Tarihin Iraki Tsarin lokaci

-5500

Sumer

appendices

haruffa

bayanin kula

nassoshi


Tarihin Iraki
History of Iraq ©HistoryMaps

10000 BCE - 2024

Tarihin Iraki



Iraki, wacce aka fi sani da Mesopotamiya a tarihi, tana daya daga cikin tsoffin wayewa, tun daga 6000-5000 KZ a lokacin Neolithic Ubaid.Ita ce tsakiyar tsoffin daulolin da suka haɗa da Sumer, Akkadian, Neo-Sumerian, Babila, Neo-Assuriyawa, da Neo-Babila.Mesopotamiya ya kasance jariri na rubuce-rubucen farko, adabi, kimiyya, lissafi , dokoki, da falsafa.Daular Neo-Babila ta fada hannun Daular Achaemenid a shekara ta 539 KZ.Daga nan sai Iraqi ta fuskanci mulkin Girka , Parthia , da na Romawa.Yankin ya ga gagarumin ƙaura daga Larabawa da kafa Masarautar Lakhmid a kusan 300 AZ.Sunan larabci al-Iraq ya fito a wannan zamani.Daular Sassanid , wacce ke mulkin yankin, Khalifancin Rashidun ne suka mamaye shi a karni na 7.Baghdad, wanda aka kafa a shekara ta 762, ya zama babban birnin Abbasiyawa na tsakiya da kuma cibiyar al'adu a lokacin Golden Age na Musulunci.Bayan mamayar Mongol a shekara ta 1258, martabar Iraqi ta ragu a karkashin sarakuna daban-daban har sai da ta zama wani bangare na Daular Usmaniyya a karni na 16.Bayan yakin duniya na daya , Iraqi na karkashin mulkin Birtaniya sannan ta zama daula a shekara ta 1932. An kafa jamhuriya a shekara ta 1958. Mulkin Saddam Hussein daga 1968 zuwa 2003 ya hada da yakin Iran da Iraqi da kuma yakin Gulf , wanda ya kawo karshen mamayar Amurka a 2003. .
2000000 BCE - 5500 BCE
Tarihiornament
Lokacin Palaeolithic na Mesopotamiya
Lokacin Palaeolithic na Mesopotamiya ©HistoryMaps
999999 BCE Jan 1 - 10000 BCE

Lokacin Palaeolithic na Mesopotamiya

Shanidar Cave, Goratu, Iraq
Tarihin Mesopotamiya, wanda ya taso daga Paleolithic zuwa zuwan rubuce-rubuce a yankin Crescent mai albarka, ya ƙunshi kogin Tigris da Furat, tsaunin Zagros, kudu maso gabashin Anatoliya, da arewa maso yammacin Siriya.Wannan lokacin ba a rubuta shi da kyau ba, musamman a kudancin Mesopotamiya kafin karni na 4 KZ, saboda yanayin yanayin binnewa a ƙarƙashin alluvium ko nutsar da su a cikin Tekun Farisa.A cikin Tsakiyar Paleolithic, masu farauta sun zauna a kogon Zagros da wuraren buɗe sararin samaniya, suna samar da kayan aikin lithic na Mousterian.Musamman ma, jana'izar kogon Shanidar ya rage yana bayyana ayyukan haɗin kai da warkarwa a cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin.zamanin Upper Paleolithic ya ga mutanen zamani a yankin Zagros, suna amfani da kayan aikin kashi da antler, wanda aka gano a matsayin wani ɓangare na al'adun Aurignacian na gida, wanda aka sani da "Baradostian".Marigayi lokacin Epipaleolithic, kusan 17,000-12,000 KZ, al'adun Zarzian alama ne da bayyanar ƙauyuka na wucin gadi tare da tsarin madauwari.Yin amfani da ƙayyadaddun abubuwa kamar dutsen niƙa da ƙura yana nuna farkon zama.Tsakanin karni na 11 zuwa na 10 KZ, ƙauyuka na farko na mafarauta masu zaman kansu sun bayyana a arewacin Iraki.Waɗannan ƙauyuka sun ƙunshi gidaje da aka gina a kusa da "zuciya" ta tsakiya, suna nuna nau'i na dukiyar iyali.An samo shaidar adana kwanyar kai da zane-zane na zane-zane na tsuntsayen ganima, wanda ke nuna al'adun gargajiya na wannan zamanin.
Pre-Pottery Neolithic zamani na Mesopotamiya
Pre-Pottery Neolithic zamani na Mesopotamiya ©HistoryMaps
10000 BCE Jan 1 - 6500 BCE

Pre-Pottery Neolithic zamani na Mesopotamiya

Dağeteği, Göbekli Tepe, Halili
Farkon aikin ɗan adam na Neolithic na Mesopotamiya shine, kamar zamanin Epipaleolithic da ya gabata, an keɓe shi ne zuwa yankunan tuddai na Taurus da tsaunin Zagros da saman saman Tigris da kwarin Euphrates Lokacin Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) (10,000-8,700) BCE) ya ga ƙaddamar da aikin noma, yayin da mafi tsufa shaida na dabbobin gida kwanakin zuwa canji daga PPNA zuwa Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB, 8700-6800 KZ) a karshen karni na 9 KZ.Wannan lokacin, wanda aka fi mayar da hankali kan yankin Mesofotamiya - shimfiɗar shimfiɗar wayewa - ya shaida haɓakar noma, farautar naman daji, da kuma al'adun binne na musamman waɗanda aka binne gawarwaki a ƙarƙashin benayen gidaje.[1]Noma shine ginshiƙin Pre-Pottery Neolithic Mesopotamiya.Zaman gida na shuke-shuke kamar alkama da sha'ir, tare da noman amfanin gona daban-daban, ya haifar da kafa matsuguni na dindindin.An rubuta wannan canji a shafuka kamar Abu Hureyra da Mureybet, waɗanda aka ci gaba da mamaye su daga rijiyar Natufian zuwa PPNB.[2] Ya zuwa yanzu mafi girman sassaka sassaka da gine-ginen dutse masu da'ira daga Göbekli Tepe a kudu maso gabashin Turkiyya sun kasance a cikin jam'iyyar PPNA/Early PPNB kuma suna wakiltar, a cewar mai tona, kokarin gamayya na babban al'umma na mafarauta.[3]Jericho, ɗaya daga cikin mahimman ƙauyuka na zamanin Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA), ana ɗaukarsa birni na farko a duniya kusan 9,000 KZ.[4] Tana da yawan jama'a 2,000 zuwa 3,000, an kiyaye shi da katangar dutse da hasumiya.An yi muhawara kan manufar katangar, saboda babu wata bayyananniyar hujja da ta nuna gagarumin yaki a wannan lokaci.[5] Wasu ra'ayoyi sun nuna cewa an gina bangon don kare albarkatun gishiri mai kima na Jericho.[6] Wata ka'idar ta nuna cewa hasumiya ta yi daidai da inuwar dutsen da ke kusa a lokacin rani, wanda ke nuna iko da goyan bayan tsarin mulki na garin.[7]
Pottery Neolithic zamani na Mesopotamiya
Pottery Neolithic zamani na Mesopotamiya ©HistoryMaps
6500 BCE Jan 1

Pottery Neolithic zamani na Mesopotamiya

Mesopotamia, Iraq
Shekarun da suka biyo baya, na 7th da 6th millennia KZ, sun shaida tasowar muhimman al'adun "ceramic", musamman Hassuna, Samarra, da Halaf.An bambanta waɗannan al'adu ta hanyar ƙaddamar da aikin noma da kiwo na dabbobi, wanda ya canza yanayin tattalin arziki.A tsarin gine-gine, an sami yunƙuri zuwa ƙarin sarƙaƙƙiya, gami da manyan gidajen jama'a waɗanda ke kewaye da ɗakunan ajiya na gamayya.Gabatar da tsarin ban ruwa ya nuna gagarumin ci gaban fasaha, mai mahimmanci don dorewar ayyukan noma.Hanyoyin al'adu sun bambanta, tare da al'adun Samarra suna nuna alamun rashin daidaiton zamantakewa, sabanin al'adun Halaf, wanda ya kasance yana kunshe da ƙananan ƙananan al'ummomi.A lokaci guda, al'adun Ubaid sun bayyana a kudancin Mesopotamiya a kusa da ƙarshen karni na 7 KZ.Gidan da aka fi sani da wannan al'ada shine Tell el-'Oueili.An san al'adun Ubaid don ƙayyadaddun tsarin gine-ginensa da aiwatar da aikin ban ruwa, sabon abu mai mahimmanci a yankin da aikin noma ya dogara da tushen ruwa na wucin gadi.Al'adar Ubaid ta fadada sosai, mai yiwuwa ta daidaita al'adun Halaf, ta yada tasirinta cikin lumana a arewacin Mesopotamiya, kudu maso gabashin Anatoliya, da arewa maso gabashin Syria.Wannan zamanin ya ga sauyi daga ƙauyen ƙauyen da ba su da matsayi zuwa manyan cibiyoyin birane.A ƙarshen karni na 4 KZ, waɗannan sauye-sauyen tsarin zamantakewa sun ga fitowar manyan jiga-jigan jiga-jigan.Uruk da Tepe Gawra, biyu daga cikin cibiyoyi masu tasiri a Mesopotamiya, sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin waɗannan canje-canjen al'umma.Sun taka rawa wajen bunkasa rubuce-rubuce a hankali da kuma tunanin jihar.Wannan sauye-sauye daga al'adun da suka rigaya zuwa tarihin tarihi na nuna wani muhimmin lokaci a cikin wayewar dan adam, wanda ya kafa harsashi ga lokutan tarihi da suka biyo baya.
5500 BCE - 539 BCE
Tsohon Mesopotamiyaornament
Sumer
Lissafin rikodin firist akan kwamfutar hannu. ©HistoryMaps
5500 BCE Jan 1 - 1800 BCE Jan

Sumer

Eridu, Sumeria, Iraq
Zaman Sumer, wanda ya fara kusan 5500-3300 KZ, mutanen Yammacin Asiya ne da ke magana da Sumerian, wani yare na musamman wanda ba na Yahudu da na Indo-Turai ba.Shaidar ta hada da sunayen garuruwa da koguna.[8] Wayewar Sumerian ta haɓaka a lokacin Uruk (ƙarni na 4 KZ), wanda ya samo asali zuwa lokacin Jemdet Nasr da lokacin Dynastic na Farko.Eridu, wani muhimmin birni na Sumerian, ya fito a matsayin wurin haɗakar al'adu na manoma Ubaidian, makiyayan Semitic makiyaya, da masu kamun kifi na marshland, mai yuwuwar kakannin Sumerians.[9]An lura da zamanin Ubaid da ya gabata don irin tukwane na musamman, wanda aka bazu a cikin Mesofotamiya da Tekun Fasha.Al'adar Ubaid, mai yiwuwa ta samo asali daga al'adun Samarran na arewacin Mesofotamiya, tana da manyan ƙauyuka, gidajen tubalin laka, da gidajen ibada na farko na jama'a a Mesopotamiya.[10] Wannan lokacin ya ga farkon birane, tare da ci gaba a aikin noma, kiwon dabbobi, da amfani da garma da aka kawo daga arewa.[11]Juyawa zuwa lokacin Uruk ya haɗa da canzawa zuwa tukwane da ba a fentin da aka yi da yawa.[12] Wannan lokacin ya nuna gagarumin ci gaban birane, da yin amfani da aikin bauta, da kuma yaɗuwar ciniki, yana tasiri yankunan da ke kewaye.Wataƙila garuruwan Sumerian sun kasance na tsarin mulkin Allah, waɗanda firistoci da sarakuna da majalisa suka jagoranta, har da mata.Zaman Uruk ya ga iyakataccen yaƙin shiryayye, tare da biranen gabaɗaya marasa katanga.[13] Ƙarshen lokacin Uruk, a kusa da 3200-2900 KZ, ya zo daidai da oscillation na Piora, canjin yanayi wanda ke nuna ƙarshen mafi kyawun yanayi na Holocene.[14]Lokacin dynastic na gaba, gabaɗaya ana kwanan wata zuwa c.2900-c.2350 KZ, ya ga canji daga haikali-tsakiyar zuwa ƙarin jagoranci na duniya da kuma fitowar masu tarihi kamar Gilgamesh.[15] Ya ga bunkasuwar rubuce-rubuce da kafa garuruwa da jihohi na farko.ED kanta tana da alaƙa da kasancewar jahohin birni da yawa: ƙananan jihohi tare da tsari mai sauƙi wanda ya haɓaka kuma ya ƙarfafa kan lokaci.Wannan ci gaban a ƙarshe ya haifar da haɗewar yawancin Mesofotamiya a ƙarƙashin mulkin Sargon, sarki na farko na Daular Akkadiya.Duk da wannan rarrabuwar kawuna ta siyasa, jihohin ED sun yi tarayya da al'adu iri ɗaya.Garuruwan Sumerian irin su Uruk, Ur, Lagash, Umma, da Nippur da ke cikin ƙasan Mesopotamiya suna da ƙarfi da tasiri.Zuwa arewa da yamma jahohi sun shimfiɗa a kan birane kamar Kish, Mari, Nagar, da Ebla.Eannatum na Lagash a takaice ya kafa daya daga cikin daulolin farko na tarihi, wanda ya kunshi yawancin Sumer da kuma fadada tasirinsa fiye da haka.[16] Lokacin Daular Farko ta kasance alama ce ta jihohi da yawa, kamar Uruk da Ur, wanda ya haifar da haɗewar ƙarshe a ƙarƙashin Sargon na Daular Akkadiya.Duk da rarrabuwar kawuna na siyasa, waɗannan jahohin birni sun yi tarayya da al'adun abin duniya guda ɗaya.
Zaman Assuriya na farko
Zaman Assuriya na Farko. ©HistoryMaps
2600 BCE Jan 1 - 2025 BCE

Zaman Assuriya na farko

Ashur, Al-Shirqat،, Iraq
Zaman Assuriya na Farko [34] (kafin 2025 KZ) alama ce ta farkon tarihin Assuriya, kafin zamanin Assuriya.Ya mayar da hankali kan tarihin Assur, mutanensa, da al'adunsa kafin ta zama birni mai cin gashin kanta a ƙarƙashin Puzur-Ashur I a kusa da 2025 KZ.Akwai iyakataccen shaida daga wannan zamanin.Binciken archaeological a Assur ya koma c.2600 KZ, a lokacin Farko Dynastic Period, amma tushen birnin zai iya zama tsofaffi, kamar yadda yankin ya daɗe da zama kuma biranen kusa kamar Nineba sun fi girma.Da farko, Hurrians suna iya zama a Assur, kuma cibiyar ce ta ibada ta haihuwa da aka keɓe ga gunkin Ishtar.[35] Sunan "Assur" an fara rubuta shi a zamanin Daular Akkadiya (ƙarni na 24 KZ).A baya can, ana iya kiran birnin da Baltil.[36] Kafin hawan Daular Akkadiya, kakannin Assuriyawa masu magana da Semitic sun zauna a Assur, mai yuwuwa sun tarwatsa ko kuma su hade asalin jama'a.Assur a hankali ya zama birni na allahntaka kuma daga baya ya zama allahn Ashur, abin bautar Assuriyawa ta zamanin Puzur-Ashur na I.A cikin zamanin Assuriya na Farko, Assur bai kasance mai zaman kansa ba amma jihohi da masarautu daban-daban ne ke sarrafa su daga kudancin Mesofotamiya.A lokacin Farko Dynastic Period, yana ƙarƙashin gagarumin tasirin Sumerian har ma ya faɗi ƙarƙashin mulkin Kish.Tsakanin ƙarni na 24 zuwa na 22 KZ, wani yanki ne na Daular Akkadiya, wanda ke aiki a matsayin sansanin gudanarwa na arewa.Daga baya sarakunan Assuriya sun ɗauki wannan zamanin a matsayin zamanin zinariya.Kafin samun 'yancin kai, Assur birni ne na gefe a cikin Daular Uku ta Daular Sumerian Ur (c. 2112-2004 KZ).
Amoriyawa
Amorite makiyayi. ©HistoryMaps
2500 BCE Jan 1 - 1600 BCE

Amoriyawa

Mesopotamia, Iraq
Amoriyawa, tsofaffin mutane masu tasiri, an yi ishara da su a cikin rubutattun adabin Sumerian guda biyu daga tsohuwar zamanin Babila, "Enmerkar da Ubangijin Aratta" da "Lugalbanda da Tsuntsun Anzud."Waɗannan nassosin sun ambaci "ƙasar mar.tu" kuma suna da alaƙa da Sarkin Daular Farko na Uruk, Enmerkar, ko da yake ba a tabbatar da iyakar abin da waɗannan ke nuna gaskiyar tarihi ba.[21]A lokacin daular Ur ta uku ta rushe, Amoriyawa sun zama ƙaƙƙarfan ƙarfi, suna tilasta sarakuna kamar Shu-Sin su gina katanga mai tsayi don tsaro.An kwatanta Amoriyawa a cikin tarihin zamani a matsayin ƙabilan makiyaya a ƙarƙashin sarakuna, waɗanda suka tilasta wa kansu zuwa ƙasashen da suke bukata don kiwon garken su.Littattafan Akkadiya na wannan zamani galibi suna kwatanta Amoriyawa da mummunan hali, suna nuna salon rayuwarsu ta makiyaya da na farko.Tatsuniya na Sumerian "Aure na Martu" yana misalta wannan ra'ayi na rashin kunya.[22]Sun kafa fitattun jahohin birni da yawa a wuraren da ake da su, kamar Isin, Larsa, Mari da Ebla daga baya kuma suka kafa Babila da Tsohuwar Daular Babila a kudu.A gabas, daular Amoriyawa ta Mari ta tashi, daga baya Hammurabi ya lalata shi.Manyan mutane sun haɗa da Shamshi-Adad I, wanda ya ci Assur kuma ya kafa Mulkin Mesofotamiya ta Sama, da Hammurabi na Babila.Amoriyawa kuma sun taka rawa a kafa daular Hyksos taMasarawa ta goma sha biyar a shekara ta 1650 KZ.[23]A ƙarni na 16 KZ, zamanin Amoriyawa a Mesofotamiya ya ƙare da faɗuwar Babila da hawan Kassites da Mitanni.Kalmar Amurru, daga karni na 15 KZ zuwa gaba, tana nufin wani yanki da ke arewa da Kan'ana zuwa arewacin Siriya.Daga ƙarshe, Amoriyawan Suriya sun zo ƙarƙashin mulkin Hittiyawa da Assuriya ta Tsakiya, kuma a kusan 1200 KZ, wasu al'ummomin Yammacin Semitic, musamman Suriyawa, sun mamaye su ko kuma sun raba su daga tarihi, kodayake sunansu ya tsaya a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci. .[24]
Akkadian Empire
Akkadian Empire. ©HistoryMaps
2334 BCE Jan 1 - 2154 BCE

Akkadian Empire

Mesopotamia, Iraq
Daular Akkadiya, wanda Sargon na Akkad ya kafa a kusa da 2334-2279 KZ, yana tsaye a matsayin babban babi a tarihin Mesopotamiya na d ¯ a.A matsayinta na daula ta farko a duniya, ta kafa tarihi a harkokin mulki, al'adu, da cin galaba na soja.Wannan makala ta yi tsokaci ne kan tushen, fadadawa, nasarori, da kuma koma bayan daular Akkadiya, tana ba da haske game da madawwamin gadonta a tarihin tarihi.Daular Akkadiya ta fito a Mesopotamiya, musamman Iraki ta yau.Sargon, wanda asalinsa mai shayarwa ne ga Sarki Ur-Zababa na Kish, ya hau kan karagar mulki ta hanyar bajintar soji da kawancen dabarun yaki.Ta hanyar kifar da jihohin Sumeria, ya hade arewacin Mesopotamiya da kudancin Mesopotamiya karkashin mulki daya, ya kafa daular Akkadiya.Karkashin Sargon da magajinsa, musamman Naram-Sin da Shar-Kali-Sharri, daular ta fadada sosai.Ya tashi daga Tekun Fasha zuwa Tekun Bahar Rum, gami da wasu sassan Iran , Siriya, da Turkiyya na zamani.Akkadiyawa sun kirkiri tsarin mulki, inda suka raba daular zuwa yankuna da gwamnoni masu aminci ke kula da su, tsarin da ya rinjayi masarautun da suka biyo baya.Daular Akkadiya ta kasance tukunyar narkewa ta al'adun Sumerian da Semitic, waɗanda suka wadatar da fasaha, adabi, da addini.Harshen Akkadian ya zama harshen daular, ana amfani da shi a cikin takaddun hukuma da wasiƙun diflomasiyya.Ci gaban fasaha da gine-gine, gami da ci gaban ziggurat, sune manyan nasarori na wannan zamanin.Sojojin Akkadiya, waɗanda aka sani da horo da tsari, suna da mahimmanci wajen faɗaɗa daular.Yin amfani da bakuna masu haɗaka da ingantattun makamai sun ba su gagarumin fa'ida akan abokan gaba.Yaƙin neman zaɓe na soja, wanda aka rubuta a cikin rubuce-rubucen sarauta da sassautawa, yana nuna ƙarfin daular da kuma dabarun dabarun.Rugujewar Daular Akkadiya ta fara ne a shekara ta 2154 KZ, wanda ake dangantawa da tawaye na cikin gida, matsalolin tattalin arziki, da mamayewar Gutiyawa, ƙungiyar makiyaya.Rashin raunin ikon tsakiya ya haifar da wargajewar daular, wanda ya ba da damar haɓaka sabbin iko kamar daular Ur na uku.
Daular Neo-Sumerian
Daular Neo-Sumerian ©HistoryMaps
2212 BCE Jan 1 - 2004 BCE

