya mutu a shekara ta 1833, matar da mijinta ya mutu, Sarauniya Maria Cristina, ta zama mai mulki a madadin 'yarsu mai shekaru biyu Sarauniya Isabella II.Ƙasar ta rabu gida biyu da aka sani da Cristinos (ko Isabelinos) da Carlists.Cristinos sun goyi bayan Sarauniya Maria Cristina da gwamnatinta, kuma sun kasance jam'iyyar masu sassaucin ra'ayi.Carlists sun ba da shawara ga Infante Carlos na Spain, Count of Molina, mai riya ga kursiyin kuma ɗan'uwan marigayi Ferdinand VII.Carlos ya ƙaryata game da sahihancin takunkumin Pragmatic na 1830 wanda ya soke Dokar Salic na Semi (an haife shi kafin 1830).Carlists sun so komawa mulkin kama-karya.Yayin da wasu masana tarihi suka kirga yaƙe-yaƙe guda uku, wasu marubuta da kuma amfani da su na yin nuni ga kasancewar manyan alƙawura guda biyu, Wars na Farko da na Biyu na Carlist, suna kula da abubuwan 1846-1849 a matsayin ƙaramin lamari.Yakin Carlist na Farko (1833 – 1840) ya dau fiye da shekaru bakwai kuma fadan ya mamaye mafi yawan kasar a lokaci daya ko wani, duk da cewa babban rikici ya ta’allaka ne kan mahaifar Carlist na Basque Country da Aragon, Catalonia da Valencia.Yaƙin Carlist na Biyu (1846–1849) ƙaramin boren Catalan ne.'Yan tawayen sun yi ƙoƙari su kafa Carlos, Count of Montemolín a kan karaga.A Galicia, Janar Ramón María Narváez ya kawo wani ƙaramin tashin hankali.Yakin Carlist na Uku (1872 – 1876) ya fara ne bayan tsige wani sarki mai mulki da sauke wani.An hambarar da Sarauniya Isabella ta biyu da makarkashiyar janar-janar a 1868, kuma ta bar Spain a cikin wani abin kunya.Cortes (Majalisar) ta maye gurbinta da Amadeo, Duke na Aosta (kuma ɗan Sarki Victor Emmanuel na Italiya na biyu).Sa'an nan, lokacin da zaɓen Mutanen Espanya na 1872 ya haifar da tashin hankali na gwamnati a kan 'yan takara na Carlist da kuma janyewa daga Carlism, Carlist pretender, Carlos VII, ya yanke shawarar cewa kawai karfin makamai zai iya lashe shi a kursiyin.Da haka aka fara yakin Carlist na uku;Ya yi shekaru hudu, har zuwa 1876.
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Juyin Juyin Halitta
Puerta del Sol a ranar 29 ga Satumba, 1868. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1868 Sep 19 - Sep 27

