Jihohin 'Yan Salibiyya (Outremer)

A cikin 1095 a Majalisar Piacenza, Sarkin Byzantine Alexios I Komnenos ya nemi goyon baya daga Paparoma Urban II a kan barazanar Seljuk .Abin da mai yiwuwa Sarkin sarakuna ke da shi a zuciyarsa shi ne ɗan ƙaramin ƙarfi, kuma Urban ya wuce tsammaninsa ta hanyar kiran yaƙin Crusade na farko a Majalisar Clermont na baya.A cikin shekara guda, dubun-dubatar mutane, na gama gari da ’yan boko, sun tafi yaƙin neman zaɓe na soja.Sharuɗɗan ɗaiɗaikun 'yan Salibiyya na shiga yaƙin ya bambanta, amma wataƙila wasunsu sun bar Turai don yin sabon gida na dindindin a cikin Levant.Alexios cikin taka tsantsan ya yi maraba da rundunonin yaƙin da manyan sarakunan yamma suka umarta.Ta wurin haskaka su da dukiya da kuma faranta musu rai, Alexios ya fitar da rantsuwar nasara daga yawancin kwamandojin 'yan Salibiyya.A matsayinsa na vassals, Godfrey na Bouillon, wanda aka fi sani da Duke na Lower Lorraine, Italo-Norman Bohemond na Taranto, ɗan ɗan'uwan Bohemond Tancred na Hauteville, da ɗan'uwan Godfrey Baldwin na Bologne, duk sun yi rantsuwa cewa duk wani yanki da aka samu wanda Daular Roma ta kasance a baya, zai kasance. An mika wa wakilan Alexios' Byzantine.Raymond IV ne kawai, Count of Toulouse ya ƙi wannan rantsuwa, maimakon yin alƙawarin rashin zalunci ga Alexios.'Yan Salibiyya sun yi tattaki ne a gabar tekun Bahar Rum zuwa Kudus.A ranar 15 ga Yulin 1099, 'yan Salibiyya suka mamaye birnin bayan wani hari da ya wuce tsawon wata guda.An kashe dubban Musulmai da Yahudawa, kuma aka sayar da wadanda suka tsira zuwa bauta.An yi watsi da shawarwarin gudanar da birnin a matsayin jihar coci.Raymond ya ƙi sarauta, yana da'awar Kristi ne kaɗai zai iya saka kambi a Urushalima.Wannan na iya kasancewa don ya hana Godfrey da ya fi shahara daga hawan karagar mulki, amma Godfrey ya karɓi laƙabin Advocatus Sancti Sepulchri ('Mai kare Kabari Mai Tsarki') lokacin da aka ayyana shi a matsayin shugaban Faransa na farko na Urushalima.Tushen waɗannan jihohi uku na 'yan Salibiyya bai canza yanayin siyasa a cikin Levant sosai ba.Sarakunan Faransanci sun maye gurbin shugabannin yaƙi na cikin gida a cikin biranen, amma ba a sami babban rinjaye ba, kuma sababbin masu cin nasara ba su canza tsarin gargajiya na matsuguni da dukiyoyi a cikin karkara ba.Mahukuntan Faransa suna ɗaukar shugabannin yaƙin Turkiyya a matsayin takwarorinsu masu kyawawan ɗabi'u, kuma wannan sabani ya taimaka musu wajen yin shawarwari da shugabannin musulmi.Yawai gari ya kan kasance tare da yerjejeniya da shuwagabannin musulmi makwafta wadanda a al'adance aka tilasta musu bayar da gudummawar zaman lafiya.Jihohin 'yan Salibiyya suna da matsayi na musamman a cikin fahimtar addinin Kiristanci na Yamma: yawancin Katolika aristocrats sun kasance a shirye su yi yaki don kasa mai tsarki, ko da yake a cikin shekarun da suka wuce bayan halakar babban Crusade na 1101 a Anatolia, ƙananan ƙungiyoyin mahajjata masu dauke da makamai sun tashi zuwa Outremer.

Koyaushe yana buƙatar kuɗi, Baldwin ya ƙaddamar da ƙawance tare da kwamandojin jiragen ruwa na Genoese , yana ba su gata na kasuwanci da ganima a garuruwan da zai kama tare da goyon bayansu.Da farko sun far wa Arsuf, wanda ya mika wuya ba tare da tirjiya ba a ranar 29 ga Afrilu, inda ya samar da hanyar tsaro ga mutanen garin zuwa Ascalon.SojojinMasar a Kaisariya sun yi turjiya, amma garin ya fadi a ranar 17 ga Mayu.Sojojin Baldwin sun ƙwace Caesarea kuma suka kashe mafi yawan manya mazauna yankin.Genoese sun sami kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ganima, amma Baldwin bai ba su yankunan garuruwan da aka kama ba.

Paschal II ne ya fara yakin Crusade na 1101 lokacin da ya sami labarin halin da sauran sojojin da suka rage a kasa mai tsarki suke.Rundunar ta ƙunshi runduna guda huɗu daban-daban, wani lokaci ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin igiyar ruwa ta biyu bayan yaƙin Crusade na farko.Rundunar farko ita ce Lombardy, karkashin jagorancin Anselm, babban Bishop na Milan.An haɗa su da rundunar da Conrad, ɗan sanda ga Sarkin Jamus, Henry IV.Sojoji na biyu, Nivernois, William II na Nevers ne ya ba da umarni.Rukuni na uku daga arewacin Faransa Stephen na Blois da Stephen na Burgundy ne suka jagoranci kungiyar.Raymond na Saint-Gilles, yanzu yana hidimar sarki ne ya haɗa su.Rundunar ta hudu ta kasance karkashin jagorancin William IX na Aquitaine da Welf IV na Bavaria.'Yan Salibiyya sun fuskanci tsohon makiyinsu Kilij Arslan da sojojinsa na Seljuk sun fara haduwa da dakarun Lombard da na Faransa a watan Agustan 1101 a yakin Mersivan, tare da kame sansanin 'yan Salibiyya.An lalata tawagar Nivernois a wannan watan a Heraclea, tare da shafe kusan dukkanin sojojin, ban da kirga William da wasu daga cikin mutanensa.Aquitainians da Bavarians sun isa Heraclea a watan Satumba inda aka sake kashe 'yan Salibiyya.Yakin na 1101 ya kasance babban bala'i na soji da na siyasa, wanda ya nuna wa Musulmai cewa 'Yan Salibiyya ba su yi nasara ba.

Yayin da Baldwin da Genoese ke kewaye da Kaisariya, mai mulkinMasar , Al-Afdal Shahanshah, ya fara tattara sojoji a Ascalon.Baldwin ya koma hedikwatarsa ​​zuwa Jaffa dake kusa da shi, ya kuma yi wa Ramla katanga don dakile duk wani yunkurin kai hari na ba-zata a kan Kudus.Yakin Farko na Ramla ya gudana ne tsakanin Daular Salibiyya ta Kudus da Fatimiyan Masar.Garin Ramla na kwance akan titin Kudus zuwa Ascalon, wanda na karshen shi ne sansanin Fatimid mafi girma a Falasdinu.A cewar Fulcher na Chartres, wanda ya halarci yakin, Fatimidawa sun yi asarar kimanin mutane 5,000 a yakin, ciki har da Janar Sa'ad al-Daulah.Duk da haka, hasarar 'yan Salibiyya ya yi nauyi kuma, ya yi asarar maƙiyi 80 da adadi mai yawa na sojoji.

Daular Artuqid ta kasance daular Turkoman ta samo asali daga kabilar Döğer da ta yi mulki a gabashin Anatoliya, Arewacin Siriya da Arewacin Iraki a karni na sha ɗaya zuwa na goma sha uku.Daular Artuqid ta karɓi suna daga wanda ya kafa ta, Artuk Bey, wanda ya kasance reshen Döger na Turkawa Oghuz kuma ya mallaki ɗaya daga cikin beyliks na Turkmen na Daular Seljuk .'Ya'yan Artuk da zuriyarsa sun mallaki rassa uku a yankin.Zuriyar Sökmen sun mallaki yankin Hasankeyf tsakanin 1102 zuwa 1231.Reshen Ilghazi ya yi mulki daga Mardin da Mayyafariqin tsakanin 1106 zuwa 1186 (har zuwa 1409 a matsayin vassals) da Aleppo daga 1117-1128da layin Harput wanda ya fara a 1112 a ƙarƙashin reshen Sökmen, kuma ya kasance mai zaman kansa tsakanin 1185 da 1233.

Tun daga shekara ta 1102 har zuwa ranar 12 ga watan Yulin shekarar 1109 aka yi wa birnin Tripoli kawanya. An kai harin ne a wurin da birnin Tripoli na kasar Labanon ke ciki a yau, bayan yakin Crusade na farko .Ya kai ga kafa kasa ta ‘yan Salibiyya ta hudu, gundumar Tripoli.

