Tarihin Amurka

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haruffa

bayanin kula

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1492 - 2023

Tarihin Amurka



Tarihin Amurka yana farawa da zuwan ƴan asalin ƙasar a kusan 15,000 KZ, sannan turawan mulkin mallaka suka fara a ƙarshen karni na 15.Mahimman abubuwan da suka haifar da al'ummar sun hada da juyin juya halin Amurka , wanda ya fara a matsayin mayar da martani ga haraji na Birtaniya ba tare da wakilci ba kuma ya ƙare a cikin sanarwar 'yancin kai a 1776. Sabuwar al'ummar ta yi gwagwarmaya da farko a ƙarƙashin Labaran Ƙungiyar Ƙasa amma ta sami kwanciyar hankali tare da amincewa da Amurka. Kundin Tsarin Mulki a 1789 da Bill of Rights a 1791, kafa gwamnatin tsakiya mai karfi wanda Shugaba George Washington ya jagoranta da farko.Fadada zuwa yamma ya ayyana karni na 19, wanda aka rura wutar ra'ayi na bayyanannen kaddara.Wannan zamanin kuma an yi masa alama da batun rarrabuwar kawuna na bauta, wanda ya kai ga yakin basasa a 1861 bayan zaben Shugaba Abraham Lincoln .Rashin nasara na Confederacy a shekara ta 1865 ya haifar da kawar da bautar, kuma zamanin sake ginawa ya ba da izinin doka da zabe ga 'yantar bayi maza.Duk da haka, zamanin Jim Crow wanda ya biyo baya ya hana yawancin Ba'amurke Ba'amurke har zuwa yunƙurin yancin ɗan adam na shekarun 1960.A wannan lokacin, Amurka kuma ta fito a matsayin ikon masana'antu, tana fuskantar sauye-sauyen zamantakewa da na siyasa gami da zaɓen mata da sabuwar yarjejeniyar, wanda ya taimaka ayyana 'yanci na Amurka na zamani.[1]{Asar Amirka ta ƙarfafa matsayinta a matsayin mai iko a duniya a cikin karni na 20, musamman a lokacin da kuma bayan yakin duniya na biyu .Zamanin yakin cacar baka ya ga Amurka da Tarayyar Sobiyet a matsayin manyan kasashe masu gaba da juna suna yin tseren makamai da fadace-fadacen akida.Ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin jama'a na shekarun 1960 sun sami gagarumin gyare-gyaren zamantakewa, musamman ga Baƙin Amurkawa.Karshen yakin cacar baka a shekarar 1991 ya bar Amurka a matsayin kasa daya tilo a duniya, kuma manufofin kasashen waje na baya-bayan nan sun fi mayar da hankali kan tashe-tashen hankula a Gabas ta Tsakiya, musamman bayan harin 11 ga Satumba.
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Ziyarci Shago

30000 BCE
Tarihiornament
Jama'ar Amurka
Kafin shiga Amurka, mutane na farko sun rayu tsawon dubban shekaru a keɓe a kan gadar ƙasar da ta rufe mashigar Bering - yankin da yanzu ya nutse. ©Anonymous
30000 BCE Jan 2 - 10000 BCE