Juyin Juyin Halitta

Spain
Tawayen 1866 da Juan Prim ya jagoranta da tawaye na sajan a San Gil sun aika da sigina ga masu sassaucin ra'ayi da 'yan jamhuriyar Spain cewa akwai tashin hankali mai tsanani tare da yanayin yanayi a Spain wanda za a iya amfani da shi idan an jagoranci shi da kyau.Masu sassaucin ra'ayi da 'yan gudun hijira na jamhuriya a kasashen waje sun kulla yarjejeniya a Ostend a 1866 da Brussels a 1867. Wadannan yarjejeniyoyin sun gindaya tsarin babban tashin hankali, a wannan karon ba wai kawai don maye gurbin shugaban majalisar ministocin da mai sassaucin ra'ayi ba, amma don hambarar da Isabella kanta, wadda ta yi nasara. Masu sassaucin ra'ayi na Spain da 'yan jamhuriya sun fara ganin su ne tushen rashin tasirin Spain.Ta ci gaba da wanzuwa tsakanin sassan masu sassaucin ra'ayi da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, a shekara ta 1868, sun fusata moderados, progresistas, da membobin Unión Liberal kuma sun ba da damar, abin mamaki, gaban da ya ketare layin jam'iyya.Mutuwar Leopoldo O'Donnell a cikin 1867 ya sa Unión Liberal ta warware;da yawa daga cikin magoya bayanta, wadanda suka tsallaka layin jam’iyyar don kafa jam’iyyar tun farko, sun shiga yunkurin hambarar da Isabella, don neman tsarin mulki mai inganci.An jefa mutuwar ne a watan Satumba na 1868, lokacin da sojojin ruwa karkashin Admiral Juan Bautista Topete suka yi muni a Cádiz - a daidai wurin da Rafael del Riego ya kaddamar da juyin mulkinsa ga mahaifin Isabella rabin karni kafin.Janar Juan Prim da Francisco Serrano sun yi tir da gwamnati kuma yawancin sojojin sun koma ga janar-janar juyin juya hali a lokacin da suka isa Spain.Sarauniyar ta yi wani takaitaccen bayyani na karfi a yakin Alcolea, inda Janar Serrano ya ci nasara a kan manyan hafsoshinta na moderado karkashin Manuel Pavía.Isabella ta haye zuwa Faransa kuma ta yi ritaya daga siyasar Spain zuwa Paris, inda za ta kasance har zuwa mutuwarta a 1904.
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Dimokuradiyya Sexenium
zane mai ban dariya na siyasa yana sukar Sexenio (1874) ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1868 Sep 30 - 1874 Dec 29

Dimokuradiyya Sexenium

Spain
Sexenio Democrático ko Sexenio Revolucionario (Turanci: Shekaru shida na dimokuradiyya ko juyin juya hali) lokaci ne na shekaru 6 tsakanin 1868 zuwa 1874 a cikin tarihin Spain.Sexenio Democrático ya fara ne a ranar 30 ga Satumba 1868 tare da hambarar da Sarauniya Isabella II ta Spain bayan juyin juya halin daukaka, kuma ya ƙare a ranar 29 ga Disamba 1874 tare da Maido da Bourbon, lokacin da ɗan Isabella Alfonso XII ya zama Sarki bayan juyin mulkin da Arsenio Martínez ya yi. Campos.Sexenio ya haifar da tsarin mulkin Spain mafi ci gaba na ƙarni na 19, Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1869, wanda ya keɓe mafi yawan sarari ga haƙƙoƙin ƴan ƙasar Sipaniya.Sexenio Democrático lokaci ne na siyasa sosai.Za a iya bambanta matakai uku a cikin Sexenio Democrático:Gwamnatin wucin gadi (1868-1871) (Satumba 1868 - Janairu 1871)Mulkin Sarki Amadeo I na Spain (Janairu 1871 - Fabrairu 1873)Jamhuriyar Sipaniya ta Farko (Fabrairu 1873 - Disamba 1874)
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1874 - 1931
Maidowaornament
Maido da Bourbon
Hoton Alfonso XII ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1874 Dec 29 - 1931 Apr 14

Maido da Bourbon

Spain
Maidowa, ko Maidowa Bourbon , shine sunan da aka ba wa lokacin da ya fara a ranar 29 ga Disamba 1874 - bayan juyin mulkin da Martínez Campos ya yi ya kawo karshen Jamhuriyar Spain ta Farko tare da maido da sarauta a karkashin Alfonso XII - kuma ya ƙare a ranar 14 ga Afrilu 1931 tare da shelar Jamhuriyar Spain ta biyu.Bayan kusan karni na rashin zaman lafiya na siyasa da kuma yakin basasa da yawa, manufar Maidowa ita ce samar da wani sabon tsarin siyasa, wanda ya tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali ta hanyar yin juyayi.Wannan shi ne yadda jam'iyyun masu sassaucin ra'ayi da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya suka yi da gangan a cikin gwamnati, wanda galibi ana samun su ta hanyar magudin zabe.Masu adawa da tsarin sun fito ne daga 'yan Republican, Socialists, Anarchists, Basque da Catalonia, da kuma Carlists.
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1898 Apr 21 - Aug 13