Saboda kuskuren bincike Baldwin ya yi kakkausar suka ga girman sojojinMasar , yana mai imani da cewa ba za a wuce karamar rundunar sojan ba, ya kuma hau dokin tunkarar runduna dubu da dama da mayaka dari biyu kacal kuma babu wani sojan kasa.Ganin kuskuren nasa ya makara, kuma tuni aka yanke shi daga tserewa, sai sojojin Masar suka tuhumi Baldwin da sojojinsa, da sauri aka yi wa da yawa kisan gilla, duk da cewa Baldwin da wasu ’yan tsiraru sun yi nasarar shinge kansu a hasumiyar Ramla.Ba a bar Baldwin ba tare da wani zaɓi da ya wuce ya gudu ya tsere daga hasumiya a ƙarƙashin murfin dare tare da magatakarda kawai da kuma jarumi guda ɗaya, Hugh na Brulis, wanda ba a taɓa ambata a cikin wata tushe ba bayan haka.Baldwin ya shafe kwanaki biyu masu zuwa yana gujewa guraren neman Fatimid har sai da ya iso a gajiye, ga yunwa, kuma ya bushe a cikin amintacciyar mafakar Arsuf a ranar 19 ga Mayu.

Siege na Acre ya faru a watan Mayu 1104. Yana da muhimmanci sosai don ƙarfafa Mulkin Urushalima, wanda aka kafa ƴan shekaru kaɗan kawai.Tare da taimakon jiragen ruwa na Genoese , Sarki Baldwin na I ya tilasta mika wuya ga muhimmin birni mai tashar jiragen ruwa bayan wani kewaye da ya kwashe kwanaki ashirin kacal.Ko da yake duk masu karewa da mazauna garin da suke son barin birnin, sarkin ya ba su tabbacin cewa za su sami yanci su fita, suna ta hira da su, da yawa daga cikinsu 'yan Genoawa sun yi wa kisan kiyashi a lokacin da suke barin birnin.Haka kuma, maharan sun kuma kwace birnin da kansa.Ba da daɗewa ba bayan cin nasararta, Acre ta zama babbar cibiyar kasuwanci kuma babbar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Masarautar Kudus, inda za ta iya jigilar kayayyaki daga Damascus zuwa yamma.Tare da gina Acre da ƙarfi, masarautar yanzu tana da tashar jiragen ruwa mai aminci a kowane yanayi.Ko da yake Jaffa ya fi kusa da Urushalima, hanya ce kawai a buɗe kuma ba ta da zurfi ga manyan jiragen ruwa.Ana iya kawo fasinja da kaya a bakin teku ko kuma a sauke su a wurin tare da taimakon kananan kwale-kwalen kwale-kwale, wanda wani aiki ne mai hatsarin gaske a cikin tekuna masu hadari.Ko da yake mashigar Haifa ta fi zurfi kuma tana da kariya daga iskar kudu da yamma ta Dutsen Karmel, musamman ta fuskanci iskar arewa.

A lokacin yakin da kansa, an fatattaki sojojin Baldwin gaba daya, inda Turkawa suka kama Baldwin da Joscelin.Sojojin Antiochene tare da Bohemond sun sami damar tserewa zuwa Edessa.Duk da haka, Jikirmish ya ɗauki 'yan ganima kaɗan kawai, don haka ya kori Baldwin daga sansanin Sokman.Ko da yake an biya fansa, ba a sake Joscelin da Baldwin ba sai wani lokaci kafin 1108, da 1109 bi da bi.Yaƙin na ɗaya daga cikin ƙwaƙƙwaran nasara na farko na 'yan Salibiyya tare da sakamako mai tsanani ga Masarautar Antakiya.Daular Rumawa ta yi amfani da cin nasarar da aka samu wajen dora da'awarsu a kan Antakiya, kuma ta sake kwace Latakia da sassan Kilicia .Yawancin garuruwan da Antakiya ke mulka sun yi tawaye kuma sojojin musulmi daga Aleppo suka sake mamaye su.Yankunan Armeniya ma sun yi tawaye suna goyon bayan Rumawa ko Armeniya.Bugu da ƙari, waɗannan abubuwan sun sa Bohemund ya koma Italiya don ɗaukar ƙarin sojoji, ya bar Tancred a matsayin mai mulkin Antakiya.Edessa bai taɓa murmurewa ba kuma ya rayu har zuwa 1144 amma saboda rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin Musulmai.

Bayan babbar nasara ta 'yan Salibiyya a yakin Harran a shekara ta 1104, an yi watsi da duk wuraren da Antakiya ke da karfi a gabashin kogin Orontes.Domin haɓaka ƙarin ƙarfafawar Crusader, Bohemond na Taranto ya hau zuwa Turai, yana barin Tancred a matsayin mai mulki a Antakiya.Sabon sarkin ya fara haquri ya dawo da katangar da suka ɓace da garuruwa masu garu.A tsakiyar lokacin bazara na 1105, mazaunan Artah, wanda ke da nisan mil 25 (kilomita 40) gabas-arewa-gabas da Antakiya, ƙila sun kori sojojin Antakiya daga kagara kuma sun haɗa kai da Ridwan ko kuma sun mika wuya ga na ƙarshe yayin da yake tunkarar kagara.Artah shi ne sansanin 'yan Salibiyya na karshe da ke gabashin birnin Antakiya kuma asararsa na iya haifar da barazana kai tsaye ga birnin daga dakarun musulmi.Babu tabbas ko Ridwan ya tsare Artah.Tare da sojojin dawakai 1,000 da mayaƙa 9,000, Tancred ya kewaye katangar Artah.Ridwan na Aleppo ya yi kokarin tsoma baki a cikin aikin, inda ya tara dakaru 7,000 na kasa da kasa da kuma na doki da ba a san adadinsu ba.3,000 daga cikin sojojin ƙetare na musulmi 'yan sa kai ne.Tancred ya ba da yaki kuma ya ci sojojin Aleppo.Yariman Latin ya kamata ya yi nasara ta hanyar "ƙwarewar amfani da ƙasa."Tancred ya ci gaba da karfafa ikon da Karamar Hukumar ke da shi a yankunanta na gabas, lamarin da ya yi sanadiyar gudu daga yankunan Jazr da Loulon, duk da cewa dakarun Tancred sun kashe wasu da dama.Bayan nasararsa, Tancred ya fadada yakinsa a gabashin Orontes tare da 'yan adawa kawai.

Kamar yadda aka yi a Ramla a shekara ta 1101, a 1105 'yan Salibiyya suna da mayaƙan dawakai da na ƙasa a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Baldwin I. A yaƙin na uku kuwa, sojojin Turkiyya Seljuk daga Damascus sun ƙarfafaMasarawa , ciki har da hawan kiba, babban bala'in da 'yan tawayen suka samu. 'Yan Salibiyya.Bayan da suka yi tsayin daka na fara cajin sojan doki na Faransa yaƙin ya ci gaba da yi tsawon rana.Ko da yake Baldwin ya sake korar Masarawa daga fagen fama tare da kwasar ganima a sansanin abokan gaba amma ya kasa ci gaba da bibiyar su: “Frank sun yi kama da cin nasarar da suka samu daga aikin Baldwin. Ya ci nasara da Turkawa a lokacin da suka yi nasara. sun zama babbar barazana ga bayansa, kuma ya koma babban yakin don jagorantar hukunci mai tsanani wanda ya ci Masarawa.

Crusade na Yaren mutanen Norway, wanda Sarkin Norway Sigurd I ya jagoranta, ya kasance yakin neman zabe ne ko kuma aikin hajji (majiyoyin sun bambanta) wanda ya dade daga 1107 zuwa 1111, bayan yakin Crusade na farko.Crusade na Norwegian shine karo na farko da wani sarkin Turai da kansa ya je kasa mai tsarki.

Franks sun kewaye Tripoli, jagorancin Baldwin I na Urushalima, Baldwin II na Edessa, Tancred, regent na Antakiya, William-Jordan, da Raymond IV babban ɗan Bertrand na Toulouse, wanda ya zo kwanan nan tare da sabon Genoan , Pisan da Provencal sojojin.Tripoli ta jira a banza don samun ƙarfafawa dagaMasar .Garin ya ruguje ne a ranar 12 ga Yuli, kuma 'yan Salibiyya sun kore shi.Jiragen ruwan Masar sun isa awanni takwas a makare.Yawancin mazauna garin an bautar da su, sauran kuma an hana su dukiyoyinsu aka kore su.Bertrand, ɗan shege na Raymond IV, ya kashe William-Jordan a shekara ta 1110 kuma ya yi ikirarin kashi biyu bisa uku na birnin don kansa, tare da sauran na uku ya fada ga Genoans.Sauran bakin tekun Bahar Rum sun riga sun fada hannun 'yan Salibiyya ko kuma za su wuce zuwa gare su a cikin 'yan shekaru masu zuwa, tare da kama Sidon a 1110 da Taya a 1124. Wannan ya haifar da kafa jihar 'yan Salibiyya ta hudu, gundumar Tripoli. .

Faduwar Tripoli ya sa Sultan Muhammad Tapar ya nada atabeg na Mosul, Mawdud, don yin jihadi da Franks.A tsakanin shekara ta 1110 zuwa 1113, Mawdud ya yi kamfen guda hudu a Mesopotamiya da Sham, amma fafatawar da ke tsakanin kwamandojin sojojinsa daban-daban ya tilasta masa barin farmakin a kowane lokaci.Da yake Edessa shi ne babban abokin hamayyar Mosul, Mawdud ya jagoranci yakin yaki da birnin.Sun haifar da barna, kuma yankin gabacin gundumar ba zai taba samun sauki ba.Sarakunan musulman kasar Sham suna ganin shiga tsakani na Sarkin Musulmi tamkar barazana ce ga ‘yancin cin gashin kansu kuma suka hada kai da Faransawa.Bayan wani mai kisan gilla, mai yiwuwa Nizari, ya kashe Mawdud, Muhammad Tapar ya aika da sojoji biyu zuwa Siriya, amma duk yakin basasa.