Jama'ar Amurka

America
Ba a san ta yaya ko lokacin da ’yan asalin ƙasar Amirka suka fara zaunar da Amirka da Amirka ta yau ba.Ka'idar da aka fi sani tana ba da shawarar cewa mutane daga Eurasia sun bi wasa a ko'ina cikin Beringia, gada ta ƙasa wacce ta haɗa Siberiya zuwa Alaska na yau a lokacin Ice Age, sannan kuma ya bazu zuwa kudu ko'ina cikin Amurka.Wataƙila wannan ƙaura ta fara ne tun shekaru 30,000 da suka gabata [2] kuma ta ci gaba har zuwa kusan shekaru 10,000 da suka gabata, lokacin da gadar ƙasa ta nutsar da shi sakamakon hauhawar matakin teku da glaciers narke ya haifar.[3] Waɗannan mazaunan farko, waɗanda ake kira Paleo-Indiyawa, ba da daɗewa ba suka bambanta zuwa ɗaruruwan ƙauyuka da ƙasashe daban-daban na al'adu.Wannan zamanin kafin Colombia ya ƙunshi duk wani lokaci a cikin tarihin Amurka kafin bayyanar tasirin Turai akan nahiyoyin Amurka, wanda ya taso daga asali na asali a lokacin Upper Paleolithic zuwa mulkin mallaka na Turai a farkon zamanin zamani.Yayin da kalmar a zahiri tana nufin zamanin kafin tafiyar Christopher Columbus a 1492, a aikace wannan kalmar yakan ƙunshi tarihin al'adun ƴan asalin Amirka har sai da Turawa suka ci su ko kuma suka yi tasiri sosai, koda kuwa hakan ya faru shekaru da yawa ko ƙarni bayan saukar Columbus na farko.[4]
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Paleo-Indiyawa
Paleo-Indiyawa suna farautar bisons a Arewacin Amurka. ©HistoryMaps
10000 BCE Jan 1

Paleo-Indiyawa

America
A shekara ta 10,000 KZ, ’yan Adam sun sami kafu sosai a ko’ina cikin Arewacin Amirka.Da farko, Paleo-Indiyawa sun fara farautar Ice Age megafauna kamar mammoths, amma yayin da suka fara bacewa, mutane sun juya maimakon bison a matsayin tushen abinci.Yayin da lokaci ya ci gaba, cin abinci na berries da iri ya zama muhimmiyar madadin farauta.Paleo-Indiyawa a tsakiyar Mexico sune na farko a cikin Amurka don yin noma, suna fara shuka masara, wake, da squash a kusa da 8,000 KZ.Daga ƙarshe dai ilimin ya fara yaɗuwa zuwa arewa.A shekara ta 3,000 KZ, ana noman masara a kwaruruka na Arizona da New Mexico, sai kuma tsarin ban ruwa na farko da ƙauyukan Hohokam.[5]Ɗaya daga cikin al'adun farko a Amurka ta yau ita ce al'adun Clovis, waɗanda aka fi sani da su ta hanyar amfani da mashin mashin da ake kira Clovis point.Daga 9,100 zuwa 8,850 KZ, al'adun sun mamaye yawancin Arewacin Amirka kuma sun bayyana a Kudancin Amirka.An fara hako kayan tarihi na wannan al'ada a cikin 1932 kusa da Clovis, New Mexico.Al'adar Folsom ta kasance iri ɗaya, amma ana yiwa alama ta amfani da ma'anar Folsom.Wani ƙaura daga baya da masana harshe, masana ilimin ɗan adam, da masu binciken kayan tarihi suka gano ya faru kusan 8,000 KZ.Wannan ya haɗa da mutanen Na-Dene, waɗanda suka isa Pacific Northwest ta 5,000 KZ.[6] Daga nan ne suka yi ƙaura tare da gabar tekun Pasifik zuwa cikin gida kuma suka gina manyan gidaje masu yawa a ƙauyukansu, waɗanda ake amfani da su kawai a lokacin rani don farauta da kifi, da kuma lokacin hunturu don tattara kayan abinci.[7] Wani rukuni, mutanen al'adar Oshara, waɗanda suka rayu daga 5,500 KZ zuwa 600 CE, sun kasance ɓangare na Archaic Kudu maso Yamma.
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Masu ginin tudu
Kahokia ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
3500 BCE Jan 1