Daular Neo-Sumerian

Ur, Iraq
Daular Uk ta Ur, wadda ta gaji daular Akkad, ta nuna wani muhimmin lokaci a tarihin Mesopotamiya.Bayan faduwar daular Akkad, sai aka shiga rudani, wanda ke tattare da karancin takardu da kayan tarihi, baya ga na Dudu na Akkad.A wannan zamani dai an samu karuwar maharan Gutian, wadanda mulkinsu ya kai tsakanin shekaru 25 zuwa 124, ya danganta da tushe, lamarin da ya haifar da koma baya a fannin noma da rikodi, inda ya kai ga yunwa da tsadar hatsi.Utu-hengal na Uruk ya kawo karshen mulkin Gutian kuma Ur-Nammu, wanda ya kafa daular Ur III, ya gaje shi, watakila bayan ya zama gwamnan Utu-hengal.Ur-Nammu ya sami shahara ta hanyar cin nasara a kan mai mulkin Lagash kuma an san shi da ƙirƙirar Code of Ur-Nammu, kundin dokokin Mesopotamiya na farko.An sami ci gaba mai mahimmanci a ƙarƙashin Sarki Shulgi, wanda ya daidaita gudanarwa, daidaitattun matakai, da kuma faɗaɗa yankin daular, gami da kama Susa da mamaye sarkin Elam Kutik-Inshushinak.[17] Daular Ur III ta fadada yankinta sosai, tun daga kudu maso gabashin Anatoliya har zuwa Tekun Fasha, tare da ganimar yaki suna amfana da sarakuna da gidajen ibada na Ur.[18]Daular Ur III tana yawan yin arangama da ƙabilun tsaunuka na tsaunin Zagros, kamar su Simurrum da Lullubi, da kuma Elam.[19] A lokaci guda, a yankin Mari, sarakunan sojan Semitic da aka sani da Shakkanakkus, irin su Puzur-Ishtar, sun kasance tare da ko kaɗan kafin daular Ur III.[20]Rugujewar daular ta fara ne a karkashin Ibbi-Sin, wanda ya gaza a yakin da ya yi na yaki da Elam.A shekara ta 2004/1940 KZ, Elamites, da ke kawance da Susa, kuma Kindattu na daular Shimashki ya jagoranta, sun kame Ur da Ibbi-Sin, wanda ke nuna ƙarshen daular Ur III.Bayan haka, Elamawa sun mallaki mulkin shekara 21.Bayan Ur III, yankin ya faɗi ƙarƙashin rinjayar Amoriyawa, wanda ya kai ga lokacin Isin-Larsa.Amoriyawa, asalin ƙabilar makiyaya daga arewacin Levant, sannu a hankali sun rungumi aikin noma kuma suka kafa dauloli masu zaman kansu a garuruwan Mesofotamiya daban-daban, ciki har da Isin, Larsa, da Babila.
Lokacin Isin-Larsa na Mesapotemia
Lipit-Ishtar yana da ƙirƙira ɗaya daga cikin farkon ƙa'idodin doka, wanda ya rigaya sanannen Code of Hammurabi. ©HistoryMaps
2025 BCE Jan 1 - 1763 BCE

Lokacin Isin-Larsa na Mesapotemia

Larsa, Iraq
Zaman Isin-Larsa, wanda ya tashi daga kusan 2025 zuwa 1763 KZ, yana wakiltar wani zamani mai ƙarfi a cikin tarihin Mesofotamiya bayan rugujewar Daular Uku ta Ur.Wannan lokacin yana da alaƙa da rinjayen siyasa na jihohin Isin da Larsa a kudancin Mesopotamiya.Isin ya fito a matsayin babban iko a ƙarƙashin mulkin Ishbi-Erra, wanda ya kafa daularsa a kusa da 2025 KZ.Ya yi nasarar 'yantar da Isin daga mamayar daular Ur III.Shaharar Isin ta kasance alama ce ta jagoranci wajen maido da al'adun al'adu da na addini, musamman farfado da girmama allahn wata Nanna/Sin, babban abin bautawa a addinin Sumerian.Sarakunan Isin, irin su Lipit-Ishtar (1934-1924 KZ), an san su musamman don gudummawar da suka bayar ga ayyukan shari’a da gudanarwa na lokacin.Lipit-Ishtar an yaba shi da ƙirƙirar ɗaya daga cikin farkon ƙa'idodin doka, wanda ya rigaya sanannen Code of Hammurabi.Wadannan dokoki sun kasance masu amfani wajen kiyaye zaman lafiya da adalci a fagen siyasar da ke ci gaba da sauri.Daidai da tashin Isin, Larsa, wata jiha-birni, ta fara samun shahara a ƙarƙashin daular Amoriyawa.An danganta hawan Larsa ga Sarki Naplanum, wanda ya kafa mulkinta mai zaman kansa.Duk da haka, a ƙarƙashin Sarkin Gungunum na Larsa (a. 1932-1906 KZ) Larsa ya bunƙasa da gaske, ya ci Isin tasiri.Mulkin Gungunum ya sami gagarumin faɗaɗa yankuna da wadatar tattalin arziki, musamman saboda kula da hanyoyin kasuwanci da albarkatun noma.Gasar da ke tsakanin Isin da Larsa don mamaye yanki ta ayyana yawancin lokacin Isin-Larsa.Wannan kishiya ta bayyana a cikin rigingimu akai-akai da ƙawancen ƙawance tare da wasu jahohin birnin Mesofotamiya da na waje kamar Elam.A cikin ƙarshen lokacin Isin-Larsa, ma'aunin iko ya ƙasƙantar da kai don goyon bayan Larsa ƙarƙashin mulkin Sarki Rim-Sin I (c. 1822-1763 KZ).Mulkinsa yana wakiltar zenith na ikon Larsa.Kamfen na soja na Rim-Sin I ya yi nasarar murkushe wasu jihohin da ke makwabtaka da birni, ciki har da Isin kanta, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen daular Isin yadda ya kamata.A al'adance, lokacin Isin-Larsa ya sami babban ci gaba a cikin fasaha, adabi, da gine-gine.An sami farfaɗowar harshen Sumerian da adabi, da kuma ci gaba a ilimin taurari da ilmin lissafi .Temples da ziggurat da aka gina a wannan lokacin suna nuna hazakar gine-ginen zamanin.Ƙarshen lokacin Isin-Larsa ya zo ne da hawan Babila a ƙarƙashin Sarki Hammurabi.A cikin 1763 KZ, Hammurabi ya ci Larsa, ta haka ya haɗa kudancin Mesopotamiya a ƙarƙashin mulkinsa kuma ya zama farkon farkon zamanin Babila.Faduwar Larsa zuwa Babila ba wai sauyin siyasa ba ne kawai, har ma da al’adu da sauye-sauyen gudanarwa, wanda ya kafa matakin ci gaba da ci gaban wayewar Mesopotamiya a ƙarƙashin Daular Babila.
Tsohon zamanin Assuriya na Mesopotamiya
Tsohon Daular Assuriya ©HistoryMaps
2025 BCE Jan 1 - 1363 BCE

Tsohon zamanin Assuriya na Mesopotamiya

Ashur, Al Shirqat, Iraq
Zaman Tsohuwar Assuriya (2025 - 1363 KZ) wani muhimmin mataki ne a tarihin Assuriya, wanda ke nuna ci gaban al'adun Assuriya daban-daban, daban da kudancin Mesofotamiya.Wannan zamanin ya fara ne da hawan Assur a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta a karkashin Puzur-Ashur I kuma ya ƙare tare da kafuwar babban yanki na Assuriyawa a ƙarƙashin Ashur-uballit I, yana canzawa zuwa lokacin Assuriya ta Tsakiya.A mafi yawan wannan lokacin, Assur karamar jaha ce ta gari, wacce ba ta da tasirin siyasa da na soja.Sarakunan, waɗanda aka fi sani da Išši'ak Aššur ("gwamnan Ashur") maimakon šar ("sarki"), sun kasance ɓangare na hukumar gudanarwa na birni, Ālum.Duk da ƙayyadaddun ikonta na siyasa, Assur ta kasance muhimmiyar cibiyar tattalin arziki, musamman daga zamanin Erishum na I (a. 1974-1935 KZ), wanda aka sani da babbar hanyar kasuwanci da ta taso daga tsaunin Zagros zuwa tsakiyar Anatoliya.Daular sarauta ta farko ta Assuriya, wadda Puzur-Ashur I ta kafa, ta ƙare da kama Assur ta hannun Amoriyawa da ya ci Shamshi-Adad I a wajen 1808 KZ.Shamshi-Adad ya kafa daular Upper Mesopotamiya na ɗan gajeren lokaci, wanda ya rushe bayan mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1776 KZ.Bayan wannan, Assur ya fuskanci rikice-rikice na shekarun da suka gabata, wanda ya shafi Tsohuwar Daular Babila, Mari, Eshnunna, da ƙungiyoyin Assuriyawa daban-daban.A ƙarshe, a ƙarƙashin daular Adaside a kusa da 1700 KZ, Assur ya sake fitowa a matsayin birni mai cin gashin kanta.Ya zama vassal ga Masarautar Mitanni a kusa da 1430 KZ amma daga baya ya sami 'yancin kai, yana rikidewa zuwa babban yanki a karkashin sarakuna-yaki.Sama da allunan yumbu 22,000 daga tsohuwar mulkin kasuwanci na Assuriya a Kültepe suna ba da haske game da al'adu, harshe, da zamantakewa na wannan lokacin.Assuriyawa sun yi bauta, ko da yake wasu 'bayi' na iya zama bayi masu 'yanci saboda ruɗani a kalmomi a cikin matani.Duka maza da mata suna da irin wannan haƙƙoƙin doka, gami da gadon dukiya da shiga cikin kasuwanci.Babban abin bautãwa shi ne Ashur, wani mutum ne na birnin Assur.
Fall of Ur
Elamite Warrior a lokacin faduwar Ur. ©HistoryMaps
2004 BCE Jan 1

Fall of Ur

Ur, Iraq
Faɗuwar Ur ga Elamites, wani muhimmin al'amari a tarihin Mesofotamiya, ya faru a kusa da 2004 KZ (tsakiyar tarihin) ko 1940 KZ (gajeren tarihin tarihi).Wannan taron ya kawo ƙarshen daular Ur III kuma ya canza yanayin siyasar tsohuwar Mesopotamiya sosai.Daular Ur III, karkashin mulkin Sarki Ibbi-Sin, ta fuskanci kalubale da dama da suka kai ga rushewarta.Daular, wacce ta taba rike daula mai fadi, ta yi rauni saboda rigingimun cikin gida, matsalolin tattalin arziki, da barazanar waje.Muhimmin abin da ya haifar da raunin Ur shi ne yunwa mai tsanani da ta addabi yankin, da matsaloli na mulki da na tattalin arziki.Elamawa, karkashin jagorancin Sarki Kindattu na daular Shimashki, sun yi amfani da raunin Ur.Sun kaddamar da yaƙin yaƙi da Ur, kuma suka yi nasarar kewaye birnin.Faɗuwar Ur ta kasance mai ban mamaki kuma tana da muhimmanci, ta wurin korar birnin da kuma kama Ibbi-Sin, wanda aka kai Elam a matsayin fursuna.Nasarar da Elamawa suka yi a Ur ba nasara ce ta soji kawai ba amma kuma nasara ce ta alama, wadda ke wakiltar juyin mulki daga Sumeriyawa zuwa Elamiyawa.Elamiyawa sun kafa iko a yankuna da yawa na kudancin Mesofotamiya, suka kafa mulkinsu kuma suka yi tasiri a al'adu da siyasar yankin.Bayan faɗuwar Ur ya ga wargajewar yankin zuwa ƙananan birane da masarautu, irin su Isin, Larsa, da Eshnunna, kowanne yana neman mulki da tasiri a cikin ikon da aka bari a rushewar daular Ur III.Wannan lokacin, wanda aka fi sani da lokacin Isin-Larsa, yana da halin rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa da rikice-rikice akai-akai a tsakanin wadannan jihohi.Faɗuwar Ur ga Elam kuma tana da tasirin al'adu da al'umma.Ya nuna ƙarshen tsarin mulki na birnin Sumerian kuma ya haifar da haɓaka tasirin Amoriyawa a yankin.Amoriyawa, mutanen Semitic, sun fara kafa daularsu a cikin biranen Mesofotamiya dabam-dabam.
Tsohon Daular Babila
Hammurabi, Sarkin Amoriyawa na shida na Tsohon Daular Babila. ©HistoryMaps
1894 BCE Jan 1 - 1595 BCE

Tsohon Daular Babila

Babylon, Iraq
Tsohuwar Daular Babila, wadda ta bunƙasa daga kusan 1894 zuwa 1595 KZ, alama ce ta zamani mai canzawa a tarihin Mesopotamiya.An bayyana wannan lokacin musamman ta tashin da sarautar Hammurabi, ɗaya daga cikin manyan sarakunan tarihi, wanda ya hau kan karaga a shekara ta 1792 KZ (ko 1728 KZ a takaice).Mulkin Hammurabi, wanda ya dawwama har zuwa 1750 KZ (ko 1686 KZ), lokaci ne na haɓaka da al'adu ga Babila.Ɗayan farkon ayyukan Hammurabi kuma mafi tasiri shine ’yantar da Babila daga mamayar Ilami.Wannan nasarar ba nasara ce ta soja kawai ba amma kuma mataki ne mai muhimmanci na ƙarfafa ’yancin kai na Babila da kuma kafa matakin hawanta a matsayin ikon yanki.A ƙarƙashin mulkinsa, Babila ta sami ci gaba mai yawa a cikin birane, wanda ya canza daga ƙaramin gari zuwa birni mai mahimmanci, wanda ke nuni da girma da tasirinta a yankin.Kamfen na soja na Hammurabi sun kasance muhimmi wajen tsara Tsohuwar Daular Babila.Ya ci nasara a kudancin Mesopotamiya, wanda ya haɗa da manyan birane kamar Isin, Larsa, Eshnunna, Kish, Lagash, Nippur, Borsippa, Ur, Uruk, Umma, Adab, Sippar, Rapiqum, da Eridu.Waɗannan nasarorin ba kawai sun faɗaɗa yankin Babila ba amma sun kawo kwanciyar hankali a yankin da a baya ya wargaje ya zama gunkin ƙananan ƙasashe.Bayan cin nasara da sojoji suka yi, Hammurabi ya yi suna don lambar shari'arsa, Code of Hammurabi, ƙaƙƙarfan harhada dokoki waɗanda suka shafi tsarin shari'a na gaba.An gano shi a cikin 1901 a Susa kuma yanzu yana cikin Louvre, wannan lambar tana ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin rubuce-rubucen da aka yanke masu tsayi a duniya.Ya nuna zurfin tunani na shari'a da kuma mai da hankali kan adalci da gaskiya a cikin al'ummar Babila.Tsohuwar Daular Babila a ƙarƙashin Hammurabi kuma ta ga ci gaban al'adu da na addini.Hammurabi ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ɗaukaka allahn Marduk, inda ya sa ya zama maɗaukaki a cikin pantheon na kudancin Mesopotamiya.Wannan canji na addini ya ƙara tabbatar da matsayin Babila a matsayin cibiyar al'adu da ta ruhaniya a duniyar duniyar ta dā.Duk da haka, ci gaban daular ya ragu bayan mutuwar Hammurabi.Magajinsa, Samsu-iluna (1749-1712 KZ), ya fuskanci ƙalubale masu yawa, ciki har da asarar kudancin Mesofotamiya zuwa Daular Sealand na ƙasar Akkadian.Sarakunan da suka biyo baya sun yi gwagwarmaya don kiyaye mutunci da tasirin daular.Rushewar daular Tsohuwar Babila ta ƙare da buhun Hittiyawa na Babila a shekara ta 1595 K.Z., wanda Sarki Mursili I ya jagoranta. Wannan taron ba wai kawai ya kawo ƙarshen daular Amoriyawa a Babila ba amma kuma ya canza yanayin yanayin siyasa na tsohuwar Gabas ta Tsakiya.Hittiyawa, duk da haka, ba su kafa ikon mallakar Babila na dogon lokaci ba, kuma janyewarsu ya ba daular Kassite damar hawa kan karagar mulki, wanda hakan ke nuna ƙarshen tsohon zamanin Babila da farkon sabon babi a tarihin Mesopotamiya.
Buhun Babila
Mutuwar Priam. ©Jules Joseph Lefebvre
1595 BCE Jan 1

Buhun Babila

Babylon, Iraq
Kafin 1595 KZ, Kudancin Mesopotamiya, a lokacin tsohuwar zamanin Babila, sun sami wani lokaci na raguwa da rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa.Wannan faɗuwar ta samo asali ne saboda gazawar magadan Hammurabi wajen ci gaba da mulkin masarautar.Muhimmin abin da ke haifar da koma baya shi ne asarar iko kan muhimman hanyoyin kasuwanci tsakanin yankunan arewaci da kudancin Babila zuwa daular Tekun Farko.Wannan asarar ta haifar da gagarumin sakamako na tattalin arziki ga yankin.A cikin kusan 1595 KZ, Sarkin Hittiyawa Mursili I ya mamaye Kudancin Mesofotamiya.Kafin wannan, ya yi galaba a kan Aleppo, daula mai karfi da ke makwabtaka da ita.Hittiyawa sai suka kori Babila, suka kawo ƙarshen daular Hammurabi da kuma tsohuwar zamanin Babila.Wannan aikin soja ya nuna wani gagarumin sauyi a tarihin Mesopotamiya.Hittiyawa, bayan sun ci nasara, ba su kafa sarauta bisa Babila ko kewayenta ba.Maimakon haka, sun zaɓi janyewa, suna komawa tare da Kogin Furat zuwa ƙasarsu, wanda aka sani da "Hatti-land".Dalilin da ya sa Hittiyawa suka mamaye da kuma korar Babila ya kasance batun muhawara tsakanin masana tarihi.Ana hasashen cewa watakila magajin Hammurabi sun hada kai da Aleppo, lamarin da ya ja hankalin Hittiyawa.A madadin, dalilan Hittiyawa na iya haɗawa da neman iko akan filaye, ma'aikata, hanyoyin kasuwanci, da samun damar samun ma'auni mai mahimmanci, wanda ke nuna manyan manufofin da ke bayan faɗaɗa su.
Zaman Babila ta Tsakiya
Jarumin kyanwa. ©HistoryMaps
1595 BCE Jan 1 - 1155 BCE