A shekara ta 1101, 'yan Salibiyya sun mallaki tashar jiragen ruwa na kudanci ciki har da Jaffa, Haifa, Arsuf da Caesarea, don haka sun yi nasarar yanke tashar jiragen ruwa na arewa ciki har da Beirut daga goyon bayan Fatimid ta kasa.Bugu da kari, Fatimidawa sun tarwatsa sojojinsu da suka hada da sojoji 2,000 da jiragen ruwa 20 a kowace tashar jiragen ruwa da suka rage, har sai babban tallafin ya isa dagaMasar .Tun daga ranar 15 ga Fabrairun 1102, 'yan Salibiyya suka fara tursasa Beirut, har sai da sojojin Fatimid suka isa a farkon watan Mayu.A ƙarshen kaka na 1102, jiragen ruwa da ke ɗauke da mahajjata Kirista zuwa Ƙasar Mai Tsarki sun tilastawa da guguwa zuwa ƙasa a kusa da Ascalon, Sidon da Taya.An kashe mahajjatan ko dai an kai su bayi zuwa Masar.Don haka, sarrafa tashoshin jiragen ruwa ya zama gaggawa don kare lafiyar mahajjata, baya ga zuwan maza da wadata daga Turai.Sifen Beirut wani lamari ne da ya biyo bayan yakin Crusade na farko .Dakarun Baldwin I na Kudus sun kwace birnin Beirut da ke gabar teku daga Fatimids a ranar 13 ga Mayu 1110, tare da taimakon Bertrand na Toulouse da wani jirgin ruwan Genoese .

A lokacin rani na 1110, wani jirgin ruwa na Norwegian na jiragen ruwa 60 ya isa Levant a ƙarƙashin umarnin Sarki Sigurd.Ya isa Acre Baldwin I, Sarkin Urushalima ya tarbe shi.Tare suka yi tafiya zuwa kogin Jordan, bayan haka Baldwin ya nemi taimako wajen kwace tashar jiragen ruwa dake hannun musulmi a gabar teku.Amsar Sigurd ita ce, “sun zo ne da nufin sadaukar da kansu ga hidimar Kristi”, kuma suka raka shi ya ɗauki birnin Sidon, wanda Fatimids suka sake ƙarfafa shi a cikin 1098.Sojojin Baldwin sun kewaye birnin ta kasa, yayin da mutanen Norway suka zo ta teku.Ana buƙatar sojojin ruwa don hana taimako daga rundunar Fatimid a Taya.Korar shi duk da haka ya yiwu ne kawai tare da sa'ar zuwan jirgin ruwan Venetian .Birnin ya fadi bayan kwanaki 47.

Tun daga shekara ta 1110 zuwa 1115, Sarkin Seljuk Sultan Muhammad na daya a Bagadaza ya kaddamar da hare-hare na shekara-shekara na jihohin 'yan Salibiyya.An dakile harin da aka kai wa Edessa a shekarar farko.Saboda roƙon wasu mutanen Aleppo da Rumawa suka iza shi, Sarkin ya ba da umurni a kai wani gagarumin farmaki a kan mallakar Faransawa a arewacin Siriya a shekara ta 1111. Sarkin Musulmi ya naɗa Mawdud ibn Altuntash, gwamnan Mosul, ya zama shugaban sojoji.Rundunar ta hada da tawaga daga Diyarbakir da Ahlat a karkashin Sökmen al-Kutbi, daga Hamadan karkashin jagorancin Bursuq bn Bursuq, da kuma Mesofotamiya karkashin Ahmadil da sauran sarakuna.A yakin Shaizar a shekara ta 1111, rundunar 'yan Salibiyya karkashin jagorancin Sarki Baldwin na daya na birnin Kudus da kuma sojojin Seljuk karkashin jagorancin Mawdud ibn Altuntash na Mosul sun yi artabu da dabara, amma sojojin 'yan Salibiyya sun janye daga kasar.Wannan ya ba wa Sarki Baldwin I da Tancred damar samun nasarar kare Mulkin Antakiya.Babu garuruwan 'yan Salibiyya ko katanga da suka fada hannun Turkawa Seljuk a lokacin yakin neman zabe.

The monastic Knights Hospitaller oda an halicce su ne biyo bayan yakin farko na Crusade ta Albarkacin Gerard de Martigues wanda Paparoma Bu Pie postulatio voluntatis da Paparoma Paschal II ya bayar a 1113 ya tabbatar da matsayinsa. kuma bayan haka.Karkashin magajinsa, Raymond du Puy, an fadada asibitin na asali zuwa wani mara lafiya na Cocin Holy Sepulcher a Urushalima.Da farko dai kungiyar ta kula da mahajjata a birnin Kudus, amma ba da dadewa ba aka tsawaita wa'adin na baiwa mahajjata dakaru masu rakiya kafin daga bisani su zama wata babbar rundunar soji.Don haka oda na St. Yohanna ba tare da fahimta ba ya zama soja ba tare da rasa halayensa na sadaka ba.Raymond du Puy, wanda ya gaji Gerard a matsayin Jagora na Asibitin a shekara ta 1118, ya shirya wata ƙungiya daga membobin odar, inda ya raba tsari zuwa matsayi uku: Knights, maza a makamai, da malamai.Raymond ya ba wa Baldwin II na Urushalima hidimar sojojinsa da ke ɗauke da makamai, kuma odar daga wannan lokacin ya shiga yaƙin crusace a matsayin odar soji, musamman ya bambanta kansa a Siege na Ascalon na 1153. A shekara ta 1130, Paparoma Innocent II ya ba da odar. rigar makamai, giciye na azurfa a cikin filin ja (gueulles).

A shekara ta 1113, Mawdud ya shiga Toghtekin na Dimashƙu kuma rundunarsu ta haɗa kai da nufin ketare Kogin Urdun a kudancin Tekun Galili.Baldwin na miƙa yaƙi kusa da gadar al-Sannabra.Mawdud ya yi amfani da na'urar wani jirgin sama na bogi ya yaudari Baldwin I da gaggawar yin odar caji.Sojojin na Faransa sun yi mamaki tare da lakada masa duka a lokacin da ba zato ba tsammani suka ci karo da babban sojojin Turkiyya.'Yan Salibiyya da suka tsira sun ci gaba da haɗin kai kuma suka koma wani tudu da ke yammacin tekun cikin ƙasa inda suka ƙarfafa sansaninsu.A cikin wannan matsayi an ƙarfafa su daga Tripoli da Antakiya amma sun kasance marasa ƙarfi.Ya kasa halaka 'yan Salibiyya, Mawdud ya zuba musu ido tare da manyan sojojinsa yayin da yake aika ginshiƙai don lalata karkara tare da korar garin Nablus.A haka Mawdud ya hango dabarar Saladin.Kamar yadda yake a cikin waɗannan kamfen, sojojin filin na Faransa na iya yin adawa da babban sojojin musulmi, amma ba za su iya dakatar da hare-haren da sojojin ke yi ba ga amfanin gona da garuruwa.A yayin da maharan na Turkiyya ke yawo cikin walwala a cikin yankunan 'yan Salibiyya, manoman musulmin yankin sun kulla huldar abokantaka da su.Wannan ya damun manyan ƴan ƙasar Faransa, waɗanda a ƙarshe suka dogara da haya daga masu noman ƙasa.Mawdud bai iya yin wani yawo na dindindin ba bayan nasararsa.Ba da da ewa ba, an kashe shi kuma Aq-Sunqur Bursuqi ya ɗauki kwamandan yunƙurin da bai yi nasara ba a kan Edessa a shekara ta 1114.

A cikin 1115, Sarkin Seljuk Muhammad I Tapar ya aika Bursuq zuwa Antakiya.Suna kishin cewa ikonsu zai ragu idan sojojin Sarkin Musulmi suka yi nasara, wasu sarakunan musulmin Sham da dama suka hada kansu da na Latin.Da farko a ranar 14 ga Satumba, Roger ya sami bayanan sirri cewa abokan hamayyarsa suna shiga cikin sakaci a sansanin Tell Danith watering point, kusa da Sarmin.Da sauri yaci gaba da kwasar sojojin Bursuq da mamaki.Yayin da 'yan Salibiyya suka kaddamar da harin nasu, har yanzu wasu sojojin Turkiyya na ci gaba da sintiri a sansanin.Roger ya jagoranci sojojin Faransa zuwa hagu, tsakiya, da kuma sassan dama.Baldwin, Count of Edessa ya jagoranci reshe na hagu yayin da Yarima Roger da kansa ya umarci cibiyar.'Yan Salibiyya sun kai hari a echelon tare da jagorancin reshe na hagu.A gefen dama na Faransanci, Turcopoles, waɗanda aka yi aiki a matsayin maharba, an kori su da baya ta hanyar harin Seljuk.Hakan ya kawo cikas ga mayakan da suka fuskanci kazamin fada kafin fatattakar abokan gaba a wannan bangare na filin.Roger ya yi nasara a kan sojojin Bursuq, wanda ya kawo karshen dogon yakin.Akalla Turkawa 3,000 aka kashe tare da kama wasu da dama, tare da kadarorin bezans 300,000.Ƙila hasara na Faransanci ya yi haske.Nasarar Roger ta kiyaye riƙon 'yan Salibiyya akan Antakiya.