Masu ginin tudu

Cahokia Mounds State Historic
Adena ya fara gina manyan tudun ƙasa a kusan 600 KZ.Su ne mutanen farko da aka sani da su ne Mound Builders, duk da haka, akwai tuddai a cikin Amurka waɗanda suka riga sun rigaya wannan al'ada.Watson birki wani hadadden tudu ne mai tsayi 11 a Louisiana wanda ya kai 3,500 KZ, kuma Wurin Talauci na kusa, wanda al'adun Poverty Point ya gina, wani hadadden aikin kasa ne wanda ya kai 1,700 KZ.Wataƙila waɗannan tudun mun yi amfani da manufa ta addini.Adenan sun nutsu cikin al'adar Hopewell, mutane masu ƙarfi waɗanda ke cinikin kayan aiki da kayayyaki a faɗin yanki mai faɗi.Sun ci gaba da al'adar gina tudun Adena, tare da ragowar dubunnan da yawa har yanzu suna wanzuwa a tsakiyar tsohon yankinsu a kudancin Ohio.Hopewell ya jagoranci tsarin ciniki mai suna Hopewell Exchange System, wanda a mafi girman girmansa ya tashi daga kudu maso gabas na yau har zuwa yankin Kanada na tafkin Ontario.[8] A shekara ta 500 AZ, Hopewellians ma sun ɓace, sun shiga cikin al'adun Mississippian mafi girma.Mississippians sun kasance babban rukuni na kabilu.Babban birninsu shine Cahokia, kusa da St. Louis, Missouri na zamani.A kololuwar sa a karni na 12, birnin yana da kiyasin yawan jama'a 20,000, wanda ya fi yawan mutanen Landan a lokacin.Gaba dayan birnin ya kewaye wani tudu mai tsayin ƙafa 100 (m 30).Cahokia, kamar sauran garuruwa da ƙauyuka na lokacin, sun dogara ne akan farauta, kiwo, ciniki, da noma, kuma ta samar da tsarin aji tare da bayi da sadaukarwar ɗan adam wanda al'ummomin kudanci suka rinjayi, kamar Mayas.[9]
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Yan asalin yankin Pacific Northwest
Matasan Chinook uku ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1000 BCE Jan 1

Yan asalin yankin Pacific Northwest

British Columbia, Canada
’Yan asalin yankin Pacific Arewa maso Yamma sun kasance ’yan asalin Amurkawa mafi wadata.Yawancin ƙungiyoyin al'adu daban-daban da ƙungiyoyin siyasa sun haɓaka a can, amma duk sun yi tarayya da wasu imani, al'adu, da ayyuka, kamar su tsakiyar salmon a matsayin hanya da alamar ruhaniya.Ƙauyen dindindin sun fara bunƙasa a wannan yanki tun daga shekara ta 1,000 KZ, kuma waɗannan al'ummomi sun yi bikin bikin ba da kyauta na tukwane.An saba shirya waɗannan tarurrukan don tunawa da abubuwa na musamman kamar tayar da sandar Totem ko bikin sabon sarki.
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Pueblos
Fadar Cliff ©Anonymous
900 BCE Jan 1

Pueblos

Cliff Palace, Cliff Palace Loo
A Kudu maso Yamma, Anasazi ya fara gina dutse da adobe pueblos a kusa da 900 KZ.[10] Waɗannan gine-gine masu kama da gidaje galibi ana gina su cikin fuskokin dutse, kamar yadda aka gani a Fadar Cliff da ke Mesa Verde.Wasu sun girma sun zama girman birane, tare da Pueblo Bonito tare da kogin Chaco a New Mexico sau ɗaya ya ƙunshi dakuna 800.[9]
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1492
Turawan mulkin mallakaornament
Tarihin Mulkin Mallaka na Amurka
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1492 Oct 12 - 1776

