Nasara na Alexander the Great

Lokacin da Iskandari yana ɗan shekara goma, wani ɗan kasuwa daga Tasalli ya kawo wa Filibus doki, wanda ya ba da damar sayar da talanti goma sha uku.Dokin ya ƙi a hau, Filibus ya umarce shi a tafi da shi.Iskandari kuwa, ya gano tsoron dokin na inuwarsa, ya nemi ya horar da dokin, wanda a ƙarshe ya yi nasara.Plutarch ya bayyana cewa Filibus, ya yi farin ciki da wannan nuna ƙarfin hali da buri, ya sumbaci ɗansa da hawaye, yana cewa: “Ɗana, dole ne ka sami mulkin da ya isa burinka. Makidon ta yi maka ƙaranci”, ya sayo masa doki. .Alexander ya sa masa suna Bucephalas, ma'ana "kai-biji".Bucephalas ya ɗauki Alexander har zuwaIndiya .Lokacin da dabbar ta mutu (saboda tsufa, a cewar Plutarch, yana da shekaru talatin), Alexander ya sanya masa suna Bucephala.A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, Iskandari ya kuma san ’yan gudun hijira na Farisa a kotun Makidoniya, waɗanda suka sami kāriyar Philip II na shekaru da yawa sa’ad da suke hamayya da Artaxerxes III.Daga cikin su akwai Artabazos II da ’yarsa Barsine, mai yiwuwa farka Alexander, wanda ya zauna a kotun Makidoniya daga 352 zuwa 342 KZ, da kuma Aminapes, magajin Alexander na gaba, ko kuma wani basarake mai suna Sisines.Wannan ya bai wa kotun Macedonia ilimi mai kyau game da al'amuran Farisa, kuma mai yiwuwa ma sun yi tasiri ga wasu sabbin abubuwa a cikin harkokin mulkin ƙasar Makidoniya.

Kafin ya tsallaka zuwa Asiya, Iskandari ya so ya kiyaye iyakokinsa na arewa.A cikin bazara na 336 KZ, ya ci gaba don murkushe tawaye da yawa.Fara daga Amphipolis, ya yi tafiya zuwa gabas zuwa cikin kasar "Tracians masu zaman kansu";kuma a Dutsen Haemus, sojojin Makidoniya sun kai hari tare da fatattakar sojojin Thracian da ke kan tudu.

Mutanen Makidoniya sun yi tattaki zuwa kogin Danube inda suka ci karo da kabilar Getae a kishiyar gabar teku.Yayin da jiragen Alexander suka kasa shiga cikin kogin, sojojin Alexander sun yi tagulla daga tantinsu na fata.Dakarun sojoji 4,000 da na doki 1,500 ne suka tsallaka kogin, abin da ya ba sojojin Getae na maza 14,000 mamaki.Sojojin Getae sun ja da baya bayan an gwabza fadan dawakin farko, inda suka bar garinsu ga sojojin Macedonia.

Sai labari ya kai ga Iskandari cewa Cleitus, Sarkin Illyria, da Sarkin Taulantii Glaaukias sun yi tawaye a fili ga ikonsa.Da yake tafiya zuwa yamma zuwa Illyria, Alexander ya ci kowannensu, ya tilasta shugabannin biyu su gudu tare da sojojinsu.Da wadannan nasarori ya tabbatar da iyakarsa ta arewa.

Yayin da Alexander ya yi yakin arewa, Thebans da Athens sun sake yin tawaye.Nan take Alexander ya nufi kudu.Yayin da sauran garuruwan suka sake jinkiri, Thebes ta yanke shawarar yin yaƙi.Yakin Thebes yaki ne da ya faru tsakanin Alexander III na Macedon da birnin Thebes na Girka a shekara ta 335 KZ nan da nan a waje da kuma cikin birnin daidai.Bayan ya zama Hegemon na Ƙungiyar Korinti, Alexander ya yi tafiya zuwa arewa don magance tawaye a Illyria da Thrace.Rundunar sojojin Makidoniya ta raunana kuma Thebes ta ayyana 'yancin kai.Thebans sun ƙi yin biyayya bisa ga sharuɗɗan jinƙai, kuma ya afka wa birnin, ya ci birnin, ya sayar da dukan waɗanda suka tsira zuwa bauta.Tare da lalata Thebes, babban yankin Girka ya sake yarda da mulkin Alexander.A ƙarshe Alexander ya sami 'yanci don yin yaƙin Farisa wanda mahaifinsa ya tsara tsawon lokaci.