Baldwin ya yi rashin lafiya mai tsanani a ƙarshen shekara ta 1116. Da yake tunanin yana mutuwa, sai ya ba da umarnin a biya shi duka bashinsa kuma ya fara rarraba kuɗinsa da kayansa, amma ya warke a farkon shekara ta gaba.Don karfafa tsaron yankin kudu, ya kaddamar da yaki aMasar a watan Maris na shekara ta 1118. Ya kwace Farama da ke gabar ruwan Nilu ba tare da wani yaki ba saboda mutanen garin sun gudu a firgice kafin ya isa garin.Masu rike da Baldwin sun bukace shi da ya kai hari Alkahira, amma tsohon raunin da ya samu a 1103 ya sake budewa kwatsam.Yana mutuwa, Baldwin ya koma Al-Arish a kan iyakar daular Fatimid .A kan gadon mutuwarsa, ya nada Eustace III na Boulogne a matsayin magajinsa, amma kuma ya ba da izinin baron sarautar su ba Baldwin na Edessa sarauta ko kuma "wani wanda zai mallaki jama'ar Kirista kuma ya kare majami'u", idan ɗan'uwansa bai yarda da sarauta ba. kambi.Baldwin ya mutu a ranar 2 ga Afrilu 1118.

A cikin 1118 Roger ya kama Azaz, wanda ya bar Aleppo bude don kai hari daga 'Yan Salibiyya;a mayar da martani, Ilghazi ya mamaye Mulki a shekara ta 1119. Roger ya fita daga Artah tare da Bernard na Valence, Patriarch na Latin na Antakiya.Bernard ya ba da shawarar su ci gaba da zama a wurin, domin Artah wani kagara ne mai kyau da ke da ɗan tazara daga Antakiya, kuma Ilghazi ba zai iya wucewa ba idan an ajiye su a wurin.Shugaban cocin ya kuma shawarci Roger da ya nemi taimako daga Baldwin, sarkin Urushalima a yanzu, da kuma Pons, amma Roger yana jin ba zai iya jira su iso ba.Roger ya yada zango a mashigar Sarmada, yayin da Ilghazi ya kewaye katangar al-Athrib.Har ila yau Ilghazi ya kasance yana jiran agaji daga Toghtekin, sarkin Burid na Damascus, amma shi ma ya gaji da jira.Ta yin amfani da hanyoyin da ba a yi amfani da su ba, sojojinsa da sauri suka kewaye sansanin Roger a cikin daren 27 ga watan Yuni.Dakarun Roger na mayaƙa 700, dawakai na Armeniya 500 da sojojin ƙafa 3,000 da suka haɗa da turcopoles, sun yi gaggawar kafa ƙungiyoyi biyar.A lokacin yakin, an kashe Roger da takobi a fuska a gindin babban giciye na jauhari wanda ya zama mizaninsa.An kashe ko kama sauran sojojin;jarumai biyu ne kawai suka tsira.Renaud Mansoer ya nemi mafaka a sansanin Sarmada don jira Sarki Baldwin, amma daga baya Ilghazi ya kama shi.Daga cikin sauran fursunonin akwai yiwuwar Walter the Chancellor, wanda daga baya ya rubuta labarin yaƙin.Kisan kisan gilla ya haifar da sunan yakin, ager sanguinis, Latin don "filin jini."Baldwin II na Urushalima da Count Pons sun ci Ilghazi a yakin Hab a ranar 14 ga Agusta, kuma Baldwin ya karbi mulkin Antakiya.Daga baya, Baldwin ta kwato wasu garuruwan da suka ɓace.Duk da haka, shan kashin da aka yi a filin Jini ya sa Antakiya ta yi rauni sosai, kuma ta fuskanci hare-haren musulmi a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa.Daga ƙarshe, Mulkin ya zo ƙarƙashin rinjayar daular Byzantine mai tasowa.

Bayan babban nasarar da ya samu a yakin Ager Sanguunis, sojojin Turco-Syriya na Ilghazi sun kame wasu sansani da dama a cikin masarautar Latin.Da ya ji labarin, Sarki Baldwin II ya kawo wata runduna ta arewa daga Mulkin Urushalima don ya ceci Antakiya.A kan hanyar, ya dauko wani runduna daga gundumar Tripoli a karkashin Count Pons.Baldwin ya tattara ragowar sojojin Antakiya ya ƙara su cikin sojojinsa.Daga nan sai ya zarce zuwa Zerdana, mai tazarar kilomita 65 gabas-maso-gabashin Antakiya, wadda Ilghazi ta yi wa kawanya.Tare da amfani da ma'aikatan ajiyarsa, Baldwin ya ceci ranar.Ta hanyar shiga tsakani a kowane sashe da aka yi barazanar, ya riƙe sojojinsa tare a cikin dogon yaƙi mai zafi.Daga karshe dai Artuqid sun amince da shan kaye kuma suka fice daga fagen fama.Da dabara, nasara ce ta Kirista wacce ta adana Mulkin Antakiya har tsararraki da yawa.Baldwin II ya yi nasarar sake kwato duk katangar da Ilghazi ya ci ya kuma hana shi tafiya Antakiya.

Bayan da sojojin Faransa a yakin Crusade na farko suka kwace Kudus daga Daular Fatimid a 1099 AZ, Kiristoci da yawa sun yi aikin hajji zuwa wurare masu tsarki daban-daban a kasa mai tsarki.Ko da yake birnin Urushalima yana da ɗan kwanciyar hankali a ƙarƙashin ikon Kiristoci, sauran na Outremer ba su kasance ba.’Yan fashi da ’yan fashi da makami sun ci karo da waxannan mahajjata Kirista, waxanda ake kashe su akai-akai, wani lokaci da ɗaruruwa, yayin da suke ƙoƙarin yin tafiya daga bakin tekun Jaffa zuwa cikin ƙasa mai tsarki.A cikin 1119, jarumin Faransa Hugues de Payens ya tunkari Sarkin Baldwin na biyu na Urushalima da Warmund, uban Urushalima, ya ba da shawarar samar da odar zuhudu don kare waɗannan mahajjata.Sarki Baldwin da Patriarch Warmund sun amince da bukatar, mai yiwuwa a Majalisar Nablus a watan Janairu 1120, kuma sarkin ya ba Templars hedkwatar a wani reshe na fadar sarauta a kan Dutsen Haikali a cikin Masallacin Al-Aqsa da aka kama.Dutsen Haikali yana da asiri domin yana sama da abin da aka gaskata shi ne kango na Haikalin Sulemanu.Don haka 'yan Salibiyya sun kira Masallacin Al-Aqsa a matsayin Haikalin Sulemanu, kuma daga wannan wurin sabon tsari ya ɗauki sunan matalauta Knights na Kristi da Temple of Sulemanu, ko "Templar" Knights.Odar, tare da maƙamai kusan tara da suka haɗa da Godfrey de Saint-Omer da André de Montbard, ba su da albarkatun kuɗi kaɗan kuma sun dogara da gudummawa don tsira.Alamar tasu ta kasance jarumai biyu suna hawa kan doki guda, suna jaddada talaucin tsari

Baldwin II ya yanke shawarar kai hari Aleppo don kubutar da mutanen da aka yi garkuwa da su, ciki har da 'yar karamar 'yar Baldwin Ioveta, wacce aka mika wa Timurtash don samun biyan kudin sakin.Don haka ya kulla kawance da Joscelin I na Edessa, shugaban Badawiyya, Dubais ibn Sadaqa daga Banu Mazyad da sarakunan Seljuq guda biyu, Sultan Shah da Toghrul Arslan.Ya kewaye garin a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 1124. A halin da ake ciki, Qaadi na Aleppo, Ibn al-Khashshab, ya tunkari Aqsunqur al-Bursuqi, atabeg na Mosul, yana neman taimakonsa.Da jin isowar al-Bursuqi, Dubais ibn Sadaqa ya janye daga Aleppo, wanda ya tilasta Baldwin ya dage kewayen a ranar 25 ga Janairu 1125.

Al-Bursuqi ya yiwa garin Azaz da ke arewacin Aleppo kawanya a wani yanki na gundumar Edessa.Baldwin II, Leo I na Armeniya, Joscelin I, da Pons na Tripoli, tare da runduna ta 1,100 daga yankunansu (ciki har da mayaƙa daga Antakiya, inda Baldwin ya kasance mai mulkin), da kuma sojojin 2,000, sun hadu da al-Bursuqi a wajen Azaz. , inda Seljuk atabeg ya tara ƙarfinsa mafi girma.Baldwin ya yi kamar zai ja da baya, ta haka ne ya jawo Seljuks daga Azaz zuwa cikin fili inda aka kewaye su.Bayan dogon yaƙi da zubar da jini, Seljuk ya ci nasara kuma Baldwin ya kama sansaninsu, wanda ya dauki isassun ganima don fansar fursunonin da Seljuks suka kama (ciki har da Joscelin II na Edessa na gaba).Yawan sojojin musulmin da aka kashe ya zarce 1,000 a cewar Ibn al-Athir.William na Taya ya ba da matattu 24 ga ‘Yan Salibiyya da kuma 2,000 ga Musulmi.Baya ga kawar da Azaz, wannan nasara ta baiwa 'yan Salibiyya damar sake samun rinjayen tasirin da suka yi asara bayan da suka sha kashi a Ager Sanguinis a shekara ta 1119.