Tarihin Mulkin Mallaka na Amurka

New England, USA
Tarihin mulkin mallaka na Amurka ya kunshi tarihin mulkin mallaka da Turawa suka yi wa Arewacin Amurka tun daga farkon karni na 17 har zuwa lokacin da Turawan Mulkin Mallaka Goma Sha Uku suka shiga cikin Amurka ta Amurka, bayan yakin 'yancin kai .A ƙarshen karni na 16, Ingila , Faransa ,Spain , da Jamhuriyar Holland sun ƙaddamar da manyan shirye-shiryen mulkin mallaka a Arewacin Amirka.[11] Yawan mutuwa ya yi yawa a tsakanin farkon baƙi, kuma wasu yunƙurin farko sun ɓace gaba ɗaya, kamar Ingilishi Lost Colony na Roanoke.Duk da haka, an kafa yankuna masu nasara a cikin shekaru da yawa.Turawan ƙaura sun fito ne daga ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa da na addini dabam-dabam, waɗanda suka haɗa da masu fafutuka, manoma, bayin da ba su da tushe, ’yan kasuwa, da kaɗan daga manyan sarakuna.Mazauna sun haɗa da Dutch na New Netherland, Swedes da Finns na New Sweden, Ingilishi Quakers na Lardin Pennsylvania, Turawan Ingilishi na New England, mazauna Ingila na Jamestown, Virginia, Katolika na Ingilishi da Furotesta marasa daidaituwa na Lardin Maryland, “mai cancantar matalauta” na Lardin Jojiya, Jamusawa waɗanda suka zaunar da yankin tsakiyar Atlantika, da Ulster Scots na tsaunin Appalachian.Waɗannan ƙungiyoyin duk sun zama ɓangare na Amurka lokacin da ta sami 'yancin kai a cikin 1776. Amurka ta Rasha da wasu sassan New France da New Spain kuma an haɗa su cikin Amurka a wasu lokuta.Masu mulkin mallaka daban-daban daga waɗannan yankuna daban-daban sun gina yankuna na musamman na zamantakewa, addini, siyasa, da tattalin arziki.A tsawon lokaci, an mamaye yankunan da ba na Birtaniyya ba a Gabashin Kogin Mississippi kuma yawancin mazaunan sun hade.A Nova Scotia, duk da haka, Burtaniya ta kori Acadians na Faransa, kuma da yawa sun ƙaura zuwa Louisiana.Babu yakin basasa da ya faru a cikin Mallaka goma sha uku.Manyan 'yan tawayen biyu sun yi rashin nasara na ɗan gajeren lokaci a Virginia a cikin 1676 da kuma a New York a cikin 1689-91.Wasu daga cikin yankunan sun haɓaka tsarin bautar da aka halatta, [12] sun fi mayar da hankali kan cinikin bayi na Atlantic.Yaƙe-yaƙe sun yi ta faruwa tsakanin Faransawa da Birtaniya a lokacin Faransa da Indiya .A shekara ta 1760, Faransa ta ci nasara kuma Britaniya ta kwace mulkin mallaka.A kan gabar tekun gabas, yankuna huɗu na Ingilishi daban-daban sune New England, Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Mulki, Chesapeake Bay Colonies (Upper South), da Kudancin Colonies (Lower South).Wasu masana tarihi sun ƙara yanki na biyar na "Frontier", wanda ba a taɓa shirya shi daban ba.Kashi mai yawa na ƴan asalin ƙasar Amirka da ke zaune a yankin gabas sun kamu da cuta kafin shekara ta 1620, mai yuwuwa an gabatar da su shekaru da yawa kafin masu bincike da masu ruwa da tsaki (ko da yake ba a sami tabbataccen dalili ba).[13]
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Sifen Florida
Sifen Florida ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1513 Jan 1