Ƙarshen Thebes ya cinye Athens, ya bar dukan Girka na ɗan lokaci a cikin zaman lafiya. Alexander ya tashi zuwa yakin Asiya, ya bar Antipater a matsayin mai mulki.

Sojojin Alexander sun ketare Hellespont a cikin 334 KZ tare da kimanin sojoji 48,100, mayaƙan doki 6,100 da rundunar jiragen ruwa 120 tare da ma'aikatan da suka kai 38,000, waɗanda aka zana daga Macedon da wasu garuruwan Girkanci, 'yan kasuwa, da sojoji daga Thrace, Paria, da Paionia.Ya nuna aniyarsa ta mamaye daular Farisa gaba ɗaya ta hanyar jefa mashi cikin ƙasar Asiya kuma ya ce ya karɓi Asiya a matsayin kyauta daga alloli.Wannan kuma ya nuna kwadayin Alexander na yin yaki, sabanin yadda mahaifinsa ke son yin diflomasiyya.

Yaƙin kogin Granicus a watan Mayu na shekara ta 334 KZ shine farkon manyan yaƙe-yaƙe guda uku da aka yi tsakanin Alexander the Great da daular Farisa .An yi yaƙi a arewa maso yammacin Asiya Ƙarama, kusa da wurin Troy, a nan ne Iskandari ya ci nasara a kan sojojin sarakunan Farisa na Asiya Ƙarama, ciki har da wani babban rundunar sojojin haya na Girka karkashin jagorancin Memnon na Rhodes.An yi yakin ne a kan hanyar Abydos zuwa Dascylium (kusa da Ergili na zamani a Turkiyya), a mashigar kogin Granicus (Biga Çayı na zamani).Bayan nasarar farko a kan sojojin Farisa a yakin Granicus, Alexander ya yarda da mika wuya ga babban birnin lardin Farisa da baitul malin Sardis;Daga nan sai ya zarce zuwa gabar tekun Ionia, yana ba da 'yancin cin gashin kai da dimokuradiyya ga biranen.

Siege na Miletus shi ne hari na farko da Alexander the Great ya yi da sojojin ruwa da Daular Achaemenid .An kai wannan hari ne a kan Miletus, wani birni a kudancin Ionia, wanda yanzu yake lardin Aydin na Turkiyya.A lokacin yakin, dan Parmenion Philotas zai zama mahimmanci don hana sojojin ruwa na Farisa daga samun mafaka.Ɗan Parmenion, Nikanar, ya kama shi a shekara ta 334 KZ.

A kudu, a Halicarnassus, a cikin Caria, Alexander ya yi nasarar kaddamar da babban harinsa na farko, wanda ya tilasta wa abokan adawarsa, kyaftin din soja Memnon na Rhodes da kuma sarkin Farisa na Caria, Orontobates, su janye ta teku.Alexander ya bar gwamnatin Caria zuwa wani memba na daular Hecatomnid, Ada, wanda ya karbi Alexander.

A cikin bazara na 333 KZ, Alexander ya haye Taurus zuwa Kilicia.Bayan ya dakata saboda rashin lafiya, sai ya zarce zuwa kasar Sham.Ko da yake Darius ya fi karfin sojojinsa, ya koma Kilicia, inda ya ci Darius a Issus.Darius ya gudu daga yaƙin, wanda ya sa sojojinsa suka ruguje, ya bar matarsa, da ’ya’yansa mata biyu, da mahaifiyarsa Sisygambis, da wata babbar taska.Ya ba da yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da ta haɗa da ƙasashen da ya rigaya ya yi hasara, da kuma fansa na talanti 10,000 ga iyalinsa.Iskandari ya amsa da cewa tun da yake a yanzu shi ne sarkin Asiya, shi kadai ne ya yanke shawarar raba yankin.