Zaman Babila ta Tsakiya

Babylon, Iraq
Zamanin Babila ta Tsakiya, wanda kuma aka sani da zamanin Kassite, a kudancin Mesofotamiya ya fito daga c.1595-C.1155 KZ kuma ya fara bayan Hittiyawa sun kori birnin Babila.Daular Kassite, wacce Gandash na Mari ya kafa, ta nuna wani muhimmin lokaci a tarihin Mesopotamiya, wanda ya dau tsawon shekaru 576 daga kusan 1595 KZ.Wannan lokacin sananne ne don kasancewar daular da ta fi dadewa a tarihin Babila, tare da Kassites suka sake suna Babila a matsayin Karduniaš.An samo asali daga tsaunin Zagros a arewa maso yammacin Iran , Kassites ba 'yan asalin ƙasar Mesofotamiya ba ne.Harshensu, ya bambanta da Semitic ko harsunan Indo-Turai, mai yuwuwa masu alaƙa da dangin Hurro-Urartian, ba a san su ba saboda ƙarancin shaidar rubutu.Abin sha'awa shine, wasu shugabannin Kassite suna da sunayen Indo-Turai, suna ba da shawarar manyan Indo-Turai, yayin da wasu ke da sunayen Semitic.[25] A ƙarƙashin mulkin Kassite, an yi watsi da yawancin laƙabi na allahntaka da aka danganta ga tsoffin sarakunan Amoriyawa, kuma ba a taɓa ba da lakabin "allah" ga Sarkin Kassite ba.Duk da waɗannan canje-canje, Babila ta ci gaba da zama babbar cibiyar addini da al'adu.[26]Babila, a wannan lokacin, ta sami sauyin mulki, sau da yawa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar Assuriya da Ilam.Sarakunan Kassite na farko, ciki har da Agum II, wanda ya hau mulki a shekara ta 1595 KZ, sun ci gaba da gudanar da dangantaka ta lumana da yankuna makwabta kamar Assuriya kuma sun yi yaƙi da daular Hittiyawa.Sarakunan Kassite sun tsunduma cikin harkokin diflomasiyya da na soja daban-daban.Misali, Burnaburiash Na yi sulhu da Assuriya, kuma Ulamburiash ya ci wasu sassan daular Sealand a kusa da 1450 KZ.Wannan zamanin kuma ya ga gina mahimman ayyukan gine-gine, kamar haikali na bas-relief a Uruk ta Karaindash da kuma kafa sabon babban birni, Dur-Kurigalzu, na Kurigalzu I.Daular ta fuskanci kalubale daga ikon waje, ciki har da Elam.Sarakuna kamar Kadašman-Ḫarbe I da Kurigalzu Na yi gwagwarmaya da mamayewar Elam da barazanar cikin gida daga kungiyoyi kamar Suteans.[27]Sashen ƙarshe na Daular Kassite ya ga ci gaba da rikici da Assuriya da Elam.Manyan sarakuna irin su Burna-Buriash II sun ci gaba da huldar diflomasiyya daMasar da daular Hittiyawa.Duk da haka, hawan daular Assuriya ta tsakiya ya kawo sabbin kalubale, wanda ya kai ga karshen daular Kassite.Zaman Kassite ya ƙare da cin nasara da Elam ya yi wa Babila a ƙarƙashin Shutruk-Nakhunte kuma daga baya Nebukadnezzar I, ya yi daidai da faɗuwar ƙarshen zamanin Bronze .Duk da kalubalen soji da na al'adu, daular Kassite ta daɗe tana zama shaida ga juriyarta da daidaitawa a cikin yanayin canjin yanayin tsohuwar Mesopotamiya.
Daular Assuriya ta Tsakiya
Shalmanesar I ©HistoryMaps
1365 BCE Jan 1 - 912 BCE

Daular Assuriya ta Tsakiya

Ashur, Al Shirqat, Iraq
Daular Assuriya ta Tsakiya, wadda ta taso daga hawan Ashur-uballit I a kusa da 1365 KZ zuwa mutuwar Ashur-dan II a shekara ta 912 KZ, tana wakiltar wani muhimmin lokaci a tarihin Assuriya.Wannan zamanin ya nuna bullar Assuriya a matsayin babbar daula, wanda ya ginu bisa kasancewarta a baya a matsayin birni-jihar da ke da mulkin mallaka a Anatoliya da tasiri a Kudancin Mesopotamiya tun daga karni na 21 KZ.A karkashin Ashur-uballit I, Assuriya ta sami 'yancin kai daga masarautar Mitanni kuma ta fara fadada.Manyan alkaluma a hawan Assuriya kan mulki sun hada da Adad-nirari I (kimanin 1305–1274 KZ), Shalmaneser I (kimanin 1273–1244 KZ), da Tukulti-Ninurta I (kimanin 1243–1207 KZ).Waɗannan sarakuna sun kori Assuriya zuwa ga babban matsayi a Mesofotamiya da Gabas Kusa, sun zarce abokan hamayya kamar Hittiyawa,Masarawa , Hurriyawa, Mitanni, Elamiyawa, da Babila.Mulkin Tukulti-Ninurta I yana wakiltar kololuwar Daular Assuriya ta Tsakiya, inda ta shaida yadda aka mamaye Babila da kuma kafa sabon babban birnin kasar, Kar-Tukulti-Ninurta.Duk da haka, bayan kisan gillar da aka yi masa a shekara ta 1207 KZ, Assuriya ta fuskanci rikice-rikice tsakanin dynastic da raguwar iko, ko da yake ba a shafe shi ba daga rushewar zamanin Bronze .Ko da a lokacin raguwarta, sarakunan Assuriyawa ta Tsakiya kamar Ashur-dan I (kimanin 1178-1133 KZ) da Ashur-resh-ishi I (kimanin 1132-1115 KZ) sun kasance masu aiki a yakin soja, musamman a kan Babila.An sake farfadowa a ƙarƙashin Tiglath-Pileser I (kusan 1114-1076 KZ), wanda ya fadada tasirin Assuriya zuwa Bahar Rum, Caucasus, da Larabawa.Duk da haka, ɗan bayan Tiglath-Pileser, Ashur-bel-kala (kimanin 1073-1056 KZ), daular ta fuskanci koma baya mai tsanani, ta rasa mafi yawan yankuna a wajen yankunanta na asali saboda mamayewar Aramean.Sarautar Ashur-dan II (kimanin 934-912 KZ) ya nuna farkon koma baya a cikin arzikin Assuriya.Yaƙe-yaƙe na yaƙin neman zaɓe ya kafa tushen sauye-sauye zuwa Daular Neo-Assyrian, wanda ya zarce iyakokin daular.A tauhidi, lokacin Assuriyawa na tsakiya yana da mahimmanci a cikin juyin halittar allahntaka Ashur.Da farko a matsayin birnin Assur, Ashur ya zama daidai da allahn Sumerian Enlil, yana rikidewa zuwa abin bautar soja saboda fadada Assuriyawa da yakin.A siyasance da gudanarwa, Daular Assuriya ta Tsakiya ta ga manyan canje-canje.Juyin mulki daga jiha zuwa daula ya haifar da samar da nagartattun tsare-tsare na gudanarwa, sadarwa da gudanar da mulki.Sarakunan Assuriya, waɗanda a da ake yi wa lakabi da iššiak ("gwamna") kuma suna yin mulki tare da taron birni, sun zama masu mulkin kama-karya da laƙabi šar ("sarki"), wanda ke nuna girman matsayinsu daidai da sauran sarakunan daular.
Late Bronze Age rushewa
Mutanen Teku. ©HistoryMaps
1200 BCE Jan 1 - 1150 BCE

Late Bronze Age rushewa

Babylon, Iraq
Rushewar zamanin Bronze Age, wanda ya faru a kusan karni na 12 KZ, wani lokaci ne na gagarumin tashin hankali a Gabashin Bahar Rum da Gabas ta Tsakiya, gami da yankuna kamarMasar , Balkans, Anatolia, da Aegean.Wannan zamanin yana da sauye-sauyen yanayi, ƙaura mai yawa, lalata birane, da rugujewar manyan al'ummomi, wanda ya haifar da gagarumin sauyi daga tattalin arzikin gidan sarauta na zamanin Bronze zuwa ƙarami, keɓantaccen al'adun ƙauye da ke halayyar zamanin Duhun Girka .Wannan rugujewar ya kawo ƙarshen fitattun jahohin zamanin Bronze Age da dama.Daular Hittiyawa a yankin Anatoliya da wasu sassan Levant sun wargaje, yayin da wayewar Mycenaean a Girka ta rikide zuwa wani lokaci na raguwa da aka sani da zamanin duhu na Girka, wanda ya kasance daga kusan 1100 zuwa 750 KZ.Ko da yake wasu jihohi kamar Masarautar Assuriya ta Tsakiya da Sabuwar Masarautar Masar sun tsira, sun raunana sosai.Sabanin haka, al'adu irin su Phoenicians sun ga haɓakar ɗan adam a cikin 'yancin kai da tasiri saboda raguwar kasancewar sojojin da ke da iko a baya kamar Masar da Assuriya.Abubuwan da suka haifar da rugujewar shekarun Bronze Age an yi ta muhawara sosai, tare da ra'ayoyin da suka fito daga bala'o'i da sauyin yanayi zuwa ci gaban fasaha da sauyin al'umma.Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da aka fi ambata sun haɗa da fashewar aman wuta, fari mai tsanani, cututtuka, da mamayewar mutanen Teku masu ban mamaki.Ƙarin ra'ayoyin sun nuna tabarbarewar tattalin arziki sakamakon zuwan aikin ƙarfe da sauye-sauyen fasahar soji wanda ya sa yaƙin karusa ya daina aiki.Yayin da aka taba tunanin girgizar kasa za ta taka muhimmiyar rawa, binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya rage tasirinsu.Bayan rugujewar, yankin ya ga canje-canje a hankali amma masu canzawa, gami da sauyi daga zamanin Bronze zuwa ƙarfe na ƙarfe.Wannan sauye-sauye na fasaha ya sauƙaƙe bullowar sabbin wayewa tare da canza yanayin zamantakewa da siyasa a cikin Eurasia da Afirka, wanda ya kafa mataki don ci gaban tarihi na gaba a cikin karni na 1 KZ.Lalacewar al'aduTsakanin kusan 1200 zuwa 1150 KZ, manyan rugujewar al'adu sun faru a Gabashin Bahar Rum da Gabas Gabas.Wannan lokacin ya ga faduwar masarautun Mycenaean, Kassite a Babila, da Hittiyawa, da sabuwar Masarautar Masar, tare da lalata Ugarit da jihohin Amoriyawa, rarrabuwar kawuna a jihohin Luwian na yammacin Anatoliya, da hargitsi a Kan'ana.Wadannan rugujewar sun kawo cikas ga hanyoyin kasuwanci tare da rage yawan karatu a yankin.Wasu jihohi sun sami nasarar tsira daga rugujewar zamanin Bronze, duk da cewa sun sami rauni, ciki har da Assuriya, Sabuwar Masarautar Masar, Jihohin Phoenician, da Elam.Duk da haka, arzikinsu ya bambanta.A ƙarshen ƙarni na 12 KZ, Elam ya ƙi bayan ya ci nasara daga Nebuchadnezzar na ɗaya na Babila, wanda ya ƙarfafa ikon Babila na ɗan lokaci kafin ya fuskanci hasarar Assuriyawa.Bayan-1056 KZ, bayan mutuwar Ashur-bel-kala, Assuriya ta shiga raguwa na tsawon ƙarni, tare da ikonta ya koma kusa da ita.A halin da ake ciki, jihohin ƙasar Finisiya sun sami 'yancin kai daga Masar a zamanin Wenamun.Da farko, masana tarihi sun yi imanin cewa wani bala'i mai yaɗuwa ya afku a Gabashin Bahar Rum daga Pylos zuwa Gaza a wajajen ƙarni na 13 zuwa 12 KZ, wanda ya haifar da mummunar halaka da watsi da manyan birane kamar Hattusa, Mycenae, da Ugarit.Robert Drews ya bayyana cewa kusan kowane birni mai mahimmanci an lalata shi a wannan lokacin, tare da da yawa ba su sake mamayewa ba.Duk da haka, ƙarin bincike na baya-bayan nan, ciki har da aikin Ann Killebrew, ya nuna cewa Drews na iya yin la'akari da girman lalacewa.Binciken Killebrew ya nuna cewa yayin da wasu garuruwa kamar Urushalima suna da mahimmanci kuma suna da ƙarfi a baya da kuma bayan lokaci, a lokacin Late Bronze Age da farkon zamanin ƙarfe, a zahiri sun kasance ƙanana, marasa ƙarfi, kuma ba su da mahimmanci.Dalilai masu yiwuwaAn gabatar da ra'ayoyi daban-daban don bayyana rugujewar shekarun Bronze Age, ciki har da sauyin yanayi, kamar fari ko ayyukan volcanic, mamayewar kungiyoyi kamar mutanen Teku, yaduwar ƙarfe ƙarfe, ci gaba a cikin makaman soja da dabaru, da gazawar siyasa. tsarin zamantakewa, da tattalin arziki.Koyaya, babu wata ka'ida ɗaya da ta sami karɓuwa a duniya.Mai yiyuwa ne rugujewar ta samo asali ne sakamakon haduwar wadannan abubuwa, kowanne ya ba da gudummawa ta fannoni daban-daban ga rikice-rikicen da aka samu a wannan lokacin.Haɗuwa da RushewarƘayyadaddun 1200 KZ a matsayin farkon faɗuwar shekarun Bronze Age ya sami rinjaye sosai daga masanin tarihin Jamus Arnold Hermann Ludwig Heeren.A cikin aikinsa na 1817 akan tsohuwar Girka, Heeren ya ba da shawarar cewa lokacin farko na prehistory na Girka ya ƙare a kusan 1200 KZ, kwanan wata da ya danganta da faduwar Troy a 1190 KZ bayan yaƙin shekaru goma.Ya kara fadada wannan kwanan wata don nuna ƙarshen daular Masar ta 19 a daidai wannan lokacin a cikin littafinsa na 1826.A cikin karni na 19, wannan kwanan wata ya zama wuri mai mahimmanci, tare da masana tarihi suna danganta ta da wasu muhimman abubuwan da suka faru kamar mamaye mutanen Teku, mamaye Dorian, da rushewar Mycenaean Girka.Zuwa 1896, kwanan wata kuma ta ƙunshi farkon ambaton Isra'ila a kudancin Levant, kamar yadda aka rubuta akan Merneptah Stele.Wannan haduwar al'amuran tarihi a kusan shekara ta 1200 KZ tun daga lokacin ya tsara labarin masana na rugujewar Zamanin Bronze Age.Bayan hakaA ƙarshen zamanin Duhu wanda ya biyo bayan ƙarshen zamanin Bronze Age, ragowar wayewar Hittiyawa sun haɗu zuwa ƙananan jihohin Syro-Hittite da yawa a cikin Cilicia da Levant.Waɗannan sabbin jahohin sun ƙunshi cakuda abubuwan Hittiyawa da Aramiya.Tun daga tsakiyar karni na 10 KZ, jerin ƙananan masarautun Aramewa sun fito a cikin Levant.Ƙari ga haka, Filistiyawa sun zauna a kudancin Kan’ana, inda masu magana da yare na Kan’aniyawa suka yi sarauta dabam-dabam, har da Isra’ila, Mowab, Edom, da Ammon.Wannan lokacin ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a fagen siyasar yankin, wanda ke da alaƙa da samuwar sabbin ƙananan jihohi daga ragowar manyan wayewar zamanin Bronze Age.
Daular Isin ta Biyu
Nebukadnezzar I ©HistoryMaps
1155 BCE Jan 1 - 1026 BCE

Daular Isin ta Biyu

Babylon, Iraq
Bayan mamayewar Ilami na Babila, yankin ya ga canje-canjen siyasa masu mahimmanci, wanda ya fara da Marduk-kabit-ahheshu ya kafa Daular IV na Babila a kusa da 1155 KZ.Wannan daular, wadda ta samo asali daga Isin, ta shahara saboda kasancewarta ɗan asalin ƙasar Mesofotamiya ta Kudu mai magana da Akkadiya ta farko da ta mallaki Babila.Marduk-kabit-ahheshu, ɗan ƙasar Mesopotamiya na biyu ne kawai bayan Sarkin Assuriya Tukulti-Ninurta I don ya mallaki Babila, ya yi nasarar korar Elamiyawa kuma ya hana farfaɗowar Kassite.Mulkinsa kuma ya ga rikici da Assuriya, ya kame Ekallatum kafin Ashur-Dan I ya ci shi.Itti-Marduk-balatu, wanda ya gaji mahaifinsa a shekara ta 1138 K.Z., ya kori Ilamiyyawa a lokacin mulkinsa na shekaru 8.Ƙoƙarinsa na kai wa Assuriya hari, ya ƙare bai ci nasara ba a kan Ashur-Dan I. Ninurta-nadin-shumi, da ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 1127 K.Z., shi ma ya soma yaƙi da Assuriya.Hare-haren da ya kai wa birnin Arbela na Assuriya ya ƙare da shan kaye daga Ashur-resh-ishi I, wanda ya ƙulla yarjejeniya da Assuriya.Nebukadnezzar na I (1124-1103 KZ), wanda ya fi shahara a wannan daular, ya samu gagarumar nasara a kan Elam, ya kwato yankuna da kuma mutum-mutumi mai tsarki na Marduk.Duk da nasarar da ya yi a kan Elam, Ashur-resh-ishi I ya sha kashi da yawa a ƙoƙarinsa na faɗaɗa yankunan da Hittiyawa ke iko da su.Shekarun Nebukadnezzar na farko sun mai da hankali ga gini da ƙarfafa iyakokin Babila.Enlil-nadin-apli (1103–1100 KZ) da Marduk-nadin-ahhe (1098–1081 KZ) suka bi Nebuchadnezzar I, dukansu sun yi rikici da Assuriya.Nasarorin farko na Marduk-nadin-ahhe sun lulluɓe ta ta hanyar murkushe cin nasara daga Tiglath-Pileser I, wanda ya haifar da asarar yankuna da yunwa a Babila.Marduk-shapik-zeri (kimanin 1072 KZ) ya sami damar sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da Assuriya, amma magajinsa, Kadašman-Buriaš, ya fuskanci adawar Assuriya, wanda ya haifar da mamayar Assuriyawa har zuwa kusan 1050 KZ.Sarakunan Babila na gaba kamar Marduk-ahhe-eriba da Marduk-zer-X sun kasance hamshakan Assuriya.Rushewar Daular Assuriya ta Tsakiya a kusa da 1050 KZ, saboda rikice-rikice na cikin gida da rikice-rikice na waje, ya ba Babila damar ɗan hutu daga ikon Assuriyawa.Duk da haka, wannan lokacin kuma ya ga kutsawa na ƙauyukan Yammacin Semitic, musamman Suriyawa da Suteans, waɗanda suka zauna a manyan yankunan Babila, wanda ke nuna raunin siyasa da soja na yankin.
Zaman Hargitsi a Babila
Kutsawar Assuriya a lokacin hargitsi. ©HistoryMaps
1026 BCE Jan 1 - 911 BCE

Zaman Hargitsi a Babila

Babylon, Iraq
Lokacin da ke kusa da 1026 KZ a Babila ya sami babban tashin hankali da rarrabuwa na siyasa.Daular Babila ta Nabu-shum-libur ta sha kaye a hannun sojojin Suriyawa, wanda ya kai ga rashin zaman lafiya a tsakiyar Babila, har da babban birninta.Wannan lokacin hargitsi ya ɗauki fiye da shekaru ashirin, lokacin da Babila ba ta da mai mulki.A lokaci guda, a kudancin Mesopotamiya, wanda yayi daidai da tsohon yankin daular Sealand, wata jiha ta daban ta fito ƙarƙashin daular V (1025-1004 KZ).Wannan daular, karkashin jagorancin Simbar-shipak, shugaban dangin Kassite, ya yi aiki ba tare da ikon Babila ta tsakiya ba.Rikicin da aka yi a Babila ya ba da zarafi ga Assuriyawa su shiga tsakani.Ashur-nirari IV (1019-1013 KZ), sarkin Assuriya, ya yi amfani da wannan damar kuma ya mamaye Babila a shekara ta 1018 K.Z., ya kwace birnin Atlila da wasu yankunan Mesopotamiya ta kudu ta tsakiya.Bayan daular V, wani daular Kassite (Daular VI; 1003-984 KZ) ta hau mulki, wanda da alama ya sake tabbatar da ikon Babila kanta.Duk da haka, wannan farkawa ba ta daɗe ba, kamar yadda Elamites, a ƙarƙashin sarki Mar-biti-apla-usur, suka hambarar da wannan daular don kafa daular VII (984-977 KZ).Ita ma wannan daular, ba ta iya ɗorawa kanta ba, ta faɗa cikin hare-haren Aramawa.Nabū-mukin-apli ya sake kafa ikon Babila a shekara ta 977 KZ, wanda ya kai ga samuwar Daular ta VIII.Daular IX ta fara da Ninurta-kudurri-usur II, wanda ya hau kan karaga a shekara ta 941 KZ.A wannan zamanin, Babila ta kasance mai rauni sosai, tare da manyan yankuna a ƙarƙashin ikon al'ummar Suriya da Sutean.Sarakunan Babila na wannan lokacin sau da yawa sun sami kansu a ƙarƙashin rinjayar, ko kuma suna rikici da, mafi rinjayen ikon yanki na Assuriya da Elam, waɗanda dukansu suka mamaye yankunan Babila.
Daular Neo-Assyrian
Karkashin Ashurnasirpal II (r. 883-859 BC), Assuriya ta sake zama babbar ikon Gabas ta Tsakiya, tana mulkin arewa babu gardama. ©HistoryMaps
911 BCE Jan 1 - 605 BCE