Sabon atabeg na Mosul Imad al-Din Zengi ya kwace Aleppo a shekara ta 1128. Kungiyar manyan cibiyoyin musulmi guda biyu ta kasance mai hadari musamman ga Edessa makwabciyarta, amma kuma ta damu sabon shugaban Damascus, Taj al-Muluk Buri.Nan da nan ya zama shugaban Turkawa a Arewacin Siriya da Iraki .

A farkon shekara ta 1137, Zengi ya zuba jari a katangar Ba'rin, kimanin mil 10 arewa maso yammacin Homs.Lokacin da sarki Fulk ya yi tattaki tare da rundunarsa don tayar da kewaye, sojojin Zengi sun far wa sojojinsa suka watse.Bayan shan kayensu, Fulk da wasu daga cikin wadanda suka tsira sun fake a gidan Montferrand, wanda Zengi ya sake kewaye."Lokacin da abinci ya kare sai suka ci dawakansu, sannan aka tilasta musu neman sharadi."A halin da ake ciki, ɗimbin alhazai na Kirista sun yi tattaki zuwa ga sojojin Sarkin Bizantine John II Comnenus, Raymond na Antakiya da Joscelin II na Edessa.Da wannan mai masaukin baki yana gabatowa katangar, ba zato ba tsammani Zengi ya ba Fulk da sauran sharuɗɗan da aka kewaye na Franks.Domin samun 'yancinsu da fitar da su daga gidan, an sanya kudin fansa a kan dinari 50000.Franks, ba su san da zuwan babban rundunan agaji ba, sun yarda da tayin Zengi.Ba'rin bai taba dawowa da Franks ba.

A cikin Levant, Sarkin Rumawa John II Comnenus ya nemi ƙarfafa iƙirarin Rumawa na yin biyayya ga Jihohin Crusader da kuma tabbatar da haƙƙinsa akan Antakiya.Waɗannan haƙƙoƙin sun kasance a cikin Yarjejeniyar Devol na 1108, kodayake Byzantium ba ta da ikon aiwatar da su.A cikin 1137 ya ci Tarsus, Adana, da Mopsuestia daga Masarautar Armenian Kilicia , kuma a cikin 1138 Yarima Levon I na Armeniya da yawancin danginsa an kai su fursuna zuwa Konstantinoful.Wannan ya buɗe hanyar zuwa Masarautar Antakiya, inda Raymond na Poitiers, Yariman Antakiya, da Joscelin II, Count of Edessa, suka gane kansu a matsayin ƙwararrun sarki a shekara ta 1137. Har Raymond II, Ƙididdiga na Tripoli, ya gaggauta zuwa arewa don biyan kuɗi. girmamawa ga Yohanna, yana maimaita girmamawar da magabata ya yi wa mahaifin Yahaya a shekara ta 1109.

An 'yantar da shi daga barazanar waje a yankin Balkan ko kuma a Anatoliya, bayan da ya ci Hungarian a 1129, kuma ya tilasta wa Turkawa Anadolu a kan tsaro, Sarkin Byzantine John II Komnenos zai iya karkata hankalinsa ga Levant, inda ya nemi karfafa da'awar Byzantium. don yin biyayya ga Jihohin Salibiyya da tabbatar da haƙƙinsa da ikonsa akan Antakiya.Gudanar da Kilicia ya buɗe hanya zuwa Masarautar Antakiya don Rumawa.Da yake fuskantar gabatowar ƙaƙƙarfan sojojin Byzantine, Raymond na Poitiers, yarima na Antakiya, da Joscelin II, ƙidaya na Edessa, sun yi gaggawar amincewa da sarautar Sarkin sarakuna.Yahaya ya bukaci mika wuya na Antakiya ba tare da wani sharadi ba kuma, bayan ya nemi izinin Fulk, Sarkin Urushalima, Raymond na Poitiers ya amince ya mika birnin ga Yahaya.An kai wa Shaizar kawanya daga ranar 28 ga Afrilu zuwa 21 ga Mayu, 1138. Sojojin da ke kawance da Daular Rumawa, Daular Antakiya da gundumar Edessa sun mamaye musulmin Siriya.Bayan da aka fatattake su daga babbar manufarsu ta birnin Aleppo, hadin gwiwar sojojin kiristoci sun kai hari da dama daga cikin kagara, inda daga karshe suka yiwa Shaizar babban birnin Masarautar Munqidhi kawanya.Dakarun sun mamaye birnin, amma sun kasa ɗaukar kagara;wanda hakan ya sa Sarkin Sha'azar ya biya diyya kuma ya zama basaraken sarkin Rumawa.Dakarun Zengi, babban yarima musulmin yankin, sun yi arangama da sojojin kawance amma sun yi karfin da ba za su iya yin kasada ba.Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya jadada ƙayyadaddun yanayin suzerainty na Byzantine a kan jihohin 'yan Salibiyya na arewa da kuma rashin manufa guda tsakanin sarakunan Latin da sarkin Byzantine.

Gundumar Edessa ita ce ta farko a cikin jahohin ‘yan Salibiyya da aka kafa a lokacin da kuma bayan yakin Crusade na farko .Ya kasance daga 1098 lokacin da Baldwin na Boulogne ya bar babban sojojin Crusade na farko kuma ya kafa nasa sarauta.Edessa shi ne ya fi kowa arewa, mafi rauni, kuma mafi karancin jama’a;don haka, ana kai hare-hare akai-akai daga kasashen musulmi da ke kewaye da Ortoqids, Danishmends, da Seljuk Turkawa suka yi mulki.An kama Count Baldwin II da Joscelin na Courtenay na gaba bayan sun sha kaye a yakin Harran a shekara ta 1104. An kama Joscelin a karo na biyu a shekara ta 1122, kuma ko da yake Edessa ya murmure kadan bayan yakin Azaz a shekara ta 1125, an kashe Joscelin a yakin. a shekara ta 1131. An tilasta wa magajinsa Joscelin II shiga kawance da Daular Rumawa , amma a shekara ta 1143 duka Sarkin Byzantine John II Comnenus da Sarkin Urushalima Fulk na Anjou sun mutu.Joscelin ya kuma yi jayayya da Raymond II na Tripoli da Raymond na Poitiers, wanda ya bar Edessa ba shi da wani kawaye mai karfi.Zengi, wanda ya riga ya nemi ya yi amfani da mutuwar Fulk a shekara ta 1143, ya yi gaggawar zuwa arewa don kewaye Edessa, ya isa ranar 28 ga Nuwamba. An gargadi birnin game da zuwansa kuma an shirya don kewaye, amma babu kadan da za su iya yi yayin da Joscelin da sojojin sun kasance a wani wuri.Zengi ya kewaye birnin gaba daya, ya gane cewa babu wani soja da ke kare shi.Ya gina injuna na kewaye ya fara tona katangar, yayin da dakarun Kurdawa da na Turcoman suka hada da sojojinsa.Mazaunan Edessa sun yi tsayin daka gwargwadon iyawarsu, amma ba su da gogewa a yaƙin kewaye;Hasumiyai masu yawa na birnin sun kasance babu mutum.Har ila yau, ba su da masaniya game da hakar ma'adinai, kuma wani bangare na katangar da ke kusa da kofar Sa'o'i ya ruguje a ranar 24 ga watan Disamba. Sojojin Zengi sun shiga cikin birnin, inda suka kashe duk wadanda suka kasa guduwa zuwa Kasuwar Maniaces.Labarin faduwar Edessa ya isa Turai, kuma tuni Raymond na Poitiers ya aika da tawaga ciki har da Hugh, Bishop na Jabala, don neman taimako daga Paparoma Eugene III.A ranar 1 ga Disamba, 1145, Eugene ya ba da sanarwar fasfo Quantum praedecessores yana kira ga Crusade na biyu .