Sifen Florida

Florida, USA
An kafa Florida ta Sifen a cikin 1513, lokacin da Juan Ponce de León ya yi iƙirarin yankin Florida naSpain a lokacin balaguron farko na Turai zuwa Arewacin Amurka.An faɗaɗa wannan da'awar yayin da masu bincike da yawa (musamman Pánfilo Narváez da Hernando de Soto) suka sauka a kusa da Tampa Bay a tsakiyar shekarun 1500 kuma suka yi ta yawo har zuwa arewaci zuwa tsaunin Appalachian da kuma zuwa yamma kamar Texas a galibin binciken zinare da bai yi nasara ba.[14] An kafa presidio na St. Augustine a gabar Tekun Atlantika ta Florida a 1565;An kafa jerin ayyuka a fadin Florida panhandle, Georgia, da South Carolina a lokacin 1600s;kuma Pensacola an kafa shi a yammacin panhandle na Florida a cikin 1698, yana ƙarfafa da'awar Mutanen Espanya ga wannan yanki na yankin.An sami sauƙin sarrafa ikon Mutanen Espanya na tsibirin Florida ta hanyar rugujewar al'adun asali a cikin ƙarni na 17.Ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka da dama (ciki har da Timucua, Calusa, Tequesta, Apalachee, Tocobaga, da mutanen Ais) sun kasance mazaunan Florida na tsawon lokaci, kuma mafi yawan sun yi tsayayya da kutsawar Mutanen Espanya zuwa ƙasarsu.Duk da haka, rikici da balaguron Spain, hare-haren da ’yan mulkin mallaka na Carolina suka yi da abokansu na asali, da (musamman) cututtuka da aka kawo daga Turai sun haifar da raguwar yawan jama'ar 'yan asalin Florida, kuma manyan yankunan tsibirin sun kasance mafi yawan mutanen da ba su zauna ba. zuwa farkon shekarun 1700.A tsakiyar shekarun 1700, ƙananan ƙungiyoyin Creek da sauran 'yan gudun hijira na Amirkawa sun fara ƙaura zuwa kudu zuwa Florida ta Sipaniya bayan da mazauna Carolina ta Kudu da hare-hare suka tilasta musu barin ƙasarsu.Daga baya ’yan Afirka-Amurka da suka tsere daga bauta a yankunan da ke kusa da su suka shiga tare da su.Waɗannan sabbin shigowa - da wataƙila wasu ƴan tsira daga zuriyar ƴan asalin Florida - a ƙarshe sun haɗa kai zuwa sabuwar al'adar Seminole.
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Mallakar Faransanci na Amurka
Hoton Jacques Cartier na Théophile Hamel, arr.1844 ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1524 Jan 1

Mallakar Faransanci na Amurka

Gaspé Peninsula, La Haute-Gasp
Faransa ta fara mulkin mallaka na Amurka a karni na 16 kuma ta ci gaba har zuwa ƙarni masu zuwa yayin da ta kafa daular mulkin mallaka a Yammacin Yammacin Turai.Faransa ta kafa mallaka a yawancin gabashin Amurka ta Arewa, a yawancin tsibiran Caribbean, da kuma Kudancin Amurka.Yawancin yankuna an haɓaka su don fitar da kayayyaki kamar kifi, shinkafa, sukari, da furs.Daular Faransa ta farko da ta yi mulkin mallaka ta kai sama da kilomita 10,000,000 a kololuwarta a shekara ta 1710, wacce ita ce daular mulkin mallaka ta biyu mafi girma a duniya, bayandaular Spain .[15] Yayin da suka mamaye Sabuwar Duniya, Faransawa sun kafa sansani da ƙauyuka waɗanda za su zama birane kamar Quebec da Montreal a Kanada ;Detroit, Green Bay, St. Louis, Cape Girardeau, Mobile, Biloxi, Baton Rouge da New Orleans a Amurka;da Port-au-Prince, Cap-Haïtien (wanda aka kafa a matsayin Cap-Français) a Haiti, Cayenne a cikin Guiana na Faransa da São Luís (wanda aka kafa a matsayin Saint-Louis de Maragnan) a Brazil .
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1526 Jan 1 - 1776