Daular Neo-Assyrian

Nineveh Governorate, Iraq
Daular Neo-Assuriyawa, wadda ta taso daga hawan Adad-nirari II a shekara ta 911 KZ zuwa ƙarshen karni na 7 KZ, tana wakiltar mataki na huɗu kuma na ƙarshe na tarihin Assuriya na dā.Sau da yawa ana ɗaukarta a matsayin daular duniya ta gaskiya ta farko saboda rinjayenta na geopolitical da ba a taɓa ganin irinsa ba da akidar mulkin duniya.[29] Wannan daular ta yi tasiri sosai a zamanin d ¯ a, ciki har da Babila, Achaemenids , da Seleucids , kuma ita ce mafi ƙarfin soja a lokacinsa, wanda ya tsawaita mulkinsa a kan Mesopotamiya, Levant,Misira , sassan Anatolia, Arabiya , Iran , da kuma Armeniya .[30]Sarakunan Neo-Assuriyawa na farko sun mayar da hankali kan maido da iko a arewacin Mesopotamiya da Siriya.Ashurnasirpal II (883-859 KZ) ya sake kafa Assuriya a matsayin babbar iko a Gabas Kusa.Sarautarsa ​​ta kasance alama ce ta yaƙin neman zaɓe da sojoji suka kai Tekun Bahar Rum tare da mayar da babban birnin daular daga Assur zuwa Nimrud.Shalmaneser III (859-824 KZ) ya kara fadada daular, ko da yake ta fuskanci wani lokaci na tsayawa bayan mutuwarsa, wanda aka fi sani da "shekarun masu girma".Daular ta dawo da karfinta a karkashin Tiglath-Pileser III (745-727 KZ), wanda ya fadada yankinta sosai, gami da cin Babila da sassan Levant.Daular Sargonid (722 KZ zuwa faduwar daular) ta ga Assuriya ta kai matsayinta.Babban nasarorin sun haɗa da Sennacherib (705-681 KZ) ya miƙa babban birnin Nineba, da Esarhaddon (681-669 KZ) ya ci Masar.Duk da kololuwarta, daular ta faɗi cikin sauri a ƙarshen ƙarni na 7 KZ saboda tawayen Babila da mamayewar Mediya.Dalilan wannan rugujewar gaggawa sun kasance batun muhawarar masana.Nasarar daular Neo-Assyrian an danganta shi da faɗaɗawarta da ingantaccen gudanarwa.Sabbin sabbin kayan aikin soja sun haɗa da yin amfani da manyan mayaƙan doki da sabbin dabarun yaƙi, waɗanda ke yin tasiri ga yaƙi na shekaru dubu.[30] Masarautar ta kafa tsarin sadarwa na zamani tare da tashoshi na relay da ingantattun hanyoyi, wanda ba ya misaltuwa cikin sauri a Gabas ta Tsakiya har zuwa karni na 19.[31] Bugu da ƙari, manufofin sake matsuguninta ya taimaka haɗa ƙasashen da aka ci yaƙi da haɓaka dabarun noma na Assuriya, wanda ke haifar da bambance-bambancen al'adu da haɓakar Aramaic a matsayin yare.[32]Gadon daular ya yi tasiri sosai ga masarautu da al'adun gargajiya.Tsarin siyasarta ya zama abin koyi ga magada, kuma tunaninsa na mulkin duniya ya zaburar da akidun dauloli masu zuwa.Tasirin Neo-Assyrian yana da mahimmanci wajen tsara tiyolojin Yahudawa na farko, yana tasiri addinin Yahudanci , Kiristanci , daMusulunci .Tatsuniya da al'adun adabi na daular sun ci gaba da bayyana a arewacin Mesopotamiya bayan daular.Sabanin ra'ayin wuce gona da iri na zalunci, ayyukan sojojin Assuriya ba su da muni na musamman idan aka kwatanta da sauran wayewar tarihi.[33]
Daular Neo-Babila
Kasuwancin aure na Babila, zanen Edwin Long (1875) ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
626 BCE Jan 1 - 539 BCE

Daular Neo-Babila

Babylon, Iraq
Daular Neo-Babila, wacce kuma aka sani da Daular Babila ta biyu [37] ko daular Kaldiya, [38] ita ce daular Mesopotamiya ta ƙarshe da sarakunan asali suka yi sarauta.[39] Ya fara da nadin sarautar Nabopolassar a shekara ta 626 KZ kuma an kafu sosai bayan faduwar daular Neo-Assyrian a 612 KZ.Duk da haka, ta fada hannun Daular Farisa Achaemenid a shekara ta 539 KZ, wanda ke nuna ƙarshen daular Kaldiyawa ƙasa da ɗari ɗaya bayan kafuwarta.Wannan daular tana nuna tashin farko na Babila, da kudancin Mesofotamiya gabaɗaya, a matsayin babban ƙarfi a tsohuwar Gabas ta Tsakiya tun bayan rugujewar Daular Babila (a ƙarƙashin Hammurabi) kusan shekaru dubu kafin.Zamanin Neo-Babila ya sami gagarumin ci gaban tattalin arziki da yawan jama'a, da sake farfado da al'adu.Sarakunan wannan zamanin sun gudanar da ayyukan gine-gine masu yawa, suna farfado da abubuwa daga shekaru 2,000 na al'adun Sumero-Akkadiya, musamman a Babila.Ana tunawa da Daular Neo-Babila musamman saboda yadda aka kwatanta ta a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki, musamman game da Nebukadnezzar II.Littafi Mai Tsarki ya mai da hankali kan ayyukan soja da Nebukadnezzar ya yi a kan Yahuda da kuma kewaye da Urushalima a shekara ta 587 K.Z., da ya kai ga halaka Haikalin Sulemanu da kuma bauta a Babila.Amma, tarihin Babila, sun kwatanta sarautar Nebuchadnezzar a matsayin zamanin zinariya, wanda ya ɗaukaka Babila zuwa matsayi mafi girma da ba a taɓa gani ba.Faɗuwar daular ta samo asali ne saboda manufofin addini na sarki na ƙarshe, Nabonidus, wanda ya fifita gunkin wata Sîn fiye da Marduk, allahn Babila.Wannan ya ba wa Cyrus Babba na Farisa hujja don mamayewa a shekara ta 539 K.Z., yana mai da kansa a matsayin mai maido da bautar Marduk.Babila ta ci gaba da riƙe ainihin al'adunta na ƙarnuka, bayyanannu a cikin ambaton sunaye da addinin Babila har zuwa ƙarni na 1 KZ a lokacin daular Parthia .Duk da tawaye da yawa, Babila ba ta sake samun ’yancin kai ba.
539 BCE - 632
Mesopotamiya na gargajiyaornament
Achaemenid Assyria
Farisa Achaemenid suna fada da Girkawa. ©Anonymous
539 BCE Jan 1 - 330 BCE

Achaemenid Assyria

Iraq
Farisawa Achaemenid sun ci Mesofotamiya a ƙarƙashin Cyrus Mai Girma a shekara ta 539 KZ, kuma ya kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin Farisa na ƙarni biyu.Tsawon ƙarni biyu na mulkin Achaemenid duka biyun Assuriya da Babila sun bunƙasa, Achaemenid Assuriya musamman ya zama babban tushen ƙarfin soja ga sojoji da kwandon abinci ga tattalin arziki.Mesopotamian Aramaic ya kasance yare na Daular Achaemenid, kamar yadda ya yi a zamanin Assuriya.Farisa Achaemenid, ba kamar na Neo-Assuriyawa ba, sun ɗan tsoma baki cikin al'amuran cikin gida na yankunansu, suna mai da hankali a maimakon daidaiton haraji da haraji.[40]Athura, wanda aka fi sani da Assuriya a cikin Daular Achaemenid, yanki ne a saman Mesopotamiya daga 539 zuwa 330 KZ.Yana aiki azaman kariyar soja maimakon satrapy na gargajiya.Rubutun Achaemenid sun bayyana Athura a matsayin 'dahyu,' wanda aka fassara a matsayin rukuni na mutane ko ƙasa da mutanenta, ba tare da wani tasiri na gudanarwa ba.[41] Athura ya kewaye mafi yawan tsoffin yankunan daular Neo-Assyrian, a yanzu sassan arewacin Iraki, arewa maso yammacin Iran, arewa maso gabashin Siriya, da kudu maso gabashin Anatoliya, amma ya cireMasar da tsibirin Sinai.[42] Sojojin Assuriya sun yi fice a cikin sojojin Achaemenid a matsayin manyan runduna.[43] Duk da barnar da aka yi a farko, Athura yanki ne mai wadata, musamman a fannin noma, wanda ya saba wa akidar da aka yi a baya na kasancewarta kufai.[42]
Seleucid Mesopotamiya
Sojojin Seleucid ©Angus McBride
312 BCE Jan 1 - 63 BCE

Seleucid Mesopotamiya

Mesopotamia, Iraq
A cikin 331 KZ, daular Farisa ta fada hannun Alexander na Makidoniya kuma ya zama wani ɓangare na duniyar Hellenistic a ƙarƙashin Daular Seleucid .Muhimmancin Babila ya ragu tare da kafa Seleucia akan Tigris a matsayin sabuwar babban birnin Seleucid.Daular Seleucid, a kololuwarta, ta miko daga Tekun Aegean zuwa Indiya, wanda ke da muhimmiyar cibiyar al'adun Hellenanci.An yi wa wannan zamani alama da rinjayen al'adun Girka da kuma jiga-jigan siyasa na asalin Girka, musamman a cikin birane.[44] ’Yan gudun hijira daga Girka ne suka ƙarfafa manyan mutanen Girka a cikin birane.[44] A tsakiyar karni na 2 KZ, Parthians , karkashin Mithridates I na Parthia, sun ci yawancin yankunan gabashin daular.
Mulkin Parthia da Roman a Mesopotamiya
Parthian da Romawa a lokacin yakin Carrhae, 53 KZ. ©Angus McBride
141 BCE Jan 1 - 224

Mulkin Parthia da Roman a Mesopotamiya

Mesopotamia, Iraq
Ikon Daular Parthia a kan Mesopotamiya, wani yanki mai mahimmanci a tsohuwar Gabas ta Kusa, ya fara ne a tsakiyar karni na biyu KZ tare da Mithridates I na cin nasara na Parthia.Wannan lokacin ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a fagen siyasa da al'adu na Mesofotamiya, wanda ya sauya daga Hellenistic zuwa tasirin Parthia.Mithridates I, wanda ya yi mulki daga 171-138 KZ, an lasafta shi da fadada yankin Parthia zuwa Mesopotamiya.Ya kama Seleucia a shekara ta 141 K.Z., wani muhimmin lokaci da ke nuna raguwar ikon Seleucid da haɓakar ikon Parthia a yankin.Wannan nasara ba ta wuce nasarar soja ba;yana wakiltar ma'auni mai canzawa na iko daga Girkawa zuwa Parthians a Gabas Kusa.A ƙarƙashin mulkin Parthia, Mesopotamiya ya zama yanki mai mahimmanci don kasuwanci da musayar al'adu.Daular Parthia, wacce aka santa da juriya da bambancin al'adu, ta ba da damar addinai da al'adu daban-daban su bunkasa a cikin iyakokinta.Mesofotamiya, tare da tarihinta mai arziƙi da wurin dabarunta, ta taka rawar gani sosai a cikin wannan tukunyar narkewar al'adu.Mesopotamiya a ƙarƙashin mulkin Parthian ya ga hadewar abubuwan al'adun Girka da Farisa, waɗanda ke bayyana a cikin fasaha, gine-gine, da tsabar kuɗi.Wannan haɗin gwiwar al'adu ya kasance shaida ga ikon daular Parthia na haɗa tasirin tasiri daban-daban yayin kiyaye ainihinta.A farkon karni na 2 AD, Sarkin sarakuna Trajan na Roma ya jagoranci mamayewa zuwa Parthia, inda ya ci nasara a Mesofotamiya kuma ya mayar da ita lardin daular Romawa.Duk da haka, wannan iko na Romawa ya kasance ɗan gajeren lokaci, kamar yadda magajin Trajan, Hadrian, ya dawo Mesopotamiya zuwa Parthians ba da daɗewa ba.A wannan lokacin, Kiristanci ya fara yaɗuwa a Mesofotamiya, tun da ya isa yankin a ƙarni na 1 AZ.Roman Syria, musamman, ya fito a matsayin wani wuri mai mahimmanci ga addinin Kiristanci na Gabas da kuma al'adar adabin Siriya, wanda ke nuna gagarumin sauyi a yanayin addini na yankin.A halin yanzu, al'adun Sumerian-Akkadian na gargajiya sun fara dusashewa, wanda ke nuna ƙarshen zamani.Amfani da cuneiform, tsohon tsarin rubutu, shi ma ya ga raguwar sa.Duk da waɗannan sauye-sauyen al'adu, allahn Assuriyawa na ƙasar Ashur ya ci gaba da girmama shi a garinsa, tare da keɓe haikalinsa a ƙarshen ƙarni na 4 AD.[45] Wannan yana nuna ci gaba da girmamawa ga wasu sassa na tsoffin al'adun addini na yankin a cikin haɓaka sabbin tsarin imani.
Sassanid Mesopotamiya
Sassanian Mesapotamia. ©Angus McBride
224 Jan 1 - 651

Sassanid Mesopotamiya

Mesopotamia, Iraq
A karni na 3 AZ, daular Sassanid , wacce ta yi mulkin Mesofotamiya, ta yi nasara a kan 'yan Parthiyawa, har zuwa lokacin mamayewar Musulunci na karni na 7.Sassanids sun mamaye jihohi masu zaman kansu na Adiabene, Osroene, Hatra da kuma Assur a ƙarshen karni na 3.A tsakiyar karni na 6 daular Farisa karkashin daular Sassanid ta raba ta Khosrow I zuwa kashi hudu, wanda na yamma, wanda ake kira Khvārvarān, ya hada da mafi yawan Iraki ta zamani, kuma ta rabu zuwa lardunan Mishān, Asoristān (Assyria), Adiabene. da Ƙananan Media.Asōristān, Farisa ta Tsakiya "ƙasar Assuriya", ita ce babban birnin lardin Sasaniya kuma ana kiranta Dil-ī Ērānshahr, ma'ana "Zuciyar Iran ".[46] Birnin Ctesiphon ya kasance babban birnin daular Parthia da Sasania, kuma ya kasance birni mafi girma a duniya na wani lokaci.[47] Babban harshen da mutanen Assuriya suke magana shi ne Aramaic na Gabas wanda har yanzu yana wanzuwa a tsakanin Assuriyawa, tare da harshen Syriac na gida ya zama muhimmin abin hawa ga Kiristanci na Siriya.Asōristān ya kasance kama da tsohuwar Mesopotamiya.[48]An sami kwararar Larabawa da yawa a zamanin Sassanid.Mesofotamiya na sama ya zama sananne da Al-Jazirah a Larabci (yana nufin "Tsibirin" dangane da "tsibirin" tsakanin kogin Tigris da Furat), kuma Ƙarƙashin Mesopotamiya ya zama sananne da ʿIrāq-i ʿArab, ma'ana "kumburi". na Larabawa".An yi amfani da kalmar Iraƙi sosai a cikin madogaran Larabci na tsaka-tsaki don yankin a tsakiya da kudancin jamhuriyar zamani a matsayin yanki maimakon kalmar siyasa.Har zuwa shekara ta 602, sarakunan Lakhmid Larabawa na Al-Hirah ne ke tsaron yankin hamadar daular Farisa.A wannan shekarar, Shahanshah Khosrow II Aparviz ya kawar da daular Lakhmid kuma ya ba da iyaka ga mamayewar makiyaya.A arewa mai nisa, kwata na yamma yana da iyaka da Daular Rumawa .Iyakar ta bi kan iyakar Siriya da Iraki ta zamani kuma ta ci gaba da zuwa arewa, ta wuce tsakanin Nisibis (Nusaybin ta zamani) a matsayin sansanin soja na Sassania da Dara da Amida (Diyarbakır na zamani) da Rumawa ke rike da su.
632 - 1533
Iraqi ta tsakiyaornament
Yakin Musulmi na Mesofotamiya
Yakin Musulmi na Mesofotamiya ©HistoryMaps
632 Jan 1 - 654

Yakin Musulmi na Mesofotamiya

Mesopotamia, Iraq
Babban rikici na farko tsakanin mahara Larabawa da sojojin Farisa a Mesopotamiya ya faru ne a shekara ta 634 AD a yakin gada.A nan, rundunar musulmi ta kusan 5,000, karkashin jagorancin Abu ‘Ubayd ath-Thaqafi, ta sha kashi a hannun Farisawa .Wannan koma baya ya biyo bayan nasarar da Khalid bn al-Walid ya yi, wanda ya sa Larabawa suka mamaye kusan dukkanin kasar Iraki a cikin shekara guda, in ban da Ctesiphon, babban birnin Farisa.Wani muhimmin lokaci ya zo a kusan shekara ta 636 AZ, lokacin da wata babbar rundunar musulmi ta Larabawa karkashin Sa'ad ibn Abi Waqqas ta fatattaki babban sojojin Farisa a yakin al-Qadisiyyah.Wannan nasara ta share fagen kamo Ctesiphon.A ƙarshen shekara ta 638 AZ, Musulmai sun ci dukan lardunan Sassanid na Yamma, ciki har da Iraki ta zamani.Sarkin Sassanid na ƙarshe, Yazdegerd III, ya fara gudu zuwa tsakiya sannan kuma arewacin Farisa, inda aka kashe shi a shekara ta 651 AD.Yaƙe-yaƙe na Musulunci sun yi alama mafi girman faɗaɗa Semitic a tarihi.Masarakan Larabawa sun kafa sabbin garuruwan sansanin sojoji, musamman al-Kūfah kusa da tsohuwar Babila da Basrah a kudu.Duk da haka, arewacin Iraki ya kasance mafi rinjayen Assuriyawa da Kiristanci na Larabawa.
Halifancin Abbasid & Kafa Baghdad
Zamanin Zinare na Musulunci ©HistoryMaps
762 Jan 1

Halifancin Abbasid & Kafa Baghdad

Baghdad, Iraq
Baghdad, wacce aka kafa a karni na 8, ta sami saurin rikidewa zuwa babban birnin Khalifancin Abbasiyawa kuma cibiyar al'adun al'ummar musulmi ta tsakiya.Asōristān ya zama babban lardin khalifancin Abbasiyawa kuma cibiyar Golden Age ta Musulunci tsawon shekaru dari biyar.Bayan da musulmi suka ci galaba , Asoristān ya ga yadda musulmi suka yi ta tururuwa a hankali a hankali;da farko Larabawa sun isa kudanci, amma daga baya kuma sun hada da Iran (Kurdawa) da al'ummar Turkawa a tsakiyar tsakiyar zuwa karshen tsakiyar zamanai.Zamanin Zinare na Musulunci, lokaci ne na ci gaban kimiyya , tattalin arziki, da al'adu na ban mamaki a tarihin Musulunci, an yi shi ne tun daga karni na 8 zuwa na 13.[49] Yawancin lokaci ana ganin wannan zamanin ya faro ne tun daga zamanin Halifa Abbasiyawa Haruna al-Rashid (786-809) da kuma kafa gidan hikima a Bagadaza.Wannan cibiya ta zama cibiyar ilmantarwa, inda ta jawo hankalin malamai daga ko'ina cikin duniyar musulmi don fassara ilimin gargajiya zuwa harshen Larabci da Farisa.Baghdad, a lokacin birni mafi girma a duniya, ya kasance cibiyar ayyukan ilimi da al'adu a wannan lokacin.[50]Amma a karni na 9, Khalifancin Abbasiyawa ya fara raguwa.A karshen karni na 9 zuwa farkon karni na 11, wani lokaci da ake kira " Iran Intermezzo ", kananan masarautun Iran daban-daban, wadanda suka hada da Tahirid, Saffarids, Samanids, Buyids, da Sallarids, sun gudanar da wasu sassa na kasar Iraki a yanzu.A shekara ta 1055, Tughril na daular Seljuk ya kwace Bagadaza, duk da cewa khalifofin Abbasiyawa sun ci gaba da gudanar da aikin biki.Duk da tabarbarewar harkokin siyasa, kotun Abbasiyawa a Bagadaza ta kasance mai tasiri sosai musamman a harkokin addini.Abbasiyawa sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kiyaye ka'idojin Sunna, sabanin mazhabar Isma'ila da Shi'a na Musulunci.Al'ummar Assuriyawa sun ci gaba da dawwama, sun yi watsi da Larabawa, Turkawa da Musulunci, sun kuma ci gaba da zama mafi yawan al'ummar arewa har zuwa karni na 14, har sai da kisan kiyashin da aka yi wa Timur ya rage yawansu ya kai ga barin birnin Assur daga karshe. .Bayan wannan lokaci, Assuriyawa na asali sun zama ƴan tsirarun ƙabilanci, harshe da addini a ƙasarsu da suke har yau.
Mulkin Turco-Mongol na Mesapotemia
Mulkin Turco-Mongol a Iraki. ©HistoryMaps
1258 Jan 1 - 1466