An fara yakin Crusade na biyu a matsayin martani ga faduwar gundumar Edessa a cikin 1144 ga sojojin Zengi.An kafa gundumar ne a lokacin yakin Crusade na farko (1096-1099) ta Sarkin Baldwin I na Urushalima a cikin 1098. Yayin da ita ce jiha ta farko ta 'yan Salibiyya da aka kafa, ita ma ta fara faɗuwa.Fafaroma Eugene III ne ya sanar da yakin Crusade na biyu, kuma shi ne na farko a yakin da sarakunan Turai suka jagoranta, wato Louis VII na Faransa da Conrad na Uku na Jamus, tare da taimakon wasu manyan Turawa.Sojojin sarakunan biyu sun yi tattaki daban-daban a fadin Turai.Bayan tsallakawa yankin na Byzantine zuwa yankin Anatoliya, sojojin Seljuk sun yi galaba a kansu daban-daban.Babban majiyar Kirista ta Yamma, Odo na Deuil, da majiyoyin Kirista na Syria sun yi iƙirarin cewa Sarkin Rumawa Manuel I Komnenos ya hana ‘yan Salibiyya ci gaba a asirce, musamman a yankin Anatoliya, inda ake zargin cewa da gangan ya umarci Turkawa da su kai musu hari.Duk da haka, wannan zargin zagon ƙasa na Crusade da Rumawa ya yi, mai yiyuwa ne Odo ya ƙirƙira shi, wanda ya ga daular a matsayin cikas, haka ma Emperor Manuel ba shi da dalilin siyasa na yin hakan.Louis da Conrad da ragowar sojojinsu sun isa Urushalima kuma sun shiga cikin 1148 a wani hari mara kyau a Damascus, wanda ya ƙare a ja da baya.A karshe yakin da ake yi a gabas gazawa ne ga ‘yan Salibiyya kuma nasara ce ga musulmi.A ƙarshe zai sami tasiri mai mahimmanci akan faduwar Urushalima kuma ya haifar da yakin Crusade na uku a ƙarshen karni na 12.Yayin da yakin Crusade na biyu ya kasa cimma burinsa a kasa mai tsarki, 'yan Salibiyya sun ga nasara a wasu wurare.Mafi mahimmanci daga cikin waɗannan ya zo ga ƙungiyar 13,000 Flemish, Frisian, Norman, Turanci, Scotland, da Jamus a cikin 1147. Tafiya daga Ingila, ta jirgin ruwa, zuwa Ƙasa Mai Tsarki, sojojin sun tsaya kuma suka taimaka wa ƙananan (7,000). Sojojin Portuguese a cikin kama Lisbon , suna korar mazaunan Moorish.

Yakin Ayyubid -Crusader ya fara ne lokacin da aka yi yunkurin sasantawa bayan Yakin Zengid-Crusader Wars da Fatimid -Crusader Wars da irinsu Sir Reynald de Châtillon, Jagora Edessa Count Joscelin de Courtenay III, Knights Order of Templars Grandmaster Sir Odo de St Amand, tare da daga baya a kan Knighthoods Templar Order Grandmaster Sir Gérard de Ridefort da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na addini ciki har da waɗanda suka shigo daga Turai, da ƙoƙarin wasu irin su Salāḥ ad-Dīn Ayyub da Daularsa ta Ayyūbid da Sojoji na Saracen da suka yi. tare bayan sun zama jagororin gadon sarautar Nur ad-Din ya sha alwashin hukunta irin su Sir Reynald kuma watakila haka su kwato Kudus ga musulmi.Yaƙin Montgisard, Yaƙin Castle na Belvoir, da kuma Siege Biyu na Gidan Kerak wasu nasarori ne ga 'yan Salibiyya, duk lokacin Yaƙin Marj Ayun, Siege na Castle na Chastellet na Ford Yakubu, Yaƙin Cresson, Yaƙin. Na Hattin da kuma Siege na 1187 na Urushalima duk sojojin Saracen Musulmi na Daular Ayyubīd ne suka ci nasara da Salāḥ ad-Dīn Ayyub, wanda ya kai ga Al'amuran Crusade na uku.

An kai harin ne daga ranar 20 ga Satumba zuwa 2 ga Oktoba, 1187, lokacin da Balian na Ibelin ya mika birnin ga Saladin.A farkon wannan bazara, Salahaddin ya ci sojojin masarautar ya ci garuruwa da dama.Garin cike yake da 'yan gudun hijira kuma yana da 'yan mayaƙa kaɗan, kuma ya faɗa hannun sojojin da suka kewaye.Balian ya yi ciniki da Salahaddin don siyan mashigar aminci ga mutane da yawa, kuma birnin ya shiga hannun Saladin da ƙarancin zubar da jini.Ko da yake Urushalima ta faɗi, ba ƙarshen Mulkin Urushalima ba ne, yayin da babban birnin ya koma Taya daga baya zuwa Acre bayan yaƙin yaƙi na uku.Kiristocin Latin sun amsa a cikin 1189 ta hanyar kaddamar da yakin Crusade na uku karkashin jagorancin Richard the Lionheart, Philip Augustus, da Frederick Barbarossa daban.A birnin Kudus, Salahaddin ya maido da wurare masu tsarki na musulmi kuma ya nuna hakuri da kiristoci gaba daya;ya ƙyale masu hajjin Orthodox da Kirista na Gabas su ziyarci wurare masu tsarki kyauta - ko da yake ana buƙatar mahajjata na Faransa (watau Katolika) su biya kuɗin shiga.An ba da ikon kula da harkokin Kirista a cikin birnin ga babban sarki na Constantinople.

Crusade na uku (1189-1192) wani ƙoƙari ne na sarakunan Turai uku na Kiristanci na Yamma (Philip II na Faransa, Richard I na Ingila da Frederick I, Sarkin Roma Mai Tsarki) don sake mamaye ƙasa mai tsarki bayan kama Urushalima da sarkin Ayyubid ya yi. Salahaddin a shekara ta 1187. Don haka ne ake kira da ‘Yan Salibiyya na uku da ake kira da ‘Yan Salibiyya na Sarakuna.An samu wani bangare na nasara, inda aka sake kwato muhimman garuruwan Acre da Jaffa, tare da sauya akasarin yakin da Saladin ya yi, amma ya kasa kwato birnin Kudus, wanda shi ne babban makasudin yakin Crusade da addininsa.Bayan gazawar yakin Crusade na biyu na 1147-1149, daular Zengid ta mallaki dunkulalliyar Siriya tare da yin rikici da sarakunan Fatimid naMasar .A karshe Salahaddin ya kawo sojojin Masar da na Syria a karkashin ikonsa, kuma ya dauke su aiki don rage jihohin ‘yan Salibiyya da kuma kwato birnin Kudus a shekara ta 1187. Kishin addini ya ingiza shi, Sarki Henry na biyu na Ingila da Sarki Philip II na Faransa (wanda aka fi sani da “Philip). Augustus") sun kawo karshen rikicinsu da juna don jagorantar sabon yakin neman zabe.Mutuwar Henry (6 Yuli 1189), duk da haka, yana nufin ƙungiyar Ingilishi ta zo ƙarƙashin umarnin magajinsa, Sarki Richard I na Ingila.Shi ma tsohon sarkin kasar Jamus Frederick Barbarossa ya amsa kiran da aka yi masa na neman makamai, inda ya jagoranci dakaru masu tarin yawa a yankin Balkan da Anatoliya.Ya samu wasu nasarori a kanDaular Seljuk Sultanate na Rûm , amma ya nutse a cikin kogi a ranar 10 ga Yuni 1190 kafin ya isa kasa mai tsarki.Mutuwar tasa ta jawo baƙin ciki sosai a tsakanin 'yan Salibiyya na Jamus, kuma yawancin sojojinsa sun koma gida.Bayan da ‘yan Salibiyya suka kori musulmi daga Acre, Philip — tare da magajin Frederick a matsayin kwamandan ‘yan Salibiyya na Jamus, Leopold V, Duke na Austriya—ya bar kasa mai tsarki a watan Agustan 1191. Bayan gagarumar nasara da ‘yan Salibiyya suka samu a yakin na Arsuf, yawancin bakin tekun Levant an mayar da su ga ikon Kirista.A ranar 2 ga Satumba 1192 Richard da Saladin sun kammala yarjejeniyar Jaffa, wadda ta amince da ikon musulmi a kan Kudus amma ya ba da damar mahajjata Kirista da 'yan kasuwa marasa makami su ziyarci birnin.Richard ya bar kasa mai tsarki a ranar 9 ga Oktoban 1192. Nasarorin da aka samu na Crusade na Uku ya baiwa Turawan Yamma damar ci gaba da rike manyan kasashe a Cyprus da gabar tekun Syria.

Crusade na Hudu (1202-1204) wani balaguron makamai ne na kirista na Latin da Paparoma Innocent III ya kira.Manufar ziyarar ita ce kwato birnin Kudus da musulmi ke iko da shi, ta hanyar fatattakar daular Ayyubid Sultanatena Masar mai karfi, kasar musulmi mafi karfi a lokacin.Duk da haka, jerin abubuwan da suka faru na tattalin arziki da siyasa sun ƙare a cikin 1202 na sojojin Crusader na Zara da kuma buhu 1204 na Constantinople, babban birnin Daular Byzantine na Girka da Kiristanci ke sarrafawa, maimakon Masar kamar yadda aka tsara tun farko.Wannan ya kai ga raba daular Rumawa da 'yan Salibiyya suka yi.