Iskandari ya ci gaba da mamaye Siriya, da mafi yawan bakin tekun Levant.A shekara ta 332 K.Z., an tilasta masa ya kai wa Taya hari, kuma ya ci bayan yaƙi mai tsawo da wuya.An yi wa mazan da suka kai shekarun soja kisan kiyashi aka sayar da mata da kananan yara a matsayin bayi.

Sa’ad da Iskandari ya halaka Taya, yawancin garuruwan da ke kan hanyar zuwaMasar sun yi sauri.Duk da haka, Alexander ya fuskanci turjiya a Gaza.An gina kagara sosai kuma an gina shi a kan tudu, yana buƙatar kewayewa.Lokacin da " injiniyoyinsa suka nuna masa cewa saboda tsayin tudun ba zai yiwu ba ... wannan ya ƙarfafa Alexander ya kara yin ƙoƙari ".Bayan hare-haren uku da ba su yi nasara ba, kagara ya fadi, amma kafin Alexander ya sami mummunan rauni a kafada.Kamar yadda yake a Taya, an kashe mazajen da suka kai shekarun soja kuma aka sayar da mata da yara zuwa bauta.

An bayyana shi ɗan allahntaka Amun a Oracle na Siwa Oasis a cikin hamadar Libya.Daga yanzu, Iskandari sau da yawa yana kiran Zeus-Ammon a matsayin ubansa na gaske, kuma bayan mutuwarsa, kuɗi ya kwatanta shi da aka ƙawata shi da ƙahonin rago a matsayin alamar allahntakarsa.

Da ya barMasar a shekara ta 331 K.Z., Iskandari ya yi tafiya gabas zuwa Mesofotamiya (yanzu arewacin Iraqi ) kuma ya sake cin nasara akan Darius, a yakin Gaugamela.Darius kuma ya sake gudu daga filin, kuma Iskandari ya kore shi har zuwa Arbela.Gaugamela ita ce haduwa ta ƙarshe kuma mai yanke hukunci tsakanin su biyun.

Darius ya gudu a kan duwatsu zuwa Ecbatana (Hamedan na zamani), yayin da Iskandari ya ci Babila.

Yaƙin Uxian Defile ya yi Alexander the Great ya yi yaƙi da kabilar Uxian ta Daular Farisa .An gwabza yaƙin a kan tsaunukan da ke tsakanin manyan biranen Farisa na Susa da Persepolis.Persepolis tsohuwar babban birnin daular Farisa ce kuma tana da kima ta alama a tsakanin al'ummar Farisa.Sun yi imani cewa idan wannan birni ya fada hannun abokan gaba, to, a zahiri, duk daular Farisa za ta fada hannun abokan gaba.

Yakin Ƙofar Farisa wani rikici ne na soji tsakanin sojojin Farisa , wanda sarakunan Farisa, da Ariobarzanes, da ƙungiyar Hellenanci suka mamaye, wanda Alexander the Great ya umarta.A cikin hunturu na 330 KZ, Ariobarzanes ya jagoranci matsayi na ƙarshe na sojojin Farisa da ba su da yawa a Ƙofar Farisa kusa da Persepolis, yana riƙe da sojojin Makidoniya na wata guda.A ƙarshe Alexander ya sami hanyar zuwa bayan Farisa daga fursunonin yaƙi da aka kama ko wani makiyayi na gida, ya ci Farisawa ya kama Persepolis.