Mulkin Turco-Mongol na Mesapotemia

Iraq
Bayan mamayar Mongol, Iraki ta zama lardi a gefen Ilkhanate , inda Baghdad ta rasa babban matsayinta.Mongols sun gudanar da mulkin Iraki, Caucasus, yamma da kudancin Iran kai tsaye ban da Jojiya , Sarkin Artuqid na Mardin, da Kufa da Luristan.Qara'unas Mongols sun mallaki Khorasan a matsayin daula mai cin gashin kanta kuma ba sa biyan haraji.Daular Kart ta Herat ita ma ta kasance mai cin gashin kanta.Anatoliya shi ne lardin Ilkhanate mafi arziki, yana samar da kashi daya bisa hudu na kudaden shiga yayin da Iraki da Diyarbakir suka samar da kusan kashi 35 cikin dari na kudaden shiga.[52] Jalayirids, daular Mongol Jalayir, [53] sun yi mulki a Iraki da yammacin Farisa bayan da Ilkhanate ya rabu a cikin 1330s.Sarkin Jalayirid ya daure kusan shekaru hamsin.Fashewar Tamerlane ne ya jawo faduwarta da tashe-tashen hankula na Qara Qoyunlu Turkmen, wanda kuma aka fi sani da "Turkawa Baƙaƙen Tumaki."Bayan mutuwar Tamerlane a shekara ta 1405, an yi wani babban yunƙuri na farfaɗo da daular Jalayirid a kudancin Iraqi da Khuzistan.Duk da haka, wannan farfadowa ya kasance ɗan gajeren lokaci.Daga karshe ‘yan Jalayirid sun fada hannun Kara Koyunlu, wata kungiyar Turkmen, a shekara ta 1432, wanda ke nuna karshen mulkinsu a yankin.
Mamayewar Mongol na Mesofotamiya
Mamayewar Mongol ©HistoryMaps
1258 Jan 1

Mamayewar Mongol na Mesofotamiya

Baghdad, Iraq
A karshen karni na 11, daular Khwarazmian ta karbi iko da kasar Iraki.Wannan lokaci na mulkin Turkawa da khalifancin Abbasiyawa ya kare da mamayar Mongol a karni na 13.[51] Mongols, karkashin jagorancin Genghis Khan, sun ci Khwarezmia a shekara ta 1221. Duk da haka, Iraki ta sami jinkiri na wucin gadi saboda mutuwar Genghis Khan a 1227 da kuma gwagwarmayar iko a cikin daular Mongol.Möngke Khan, daga 1251, ya mulki Mongol fadada, kuma lokacin da Halifa al-Mustasim ya ki amincewa da bukatun Mongol, Baghdad ya fuskanci harin da Hulagu Khan ya jagoranta a 1258.Siege na Bagadaza, wani muhimmin al'amari a cikin mamayar Mongol, ya shafe kwanaki 13 daga ranar 29 ga Janairu zuwa 10 ga Fabrairun 1258. Sojojin Mongol na Ilkhanate tare da kawayensu, sun yi wa Bagadaza kawanya, da kame, kuma daga karshe suka kori Baghdad, hedkwatar Khalifancin Abbasiyawa a lokacin. .Wannan kawanyar da aka yi ta yi sanadin kisan kiyashin da aka yi wa akasarin mazauna birnin, wanda mai yiwuwa ya kai dubunnan daruruwan.Girman lalata dakunan karatu na birnin da muhimman abubuwan da ke cikin su ya kasance batun muhawara tsakanin masana tarihi.Sojojin Mongol sun kashe Al-Musta'sim tare da yi wa Bagadaza mummunar barna da barna.Wannan kewaye a alamance ta nuna ƙarshen Zamanin Zinare na Musulunci, lokacin da halifofi suka tsawaita mulkinsu daga yankin Iberian Peninsula zuwa Sindh.
Safavid Mesopotamiya
Safavid Farisa. ©HistoryMaps
1508 Jan 1 - 1622

Safavid Mesopotamiya

Iraq
A shekara ta 1466, Aq Qoyunlu, ko Farin Tumaki Turkmen, sun mamaye Qara Qoyunlu, ko Baƙar fata Turkmen, inda suka sami iko da yankin.Wannan sauyin mulki ya biyo bayan hawan Safavids, wadanda daga karshe suka yi galaba a kan Turkmen na Farin Tumaki kuma suka dauki iko da Mesopotamiya.Daular Safawiyya , wacce ta yi mulki daga 1501 zuwa 1736, ta kasance daya daga cikin manyan dauloli na Iran.Sun yi mulki daga 1501 zuwa 1722, tare da ɗan gajeren sabuntawa tsakanin 1729 zuwa 1736 da daga 1750 zuwa 1773.A tsayin ƙarfinsu, Daular Safavid ta ƙunshi Iran ta zamani ba kawai ba amma har zuwa Azerbaijan , Bahrain, Armenia , Gabashin Jojiya , sassan Arewacin Caucasus (ciki har da yankuna a cikin Rasha), Iraki, Kuwait, Afghanistan , da sassan. Turkiyya , Siriya, Pakistan , Turkmenistan da Uzbekistan.Wannan iko mai fa'ida ya sanya daular Safawiyya ta zama wata babbar hukuma a yankin, wanda ya yi tasiri a fagen al'adu da siyasa na wani yanki mai fadi.
1533 - 1918
Ottoman Iraqiornament
Ottoman Iraqi
Kusan karni 4, Iraki tana karkashin mulkin Ottoman.Hajiya Sofiya. ©HistoryMaps
1533 Jan 1 00:01 - 1918

Ottoman Iraqi

Iraq
Mulkin daular Ottoman a kasar Iraqi daga shekara ta 1534 zuwa 1918 ya kasance wani muhimmin lokaci a tarihin yankin.A shekara ta 1534, Daular Usmaniyya , karkashin jagorancin Suleiman Mai Girma , ta fara kwace Bagadaza, inda ta mayar da Iraki karkashin ikon Ottoman.Wannan cin nasara wani bangare ne na dabarun da Suleiman ya yi na fadada tasirin daular a Gabas ta Tsakiya.A farkon shekarun mulkin Ottoman, an raba Iraki zuwa larduna ko ƙauyuka huɗu: Mosul, Baghdad, Shahrizor, da Basra.Kowace ƙauyen Pasha ce ke tafiyar da ita, wanda ya ba da rahoto kai tsaye ga Sarkin Musulmi.Tsarin gudanar da mulkin da Ottoman ya kafa ya nemi shigar da Iraki kud da kud a cikin daular, tare da ci gaba da samun wani mataki na cin gashin kansa na cikin gida.Wani muhimmin ci gaba a wannan lokacin shine ci gaba da rikici tsakanin daular Usmaniyya da daular Safawiya ta Farisa.Yakin Ottoman-Safavid, musamman a karni na 16 da na 17, ya kasance kasar Iraki a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan wuraren da ake gwabzawa saboda yanayin da take da shi.Yarjejeniyar Zuhab a shekara ta 1639, wacce ta kawo karshen daya daga cikin wadannan rikice-rikice, ta haifar da shata iyakokin da har yanzu ake gane su a wannan zamani tsakanin Iraki da Iran .Karni na 18 da na 19 sun ga raguwar ikon da Ottoman ke yi a Iraki.Sarakunan yankin, irin su Mamluks a Bagadaza, galibi suna nuna yancin kai.Mulkin Mamluk a Iraki (1704-1831), wanda Hasan Pasha ya kafa, lokaci ne na kwanciyar hankali da wadata.A karkashin shugabanni irin su Sulayman Abu Layla Pasha, gwamnonin Mamluk sun aiwatar da gyare-gyare tare da tabbatar da ‘yancin kai daga Sarkin Musulmi.A karni na 19, Daular Usmaniyya ta fara gyare-gyaren Tanzimat, da nufin sabunta daular da kuma daidaita iko.Wadannan gyare-gyaren sun yi tasiri sosai a Iraki, wadanda suka hada da bullo da sabbin sassa na gudanarwa, sabunta tsarin shari'a, da kokarin dakile cin gashin kai na shugabannin kananan hukumomi.Ginin layin dogo na Bagadaza a farkon karni na 20, wanda ya hada Baghdad da babban birnin Istanbul na Daular Usmaniyya, wani babban ci gaba ne.Wannan aiki, wanda ke samun goyon bayan muradun Jamus , yana da nufin ƙarfafa ikon Ottoman da inganta dangantakar tattalin arziki da siyasa.Karshen mulkin daular Usmaniyya a kasar Iraki ya zo ne bayan yakin duniya na daya , tare da fatattakar daular Usmaniyya.Armistice na Mudros a cikin 1918 da kuma yarjejeniyar Sèvres ta biyo baya ya haifar da rabuwar yankunan Ottoman.Kasar Iraki ta fada karkashin ikon Birtaniyya , lamarin da ke nuna farkon wa'adin mulkin Birtaniya da kuma karshen lokacin daular Usmaniyya a tarihin Iraki.
Yakin Ottoman-Safavid
Safavid Farisa a gaban wani gari a Iraki. ©HistoryMaps
1534 Jan 1 - 1639

Yakin Ottoman-Safavid

Iran
Gwagwarmayar da aka yi tsakanin Daular Usmaniyya da Safavid Farisa kan Iraki, wanda ya kawo karshe a yarjejeniyar Zuhab a shekara ta 1639, wani babi ne mai matukar muhimmanci a tarihin yankin, wanda ke fama da fadace-fadace, da sauya sheka, da kuma tasirin al'adu da siyasa.Wannan lokacin yana nuni ne da tsananin hamayya tsakanin dauloli biyu mafiya karfi na karni na 16 da 17, wanda dukkanin maslahar geopolitical da bambance-bambancen mazhabobi suka tabbatar da shi, inda Daular Usmaniyya ta Sunni suka yi arangama da Farisa Shi'a.A farkon karni na 16, tare da hawan daular Safawida a Farisa, karkashin jagorancin Shah Ismail I, an kafa matakin da za a dauki tsawon lokaci ana rikici.Safawiwa, sun rungumi addinin Shi'a, sun sanya kansu cikin adawa kai tsaye ga Ottoman Sunni.Wannan rarrabuwar kawuna ta kara dagula rigingimun addini.Shekara ta 1501 ita ce kafuwar daular Safawiyya, kuma da ita ce aka fara yakin da Farisa suka yi na yada addinin Shi'a, suna kalubalantar mulkin Daular Sunna ta Daular Usmaniyya.Ganawar soji ta farko tsakanin masarautun biyu ta faru ne a yakin Chaldiran a shekara ta 1514. Sarkin Musulmi Selim na daya ya jagoranci dakarunsa a kan Shah Ismail, wanda ya haifar da gagarumar nasara a Ottoman.Wannan yakin ba wai kawai ya tabbatar da ikon Ottoman a yankin ba har ma ya kafa yanayin rikici na gaba.Duk da wannan koma-baya na farko, Safawiyawan ba su kau da kai ba, kuma tasirinsu ya ci gaba da karuwa, musamman a yankunan gabashin daular Usmaniyya.Iraki, tare da muhimmancinta na addini ga musulmi Sunni da Shi'a da kuma wurin da take da mahimmanci, ya zama fagen fama na farko.A shekara ta 1534, Suleiman Mai Girma, Sarkin Daular Usmaniyya, ya kame Bagadaza, inda ya mayar da Iraki karkashin ikon Ottoman.Wannan cin nasara yana da mahimmanci, domin Baghdad ba kawai cibiyar kasuwanci ce kawai ba amma tana da mahimmancin addini.Sai dai kuma iko da kasar Iraki ya karkata tsakanin daulolin biyu a tsawon karni na 16 da na 17, yayin da kowane bangare ya samu nasarar samun da kuma rasa yankuna a yakin neman zabe daban-daban.Safawiwa karkashin Shah Abbas na daya, sun samu gagarumar nasara a farkon karni na 17.Abbas I, wanda ya shahara da bajintar soji da gyare-gyaren harkokin mulki, ya sake kwato Bagadaza a shekara ta 1623. Wannan kame wani bangare ne na dabarun da Safawiyawa suka yi na maido da yankunan da Ottoman suka bata.Faduwar Baghdad wani gagarumin bugu ne ga Daular Usmaniyya, wanda ke nuni da sauyin karfin iko a yankin.Canja-canjen iko a kan Bagadaza da sauran garuruwan Iraki ya ci gaba har zuwa lokacin da aka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Zuhab a shekara ta 1639. Wannan yerjejeniyar, yarjejeniya mai muhimmanci tsakanin Sultan Murad IV na Daular Usmaniyya da Shah Safi na Farisa, a karshe ta kawo karshen rikicin da aka dade ana yi.Yarjejeniyar Zuhab ba kawai ta kafa sabuwar iyaka tsakanin daulolin Ottoman da Safawad ba amma tana da tasiri mai mahimmanci ga yanayin al'umma da al'adun yankin.Ya amince da ikon Ottoman akan Iraki, tare da iyakar da aka zana tare da tsaunin Zagros, wanda ya zo don ayyana iyakar zamani tsakanin Turkiyya da Iran .
Mamluk Iraq
Mamluk ©HistoryMaps
1704 Jan 1 - 1831

Mamluk Iraq

Iraq
Mulkin Mamluk a Iraqi, wanda ya kasance daga 1704 zuwa 1831, yana wakiltar wani lokaci na musamman a tarihin yankin, wanda ke da kwanciyar hankali da kuma gudanar da mulki mai cin gashin kansa a cikin Daular Ottoman .Mulkin Mamluk, wanda Hasan Pasha, ɗan Mamluk ɗan Jojiya ne ya kafa, ya yi nuni da sauyi daga ikon Turkawa daular Usmaniyya kai tsaye zuwa wani tsarin gudanar da mulki na cikin gida.Mulkin Hasan Pasha (1704-1723) ya kafa harsashin zamanin Mamluk a Iraki.Ya kafa wata kasa mai cin gashin kanta, tare da yin mubaya'a ga Sarkin Musulmi na Ottoman tare da tabbatar da iko a yankin.Manufofinsa sun mayar da hankali ne kan daidaita yankin, da farfado da tattalin arziki, da aiwatar da sauye-sauyen harkokin mulki.Daya daga cikin muhimman nasarorin da Hasan Pasha ya samu ita ce maido da tsari da tsaro a hanyoyin kasuwanci, lamarin da ya farfado da tattalin arzikin kasar Iraki.Dansa Ahmad Pasha ya gaje shi ya ci gaba da wadannan manufofin.A karkashin mulkin Ahmad Pasha (1723-1747), Iraki ta sami ci gaban tattalin arziki da ci gaban birane, musamman a Bagadaza.An san sarakunan Mamluk da bajintar soja kuma sun kasance masu taka rawa wajen kare Iraki daga barazanar waje, musamman daga Farisa .Sun ci gaba da kasancewar sojoji masu karfi kuma sun yi amfani da dabarun da suke da su wajen tabbatar da iko a yankin.A karshen karni na 18 da farkon karni na 19, sarakunan Mamluk, irin su Sulayman Abu Layla Pasha, sun ci gaba da gudanar da mulkin Iraki yadda ya kamata.Sun aiwatar da gyare-gyare daban-daban, da suka hada da sabunta sojoji, da kafa sabbin tsare-tsare na gudanarwa, da karfafa ayyukan noma.Wadannan sauye-sauye sun kara habaka ci gaban kasar Iraki da kwanciyar hankali, wanda hakan ya sa ta kasance daya daga cikin lardunan da suka fi samun nasara a karkashin daular Usmaniyya.Duk da haka, mulkin Mamluk ya kasance ba tare da kalubale ba.Gwagwarmayar ikon cikin gida, rikice-rikicen kabilanci, da tashe-tashen hankula tare da gwamnatin tsakiya ta Ottoman batutuwa ne da ke faruwa.Tabarbarewar mulkin Mamluk ya fara ne a farkon karni na 19, wanda ya kai ga nasarar da Ottoman ya yi wa Iraki a shekara ta 1831 karkashin Sultan Mahmud II.Wannan yakin na soji karkashin jagorancin Ali Rıza Pasha, ya kawo karshen mulkin Mamluk yadda ya kamata, tare da sake tabbatar da ikon da Ottoman ke iko da Iraki kai tsaye.
Tsarkakewa da Gyarawa a cikin Iraki karni na 19
Karni na 19 ya nuna yunƙurin daular Ottoman na mayar da iko a kan lardunanta.Wannan ya hada da gyare-gyaren gudanarwa da aka fi sani da Tanzimat, wanda ke da nufin sabunta daular da rage karfin masu mulki. ©HistoryMaps
1831 Jan 1 - 1914

Tsarkakewa da Gyarawa a cikin Iraki karni na 19

Iraq
Bayan kawo karshen mulkin Mamluk a Iraki, wani lokaci mai cike da sauye-sauye ya bayyana, wanda ya yi tasiri matuka a fagen siyasa, zamantakewa, da tattalin arzikin yankin.Wannan zamanin, wanda ya tashi daga farkon karni na 19 zuwa karni na 20, yana da nasaba da kokarin daular Ottoman , da bunkasar kishin kasa, da kuma shigar da kasashen turai suka yi, musamman a lokacin yakin duniya na daya .Ƙarshen mulkin Mamluk a shekara ta 1831, wanda daular Usmaniyya ta kafa don sake tabbatar da iko kai tsaye a kan Iraki, ya zama farkon sabon tsarin gudanarwa.Sarkin Daular Usmaniyya Mahmud na biyu, a kokarinsa na ganin an sabunta daular da karfafa mulki, ya kawar da tsarin Mamluk wanda ya shafe sama da karni daya gudanar da mulkin kasar Iraki cikin inganci.Wannan matakin wani bangare ne na sauye-sauye na Tanzimat, da nufin daidaita tsarin gudanarwa da kuma zamanantar da bangarori daban-daban na daular.A Iraki, wadannan sauye-sauyen sun hada da sake tsara tsarin larduna da bullo da sabbin tsare-tsare na shari'a da ilimi, da nufin hada yankin da sauran kasashen daular Usmaniyya.A tsakiyar karni na 19 ya ga bullar sabbin kalubale ga gwamnatin Ottoman a Iraki.Yankin ya sami sauye-sauye na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, wani bangare saboda karuwar bukatun kasuwancin Turai.Garuruwa irin su Baghdad da Basra sun zama muhimman cibiyoyi na kasuwanci, inda kasashen turai suka kulla huldar kasuwanci da kuma tasirin tattalin arziki.Har ila yau, wannan lokacin ya shaida aikin gina layin dogo da na telegraph, wanda ya kara shigar da kasar Iraki cikin hanyoyin sadarwa na tattalin arzikin duniya.Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya ya fara a shekara ta 1914 ya kawo sauyi ga Iraqi.Daular Ottoman, bayan da ta shiga kasashen tsakiya, ta gano yankunanta na Iraki sun zama fagen fama tsakanin sojojin Ottoman da na Birtaniya.Birtaniya dai na da burin tabbatar da iko da yankin ne, a wani bangare saboda dabarun wurin da ya ke da kuma gano mai.Yaƙin Mesofotamiya, kamar yadda aka sani, ya ga manyan yaƙe-yaƙe, waɗanda suka haɗa da Siege na Kut (1915-1916) da Faɗuwar Bagadaza a 1917. Waɗannan haƙƙoƙin soja sun yi mummunan tasiri ga al'ummar yankin, wanda ya haifar da wahalhalu da asarar rayuka.
Ƙasar Larabawa a Ottoman Iraqi
Haɓaka ilimin karatu da yaɗuwar adabin Larabci da waƙa ya tada al'adun gargajiya guda ɗaya sun taka rawa a kishin ƙasa Larabawa a cikin karni na 19 na Ottoman Iraki. ©HistoryMaps
1850 Jan 1 - 1900