Crusade na biyar (1217-1221) ya kasance yaƙin neman zaɓe a cikin jerin Yaƙe-yaƙe da Turawan Yamma suka yi don dawo da Urushalima da sauran ƙasa mai tsarki ta hanyar cin nasara da farkoa Masar , karkashin jagorancin Ayyubid sultanate , wanda al-Adil, ɗan'uwan Saladin ya jagoranta. .Bayan gazawar yakin Crusade na Hudu , Innocent III ya sake yin kira da a yi yaki, kuma ya fara shirya sojojin Crusad karkashin jagorancin Andrew II na Hungary da Leopold na VI na Austria, nan da nan John na Brienne zai shiga.Yaƙin farko a ƙarshen 1217 a Siriya bai cika ba, kuma Andrew ya tafi.Sojojin Jamus karkashin jagorancin Limamin Oliver na Paderborn, da kuma gauraya sojojin Holand, Flemish da na Frisia karkashin jagorancin William I na Holland, sannan suka shiga yakin Crusade a Acre, da burin fara cin Masar, wanda ake kallo a matsayin mabudin Kudus.A can, Cardinal Pelagius Galvani ya isa a matsayin shugaban Fafaroma kuma de facto shugaban Crusade, wanda John na Brienne ya goyi bayan da mashawartan Templars , Asibitoci da Teutonic Knights .Sarkin Roma Mai Tsarki Frederick II, wanda ya ɗauki giciye a shekara ta 1215, bai shiga ba kamar yadda aka alkawarta.Bayan nasarar kewaye Damietta a cikin 1218-1219, 'Yan Salibiyya sun mamaye tashar jiragen ruwa na tsawon shekaru biyu.Al-Kamil, wanda yanzu shi ne sarkin Masar, ya ba da sharuɗɗan zaman lafiya masu ban sha'awa, gami da maido da birnin Kudus ga mulkin Kirista.Pelagius ya tsawatar wa Sarkin sau da yawa, kuma 'yan Salibiyya sun yi tattaki zuwa kudu zuwa birnin Alkahira a watan Yulin 1221. A kan hanyarsu, sun kai hari a wani kagara na al-Kamil a yakin Mansurah, amma aka ci su, aka tilasta musu mika wuya.

Crusade na shida (1228-1229), wanda kuma aka sani da Crusade na Frederick II, wani balaguron soji ne don sake kwato Urushalima da sauran ƙasa mai tsarki.Ya fara shekaru bakwai bayan gazawar Crusade na biyar kuma ya haɗa da ainihin fada.Yunkurin diflomasiyya na Sarkin Roma mai tsarki kuma Sarkin Sicily, Frederick II, ya haifar da daular Kudus ta sake samun wani iko a kan Kudus tsawon shekaru goma sha biyar da suka biyo baya da kuma sauran yankunan kasa mai tsarki.

Yakin Lombards (1228-1243) ya kasance yakin basasa a Masarautar Urushalima da Masarautar Cyprus tsakanin "Lombards" (wanda kuma ake kira daular mulkin mallaka), wakilan Sarki Frederick II, mafi yawa daga Lombardy, da kuma Aristocracy na Gabas ya jagoranci Ibelins da farko sannan Montforts.Ƙoƙarin Frederick ne ya tsokane yaƙin don ya mallaki ƙaramin ɗansa, Conrad II na Urushalima.Frederick da Conrad sun wakilci daular Hohenstaufen.Babban yakin farko na yakin ya faru a Casal Imbert a watan Mayu 1232. Filangieri ya ci Ibelins.A watan Yuni, duk da haka, ya sha kaye da yawa a wajen yaƙin Agridi a Cyprus wanda taimakonsa a tsibirin ya ragu zuwa sifili a cikin shekara guda.A cikin 1241 Barons sun ba da belin Acre ga Simon de Montfort, Earl na Leicester, ɗan uwan ​​Philip na Montfort, kuma dangi ta hanyar aure ga Hohenstaufen da Plantagenets.Bai taba zato ba.A cikin 1242 ko 1243 Conrad ya bayyana nasa rinjaye kuma a ranar 5 ga watan Yuni babban kotun ya ba Alice, gwauruwa na Hugh I na Cyprus kuma 'yar Isabella I na Urushalima mulkin sarauta.Nan da nan Alice ta fara mulki kamar sarauniya, ta yi watsi da Conrad, wanda ke Italiya, kuma ta ba da umarnin kama Filangieri.Bayan dogon kewaye, Taya ta fadi a ranar 12 ga Yuni.Ibelins sun kwace babban gidansa a ranakun 7 ko 10 ga Yuli, tare da taimakon Alice, wanda dakarunta suka isa ranar 15 ga watan Yuni.Ibelins ne kawai za su iya da'awar su ne masu nasara a yakin.

Crusade na Barons (1239-1241), wanda kuma ake kira Crusade na 1239, wani yakin neman zabe ne zuwa kasa mai tsarki wanda, a cikin sharuddan yanki, shine yakin crusade mafi nasara tun yakin Crusade na farko .Paparoma Gregory IX ya kira shi, Crusade na Barons ya ƙunshi mafi girman matsayi na ƙoƙarin Paparoma "don yin crusading aikin Kirista na duniya."Gregory na IX ya yi kira da a yi yaƙin neman zaɓe a Faransa, Ingila, da Hungary tare da nasarori daban-daban.Duk da cewa ’yan Salibiyya ba su samu wata gagarumar nasara ta soji ba, amma sun yi amfani da diflomasiyya wajen yin nasara wajen taka mayaƙan bangarorin biyu na daular Ayyubid (as-Salih Ismail a Damascus da kuma As-Salih Ayyub a Masar) a kan juna don ma fi rangwame fiye da Frederick II. ya samu a lokacin da aka fi sani da Crusade na shida.Shekaru kaɗan, Crusade na Barons ya mayar da mulkin Urushalima zuwa girmansa mafi girma tun 1187.Wannan yakin da ake yi a kasa mai tsarki wani lokaci ana magana a matsayin yaki guda biyu: na Sarki Theobald I na Navarre, wanda ya fara a 1239;da kuma, daban-daban rundunar 'yan Salibiyya karkashin jagorancin Richard na Cornwall, wanda ya zo bayan Theobald tafi a 1240. Bugu da ƙari, Barons 'Crusade sau da yawa ana bayyana a hade tare da Baldwin na Courtenay ta lokaci guda tafiya zuwa Constantinople da kama Tzurulum tare da daban-daban. karamin karfi na 'yan Salibiyya.Wannan shi ne saboda Gregory na IX a takaice ya yi ƙoƙari ya karkatar da sabon yaƙin neman zaɓe nasa daga 'yantar da ƙasa mai tsarki daga Musulmai zuwa kare Daular Latin na Konstantinoful daga "schismatic" (watau Orthodox) Kiristoci na ƙoƙarin sake kwace birnin.Duk da ɗimbin tushe na farko, tallafin karatu har kwanan nan an iyakance shi, saboda aƙalla wani ɓangare na rashin manyan ayyukan soja.Ko da yake Gregory na IX ya yi gaba fiye da kowane Paparoma don ƙirƙirar manufa ta haɗin kai na Kirista a cikin tsarin shirya yaƙin yaƙin, a aikace ɓangarorin jagoranci na 'yan Salibiyya bai bayyana wani aiki na Kirista ba ko kuma ainihin abin da ya shafi gicciye.

A shekara ta 1244, Ayyubids sun yarda Khwarazmiyawa, waɗanda Mongols suka lalata daularsu a shekara ta 1231, su kai farmaki a birnin.An kai harin ne a ranar 15 ga Yuli, kuma birnin ya fadi cikin sauri.Khwarazmiya sun wawashe yankin Armeniya , inda suka lalatar da kiristoci , suka kori Yahudawa.Bugu da ƙari, sun kori kaburburan sarakunan Urushalima a cikin Cocin Holy Sepulcher kuma sun tono ƙasusuwansu, inda kaburburan Baldwin I da Godfrey na Bouillon suka zama manyan mutane.A ranar 23 ga Agusta, Hasumiyar Dauda ta mika wuya ga sojojin Khwarazmian, wasu Kiristoci maza da mata da yara kimanin 6,000 suka fita daga Kudus.Buhun garin da kuma kisan kiyashin da ya yi tare da shi ya sa 'yan Salibiyya suka hada runduna domin shiga sojojin Ayyubid da yaki da sojojinMasar da na Khwarazmiya a yakin La Forbie.Bugu da ƙari, abubuwan da suka faru sun ƙarfafa sarkin Faransa Louis na IX ya shirya yakin Crusade na bakwai.

Crusade na Bakwai (1248-1254) shine farkon yakin Crusade guda biyu wanda Louis IX na Faransa ya jagoranta.Har ila yau, da aka fi sani da Crusade na Louis na IX zuwa kasa mai tsarki, yana da nufin kwato kasa mai tsarki ta hanyar kai hari gaMasar , babbar kujera ta musulmi a Gabas ta Tsakiya.Da farko dai yakin Salibiyya ya gamu da nasara amma ya kare, inda musulmi suka kame mafi yawan sojojin – ciki har da sarki.An gudanar da yakin Crusade ne domin mayar da martani ga koma bayan da aka samu a Masarautar Kudus, wanda ya fara da hasarar birni mai tsarki a shekara ta 1244, kuma Innocent IV ya yi wa'azi tare da wani yakin neman zabe a kan sarki Frederick II, tawayen Baltic da kuma mamayewar Mongol.Bayan sakinsa, Louis ya zauna a kasa mai tsarki na tsawon shekaru hudu, yana yin abin da zai iya wajen sake kafa masarauta.Gwagwarmayar da ke tsakanin fadar Paparoma da Daular Roma Mai Tsarki ta gurgunta Turai, tare da 'yan kaɗan da suka amsa kiran Louis na neman taimako bayan kama shi da fansa.Amsa ɗaya ita ce yaƙin yaƙin makiyaya, ya fara ceton sarki da saduwa da bala'i.A shekara ta 1254, Louis ya koma Faransa bayan ya kulla wasu muhimman yarjejeniyoyin.Na biyu na Louis 'Crusades shi ne balaguron 1270 da bai yi nasara ba a Tunis, Crusade na takwas, inda ya mutu sakamakon ciwon daji jim kadan bayan yakin ya sauka.