Yakin Mutanen Espanya-Amurka

Cuba
Yakin Mutanen Espanya-Amurka lokaci ne na rikici tsakanin Spain da Amurka.An fara tashin hankali ne bayan fashewar cikin gida na USS Maine a Harbour Havana a Cuba, wanda ya kai ga shiga tsakani na Amurka a yakin 'yancin kai na Cuban.Yakin ya kai ga Amurka ta zama mafi rinjaye a yankin Caribbean, kuma ya sa Amurka ta mallaki kadarori na Pacific na Spain.Ya kai ga shigar Amurka cikin juyin juya halin Philippine sannan daga baya zuwa yakin Philippine-American.Babban batu shi ne 'yancin kai na Cuba.An shafe wasu shekaru ana tashe-tashen hankula a Cuba don adawa da mulkin mallaka na Spain.{Asar Amirka ta goyi bayan waɗannan tawaye a lokacin da aka shiga yakin Mutanen Espanya-Amurka.A baya an yi ta firgitar yaƙi, kamar yadda ya faru a cikin al'amarin Virginius a cikin 1873. Amma a ƙarshen 1890s, ra'ayoyin jama'ar Amirka sun yi ƙamari don nuna goyon baya ga tawayen saboda rahotannin sansanonin tattarawa da aka kafa don kula da jama'a.Jarida mai launin rawaya ta wuce gona da iri don kara kaimi ga jama'a da kuma sayar da jaridu da mujallu.An yi yakin makonni 10 a cikin Caribbean da Pacific.Kamar yadda masu tayar da hankali na Amurka suka sani sosai, ikon sojojin ruwa na Amurka zai tabbatar da yanke hukunci, yana barin sojojin balaguro su tashi daga Cuba a kan wani sansanin Spain da ke fuskantar hare-haren ta'addancin Cuban a cikin ƙasa baki ɗaya kuma zazzabi ya lalata su.Maharan sun sami mika wuya na Santiago de Cuba da Manila duk da kyakkyawan aikin da wasu rundunonin sojojin Spain suka yi, da kuma fada mai tsanani don matsayi kamar San Juan Hill.Madrid ta kai karar zaman lafiya bayan da aka nutse a yakin Santiago de Cuba da Manila Bay, kuma an dawo da na uku, karin jiragen ruwa na zamani gida don kare gabar tekun Spain.Yaƙin ya ƙare tare da 1898 Yarjejeniyar Paris, ta shawarwari kan sharuɗɗan da suka dace ga Amurka.Yarjejeniyar ta ba da ikon mallakar Puerto Rico, Guam, da tsibiran Philippine daga Spain zuwa Amurka kuma ta bai wa Amurka ikon mallakar Cuba na wucin gadi.Cin kashi da asarar ragowar daular Sipaniya ta ƙarshe ta kasance babban kaduwa ga ruhin ƙasar Spain kuma ya haifar da cikakken nazari na falsafa da fasaha na al'ummar Mutanen Espanya da aka sani da Generation na 98.A halin da ake ciki, Amurka ba kawai ta zama babbar ƙasa ba, har ma ta sami mallakar tsibirai da dama da suka mamaye duniya, wanda ya haifar da muhawara mai ban tsoro game da hikimar faɗaɗawa.
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Spain a lokacin yakin duniya na daya
Alfonso XIII ya ziyarci birnin Paris a shekara ta 1913, shekara guda kafin a fara yakin duniya na farko.Zaune kusa da shi shine Shugaban Jamhuriyyar Faransa ta Uku Raymond Poincaré. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1914 Jul 28 - 1918 Nov 9