Bauta a Amurka

New England, USA
Bauta a tarihin mulkin mallaka na Amurka, daga 1526 zuwa 1776, ya samo asali ne daga abubuwa masu sarkakiya, kuma masu bincike sun ba da shawara da dama don bayyana ci gaban cibiyar bauta da cinikin bayi.Bautar da ke da alaƙa da buƙatun ƙwadago na Turawan mulkin mallaka, musamman ga tattalin arziƙin shukar da ke da ƙwazo a cikin ƙasashen Caribbean da Kudancin Amurka, waɗanda Burtaniya , Faransa ,Spain , Portugal , da Jamhuriyar Holland ke sarrafa su.Jiragen ruwa na cinikin bayi na tekun Atlantika suna jigilar fursunoni don bauta daga Afirka zuwa Amurka.An kuma bautar da ’yan asalin ƙasar a cikin yankunan Arewacin Amirka, amma a kan ƙarami, kuma bautar Indiya ta ƙare a ƙarshen karni na sha takwas.Bautar da ’yan asalin ƙasar ya ci gaba da faruwa a jihohin Kudu har zuwa lokacin da Shugaba Abraham Lincoln ya ba da sanarwar ‘yantar da jama’a a shekara ta 1863. An kuma yi amfani da bauta a matsayin hukunci ga laifuffukan da mutane masu ‘yanci suka aikata.A cikin yankunan, matsayin bawa ga 'yan Afirka ya zama gadon gado tare da tallafi da aiwatar da dokar farar hula a cikin dokar mulkin mallaka, wanda ya bayyana matsayin 'ya'yan da aka haifa a cikin mulkin mallaka kamar yadda mahaifiyar ta ƙaddara - wanda aka sani da partus sequitur ventrem.’Ya’yan da aka haifa ga mata bayi, an haife su a bauta, ba tare da la’akari da uba ba.Yaran da aka haifa ga mata masu 'yanci suna da 'yanci, ba tare da la'akari da kabila ba.A lokacin juyin juya halin Amurka, turawan mulkin mallaka sun shigar da bautar da 'yan Afirka da zuriyarsu ke yi a duk fadin Amurka, gami da Amurka mai zuwa.
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Mulkin Holland na Arewacin Amurka
Siyan Tsibirin Mannahatta akan $24 1626 ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1602 Jan 1

Mulkin Holland na Arewacin Amurka

New York, NY, USA
A cikin 1602, Jamhuriyar Bakwai United Netherlands ta yi hayar wani matashi kuma mai sha'awar Kamfanin Dutch East India (Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie ko "VOC") tare da manufar bincika koguna da bays na Arewacin Amurka don shiga kai tsaye zuwa Indiyawa.A kan hanyar, an tuhumi masu binciken Dutch don da'awar duk wani yanki da ba a san shi ba na Lardunan United, wanda ya haifar da balaguro da yawa kuma, bayan lokaci, masu binciken Dutch sun kafa lardin New Netherland.A shekara ta 1610, VOC ta riga ta ba da izini ga mai binciken Ingilishi Henry Hudson wanda, a ƙoƙarin neman hanyar Arewa maso Yamma zuwa Indiyawa, ya gano kuma ya yi da'awar sassan VOC na Amurka da Kanada a yau.Hudson ya shiga Upper New York Bay ta jirgin ruwa, ya nufi kogin Hudson, wanda yanzu ke ɗauke da sunansa.Kamar Faransanci a arewa, mutanen Holland sun mayar da hankali ga sha'awar su akan cinikin gashin gashi.Don haka, sun ƙulla alaƙar haɗin gwiwa tare da Ƙasashe biyar na Iroquois don samar da dama ga manyan yankuna na tsakiya waɗanda fatun suka fito.Yaren mutanen Holland sun ƙarfafa wani nau'in aristocracy na feudal a tsawon lokaci, don jawo hankalin mazauna yankin kogin Hudson, a cikin abin da aka sani da tsarin Yarjejeniya ta 'Yanci da Kebewa.A kudu, wani kamfani na kasuwanci na Sweden wanda ke da alaƙa da Yaren mutanen Holland ya yi ƙoƙarin kafa wurin zama na farko tare da Kogin Delaware shekaru uku bayan haka.Ba tare da albarkatu don ƙarfafa matsayinta ba, New Sweden sannu a hankali New Holland kuma daga baya a Pennsylvania da Delaware.An gina matsugunin farko na kasar Holland a shekara ta 1613, kuma ya kunshi wasu kananan bukkoki da ma'aikatan jirgin "Tijger" (Tiger) suka gina, wani jirgin ruwan Holland karkashin jagorancin Kyaftin Adriaen Block, wanda ya kama wuta yayin da yake tafiya a kan Hudson. .Ba da da ewa bayan, na farko na biyu Fort Nassaus aka gina, da kuma kananan factorijen ko ciniki posts ya haura, inda za a iya gudanar da kasuwanci tare da Algonquian da Iroquois yawan, yiwu a Schenectady, Esopus, Quinnipiac, Communipaw, da kuma sauran wurare.
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Turawan Birtaniyya na Farko
Turawan Birtaniyya na Farko. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1607 Jan 1 - 1630