Bayan da ya karbi mika wuya na Harran da Edessa, shugaban Mongol Hulagu Khan ya haye Kogin Yufiretis, ya kori Manbij kuma ya sanya Aleppo a karkashin kewaye.Sojojin Bohemond VI na Antakiya da Hethum I na Armeniya sun tallafa masa.Kwanaki shida aka yi wa birnin hari.Dakarun Mongol, Armeniya da na Frankish sun taimaka wa katafiloli da mangonels, sojojin Mongol, Armeniya da na Faransa sun mamaye birnin baki daya, in ban da katafaren katafaren ginin da aka yi har zuwa ranar 25 ga Fabrairu kuma aka ruguje shi bayan mamaye shi.Kisan da ya biyo baya, wanda ya dauki kwanaki shida, ya kasance na tsari da tsafta, inda aka kashe kusan dukkan Musulmi da Yahudawa, duk da cewa an sayar da mafi yawan mata da kananan yara a matsayin bayi.Har ila yau a cikin rugujewar har da kona babban masallacin Aleppo.Bayan harin, Hulagu ya sa aka kashe wasu sojojin Hethum saboda kona masallacin, wasu majiyoyi sun ce Bohemond VI na Antakiya (shugaban Franks) da kansa ya ga an lalata masallacin.Daga baya, Hulagu Khan ya mayar da kagara da gundumomi zuwa Hethum wanda Ayyubid suka kwace.

A cikin 1260, Baibars, Sultan naMasar da Siriya, ya fara barazana ga Masarautar Antakiya, wata ƙasa ta 'yan Salibiyya, wadda (a matsayin vassal na Armeniyawa ) ya goyi bayan Mongols.A cikin 1265, Baibars ya ɗauki Caesarea, Haifa da Arsuf.Shekara guda bayan haka, Baibars ya ci ƙasar Galili kuma ya lalata Armeniya ta Kilisiya .An kewaye Antakiya a shekara ta 1268 lokacin daMamluk Sultanate karkashin Baibars a karshe suka yi nasarar kwace birnin Antakiya.Babban sansanin Asibiti Krak des Chevaliers ya fadi bayan shekaru uku.Yayin da Louis na IX na Faransa ya ƙaddamar da yaƙin Crusade na takwas da alama don sake dawo da waɗannan koma baya, ya tafi Tunis, maimakon Constantinople, kamar yadda ɗan'uwan Louis, Charles na Anjou, ya ba da shawara da farko, ko da yake Charles I a fili ya amfana da yarjejeniyar tsakanin Antakiya da Tunis cewa daga karshe ya samo asali daga yakin Crusade.A lokacin mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1277, Baibars ya killace 'yan Salibiyya zuwa wasu sansanonin tsaro a bakin tekun kuma an tilasta musu ficewa daga Gabas ta Tsakiya a farkon karni na sha hudu.Faɗuwar Antakiya ita ce ta tabbatar da cutarwa ga ƴan Salibiyya kamar yadda kama shi ya taimaka wajen nasarar farko na Crusade na farko.

Crusade na takwas shi ne yakin Crusade na biyu da Louis na IX na Faransa ya kaddamar, wannan yaki da daular Hafsid a Tunisia a shekara ta 1270. Kuma ana kiranta da Crusade na Louis IX a kan Tunis ko kuma Crusade na biyu na Louis.Yakin Crusade bai hada da wani gagarumin yaki ba kuma Louis ya mutu ta hanyar zazzabin cizon sauro jim kadan bayan ya isa gabar tekun Tunisia.Sojojinsa sun tarwatse zuwa Turai jim kadan bayan an cimma yarjejeniyar Tunis.

Faɗuwar Tripoli ita ce kamawa da lalata ƙasar 'yan Salibiyya, gundumar Tripoli (a cikin Lebanon ta yau), ta hannun musulmiMamluk .Yaƙin ya faru ne a cikin 1289 kuma ya kasance wani muhimmin al'amari a cikin yaƙin Crusades, yayin da ya ke nuna kama ɗaya daga cikin 'yan tsirarun manyan abubuwan da suka rage na 'yan Salibiyya.An wakilta taron a cikin wani kwatanci mai wuyar gaske daga rubutun rabe-raben yanzu da aka sani da 'Cocharelli Codex', wanda ake tunanin an ƙirƙira shi a Genoa a cikin 1330s.Hoton ya nuna Countess Lucia, Countess na Tripoli da Bartholomew, Bishop na Tortosa (wanda aka ba da kujerar manzanni a 1278) yana zaune a jihar a tsakiyar birni mai garu, da harin Qalawun a 1289, tare da sojojinsa da aka nuna suna kashe mazaunan suna gudu zuwa jiragen ruwa a tashar jiragen ruwa da kuma tsibirin St Thomas na kusa.

An kewaye Acre (wanda ake kira faduwar Acre) a cikin 1291 kuma ya haifar da 'yan Salibiyya sun rasa ikon Acre gaMamluks .Ana la'akari da daya daga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe mafi mahimmanci na lokacin.Ko da yake yunƙurin yaƙin yaƙe-yaƙe ya ​​ci gaba har tsawon ƙarni da yawa, kama birnin ya nuna ƙarshen ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe zuwa Levant.Lokacin da Acre ya fadi, 'Yan Salibiyya sun rasa babban sansaninsu na ƙarshe na Masarautar 'Yan Salibiyya na Urushalima.Har yanzu sun kasance da kagara a arewacin birnin Tartus (yau a arewa maso yammacin Siriya), sun shiga wasu hare-hare a bakin teku, kuma sun yi yunkurin kutsawa daga karamar tsibirin Ruad, amma a lokacin da suka rasa hakan a cikin 1302 a cikin kewayen. Ruad, 'Yan Salibiyya sun daina sarrafa wani yanki na Kasa Mai Tsarki.

Lokacin da Acre ya fadi a 1291, Henry II, Sarkin Urushalima na ƙarshe, ya tsere zuwa Cyprus tare da yawancin manyansa.Henry ya ci gaba da sarauta a matsayin Sarkin Cyprus, kuma ya ci gaba da da'awar mulkin Urushalima, sau da yawa yana shirin maido da tsohon yankin da ke cikin babban yankin.Ya yi yunƙurin gudanar da aikin soja na haɗin gwiwa a shekara ta 1299/1300 tare da Ghazan, Mongol Ilkhan na Farisa , lokacin da Ghazan ta mamaye yankin Mameluk a 1299;ya yi ƙoƙarin hana jiragen ruwa na Genoa yin ciniki daMamluks , yana fatan ya raunana su ta hanyar tattalin arziki;kuma sau biyu ya rubuta wa Paparoma Clement na V yana neman sabon yakin neman zabe.Mulkinsa a Cyprus yana da wadata kuma yana da wadata, kuma yana da hannu sosai a kan adalci da gudanar da mulkin.Duk da haka, Cyprus ba ta da wani matsayi da zai iya cika burinsa na gaskiya, maido da ƙasa mai tsarki.Daga karshe ‘yan kasuwar Genoes sun mamaye masarautar a karni na 14.Saboda haka Cyprus ta goyi bayan Avignon Papacy a cikin Babban Schism , da fatan Faransawa za su iya korar Italiyanci.Daga nan sai Mamluk suka mayar da masarautar ta zama jiha a shekara ta 1426;Sarakunan da suka rage a hankali sun yi hasarar kusan dukkanin 'yancin kai, har zuwa shekara ta 1489 lokacin da aka tilasta wa Sarauniyar karshe, Catherine Cornaro, ta sayar da tsibirin ga Jamhuriyar Venice .

Bayan Acre ya fadi, Ma'aikatan Asibitin sun fara ƙaura zuwa Cyprus, sannan suka ci nasara kuma suka yi mulkin Rhodes (1309-1522) da Malta (1530-1798).Dokar Soja ta Malta ta tsira har zuwa yau.Wataƙila Philip IV na Faransa yana da dalilai na kuɗi da na siyasa don adawa da Templar Knights .Ya matsa lamba kan Paparoma Clement na V, wanda ya amsa a shekara ta 1312 ta hanyar wargaza odar bisa dalilan ƙarya na luwaɗi, sihiri, da kuma bidi’a.Haɓaka, sufuri, da samar da dakaru ya haifar da bunƙasa kasuwanci tsakanin Turai da ƙasashen 'yan Salibiyya.Jihohin Italiya na Genoa da Venice sun bunƙasa ta hanyar hada-hadar kasuwanci mai fa'ida.Masana tarihi da yawa sun yi iƙirarin cewa hulɗar da ke tsakanin al'adun Kiristanci na yammacin Turai da na Islama ta kasance muhimmiyar tasiri mai kyau da kuma kyakkyawan tasiri ga ci gaban wayewar Turai da Renaissance.Dangantaka tsakanin Turawa da duniyar Islama ta kai tsayin Tekun Bahar Rum, wanda hakan ya sa masana tarihi ke da wuya su gane ko wane kaso na takin gargajiya ya samo asali ne daga kasashen 'yan Salibiyya, Sicily da Spain.