Spain a lokacin yakin duniya na daya

Europe
Spain ta kasance tsaka tsaki a duk lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya tsakanin 28 ga Yuli 1914 da 11 ga Nuwamba 1918, kuma duk da matsalolin tattalin arziƙin cikin gida, an ɗauke ta "ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe masu tsaka tsaki a Turai kafin 1915".Spain ta ji daɗin ba da tsaka-tsaki a lokacin matsalolin siyasa na Turai kafin yaƙin, kuma ta ci gaba da kasancewa tsaka tsaki bayan yaƙin har zuwa lokacin da aka fara Yaƙin Basasar Spain a shekara ta 1936. Duk da yake babu hannun soja kai tsaye a yaƙin, sojojin Jamus sun shiga cikin ƙasar Sipaniya a ƙarshen yaƙin. 1915.
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Rif War
Sojojin Mutanen Espanya sun yi aiki a wata mashin bindiga a wajen Nador a lokacin Rif War, 1911-27 ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1921 Jan 1 - 1926

Rif War

Rif, Morocco

Rif War wani rikici ne na makami tsakanin 'yan mulkin mallaka na Spain (wanda Faransa ta taimaka a 1924) da kuma kabilar Berber na yankin Rif mai tsaunuka na arewacin Maroko wanda aka yi daga 1921 zuwa 1926.

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Jamhuriyar Sipaniya ta biyu
Sojojin kasa da kasa sun yi aikin sa kai a bangaren Jamhuriyar.Hoton yana nuna membobin XI International Brigade akan tanki T-26 a lokacin Yaƙin Belchite (Agusta-Satumba 1937). ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1931 Jan 1 - 1937

Jamhuriyar Sipaniya ta biyu

Spain

Jamhuriyar Spain, wadda aka fi sani da Jamhuriyar Sipaniya ta biyu, ita ce tsarin gwamnati a Spain daga 1931 zuwa 1939. An yi shelar Jamhuriyar a ranar 14 ga Afrilu 1931, bayan hambarar da Sarki Alfonso XIII, kuma an rushe a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 1939 bayan mika wuya. a yakin basasar Spain ga masu kishin kasa karkashin jagorancin Janar Francisco Franco.

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1936 Apr 17 - 1939 Apr 1

Yaƙin basasa na Spain

Spain
Yaƙin basasa na Spain yaƙin basasa ne a Spain wanda aka yi yaƙi tsakanin 1936 zuwa 1939 tsakanin 'yan Republican da masu kishin ƙasa.'Yan Republican sun kasance masu biyayya ga gwamnatin Popular Front mai ra'ayin hagu ta Jamhuriyar Spain ta biyu.Jam'iyyar Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE), Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Spain (PCE), da 'yan Republican - Republican Left (IR) (wanda Azaña ke jagoranta) da Republican Union (UR) (wanda Diego Martínez Barrio ya jagoranci) ne suka kafa Popular Front. ).Galician (PG) da ƴan kishin ƙasa na Catalonia (ERC), POUM, ƙungiyar gurguzu ma'aikata ta gamayya (UGT), da ƙungiyar ƙwadago na anarchist, Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) ne suka goyi bayan wannan yarjejeniya.Yawancin ‘yan adawa wadanda daga baya za su yi yaki tare da Popular Front sojojin a lokacin yakin basasar Spain ba su goyi bayansu a zaben ba, suna masu kira da kauracewa zaben.The Popular Front ya yi yaƙi da tawaye daga masu kishin ƙasa, ƙawancen Falangists, sarakuna, masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da masu gargajiya, karkashin jagorancin mulkin soja wanda Janar Francisco Franco ya yi nasara a cikin gaggawa.Saboda yanayin siyasar kasa da kasa a wancan lokacin, yakin yana da bangarori da dama, kuma ana kallonta daban-daban a matsayin gwagwarmayar masu fada aji, gwagwarmayar addini, gwagwarmaya tsakanin mulkin kama-karya da demokradiyyar jamhuriya, tsakanin juyin juya hali da juyin juya hali, da kuma tsakanin farkisanci da gurguzu.A cewar Claude Bowers, jakadan Amurka a Spain a lokacin yakin, shi ne "tattalin arzikin" na yakin duniya na biyu.Masu kishin kasa sun ci nasara a yakin, wanda ya ƙare a farkon 1939, kuma ya mulki Spain har zuwa mutuwar Franco a watan Nuwamba 1975.
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1939 - 1975
Francoist Spainornament
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1939 Jan 1 00:01 - 1975