Iskandari ya aika da yawan sojojinsa zuwa babban birnin bikin Farisa ta hanyar Sarautar Farisa.Alexander da kansa ya ɗauki zaɓaɓɓun sojoji a kan hanyar kai tsaye zuwa birnin.Daga nan sai ya kai hari ta kofar Farisa (a cikin tsaunukan Zagros na zamani) wanda sojojin Farisa karkashin Ariobarzanes suka tare shi sannan ya garzaya zuwa Persepolis kafin dakarunsa su wawashe dukiyar.Lokacin shiga Persepolis, Alexander ya ƙyale sojojinsa su yi awon gaba da birnin na kwanaki da yawa.Alexander ya zauna a Persepolis na tsawon watanni biyar.A lokacin da yake zaman gobara ta tashi a fadar Xerxes na farko ta gabas ta kuma bazu zuwa sauran birnin.Dalilai masu yuwuwa sun haɗa da hatsarin buguwa ko ramuwar gayya na kona Acropolis na Athens a lokacin Yaƙin Farisa na Biyu na Xerxes.Ko da ya kalli birnin yana ƙone, nan da nan Alexander ya fara nadamar shawararsa.Plutarch ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya umarci mutanensa da su kashe gobarar, amma tuni wutar ta bazu zuwa galibin birnin.Curtius ya yi iƙirarin cewa Alexander bai yi nadama ba har sai da safe.

Sai Iskandari ya kori Dariyus, da farko zuwa Media, sa'an nan Parthia.Sarkin Farisa ya daina sarrafa makomarsa, kuma Bessus, sarkin Bactrian da danginsa ya kama shi fursuna.Yayin da Iskandari ya zo gabatowa, Bessus ya sa mutanensa suka caka wa Babban Sarki wuka da kisa sannan ya ayyana kansa a matsayin magajin Darius a matsayin Artaxerxes V, kafin ya koma tsakiyar Asiya don kaddamar da yakin neman zabe a kan Alexander.Alexander ya binne gawar Darius kusa da magabatansa na Achaemenid a cikin jana'izar sarki.Ya yi iƙirarin cewa, yayin da yake mutuwa, Darius ya naɗa shi a matsayin magajinsa ga kursiyin Achaemenid.Daular Achaemenid yawanci ana ɗaukarta ta faɗi tare da Darius.

Alexander yana kallon Bessus a matsayin mai cin riba kuma ya tashi ya yi nasara a kansa.Wannan kamfen, da farko a kan Bessus, ya zama babban rangadi na tsakiyar Asiya.Alexander ya kafa jerin sabbin biranen da ake kira Alexandria, ciki har da Kandahar na zamani a Afghanistan, da Alexandria Eschate a Tajikistan ta zamani.Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya ɗauki Alexander ta hanyar Media, Parthia, Aria (Yammacin Afghanistan), Drangiana, Arachosia (Kudu da Tsakiyar Afghanistan), Bactria (Arewa da Tsakiyar Afghanistan), da Scythia.

Cyropolis ita ce mafi girma a cikin garuruwa bakwai a yankin da Alexander the Great ya yi niyya don cin nasara a shekara ta 329 KZ.Manufarsa ita ce cin nasarar Sogdiana.Alexander ya fara aika Craterus zuwa Cyropolis, mafi girma daga cikin garuruwan Sogdian da ke adawa da sojojin Alexander.Umarnin Craterus ya kasance "ya ɗauki matsayi kusa da garin, ya kewaye shi da rami da tarin kaya, sa'an nan kuma ya haɗa irin waɗannan injunan kewaye kamar yadda zai dace da manufarsa...".Bayanan yadda yakin ya gudana ya bambanta tsakanin marubuta.Arrian ya buga misali da Ptolemy yana cewa Cyropolis ya mika wuya, Arrian kuma ya bayyana cewa a cewar Aristobulus an kai hari wurin tare da kashe mutanen garin.Arrian ya kuma ba da misali da Ptolemy yana cewa ya rarraba mutanen a tsakanin sojoji kuma ya ba da umarnin a tsare su cikin sarƙoƙi har sai ya fice daga ƙasar, don kada a bar ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka yi tawaye a baya.