Ƙasar Larabawa a Ottoman Iraqi

Iraq
A karshen karni na 19, bullar kishin kasa ta Larabawa ta fara yin tasiri a kasar Iraki, kamar yadda aka yi a wasu sassan daular Usmaniyya.Wannan yunkuri na kishin kasa ya samu kwarin guiwa ne da abubuwa daban-daban, wadanda suka hada da rashin gamsuwa da mulkin Ottoman, tasirin ra'ayoyin Turawa, da karuwar fahimtar Larabawa.Masana ilimi da shugabannin siyasa a Iraki da yankunan da ke makwabtaka da su sun fara ba da shawarar samar da 'yancin cin gashin kai, a wasu lokuta kuma, cikakken 'yancin kai.Harkar Al-Nahda, farfagandar al'adu, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara tunanin Larabawa a wannan lokacin.Sauye-sauyen Tanzimat, da nufin sabunta mulkin Ottoman, ba da gangan ba ya bude taga tunanin Turai.Masana ilimin Larabawa irin su Rashid Rida da Jamal al-Din al-Afghani sun cinye wadannan ra'ayoyin, musamman ma dai kanun ra'ayi na cin gashin kai, kuma sun raba su ta jaridun Larabci masu tasowa kamar Al-Jawaa'ib.Waɗannan iri da aka buga sun sami tushe a cikin zukata masu haihuwa, suna haɓaka sabon fahimtar al'adun Larabawa da tarihi.Rashin gamsuwa da mulkin Ottoman ya samar da ƙasa mai albarka don waɗannan tsaba su tsiro.Masarautar, ta ƙara zama mai ruɗi da kuma daidaitawa, ta yi ƙoƙari don amsa bukatun al'ummominta daban-daban.A Iraki, mayar da martani ga tattalin arzikin da al'ummar Larabawa ke fuskanta, wadanda suke ganin an ware su daga dukiyar daular duk da kasa mai albarka.Rikicin addini ya kaure, inda mafi yawan al'ummar Shi'a ke fuskantar wariya da kuma takaita siyasa.Wawasiwa ta Pan-Arabism, da alkawarin hadin kai da karfafawa, sun yi ta ratsawa sosai a tsakanin wadannan al'ummomi da ba su da hakki.Abubuwan da suka faru a cikin daular sun rura wutar wayewar Larabawa.Tawaye irin na Nayef Pasha a 1827 da kuma na Dhia Pasha al-Shahir a 1843, ko da yake ba a fili kishin kasa ba, sun nuna rashin amincewa da mulkin Ottoman.A Iraki kanta, alkaluma irin su masanin Mirza Kazem Beg da kuma jami'in Ottoman dan asalin Iraki, Mahmoud Shawkat Pasha, sun ba da shawarar tabbatar da 'yancin kai na gida da zamanantar da su, da dasa iri don nan gaba yana kira ga cin gashin kai.Canje-canjen zamantakewa da al'adu suma sun taka rawa.Haɓaka ilimin karatu da yaɗuwar adabin Larabci da waƙa sun tada tushen al'adu ɗaya.Cibiyoyin sadarwa na kabilanci, duk da cewa sun fi mayar da hankali kan aminci na cikin gida, ba da gangan ba sun samar da tsarin haɗin kai na Larabawa, musamman a yankunan karkara.Hatta Musulunci, tare da ba da muhimmanci ga al'umma da hadin kai, ya taimaka wajen bunkasa wayewar Larabawa.Kishin kasa na Larabawa a Iraki na karni na 19 wani lamari ne mai sarkakiya kuma mai tasowa, ba dunkule guda daya ba.Yayin da al'ummar Larabawa ke ba da ra'ayi mai ban sha'awa na haɗin kai, bambancin ra'ayin kishin ƙasa na Iraqi zai sami ƙarfi a cikin karni na 20.Amma wadannan abubuwan tunzura jama'a na farko, wadanda suka bunkasa ta hanyar farkawa ta hankali, damuwar tattalin arziki, da tashe-tashen hankula na addini, sun kasance muhimmai wajen shimfida ginshikin fafutukar da za a yi a nan gaba na neman 'yancin kai na Larabawa a cikin daular Usmaniyya, daga baya kuma, kasar Iraki mai cin gashin kanta.
Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya a Iraki
A karshen shekara ta 1918 Burtaniya ta tura sojoji 112,000 na yaki a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Mesopotamiya.Yawancin sojojin 'British' a wannan yakin an dauko su ne daga Indiya. ©Anonymous
1914 Nov 6 - 1918 Nov 14

Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya a Iraki

Mesopotamia, Iraq
Yaƙin neman zaɓe na Mesopotamian, wani ɓangare na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Gabas ta Tsakiya a Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya , rikici ne tsakanin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙawance (mafi yawan Daular Biritaniya tare da sojoji daga Biritaniya, Ostiraliya, da galibin Birtaniyya Raj) da Ƙarfin Tsakiya, galibi daular Ottoman .[54] An ƙaddamar da shi a cikin 1914, yaƙin neman zaɓe na da nufin kare rijiyoyin mai na Anglo-Fara a cikin Khuzestan da Shatt al-Arab, daga ƙarshe ya kai ga wata babbar manufa ta kame Bagadaza da kuma karkatar da sojojin Ottoman daga wasu fagagen.An kammala kamfen din ne da Rundunar Sojin Mudros a shekarar 1918, wanda ya kai ga ficewar kasar Iraki da kuma kara raba daular Usmaniyya.Rikicin ya fara ne da wani yanki mai ban mamaki na Anglo-Indiya a Al-Faw, yana tafiya da sauri don tabbatar da Basra da kuma wuraren mai na Burtaniya a Farisa (yanzu Iran ).Kawancen sun sami nasarori da dama a bakin kogin Tigris da Furat, ciki har da kare Basra a yakin Shaiba da harin da Ottoman ya kai musu.Duk da haka, an dakatar da ci gaban Allied a Kut, kudu da Bagadaza, a cikin Disamba 1916. Siege na Kut na gaba ya ƙare da bala'i ga Allies, wanda ya kai ga mummunan cin nasara.[55]Bayan da aka sake shiryawa, dakarun kawance sun kaddamar da wani sabon farmaki na kwace birnin Bagadaza.Duk da tsayin daka na Ottoman, Baghdad ya fadi a cikin Maris 1917, sannan ya kara da Ottoman nasara har sai da Armistice a Mudros.Ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya da shan kashin da Daular Usmaniyya ta yi a shekara ta 1918 ya haifar da sake fasalin Gabas ta Tsakiya mai tsattsauran ra'ayi.Yarjejeniyar Sèvres a 1920 da yerjejeniyar Lausanne a 1923 sun wargaza daular Ottoman.A Iraki, wannan ya haifar da wani lokaci na wa'adin Birtaniyya, kamar yadda shawarar da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yanke.Wa'adin da aka wajabta shi ne kafuwar kasar Iraki ta zamani, wacce turawan Ingila suka zana iyakokinta, wadanda suka kunshi kabilu da addinai daban-daban.Umarnin na Burtaniya ya fuskanci ƙalubale, musamman tawayen Iraqi a shekara ta 1920 ga gwamnatin Birtaniya.Wannan ya kai ga taron Alkahira na 1921, inda aka yanke shawarar kafa daular Hashemite karkashin Faisal, wanda Birtaniyya ke da rinjaye a yankin.
1920
Iraqi ta zamaniornament
Tawayen Iraqi
Tawayen Iraqi na 1920. ©Anonymous
1920 May 1 - Oct

Tawayen Iraqi

Iraq
Tawayen Iraqi na 1920 ya fara ne a Bagadaza a lokacin bazara, wanda aka yi masa nuni da zanga-zangar adawa da mulkin Birtaniya.Abin da ya jawo wannan zanga-zangar ita ce bullo da sabbin dokokin mallakar filaye da harajin binnewa a Najaf da turawan Ingila suka yi.Tawayen dai ya kara karfi da sauri yayin da ya bazu zuwa yankunan da 'yan Shi'a suka fi rinjaye a kusa da tsakiya da kuma na kasa Firat.Babban jagoran Shi'a a tawayen shi ne Sheikh Mehdi Al-Khalissi.[56]Abin sha'awa, tawayen ya ga haɗin kai tsakanin al'ummomin addinin Sunni da Shi'a, ƙungiyoyin kabilanci, jama'ar birni, da yawancin jami'an Iraqi da ke Siriya.[57] Manufofin farko na juyin juya halin Musulunci shine samun 'yancin kai daga turawan Ingila da kafa gwamnatin Larabawa.[57 <] > Yayin da tawayen ya fara yin ɗan gaba, a ƙarshen Oktoba na 1920, Birtaniya sun murkushe ta da yawa, kodayake abubuwan da ke tattare da boren sun ci gaba da kai tsaye har zuwa 1922.Baya ga tashe-tashen hankula a kudanci, a shekarun 1920 a kasar Iraki kuma an yi ta tayar da kayar baya a yankunan arewa, musamman na Kurdawa.Burin Kurdawa na samun 'yancin kai ne ya jagoranci waɗannan tawaye.Daya daga cikin fitattun jagororin Kurdawa shi ne Sheikh Mahmoud Barzanji, wanda ya taka rawar gani a gwagwarmayar Kurdawa a wannan lokaci.Wadannan boren dai sun nuna irin kalubalen da sabuwar kasar Irakin ke fuskanta wajen tafiyar da kungiyoyin kabilu da mabambantan da ke cikin iyakokinta.
Iraqi ta wajaba
A shekarar 1921, Turawan Ingila suka nada Faisal na daya a matsayin Sarkin Iraki. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1921 Jan 1 - 1932

Iraqi ta wajaba

Iraq
Iraqi ta wajaba, wadda aka kafa a shekara ta 1921 a karkashin ikon Birtaniyya, tana wakiltar wani muhimmin lokaci a tarihin Iraqi na zamani.Wa'adin ya kasance sakamakon rugujewar Daular Ottoman bayan yakin duniya na daya da kuma raba yankunanta na gaba kamar yadda yarjejeniyar Sèvres ta 1920 da yerjejeniyar Lausanne a 1923.A shekara ta 1921, turawan ingila suka nada Faisal na daya a matsayin sarkin kasar Iraqi, bayan da ya shiga cikin tawayen larabawa da suka yi da Daular Usmaniyya da kuma taron Alkahira.Mulkin Faisal na farko shine farkon daular Hashemite a Iraqi, wanda ya kasance har zuwa shekara ta 1958. Wa'adin mulkin Birtaniya, yayin da yake kafa tsarin mulkin tsarin mulki da tsarin majalisar dokoki, ya kasance mai iko sosai a kan harkokin mulki, soja, da harkokin waje na Iraki.A lokacin an sami ci gaba mai ma'ana a cikin ababen more rayuwa na Iraki, wadanda suka hada da kafa cibiyoyin ilimi na zamani, gina layin dogo, da bunkasa masana'antar mai.Gano man fetur a Mosul a shekarar 1927 da Kamfanin Man Fetur na Iraki mallakar Birtaniyya ya yi tasiri sosai a fannin tattalin arziki da siyasar yankin.Duk da haka, lokacin wa'adin kuma ya kasance alamar rashin jin daɗi da tawaye ga mulkin Burtaniya.Wani abin lura shi ne babban juyin juya halin Iraqi na 1920, wani gagarumin boren da ya yi tasiri sosai wajen kafa kasar Iraqi.Wannan tawaye ya sa Birtaniyya ta kafa wani sarki mai bin doka da oda kuma daga karshe ya kai ga samun 'yancin kai na Iraki.A cikin 1932, Iraki ta sami 'yancin kai daga Burtaniya, kodayake tasirin Burtaniya ya kasance mai mahimmanci.Wannan juyin mulki ya kasance alama ce ta yarjejeniyar Anglo-Iraki ta 1930, wadda ta ba da damar samun wani mataki na mulkin kai na Iraqi tare da tabbatar da bukatun Birtaniya, musamman a harkokin soja da na waje.Iraqi ta wajaba ce ta kafa harsashin mulkin Iraqi na zamani, amma kuma ta shuka rigingimun da za su faru nan gaba, musamman game da rarrabuwar kabilanci da addini.Manufofin wa'adin mulkin Birtaniyya sukan kara ta'azzara rikice-rikicen kabilanci, tare da shimfida ginshikin rikicin siyasa da na zamantakewa daga baya a yankin.
Masarautar Iraqi mai zaman kanta
Yaduwar sojojin Birtaniyya a titin Al-Rashid a lokacin juyin mulkin Bakr Sidqi ( juyin mulkin soja na farko a Iraki da kasashen Larabawa) a shekara ta 1936. ©Anonymous
1932 Jan 1 - 1958

Masarautar Iraqi mai zaman kanta

Iraq
Kafa mamayar Larabawa 'yan Sunni a Iraki ya haifar da gagarumin tarzoma a tsakanin al'ummomin Assuriya, Yazidi, da Shi'a, wadanda suka gamu da mummunan murkushe su.A cikin 1936, Iraki ta fuskanci juyin mulkin farko na soja, karkashin jagorancin Bakr Sidqi, wanda ya maye gurbin mukaddashin Firayim Minista da wani abokinsa.Wannan taron ya haifar da wani lokaci na rashin zaman lafiya na siyasa da ke tattare da juyin mulki da yawa, wanda ya ƙare a 1941.Yakin duniya na biyu ya kara samun tashin hankali a Iraki.A shekara ta 1941 ne jami'an dandalin Golden Square karkashin jagorancin Rashid Ali suka hambarar da gwamnatin Regent 'Abd al-Ilah.Wannan gwamnatin da ke goyon bayan Nazi ba ta daɗe ba, ta ci nasara a watan Mayu 1941 a hannun sojojin ƙawance, tare da taimakon ƙungiyoyin Assuriya da Kurdawa na gida, a yakin Anglo-Iraki.Bayan yakin, Iraki ta kasance tushe mai mahimmanci ga ayyukan kawance da Vichy-Faransa a Siriya kuma sun goyi bayan mamayewar Anglo-Soviet na Iran .Iraki ta zama mamba a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kuma kafa kungiyar hadin kan Larabawa a shekara ta 1945. A wannan shekarar ne shugaban Kurdawa Mustafa Barzani ya kaddamar da tawaye ga gwamnatin tsakiyar Bagadaza, wanda ya kai ga gudun hijira a Tarayyar Soviet bayan rashin nasarar boren.A shekara ta 1948, Iraki ta ga zanga-zangar Al-Wathbah, jerin zanga-zangar da aka yi a Bagadaza tare da goyon bayan 'yan gurguzu, na adawa da yarjejeniyar gwamnati da Birtaniya .Rikicin, wanda ya ci gaba har zuwa bazara, ya dakatar da aiwatar da dokar soja yayin da Iraki ta shiga yakin Larabawa da Isra'ila da bai yi nasara ba.A shekara ta 1958 Sarki Hussein na Jordan da Abd al-Ilah ne suka samar da haɗin kan Larabawa-Hāshimite, martani ga ƙungiyarMasar da Siriya.Firayim Ministan Iraki Nuri as-Said ya yi hasashen hada Kuwait a cikin wannan kungiyar.Sai dai tattaunawar da aka yi da shugaban Kuwait Shaykh 'Abd-Allāh as-Salim ya haifar da rikici da Birtaniya, wanda ke adawa da 'yancin kai na Kuwaiti.Masarautar Iraqi, wadda ke ƙara zama saniyar ware, ta dogara da zalunci na siyasa a ƙarƙashin Nuri as-Said don kwantar da rashin jin daɗi.
Anglo-Iraki War
Gloster Gladiators na No. 94 Squadron RAF Detachment, da Larabawa Legionnaires ke gadi, mai a lokacin tafiya daga Ismailia, Misira, don ƙarfafa Habbaniya. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1941 May 2 - May 31

Anglo-Iraki War

Iraq
Yakin Anglo-Iraki, wani gagarumin rikici a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu , wani yakin soji ne na kawancen kawancen Birtaniya karkashin jagorancin Rashid Gaylani.Gaylani ya hau karagar mulki a juyin mulkin kasar Iraqi a shekara ta 1941 tare da goyon bayan Jamus daItaliya .Sakamakon wannan yakin dai shi ne faduwar gwamnatin Gaylani, da sake mamaye kasar Iraki da sojojin Birtaniya suka yi, da kuma mayar da Yarima Abd al-Ilah mai goyon bayan Birtaniyya kan karagar mulki.Tun daga shekara ta 1921, Iraqi ta zama dole a karkashin mulkin Birtaniya.Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Iraqi ta 1930, wadda aka kafa kafin Iraqi ta sami 'yancin kai a 1932, ta fuskanci adawa daga masu kishin kasar Iraki, ciki har da Rashid Ali al-Gaylani.Duk da kasancewarta mai tsaka-tsaki a karkashin Regent Abd al-Ilah, gwamnatin Iraki ta karkata ga Birtaniya.A watan Afrilun 1941, 'yan kishin kasar Iraki, tare da goyon bayan Jamus na Nazi da Italiya, suka kitsa juyin mulkin da aka yi a dandalin Golden, inda suka hambarar da Abd al-Ilah tare da nada al-Gaylani a matsayin Firayim Minista.Kafa alakar Al-Gaylani da masu karfin Axis ne ya sa kasashen kawance suka shiga tsakani, domin kasar Iraki tana nan a matsayin gadar kasa da ta hada sojojin Burtaniya aMasar daIndiya .Rikicin ya yi kamari inda aka kai hare-hare ta sama a kan Iraki a ranar 2 ga Mayu.Wadannan ayyukan soji sun kai ga rugujewar gwamnatin al-Gaylani tare da maido da Abd al-Ilah a matsayin mai rike da madafun iko, wanda ya karfafa tasirin kawance a Gabas ta Tsakiya.
Jamhuriyar Iraqi
Soja a rugujewar ma'aikatar tsaro bayan juyin juya halin Ramadan ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1958 Jan 1 - 1968

Jamhuriyar Iraqi

Iraq
Zaman jamhuriyar Iraqi, daga 1958 zuwa 1968, wani zamani ne mai sauyi a tarihin Iraqi.Ya faro ne da juyin juya halin 14 ga watan Yuli a shekara ta 1958, lokacin da sojoji karkashin jagorancin Birgediya Janar Abdul Karim Qasim da Kanar Abdul Salam Arif suka hambarar da masarautar Hashimiya.Wannan juyin juya halin ya kawo karshen mulkin da Sarki Faisal na daya ya kafa a shekara ta 1921 karkashin mulkin Birtaniya, inda ya mayar da kasar Iraki a matsayin jamhuriya.Abdul Karim Qasim ya zama Firayi Minista na farko kuma jagoran sabuwar jamhuriyar.Mulkinsa (1958 – 1963) ya sami gagarumin sauye-sauye na zamantakewa da siyasa, gami da gyare-gyaren ƙasa da inganta jin daɗin jama’a.Qasim ya kuma janye Iraki daga yarjejeniyar Bagadaza mai goyon bayan yammacin Bagadaza, ya nemi daidaita alaka tsakanin Tarayyar Soviet da kasashen Yamma, ya kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen mayar da masana'antar mai na Iraki kasa a shekarar 1961.Lokacin ya kasance da rashin zaman lafiya da rikici na siyasa, tare da tashe-tashen hankula tsakanin 'yan gurguzu da masu kishin kasa, da kuma tsakanin kungiyoyin kasashen Larabawa daban-daban.A shekarar 1963, juyin mulkin da jam'iyyar Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party ta yi, tare da goyon bayan sojoji, ya hambarar da gwamnatin Qasim.Abdul Salam Arif ya zama shugaban kasa, inda ya jagoranci kasar zuwa kishin kasa Larabawa.Sai dai mulkin Arif bai dade ba;Ya mutu a hadarin helikwafta a 1966.Bayan rasuwar Arif, dan uwansa, Abdul Rahman Arif, ya hau kujerar shugabancin kasar.Zamansa (1966 – 1968) ya ci gaba da tabarbarewar tabarbarewar siyasa, inda Iraki ke fuskantar kalubalen tattalin arziki da karuwar tashe-tashen hankula a tsakanin al’umma.Mulkin ‘yan’uwan Arif bai kai na Qasim akida ba, inda ya fi mayar da hankali kan tabbatar da zaman lafiya da rage sauye-sauyen zamantakewa da tattalin arziki.Zamanin Jamhuriyar Iraki ya kare da wani juyin mulkin Ba'ath a shekara ta 1968, karkashin jagorancin Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr, wanda ya zama shugaban kasa.Wannan juyin mulki shi ne mafarin tsawaita wa'adin mulkin jam'iyyar Baath a kasar Iraki, wanda ya kai har zuwa shekara ta 2003. Shekaru goma na Jamhuriyar Irakin daga 1958-1968 ya kafa tushen samar da gagarumin sauye-sauye a harkokin siyasa, zamantakewa, da matsayinta a duniya. fagen fama.
Juyin Juya Halin 14 Yuli
Taron mutane da sojoji a cikin garin Amman, Jordan, suna kallon rahoton labarai game da tuhume-tuhumen, 14 Yuli 1958 ©Anonymous
1958 Jul 14