Francoist Spain

Spain
Francoist Spain shine lokacin tarihin Mutanen Espanya tsakanin 1939 zuwa 1975, lokacin da Francisco Franco ya mulki Spain da taken Caudillo.Bayan mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1975, Spain ta koma dimokuradiyya.A wannan lokacin, an san Spain bisa hukuma a matsayin Jihar Sipaniya.Yanayin mulkin ya samo asali kuma ya canza a lokacin wanzuwarsa.Watanni bayan fara yakin basasar Spain a watan Yulin 1936, Franco ya fito a matsayin babban jagoran sojan tawaye kuma aka nada shi a matsayin shugaban kasa a ranar 1 ga Afrilun 1939, yana mulkin kama-karya a kan yankin da bangaren 'yan kishin kasa ke iko da shi.Dokar Haɗin kai ta 1937, wadda ta haɗa dukkan bangarorin da ke goyon bayan ɓangarorin 'yan tawaye, ya sa Spain mai kishin ƙasa ta zama mulkin jam'iyya guda ɗaya a ƙarƙashin FET y de las JONS.Ƙarshen yaƙin a shekara ta 1939 ya kawo tsawaita mulkin Franco ga ƙasar baki ɗaya da gudun hijira na cibiyoyin Republican.Da farko dai mulkin kama-karya na Francoist ya dauki wani salo da aka bayyana da shi a matsayin "yan mulkin kama-karya", ko kuma "mulkin farkisanci", wanda ke nuna bayyanannen tasirin farkisanci a fagage kamar dangantakar kwadago, manufofin tattalin arziki na autarki, kyawawan halaye, da tsarin jam'iyya daya.Yayin da lokaci ya ci gaba, mulkin ya buɗe kuma ya zama kusa da mulkin kama-karya na ci gaba, ko da yake yana kiyaye ragowar tarkon farkisanci.A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, Spain ba ta shiga cikin ikon Axis.Duk da haka, Spain ta goyi bayansu ta hanyoyi daban-daban a cikin mafi yawan yakin yayin da suke riƙe da tsaka tsaki a matsayin manufar "rashin gwagwarmaya".Saboda haka, Spain ta kasance saniyar ware da wasu ƙasashe kusan shekaru goma bayan yakin duniya na biyu, yayin da tattalin arzikinta na autarki, wanda har yanzu ke ƙoƙarin farfadowa daga yakin basasa, yana fama da matsananciyar damuwa.Dokar nasara ta 1947 ta sake mayar da Spain a matsayin mulkin de jure, amma ta ayyana Franco a matsayin shugaban kasa na rayuwa mai ikon zabar mutumin da ya zama Sarkin Spain kuma wanda zai gaje shi.An aiwatar da gyare-gyare a cikin 1950s kuma Spain ta yi watsi da autarky, ta sake ba da izini daga ƙungiyar Falangist, wacce ta kasance mai saurin wariya, zuwa sabon nau'in masana tattalin arziki, masu fasaha na Opus Dei.Wannan ya haifar da babban ci gaban tattalin arziki, na biyu kawai ga Japan, wanda ya dade har zuwa tsakiyar 1970s, wanda aka sani da "Mu'ujiza ta Mutanen Espanya".A cikin shekarun 1950 kuma tsarin ya canza daga zama mai cikakken iko a fili da kuma amfani da danniya mai tsanani zuwa tsarin mulki mai iyaka.Sakamakon wadannan sauye-sauyen, an ba Spain damar shiga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekara ta 1955 kuma a lokacin yakin cacar baka Franco yana daya daga cikin manyan masu adawa da kwaminisanci a Turai: Turawan Yamma, musamman Amurka sun taimaka wa gwamnatinsa.Franco ya rasu a shekara ta 1975 yana dan shekara 82. Ya maido da sarauta kafin rasuwarsa kuma ya nada Sarki Juan Carlos na daya wanda zai jagoranci juyin mulkin Spain zuwa dimokuradiyya.
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Spain a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu
Francisco Franco Bahamonde ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1939 Jan 1 00:02 - 1945