Spitamenes, wanda ke da matsayi mara bayyana a cikin satrapy na Sogdiana, ya ci amanar Bessus ga Ptolemy, ɗaya daga cikin amintattun abokan Alexander, kuma an kashe Bessus.Duk da haka, lokacin da, a wani lokaci daga baya, Alexander yana kan Jaxartes yana fama da kutsawa daga sojojin makiyaya na doki, Spitamenes ya tayar da Sogdiana a cikin tawaye.Alexander da kansa ya ci Scythians a yakin Jaxartes kuma nan da nan ya kaddamar da yakin da Spitamenes, ya ci shi a yakin Gabai.Bayan shan kayen, mutanensa ne suka kashe Spitamenes, sannan suka kai kara don neman zaman lafiya.

Spitamenes ya kasance shugaban yakin Sogdian kuma jagoran tawaye a Sogdiana da Bactria a kan Alexander the Great, Sarkin Macedon, a 329 KZ.Masana tarihi na zamani sun yi la'akari da shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan abokan gaba na Alexander.Spitamenes abokin Bessus ne.A cikin 329, Bessus ya tayar da tawaye a gabashin satrapies, kuma a wannan shekarar abokansa sun fara rashin tabbas game da goyon bayansa.Alexander ya tafi tare da sojojinsa zuwa Drapsaca, ya kori Bessus kuma ya tura shi gudu.Sai Spitamenes ya cire Bessus daga mulki, kuma aka aika Ptolemy ya kama shi.Yayin da Alexander ke kafa sabon birnin Alexandria Eschate a kan kogin Jaxartes, labari ya zo cewa Spitamenes ya tayar da Sogdiana a kansa kuma yana kewaye da sansanin Macedonia a Maracanda.Ya shagaltar da shi a wancan lokacin don da kansa ya jagoranci sojoji a kan Spitamenes, Alexander ya aika da sojoji a karkashin jagorancin Pharnuches wanda aka hallaka nan da nan tare da asarar da ba kasa da 2000 ba da kuma 300 na sojan doki.Tashin hankalin yanzu ya haifar da barazana ga sojojinsa, kuma Alexander ya motsa kansa don taimakawa Maracanda, kawai ya koyi cewa Spitamenes ya bar Sogdiana kuma yana kai hari ga Bactria, daga inda ya sha wahala daga satrap na Bactria, Artabazos II (328). BC).Mahimmin batu ya zo a cikin Disamba 328 KZ lokacin da Spitamenes ya ci nasara da Janar Coenus na Alexander a yakin Gabai.Wasu shugabannin kabilun makiyaya mayaudara ne suka kashe Spitamenes kuma suka aika da kansa ga Alexander, yana neman zaman lafiya.Spitamenes yana da 'yar, Apama, wanda ya auri ɗaya daga cikin manyan janar-janar Alexander da kuma Diadochi, Seleucus I Nicator (Fabrairu 324 KZ).Ma'auratan sun haifi ɗa, Antiochus I Soter, wanda zai zama sarkin daular Seleucid a nan gaba.

Alexander the Great ne ya gudanar da yakin Cophen a cikin kwarin Kabul tsakanin Mayu 327 KZ da Maris 326 KZ.An gudanar da shi a kan Aspasioi, Guraeans, da Assakenoi a cikin kwarin Kunar na Afghanistan, da Panjkora (Dir) da kwarin Swat a cikin Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.Burin Alexander shine ya tabbatar da hanyar sadarwarsa ta yadda zai iya gudanar da yakin neman zabe a Indiya daidai.Don ya cim ma hakan, yana bukatar kame kasoshi da yawa da ƙabilun yankin suke iko da su.

Gabashin Masarautar Porus, kusa da Kogin Ganges, ita ce Daular Nanda ta Magadha, da gabas, daular Gangaridai na yankin Bengal na yankin Indiya.Suna tsoron fuskantar fuskantar wasu manyan sojoji kuma sun gaji da yaƙin neman zaɓe na shekaru, sojojin Alexander sun yi tawaye a Kogin Hyphasis (Beas), sun ƙi yin tafiya zuwa gabas.