Juyin Juya Halin 14 Yuli

Iraq
Juyin juya hali na 14 ga Yuli, wanda kuma aka fi sani da juyin mulkin soja na Iraki na 1958, ya faru ne a ranar 14 ga Yulin 1958 a Iraki, wanda ya kai ga hambarar da Sarki Faisal II da Masarautar Iraki karkashin jagorancin Hashemi.Wannan taron ya yi nuni da kafa jamhuriyar Iraqi tare da kawo karshen gajeriyar kungiyar Hashemi ta Larabawa tsakanin Iraki da Jordan, wadda aka kafa watanni shida kacal.Bayan yakin duniya na biyu , daular Iraqi ta zama cibiyar kishin kasa ta Larabawa.Matsalolin tattalin arziki da adawa mai karfi ga tasirin kasashen yammacin duniya, sakamakon shigar kasar Iraki cikin yarjejeniyar Bagadaza a shekarar 1955 da kuma goyon bayan da sarki Faisal ya bayar ga mamayar da Birtaniya ta yi waMasar a lokacin rikicin Suez, ya kara ruruta wutar rikici.Manufofin Firayim Minista Nuri al-Said, musamman wadanda ba su da farin jini a tsakanin jami'an soji, sun haifar da shirya adawa a boye, wanda kungiyar Free Officers Movement ta Masar ta yi wahayi zuwa ga juyin mulkin Masar a shekara ta 1952. An kara karfafa ra'ayin Pan-Arab a Iraki saboda kafa Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa. Jamhuriyar Gamal Abdel Nasser a watan Fabrairun 1958.A cikin watan Yulin 1958, yayin da aka aike da rundunonin sojojin Iraki don tallafa wa Sarki Hussein na Jordan, Jami'an 'Yanci na Iraki, karkashin jagorancin Brigadier Abd al-Karim Qasim da Kanar Abdul Salam Arif, sun ba da himma a wannan lokacin don ci gaban Bagadaza.A ranar 14 ga watan Yuli ne wadannan dakarun juyin juya hali suka karbe iko da babban birnin kasar, inda suka ayyana sabuwar jamhuriya tare da kafa majalisar juyin juya hali.Juyin mulkin dai ya yi sanadin kashe Sarki Faisal da Yarima mai jiran gado Abd al-Ilah a fadar sarki, wanda ya kawo karshen daular Hashimiya a kasar Iraki.Firayim Minista al-Said, yana ƙoƙarin tserewa, an kama shi kuma aka kashe shi washegari.Bayan juyin mulkin, Qasim ya zama firayim minista kuma ministan tsaro, inda Arif ya zama mataimakin firaminista da ministan harkokin cikin gida.An kafa tsarin mulki na wucin gadi a karshen watan Yuli.A watan Maris 1959, sabuwar gwamnatin Iraqi ta nisanta kanta daga yarjejeniyar Baghdad kuma ta fara daidaitawa da Tarayyar Soviet.
Yakin Iraqi-Kurdawa na farko
Babban hafsan Iraqi a cikin Harkar Arewa, Khaleel Jassim wanda ya kafa rundunonin haske 'Jash' da runduna ta Commando, na daya daga hannun dama da Ibrahim Faisal Al-Ansari kwamandan runduna ta biyu ta uku daga hannun dama a arewacin Iraki 1966 ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1961 Sep 11 - 1970 Mar

Yakin Iraqi-Kurdawa na farko

Kurdistān, Iraq
Yakin Iraqi da Kurdawa na farko, wani gagarumin rikici a tarihin Iraqi, ya faru ne tsakanin 1961 zuwa 1970. Ya fara ne lokacin da jam'iyyar Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP), karkashin jagorancin Mustafa Barzani, ta kaddamar da tawaye a arewacin Iraki a watan Satumba na 1961. Yakin ya kasance a farko. gwagwarmayar da al'ummar Kurdawa ke yi na samun 'yancin cin gashin kai da gwamnatin Iraki.A farkon rikicin, gwamnatin Iraki karkashin jagorancin Abdul Karim Qasim, daga baya kuma ta jam'iyyar Ba'ath ta fuskanci kalubale wajen murkushe gwagwarmayar Kurdawa.Mayakan Kurdawa, wadanda aka fi sani da Peshmerga, sun yi amfani da dabarun sari-ka-noke, inda suka yi amfani da masaniyar da suka saba da yankin tsaunuka na arewacin Iraki.Daya daga cikin muhimman lokuta a yakin shine sauyin shugabancin Iraqi a shekarar 1963, lokacin da jam'iyyar Ba'ath ta kifar da mulkin Qasim.Gwamnatin Ba'ath, wacce tun farko ta fi kai hari kan Kurdawa, daga karshe ta nemi hanyar diflomasiyya.Rikicin ya ga shiga tsakani na kasashen waje, tare da kasashe irin su Iran da Amurka suna ba da goyon baya ga Kurdawa don raunana gwamnatin Iraki, wadda ke da dangantaka ta kud da kud da Tarayyar Soviet .An yi yakin ne da tsagaita bude wuta da tattaunawa.Yarjejeniyar Algiers a shekarar 1970, wanda shugaban kasar Aljeriya Houari Boumediene ya jagoranta, ya kasance wani muhimmin al'amari da ya kawo karshen tashin hankali na wani dan lokaci.Wannan yarjejeniya ta baiwa Kurdawa 'yancin cin gashin kai a yankin, amincewa da harshen Kurdawa a hukumance, da wakilci a gwamnati.Sai dai ba a cika aiwatar da yarjejeniyar ba, wanda hakan zai haifar da rigingimu a nan gaba.Yakin Iraqi da Kurdawa na farko ya kafa kafa mai sarkakiya tsakanin gwamnatin Iraki da al'ummar Kurdawa, tare da batutuwan cin gashin kansu da wakilcin da suka rage a cikin gwagwarmayar Kurdawan da suka biyo baya a Iraki.
Juyin Juya Halin Ramadan
An saukar da wata alama mai dauke da hoton Qasim a lokacin juyin mulkin ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1963 Feb 8 - Feb 10

Juyin Juya Halin Ramadan

Iraq
Juyin juya halin Ramadan, wanda ya faru a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, 1963, ya kasance wani muhimmin al'amari a tarihin kasar Iraki, wanda ke nuni da hambarar da gwamnatin Qasim mai mulki a lokacin da jam'iyyar Ba'ath ta yi.Juyin juya halin ya faru ne a cikin watan Ramadan mai alfarma, don haka sunansa.Abdul Karim Qasim, wanda ya kasance Fira Minista tun juyin mulkin 1958, kawancen Ba'athists, Nasserists, da sauran kungiyoyin Larabawa sun hambarar da shi.Wannan kawancen bai gamsu da shugabancin Qasim ba, musamman ma siyasarsa na rashin jituwa da rashin shiga jamhuriyar Larabawa, kawancen siyasa tsakaninMasar da Syria.Jam'iyyar Ba'ath tare da kawayenta ne suka kitsa juyin mulkin.Manyan mutane sun hada da Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr da Abdul Salam Arif.Juyin mulkin dai ya yi fama da tashe-tashen hankula, inda aka samu hasarar rayuka da dama, ciki har da shi kansa Qasim, wanda aka kama aka kashe shi jim kadan bayan haka.Bayan juyin mulkin, jam'iyyar Ba'ath ta kafa Majalisar Komandan Juyin Juya Hali (RCC) don gudanar da mulkin Iraki.An nada Abdul Salam Arif Shugaban kasa, yayin da al-Bakr ya zama Firayim Minista.To sai dai kuma ba da jimawa ba aka samu rikicin cikin gida a cikin sabuwar gwamnati, wanda ya kai ga sake yin juyin mulki a watan Nuwamban 1963. Wannan juyin mulki ya kori jam'iyyar Baath daga mulki, duk da cewa za su dawo kan karagar mulki a shekarar 1968.Juyin juya halin Ramadan ya yi tasiri sosai a fagen siyasar Iraki.Wannan dai shi ne karon farko da jam'iyyar Ba'ath ta samu madafun iko a kasar Iraki, lamarin da ya kafa tsarin mulkin da za su yi a nan gaba, ciki har da hawan Saddam Hussein.Har ila yau, ta kara dagula shigar Iraki cikin harkokin siyasar kasashen Larabawa, kuma ta kasance mafari ga jerin juyin mulki da rikice-rikicen cikin gida da za su nuna siyasar Iraki shekaru da dama.
Juyin Juya Halin 17 Yuli
Hassan al-Bakr, babban wanda ya shirya juyin mulkin ya hau kujerar shugaban kasa a 1968. ©Anonymous
1968 Jul 17

Juyin Juya Halin 17 Yuli

Iraq
Juyin juya halin 17 ga Yuli, wani muhimmin lamari a tarihin Iraqi, ya faru ne a ranar 17 ga Yulin 1968. Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr, Abd ar-Razzaq an-Naif, da Abd ar-Rahman al-Dawud ne suka shirya wannan juyin mulki ba tare da jinni ba.Hakan ya haifar da hambarar da gwamnatin shugaba Abdul Rahman Arif da firaminista Tahir Yahya, wanda hakan ya ba da dama ga reshen yankin Iraqi na jam'iyyar Socialist Baath Party ta Larabawa ta karbi mulki.Manyan jigogin Ba'ath a juyin mulkin da kuma wanke-wanken siyasar da suka biyo baya sun hada da Hardan al-Tikriti, Salih Mahdi Ammash, da Saddam Hussein, wanda daga baya ya zama shugaban kasar Iraki.Juyin mulkin dai ya fi kaiwa Firaminista Yahya, dan Nasserist wanda ya yi amfani da rikicin siyasar da ya biyo bayan yakin kwanaki shida na watan Yunin 1967.Yahya ya yunkuro ne kan mayar da Kamfanin Mai na Iraqi IPC mallakin kasashen Yamma don yin amfani da man Iraqi a matsayin wani abin da zai iya kaiwa Isra’ila.Duk da haka, an sami cikakken mayar da IPC kasa a cikin 1972 a karkashin mulkin Baathist.Bayan juyin mulkin, sabuwar gwamnatin Ba'ath a Iraki ta mayar da hankali wajen karfafa ikonta.Ta yi Allah wadai da tsoma bakin da Amurka da Isra'ila suka yi, inda ta kashe mutane 14, ciki har da Yahudawan Iraki 9 kan zargin leken asiri na karya, sannan ta yi fatali da wanke 'yan adawar siyasa.Haka kuma gwamnatin ta yi kokarin karfafa alakar gargajiya ta Iraki da Tarayyar Soviet.Jam'iyyar Ba'ath ta ci gaba da mulkinta tun daga juyin juya halin Yuli 17 har zuwa 2003 lokacin da wani hari da sojojin Amurka da na Birtaniya suka jagoranta suka fatattake ta.Yana da matukar muhimmanci a bambanta juyin juya halin 17 ga Yuli da juyin juya halin 14 ga Yuli na 1958, wanda ya kawo karshen daular Hashimiya kuma ya kafa Jamhuriyar Iraki, da kuma juyin juya halin Ramadan na 8 Fabrairu 1963, wanda ya fara kawo jam'iyyar Baath ta Iraki a matsayin wani bangare. na gwamnatin hadin gwiwa na gajeren lokaci.
Iraqi karkashin Saddam Hussein
Shugaban kasar Iraqi, Saddam Hussein, sanye da kakin soji ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1979 Jan 1

Iraqi karkashin Saddam Hussein

Iraq
hawan Saddam Hussein kan karagar mulki a Iraqi ya kasance alama ce ta dabarun karfafa tasiri da iko.A shekara ta 1976, ya zama janar a cikin sojojin Iraqi, da sauri ya zama babban jigon gwamnati.Yayin da lafiyar shugaba Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr ta ragu, Saddam ya kara zama fuskar gwamnatin Iraqi, a cikin gida da kuma harkokin kasa da kasa.Ya zama mai tsara manufofin ketare na Iraki yadda ya kamata, yana wakiltar al'ummar kasar a harkokin diflomasiyya kuma a hankali ya zama jagora na hakika shekaru kafin hawansa kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 1979.A wannan lokacin, Saddam ya mayar da hankali wajen karfafa matsayinsa a cikin jam'iyyar Baath.Ya ƙulla dangantaka da ƴan jam'iyya masu mahimmanci, tare da kafa tushe mai aminci da tasiri.Hankalinsa ba wai don samun abokan zama kadai ba ne, har ma da tabbatar da ikonsa a cikin jam’iyya da gwamnati.A cikin 1979, wani gagarumin ci gaba ya faru a lokacin da al-Bakr ya ƙaddamar da yerjejeniya da Siriya, wanda kuma gwamnatin Ba'ath ta jagoranta, da nufin haɗa kan ƙasashen biyu.A karkashin wannan shiri, shugaban Syria Hafiz al-Assad zai zama mataimakin shugaban kungiyar, matakin da ka iya yin barazana ga makomar siyasar Saddam.Da yake jin haɗarin kasancewa a gefe, Saddam ya ɗauki matakin da ya dace don tabbatar da ikonsa.Ya tilasta wa al-Bakr da ya yi murabus a ranar 16 ga Yulin 1979, sannan ya zama shugaban kasar Iraki, tare da karfafa ikonsa kan kasar da alkiblar siyasarta.Iraki a karkashin gwamnatin Saddam Hussein, daga 1979 zuwa 2003, lokaci ne na mulkin kama karya da rikice-rikicen yanki.Saddam, wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a matsayin shugaban kasar Iraki a shekara ta 1979, cikin gaggawa ya kafa gwamnatin kama-karya, ta hanyar karkatar da mulki tare da murkushe adawar siyasa.Daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru a farkon mulkin Saddam shi ne yakin Iran -Iraki daga 1980 zuwa 1988. Wannan rikici da kasar Iraki ta faro a kokarin da take yi na kwace iko da yankunan Iran masu arzikin man fetur da kuma tinkarar tasirin juyin juya halin Musulunci na Iran, ya yi sanadin hasarar rayuka da dama. rudanin tattalin arziki ga kasashen biyu.Yakin dai ya kawo karshe cikin rashin nasara, ba tare da wani takamaimen nasara ba, kuma yayi mummunar illa ga tattalin arziki da al'ummar Iraki.A karshen shekarun 1980, gwamnatin Saddam ta yi kaurin suna wajen yakin Al-Anfal kan al'ummar Kurdawa a arewacin Iraki.Wannan kamfen ya shafi cin zarafi da dama da suka hada da amfani da makamai masu guba a wurare irin su Halabja a shekarar 1988, wanda ya yi sanadin salwantar fararen hula da matsugunansu.Mamayewar Kuwait a 1990 ya nuna wani muhimmin batu a mulkin Saddam.Wannan zaluncin ya kai ga yakin Gulf a shekarar 1991, yayin da rundunar hadin gwiwa karkashin jagorancin Amurka ta shiga tsakani wajen korar sojojin Iraki daga Kuwait.Yakin dai ya haifar da mummunar kaye ga kasar Iraki tare da sanya Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tsaurara takunkumin tattalin arziki.A cikin shekarun 1990, gwamnatin Saddam ta fuskanci kebewar kasa da kasa saboda wadannan takunkuman, wadanda suka yi mummunar tasiri ga tattalin arzikin Iraki da kuma jin dadin jama'arta.Har ila yau, gwamnatin na fuskantar binciken makaman kare-dangi (WMDs), ko da yake ba a samu ko daya ba.Babi na karshe na mulkin Saddam ya zo ne da mamayar da Amurka ta yi wa Iraki a shekara ta 2003, bisa zargin kawar da zargin da Iraki ke yi na mallakar WMD da kuma kawo karshen mulkin zalunci na Saddam.Wannan mamayewa ya kai ga rugujewar gwamnatin Saddam cikin gaggawa, daga karshe kuma aka kama shi a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2003. Daga baya wata kotun kasar Iraki ta yi shari'ar Saddam Hussein da kuma yanke masa hukuncin kisa a shekara ta 2006 saboda laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama, wanda ke nuna karshen daya daga cikin lokuta mafi muni a tarihin Iraki na zamani. .
Iran-Iraki War
Kwamandojin Iraqi suna tattaunawa kan dabarun yaki, 1986 ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1980 Sep 22 - 1988 Aug 20

Iran-Iraki War

Iran
Burin Iraqi na yankin da ke makwabtaka da ita za a iya gano shi tun bayan yakin duniya na daya da kasashen Entente suka yi.A cikin 1919-1920, lokacin da aka raba daular Ottoman , an yi shawarwari don kafa kasar Larabawa mai girma da ta ƙunshi sassan gabashin Siriya, kudu maso gabashin Turkiyya , duk Kuwait, da yankunan kan iyakar Iran .An kwatanta wannan hangen nesa a cikin taswirar Turanci daga 1920.Yaƙin Iran da Iraqi (1980-1988), wanda kuma aka sani da Qādisiyyat-Sadām, ya kasance sakamako ne kai tsaye na waɗannan rigingimun yanki.Yakin ya yi tsada kuma bai dace ba, ya lalata tattalin arzikin Iraki.Duk da shelanta nasara da Iraqi ta yi a shekara ta 1988, sakamakon da gaske ya kasance komawa kan iyakokin da aka yi kafin yakin.Rikicin dai ya faro ne tun lokacin da Iraqi ta mamaye Iran a ranar 22 ga watan Satumban shekarar 1980. Wannan mataki dai ya shafi tarihin rigingimun kan iyaka da damuwa kan rikicin Shi'a tsakanin mabiya Shi'a mafiya rinjaye a Iraki, wanda juyin juya halin Iran ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi.Iraki na da nufin tabbatar da mamaye Tekun Fasha, ta maye gurbin Iran, kuma ta sami goyon baya daga Amurka .[58]Duk da haka, harin farko na Iraqi ya samu nasara mai iyaka.A watan Yunin 1982, Iran ta sake dawo da kusan dukkanin yankunan da aka rasa, kuma a cikin shekaru shida masu zuwa, Iran ta kasance mafi yawan hare-haren.Duk da kiran da Kwamitin Sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya yi na tsagaita bude wuta, yakin ya ci gaba har zuwa ranar 20 ga watan Agustan 1988. Ya kammala da yarjejeniyar tsagaita bude wuta da MDD ta yi karkashin kuduri mai lamba 598, wanda bangarorin biyu suka amince da shi.An dauki makonni da yawa sojojin Iran suna janyewa daga yankin Iraki tare da mutunta iyakokin kasa da kasa kafin yakin kamar yadda yarjejeniyar Algiers ta 1975 ta bayyana.An yi musayar fursunonin yaƙi na ƙarshe a 2003. [59]Yakin ya yi asarar dimbin mutane da tattalin arziki, inda aka yi kiyasin sojoji rabin miliyan da fararen hula daga bangarorin biyu suka mutu.Duk da haka, yakin bai haifar da sauye-sauye na yanki ba ko kuma ramuwa.Rikicin ya yi kama da dabarun yakin duniya na daya, ciki har da yakin basasa, amfani da makamai masu guba kamar gas mustard da Iraki ta yi a kan sojojin Iran da fararen hula, da kuma Kurdawan Iraki.Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da amfani da makami mai guba amma ba ta ayyana Iraki a matsayin ita kadai mai amfani da ita ba.Wannan ya haifar da sukar cewa al'ummomin duniya sun ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin halin da ake ciki yayin da Iraki ta yi amfani da makamai masu linzami.[60]
Harin Iraqi na Kuwait &amp; yakin Gulf
Zakin Babila babban tankunan yaƙi, tankin yaƙi gama-gari na Iraqi da sojojin Iraqi suka yi amfani da su a yakin Gulf. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1990 Aug 2 - 1991 Feb 28