Spain a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu

Europe
A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu , kasar Spain karkashin Francisco Franco ta amince da tsaka-tsaki a matsayin manufofinta na lokacin yakin.Wannan tsaka-tsaki ya girgiza a wasu lokuta kuma "tsattsauran ra'ayi" ya ba da damar "rashin gwagwarmaya" bayan faduwar Faransa a watan Yuni 1940. Franco ya rubuta wa Adolf Hitler yana ba da damar shiga yakin a ranar 19 ga Yuni 1940 don musanya don taimakawa wajen gina daular mulkin mallaka na Spain.Daga baya a wannan shekarar Franco ya gana da Hitler a Hendaye don tattauna yiwuwar shigar Spain cikin ikon Axis.Taron bai tafi ko'ina ba, amma Franco ya taimaka wa Axis-wanda membobinItaliya da Jamus suka goyi bayansa a lokacin yakin basasar Spain (1936-1939) - ta hanyoyi daban-daban.Duk da tausayin akida, Franco har ma ya kafa runduna a cikin Pyrenees don hana Axis mamayar yankin Iberian Peninsula.Manufar Sipaniya ta ɓata shawarwarin Axis da za su ƙarfafa Franco ya ɗauki Gibraltar da Birtaniyya ke sarrafawa.Yawancin dalilin da ya sa Spain ta ƙi shiga yakin ya kasance saboda yadda Spain ta dogara da shigo da kayayyaki daga Amurka .Har ila yau Spain ta ci gaba da murmurewa daga yakin basasa kuma Franco ya san sojojinsa ba za su iya kare tsibirin Canary da Morocco na Spain daga harin Birtaniya ba.A shekara ta 1941 Franco ya amince da daukar ma'aikatan sa kai zuwa Jamus bisa lamunin cewa suna yaki ne kawai da Tarayyar Soviet ba da kawancen kasashen yamma ba.Wannan ya haifar da kafa rundunar Blue Division wadda ta yi yaki a matsayin wani bangare na sojojin Jamus a Gabashin Gabas tsakanin 1941 zuwa 1944.Manufofin Mutanen Espanya sun koma “tsattsauran tsaka-tsaki” yayin da guguwar yaƙi ta fara juyawa ga Axis.Matsin lamba na Amurka a cikin 1944 don Spain ta dakatar da fitar da tungsten zuwa Jamus da kuma janyewar Blue Division ya haifar da takunkumin mai wanda ya tilasta Franco ya samar.Bayan yakin, ba a yarda Spain ta shiga sabuwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da aka kirkiro ba saboda goyon bayan yakin Axis, kuma wasu kasashe da dama sun kebe Spain har zuwa tsakiyar 1950s.
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Mu'ujiza ta Mutanen Espanya
Wani abin tunawa a Fuengirola, Spain don SEAT 600, alamar mu'ujiza ta Mutanen Espanya ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1959 Jan 1 - 1974