Alexander the Great ne ya gudanar da yaƙin neman zaɓe a ƙasar Mali daga Nuwamba 326 zuwa Fabrairu 325 KZ, a kan Malli na Punjab.Alexander yana bayyana iyakar gabas na ikonsa ta hanyar tafiya ƙasa-kogi tare da Hydaspes zuwa Acesines (yanzu Jhelum da Chenab), amma Malli da Oxydraci sun haɗu don ƙin wucewa ta cikin yankinsu.Iskandari ya nemi hana dakarunsu haduwa, ya kuma yi musu dauki cikin gaggawa wanda ya yi nasarar daidaita yankin tsakanin kogunan biyu.Alexander ya ji rauni sosai a lokacin yakin neman zabe, inda ya kusan rasa ransa.

A ranakun 10 ko 11 ga Yuni na shekara ta 323 K.Z., Iskandari ya mutu a fādar Nebukadnezzar na Biyu, a Babila, yana ɗan shekara 32. Akwai nau’i biyu na mutuwar Iskandari, kuma cikakkun bayanai game da mutuwar sun bambanta kaɗan.Lissafin Plutarch shine kusan kwanaki 14 kafin mutuwarsa, Alexander ya yi wa Admiral Nearchus kuma ya kwana da rana yana sha tare da Medius na Larissa.Iskandari ya kamu da zazzabi, wanda ya tsananta har ya kasa magana.Sojoji na gama-gari suna cikin koshin lafiyarsa, an basu dama su wuce shi yana daga musu hannu cikin shiru.A cikin asusun na biyu, Diodorus ya ba da labarin cewa Alexander ya buge da zafi bayan ya saukar da wani babban kwano na ruwan inabi marar gauraya don girmama Heracles, ya biyo bayan kwanaki 11 na rauni;bai kamu da zazzabi ba, a maimakon haka sai ya mutu bayan wani zafi.Arrian ya kuma ambaci wannan a matsayin madadin, amma Plutarch ya musanta wannan da'awar.

Gadon Alexander ya zarce nasarar da ya yi na soja, kuma mulkinsa ya kawo sauyi a tarihin Turai da Asiya.Yakin nasa ya kara yawan cudanya da kasuwanci tsakanin Gabas da Yamma, kuma yankuna masu yawa a gabas sun fuskanci wayewa da tasiri na Girka.Abin da Alexander ya gada na kai tsaye shi ne gabatar da mulkin Makidoniya zuwa manyan sabbin yankuna na Asiya.A lokacin mutuwarsa, daular Alexander ta rufe kusan kilomita 5,200,000 (2,000,000 sq mi), kuma ita ce jiha mafi girma a lokacinta.Yawancin waɗannan yankuna sun kasance a hannun Macedonia ko ƙarƙashin tasirin Girka na shekaru 200-300 masu zuwa.Jihohin da suka gaje su, aƙalla tun farko, manyan runduna ne, kuma waɗannan shekaru 300 ana kiransu zamanin Hellenistic.Iyakokin gabashin daular Alexander sun fara rugujewa ko da a lokacin rayuwarsa.Duk da haka, rashin ikon da ya bari a arewa maso yammacin yankin Indiya kai tsaye ya haifar da daya daga cikin daular Indiya mafi karfi a tarihi, daular Maurya .Iskandari da abubuwan da ya yi amfani da su sun sami sha'awar yawancin Romawa, musamman janar, waɗanda suke son danganta kansu da nasarorin da ya samu.Polybius ya fara Tarihinsa ta hanyar tunatar da Romawa nasarorin Alexander, kuma daga baya shugabannin Romawa sun gan shi a matsayin abin koyi.Pompey the Great ya ɗauki alkyabbar “Magnus” har ma da aski irin na Alexander, kuma ya bincika ƙasashen da aka ci yaƙi a gabas don samun rigar Alexander mai shekaru 260, wanda daga nan ya sa a matsayin alamar girma.Julius Kaisar ya sadaukar da mutum-mutumin tagulla na dawaki na Lysippean amma ya maye gurbin kan Alexander da kansa, yayin da Octavian ya ziyarci kabarin Alexander a Alexandria kuma ya canza hatiminsa na ɗan lokaci daga sphinx zuwa bayanin Alexander.