Harin Iraqi na Kuwait & yakin Gulf

Kuwait
Yakin Gulf , rikici tsakanin Iraki da kawancen kasashe 42 karkashin jagorancin Amurka , ya kunno kai a manyan matakai guda biyu: Operation Garkuwan Desert da Operation Desert Storm.Operation Desert Shield ya fara ne a watan Agustan 1990 a matsayin ginin soji kuma ya koma Operation Desert Storm tare da wani harin bam ta sama a ranar 17 ga Janairu 1991. Yaƙin ya ƙare a cikin 'Yancin Kuwait a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu 1991.Harin da Iraqi ta yi wa Kuwait a ranar 2 ga Agustan 1990, wanda ya haifar da mamayenta gaba daya a cikin kwanaki biyu, ya haifar da rikici.Da farko Iraki ta kafa gwamnatin 'yar tsana, "Jamhuriyar Kuwait," kafin ta hade Kuwait.Haɗin kai ya raba Kuwait kashi biyu: " Gundumar Saddamiyat al-Mitla " da "Gwamnan Kuwait."Gwagwarmayar tattalin arzikin Iraki ne ya jagoranci mamayewa, musamman rashin iya biyan bashin dala biliyan 14 ga Kuwait daga yakin Iran -Iraki.Kara yawan man da Kuwait ta yi, wanda ya zarce adadin OPEC, ya kara dagula tattalin arzikin Iraki ta hanyar rage farashin mai a duniya.Iraki na kallon ayyukan Kuwait a matsayin yakin tattalin arziki, wanda ya kai ga mamayewa.Kasashen duniya da suka hada da kwamitin sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNSC) sun yi tir da matakin na Iraki.Kudirin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai lamba 660 da 661 ya sanyawa Iraki takunkumin tattalin arziki.Amurka, karkashin Shugaba George HW Bush, da Birtaniya, karkashin Firayim Minista Margaret Thatcher, sun tura dakaru zuwa Saudi Arabia, suna kira ga sauran kasashe su yi haka.Wannan ya kai ga kafa babban kawancen soja, mafi girma tun bayan yakin duniya na biyu , tare da gagarumar gudunmawa daga Amurka, Saudiyya , Birtaniya , daMasar .Saudiyya da gwamnatin Kuwaiti da ke gudun hijira sun ba da wani kaso mai tsoka na kudaden kawancen.Kudirin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai lamba 678, wanda aka zartar a ranar 29 ga Nuwamba 1990, ya baiwa Iraki wa'adin har zuwa 15 ga Janairun 1991 ta janye daga Kuwait, tare da ba da izinin "dukkan hanyoyin da suka dace" bayan wa'adin tilastawa Iraki fita.Hadaddiyar kungiyar ta fara kai hare-hare ta sama da na ruwa a ranar 17 ga Janairun 1991, wanda ya ci gaba har tsawon makonni biyar.A cikin wannan lokaci, Iraki ta kaddamar da hare-haren makamai masu linzami kan Isra'ila, da fatan tada hankalin Isra'ila wanda zai wargaza kawancen.Duk da haka, Isra'ila ba ta mayar da martani ba, kuma kawancen ya ci gaba da kasancewa.Har ila yau Iraqi ta kai hari kan dakarun hadin gwiwa a Saudiyya da karancin nasara.A ranar 24 ga Fabrairun 1991, kawancen ya kaddamar da wani gagarumin hari ta kasa a Kuwait, tare da 'yantar da shi cikin sauri tare da shiga cikin kasar Iraki.An ayyana tsagaita bude wuta sa'o'i dari bayan fara kai hare-hare ta kasa.Yaƙin Gulf ya yi fice saboda watsa labarai kai tsaye daga sahun gaba, musamman ta CNN, wanda ya sa aka yi masa lakabi da "Yaƙin Wasan Bidiyo" saboda hotuna da aka watsa daga kyamarori a kan masu bama-bamai na Amurka.Yakin ya kunshi wasu manyan fadace-fadacen tankokin yaki a tarihin sojojin Amurka.
Mamaya na Iraki
Sojojin Amurka sun ba da tsaro a sintiri a kafa a Ramadi, 16 ga Agusta, 2006 ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
2003 Jan 1 - 2011

Mamaya na Iraki

Iraq
Mamaya na Iraki, daga 2003 zuwa 2011 ya fara da mamayewar da Amurka ta jagoranta a watan Maris na 2003. Mamaya na da nufin wargaza gwamnatin Saddam Hussein, bisa hujjar kawar da makaman kare dangi (WMDs), wadanda ba a taba samun su ba.Kamfen na soja cikin gaggawa ya haifar da rugujewar gwamnatin Ba'ath.Bayan faduwar Saddam Hussein an kafa hukumar wucin gadi ta hadin gwiwa (CPA) karkashin jagorancin Amurka don gudanar da mulkin kasar Iraki.Paul Bremer, a matsayinsa na shugaban CPA, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a matakin farko na mamayar, inda ya aiwatar da manufofi kamar wargaza sojojin Iraki da kuma kawar da Ba'ath na al'ummar Iraki.Wadannan yanke shawara sun yi tasiri na dogon lokaci kan kwanciyar hankali da tsaron Iraki.Zaman mamayar ya ga bullar kungiyoyin 'yan tada kayar baya, da tashe-tashen hankula na kabilanci, da kuma tsawaita yakin da ya shafi al'ummar Iraki.Tawagar dai ta kasance da kungiyoyi iri-iri da suka hada da tsoffin Ba'ath, masu kishin Islama, da mayaka na kasashen waje, lamarin da ya haifar da sarkakiyar yanayin tsaro.A shekara ta 2004, an mayar da mulkin mallaka a hukumance ga gwamnatin rikon kwarya ta Iraqi.Duk da haka, kasancewar sojojin kasashen waje, galibin sojojin Amurka, ya ci gaba.A lokacin dai an gudanar da zabuka masu muhimmanci da dama, ciki har da zaben 'yan majalisar rikon kwarya a watan Janairun shekara ta 2005, da zaben raba gardama na kundin tsarin mulkin kasar a watan Oktoban shekarar 2005, da zaben 'yan majalisar dokoki na farko a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2005, wanda ke nuna matakan kafa tsarin dimokuradiyya a Iraki.Halin da ake ciki a kasar Iraki ya kara dagulewa sakamakon kasantuwar da ayyukan kungiyoyin 'yan bindiga daban-daban, wadanda galibi ta hanyar bangaranci.Wannan zamanin ya sami gagarumin asarar rayuka da ƙauracewa fararen hula, wanda ya haifar da damuwar jin kai.An samu karuwar sojojin Amurka a shekara ta 2007, karkashin shugaba George W.Bush, daga baya kuma shugaba Barack Obama ya ci gaba, da nufin rage tashe-tashen hankula da karfafa ikon gwamnatin Iraki.Wannan dabarar ta samu wasu nasarori wajen rage yawan tashe-tashen hankula da fadace-fadacen kabilanci.Yarjejeniyar zaman lafiyar Amurka da Iraki da aka rattaba hannu a shekarar 2008, ta tsara tsarin janye sojojin Amurka daga Iraki.A watan Disambar 2011, Amurka ta kawo karshen zaman soji a Iraki a hukumance, wanda ke nuna karshen lokacin mamayar.Duk da haka, abubuwan da suka faru na mamayewa da mamaya sun ci gaba da yin tasiri a fagen siyasa, zamantakewa, da tattalin arziki na Iraki, wanda ya kafa matakan fuskantar kalubale da rikice-rikice a yankin.
2003 mamaye Iraki
Sojojin ruwa daga Bataliya ta 1 Sojojin ruwa sun shiga wani fada a lokacin yakin Bagadaza ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
2003 Mar 20 - May 1

2003 mamaye Iraki

Iraq
A ranar 19 ga watan Maris din shekarar 2003 ne Amurka ta jagoranci mamaye kasar Iraki, wanda ke zama farkon yakin kasar Iraki, wanda aka fara a ranar 19 ga watan Maris din shekarar 2003 tare da kai farmaki ta sama, sannan ta kai hari ta kasa a ranar 20 ga Maris.Matakin mamayewa na farko ya ɗauki kusan wata ɗaya kawai, [61] yana ƙarewa tare da sanarwar shugaban Amurka George W. Bush na ƙarshen manyan ayyukan yaƙi a ranar 1 ga Mayu 2003. Wannan matakin ya ƙunshi sojoji daga Amurka, Burtaniya , Australia, da Poland , tare da Rundunar hadin gwiwa ta kwace Bagadaza a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2003 bayan yakin kwanaki shida na Bagadaza.An kafa hukumar wucin gadi ta hadin gwiwa (CPA) a matsayin gwamnatin rikon kwarya da ta kai ga zaben majalisar dokokin Iraki na farko a watan Janairun 2005. Sojojin Amurka sun ci gaba da zama a Iraki har zuwa shekara ta 2011. [62]Haɗin gwiwar ya tura dakaru 160,000 a lokacin mamaya na farko, galibin Amurkawa, tare da ƙwararrun ƴan Burtaniya, da Australiya, da na Poland.Gabanin aikin ya kasance gaban taron sojojin Amurka 100,000 a Kuwait a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairu.Hadakar dai ta samu goyon baya daga kungiyar Peshmerga a Kurdistan ta Iraki.Manufofin da aka bayyana na mamayewar su ne kwance damarar makaman kare dangi (WMD), da kawo karshen goyon bayan Saddam Hussein ga ta'addanci, da 'yantar da al'ummar Iraki.Wannan ya kasance duk da tawagar binciken Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, karkashin jagorancin Hans Blix, ba ta sami wata shaida na WMD ba kafin mamayewar.[63] Wannan mamayar ya biyo bayan gazawar Iraqi wajen bin “damar karshe” na kwance damara, ga jami’an Amurka da na Birtaniya.[64]An raba ra'ayin jama'a a Amurka: wani kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a a watan Janairun 2003 na CBS ya nuna goyon bayan mafi rinjaye don daukar matakin soji a kan Iraki, amma kuma fifikon warware matsalar diflomasiyya da damuwa game da karuwar barazanar ta'addanci saboda yakin.Yunkurin ya fuskanci adawa daga abokan kawancen Amurka da dama, ciki har da Faransa , Jamus , da New Zealand, wadanda suka yi zargin kasancewar WMDs da hujjar yaki.Binciken da aka yi bayan yakin na makamai masu guba, tun kafin yakin Gulf na 1991, bai goyi bayan dalilin mamayewa ba.[65 <>] Daga baya Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya Kofi Annan ya ɗauka cewa mamayewar ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa.[66]An gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da yaki a duniya kafin mamayewar, tare da gudanar da zanga-zangar rikodin rikodi a Rome da miliyoyin mutane suka shiga a duk duniya.[67 <>] An fara kai farmakin ne da wani hari ta sama a fadar shugaban ƙasar Bagadaza a ranar 20 ga Maris, sannan aka kai hari ta ƙasa a cikin gundumar Basra da kuma kai hare-hare ta sama a faɗin ƙasar Iraki.Dakarun kawancen sun yi nasarar fatattakar sojojin Iraki cikin sauri tare da mamaye Bagadaza a ranar 9 ga Afrilu, tare da ayyukan tabbatar da wasu yankuna.Saddam Hussein da shugabancinsa sun ɓuya, kuma a ranar 1 ga Mayu, Bush ya ba da sanarwar kawo ƙarshen manyan ayyukan yaƙi, inda ya koma lokacin mamayar sojoji.
Rikicin Iraqi na biyu
Wasu mahara biyu dauke da makamai daga arewacin Iraki. ©Anonymous
2011 Dec 18 - 2013 Dec 30

Rikicin Iraqi na biyu

Iraq
Rikicin Iraqin da ya sake barkewa a karshen shekara ta 2011 bayan kawo karshen yakin Iraqi da kuma janyewar sojojin Amurka, ya kasance wani lokaci mai tsanani da ya addabi gwamnatin tsakiya da kuma kungiyoyin addini daban-daban a cikin kasar ta Iraki.Wannan tashin hankalin ya kasance ci gaba kai tsaye na rashin zaman lafiya bayan mamayewar da Amurka ta yi a 2003.Kungiyoyin 'yan Sunni sun zafafa kai hare-hare, musamman kan mabiya Shi'a masu rinjaye, domin kawo cikas ga gwamnatin da 'yan Shi'a ke jagoranta da kuma karfinta na tabbatar da tsaro bayan janyewar kawancen kasashen waje.[68 <] > Yaƙin basasar Siriya wanda ya fara a shekara ta 2011 ya ƙara yin tasiri ga masu tada kayar baya.'Yan Sunni da Shi'a da dama na Iraqi sun bi sahun bangarorin da ke gaba da juna a Syria, lamarin da ya kara ta'azzara rikicin addini a Iraki.[69]Lamarin dai ya ta'azzara ne a shekarar 2014 inda 'yan ta'addar Daesh a Iraki da Siriya (ISIS) suka kwace birnin Mosul da wasu muhimman yankuna a arewacin Iraki.ISIS, kungiyar masu fafutukar jihadi ta Salafi, tana bin fassarar tsatsauran ra'ayi na Islama na Sunni kuma tana da nufin kafa halifanci.A shekarar 2014 ta dauki hankalin duniya a lokacin da take kai farmaki a yammacin Iraki da kuma kwace birnin Mosul daga baya.Kisan kiyashin na Sinjar, da kungiyar ISIS ta yi, ya kara nuna irin ta'asar da kungiyar ke yi.[70 <] > Rikicin Iraki, don haka, ya haɗu da yakin basasa na Siriya, wanda ya haifar da rikici mai yawa kuma mai mutuwa.
Yaki a Iraki
ISOF APC a kan titin Mosul, Arewacin Iraki, Yammacin Asiya.16 ga Nuwamba, 2016. ©Mstyslav Chernov
2013 Dec 30 - 2017 Dec 9

Yaki a Iraki

Iraq
Yakin Iraki daga 2013 zuwa 2017 ya kasance wani muhimmin lokaci a tarihin kasar na baya-bayan nan, wanda ke tattare da bullowa da faduwar Daular Musulunci ta Iraki da Siriya (ISIS) da kuma shigar kawancen kasashen duniya.A farkon shekarar 2013, tashe-tashen hankula da kuma rashin gamsuwa a tsakanin al'ummar Sunna ya haifar da zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnatin da 'yan Shi'a ke jagoranta.An sha fuskantar wannan zanga-zangar da karfi, lamarin da ke kara zurfafa rarrabuwar kawuna.Juyin juya halin ya zo ne a cikin watan Yunin 2014 lokacin da kungiyar ISIS mai tsatsauran ra'ayin Islama, ta kwace Mosul, birni na biyu mafi girma a Iraki.Wannan lamari dai ya nuna gagarumin fadada kungiyar ISIS, wacce ta ayyana daular halifanci a yankunan da ke karkashin ikonta a Iraki da Siriya.Faduwar Mosul ta biyo bayan kwace wasu muhimman garuruwa da suka hada da Tikrit da Falluja.Dangane da nasarar da kungiyar ISIS ke samu cikin sauri a yankunansu, gwamnatin Iraki karkashin jagorancin Firaminista Haider al-Abadi, ta nemi taimakon kasashen duniya.{Asar Amirka, da ta kafa kawancen kasa da kasa, ta fara kai hare-hare ta sama a kan mayakan ISIS a watan Agustan 2014. Wadannan }o}arin sun ci gaba da kai hare-hare ta kasa daga sojojin Iraqi, da mayakan Peshmerga na Kurdawa, da kuma 'yan sa-kai na Shi'a, da Iran ke tallafa musu.Wani muhimmin al'amari a rikicin shi ne yakin Ramadi (2015-2016), wani babban hari da sojojin Iraki suka yi domin kwato birnin daga hannun 'yan ISIS.Wannan nasara dai ta kasance wani sauyi na raunana karfin mayakan ISIS a Iraki.A cikin 2016, an mayar da hankali kan Mosul.Yakin na Mosul, wanda aka fara a watan Oktoban shekarar 2016, ya kuma kai har zuwa watan Yulin shekarar 2017, ya kasance daya daga cikin manya-manyan hare-haren soji da suka yi da kungiyar ISIS.Dakarun Iraqi da ke samun goyon bayan kawancen da Amurka ke jagoranta da mayakan Kurdawa sun fuskanci turjiya mai tsanani amma daga karshe suka yi nasarar kwato birnin.A duk tsawon rikicin, rikicin jin kai ya karu.Miliyoyin ‘yan Iraqi ne suka rasa matsugunansu, kuma an samu rahotannin ta’addancin da kungiyar ISIS ta aikata, da suka hada da kisan gilla da kisan kiyashi kan Yazidawa da sauran tsiraru.Yakin dai ya kawo karshe ne a watan Disambar 2017, lokacin da Firaminista Haider al-Abadi ya ayyana nasara a kan kungiyar ISIS.Sai dai duk da rasa ikon yankunan da kungiyar ta ISIS ta yi, na ci gaba da yin barazana ta hanyoyin tayar da kayar baya da kuma hare-haren ta'addanci.Sakamakon yakin ya bar Iraki da fuskantar kalubalen sake gina gine-gine, tashe-tashen hankula na bangaranci, da rashin zaman lafiya a siyasance.
2017 &#39;Yan ta&#39;addar ISIS a Iraki
1st Squadron, 3rd Cavalry Regiment na Sojojin Amurka tare da Battle Drone Defender a Iraki, 30 Oktoba 2018. Sojojin Amurka sun yi hasashen sassan ISIL za su tura jirage marasa matuka a lokacin bincike ko hare-hare. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
2017 Dec 9

2017 'Yan ta'addar ISIS a Iraki

Iraq
Rikicin Daular Islama a Iraki, wanda ke ci gaba da tafkawa tun a shekarar 2017, ya biyo bayan fatattakar 'yan ta'addar (ISIS) a Iraki a karshen shekarar 2016. Wannan matakin na nuni da sauya sheka daga ikon da ISIS ke iko da yankuna da dama zuwa dabarun yaki na 'yan daba.A shekara ta 2017 ne sojojin Iraqi tare da goyon bayan kasashen duniya suka kwato manyan garuruwa irinsu Mosul wanda ya kasance tungar ISIS.'Yantar da birnin Mosul a watan Yulin 2017 wani muhimmin mataki ne, wanda ke nuni da rugujewar daular ISIS da ta ayyana kanta a matsayin halifanci.Sai dai wannan nasarar ba ta kawo karshen ayyukan ISIS a Iraki ba.Bayan shekara ta 2017, ISIS ta koma dabarun tada kayar baya, da suka hada da kai hare-hare, kai hare-hare, da kunar bakin wake.Wadannan hare-haren sun fi kaiwa jami'an tsaron Iraki, da 'yan kabilarsu, da fararen hula a arewaci da yammacin Iraki, yankunan da ISIS ke da tarihi.Masu tada kayar bayan sun yi amfani da rashin zaman lafiyar siyasa, rarrabuwar kawuna, da korafe-korafe a tsakanin al'ummar Sunni a Iraki.Wadannan abubuwan, tare da kalubalen yanayin yankin, sun sauƙaƙe dagewar kwayoyin ISIS.Muhimman abubuwan da suka faru sun hada da sanarwar da firaministan Iraki na lokacin Haider al-Abadi ya yi a watan Disambar 2017 na samun nasara a kan kungiyar ISIS, da kuma sake bullar hare-haren ISIS, musamman a yankunan karkara na Iraki.Hare-haren sun nuna yadda kungiyar ke ci gaba da yin barna duk kuwa da rasa ikon yankunanta.Fitattun mutane a wannan matakin na tada kayar baya sun hada da Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, shugaban kungiyar ISIS har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 2019, da kuma shugabannin da suka biyo baya wadanda suka ci gaba da jagorantar ayyukan tada kayar baya.Gwamnatin Iraki, da dakarun Kurdawa, da kungiyoyin sa kai daban-daban, wadanda galibi ke samun goyon bayan kawancen kasa da kasa, sun shiga ayyukan yaki da ta'addanci.Duk da wannan yunƙuri, rikiɗar yanayin zamantakewa da siyasa a Iraki ya kawo cikas ga kawar da tasirin ISIS gaba ɗaya.Ya zuwa shekarar 2023, kungiyar IS ta da'awar kafa daular Islama a Iraki tana ci gaba da zama babban kalubalen tsaro, inda ake ci gaba da kai hare-hare na lokaci-lokaci na kawo cikas ga zaman lafiya da tsaro a kasar.Lamarin dai na nuni da irin dorewar yakin ‘yan tawaye da kuma wahalar magance matsalolin da ke haifar da irin wannan yunkuri.

Appendices



APPENDIX 1

Iraq's Geography


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APPENDIX 2

Ancient Mesopotamia 101


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APPENDIX 3

Quick History of Bronze Age Languages of Ancient Mesopotamia


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APPENDIX 4

The Middle East's cold war, explained


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APPENDIX 5

Why Iraq is Dying


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Characters



Ali Al-Wardi

Ali Al-Wardi

Iraqi Social Scientist

Saladin

Saladin

Founder of the Ayyubid dynasty

Shalmaneser III

Shalmaneser III

King of the Neo-Assyrian Empire

Faisal I of Iraq

Faisal I of Iraq

King of Iraq

Hammurabi

Hammurabi

Sixth Amorite king of the Old Babylonian Empire

Ibn al-Haytham

Ibn al-Haytham

Mathematician

Al-Ma'mun

Al-Ma'mun

Seventh Abbasid caliph

Saddam Hussein

Saddam Hussein

Fifth President of Iraq

Tiglath-Pileser III

Tiglath-Pileser III

King of the Neo-Assyrian Empire

Ur-Nammu

Ur-Nammu

Founded the Neo-Sumerian Empire

Al-Jahiz

Al-Jahiz

Arabic prose writer

Al-Kindi

Al-Kindi

Arab Polymath

Ashurbanipal

Ashurbanipal

King of the Neo-Assyrian Empire

Ashurnasirpal II

Ashurnasirpal II

King of the Neo-Assyrian Empire

Sargon of Akkad

Sargon of Akkad

First Ruler of the Akkadian Empire

Nebuchadnezzar II

Nebuchadnezzar II

Second Neo-Babylonian emperor

Al-Mutanabbi

Al-Mutanabbi

Arab Poet

Footnotes



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