Mu'ujiza ta Mutanen Espanya

Spain
Mu'ujiza ta Mutanen Espanya (Spanish: el milagro español) tana nufin wani lokaci na musamman da aka samu cikin sauri da bunƙasa a duk manyan wuraren ayyukan tattalin arziki a Spain tsakanin 1959 zuwa 1974, a lokacin ƙarshen mulkin Francoist.An kawo karshen bunkasuwar tattalin arzikin a shekarun 1970 na rikice-rikicen mai da hauhawar farashin man fetur na duniya.Wasu masanan sun yi iƙirarin cewa "alhalolin da aka tara a cikin shekarun da aka yi na neman ci gaban tattalin arziki" sun kasance a haƙiƙance sanadiyyar durkushewar ci gaban tattalin arzikin Spain a ƙarshen 1970s.
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Canjin Spain zuwa dimokuradiyya
Juan Carlos I a gaban Cortes Españolas, yayin shelarsa a matsayin Sarki a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba 1975 ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1975 Jan 1 - 1982

Canjin Spain zuwa dimokuradiyya

Spain
Canjin Mutanen Espanya zuwa dimokuradiyya ko sabon maido da Bourbon shine lokacin da Spain ta fice daga mulkin kama-karya na Francisco Franco zuwa wata kasa mai sassaucin ra'ayi.Canjin ya fara ne da mutuwar Franco a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba 1975, yayin da aka kammala shi da nasarar zaɓe na PSOE na gurguzu a ranar 28 ga Oktoba 1982.A karkashin tsarin mulkinta na yanzu (1978), Spain masarautar tsarin mulki ce.Ya ƙunshi al'ummomin 17 masu cin gashin kansu (Andalusia, Aragon, Asturias, Tsibirin Balearic, Canary Islands, Cantabria, Castile da León, Castile-La Mancha, Catalonia, Extremadura, Galicia, La Rioja, Community of Madrid, Yankin Murcia, Ƙasar Basque, Valencian. Al'umma, da Navarre) da garuruwa 2 masu cin gashin kansu (Ceuta da Melilla).
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Spain a cikin Tarayyar Turai
Spain ta shiga Tarayyar Turai ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1993 Jan 1

Spain a cikin Tarayyar Turai

Spain
A cikin 1996, Jam'iyyar Dama-Cikin-dama ta Partido Popular gwamnati ta hau kan karagar mulki, karkashin jagorancin José María Aznar.A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1999, Spain ta canza peseta don sabon kudin Yuro.An ci gaba da yin amfani da peseta don hada-hadar kuɗi har zuwa 1 ga Janairu, 2002.
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Appendices



APPENDIX 1

Spain's Geographic Challenge


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APPENDIX

Why 70% of Spain is Empty


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Characters



Hernán Cortés

Hernán Cortés

Conquistador

Dámaso Berenguer

Dámaso Berenguer

Prime Minister of Spain

Philip V

Philip V

King of Spain

Charles II of Spain

Charles II of Spain

Last Spanish Habsburg ruler

Philip II

Philip II

King of Spain

Tariq ibn Ziyad

Tariq ibn Ziyad

Berber Commander

Pelagius of Asturias

Pelagius of Asturias

Kingdom of Asturias

Charles V

Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor

Miguel Primo de Rivera

Miguel Primo de Rivera

Prime Minister of Spain

Christopher Columbus

Christopher Columbus

Governor of the Indies

Francisco Franco

Francisco Franco

Head of State of Spain

Isabella I

Isabella I

Queen of Castile

Roderic

Roderic

Visigothic King in Hispania

Philip IV of Spain

Philip IV of Spain

King of Spain

Ferdinand I

Ferdinand I

Holy Roman Emperor

Abd al-Rahman III

Abd al-Rahman III

Umayyad Emir of Córdoba

Ferdinand II

Ferdinand II

King of Aragon

Francisco Pizarro

Francisco Pizarro

Governor of New Castile

Alfonso XIII

Alfonso XIII

King of Spain

Charles IV

Charles IV

King of Spain

Liuvigild

Liuvigild

Visigothic King of Hispania

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