Turawan Birtaniyya na Farko

Jamestown, VA, USA
Turawan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya na Amurka shine tarihin kafa iko, matsuguni, da mulkin mallaka na nahiyoyi na Amerika ta Ingila , Scotland da, bayan 1707, Biritaniya.Ƙoƙarin mulkin mallaka ya fara ne a ƙarshen ƙarni na 16 tare da gazawar yunƙurin da Ingila ta yi na kafa mamaya na dindindin a Arewa.An kafa yankin Ingilishi na dindindin na farko a Jamestown, Virginia a cikin 1607. Kimanin al'ummomin Algonquian 30,000 ne suka rayu a yankin a lokacin.A cikin ƙarnuka da yawa na gaba an kafa wasu yankuna a Arewacin Amirka, Amurka ta Tsakiya, Kudancin Amirka, da Caribbean.Ko da yake galibin Turawan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya sun sami 'yencin kai daga karshe, wasu 'yan mulkin mallaka sun zabi ci gaba da zama karkashin ikon Biritaniya a matsayin Birtaniyya na ketare.
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Hijira Puritan zuwa New England
Mahajjata Zuwa Coci na George Henry Boughton (1867) ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1620 Jan 1 - 1640

Hijira Puritan zuwa New England

New England, USA
Babban Hijira na Puritans daga Ingila zuwa New England tsakanin 1620 zuwa 1640 ya motsa ta hanyar sha'awar 'yancin addini da damar kafa "al'ummar tsarkaka."A wannan lokacin, kusan 20,000 Puritans, waɗanda ke da ilimi gabaɗaya kuma masu wadata, sun yi hijira zuwa New England don tserewa tsanantawar addini da rikicin siyasa a gida.[16] Cikin takaici da rashin gyara a cikin Cocin Ingila da kuma ƙara samun sabani da masarautu, waɗannan mazauna sun kafa yankuna kamar Plymouth Plantation da Massachusetts Bay Colony, suna ƙirƙirar al'umma mai zurfi ta addini da haɗin kai.Har ila yau, lokacin ya ga alkaluma irin su Roger Williams da ke ba da shawara ga juriya na addini da kuma rabuwa da coci da jiha, wanda ya kai ga kafa Rhode Island Colony a matsayin mafaka na 'yancin addini.Wannan ƙaura yana da matukar tasiri ga yanayin al'adu da addini na abin da zai zama Amurka.
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New Sweden
New Sweden ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1638 Jan 1 - 1655

New Sweden

Fort Christina Park, East 7th
Sabuwar Sweden wani yanki ne na Yaren mutanen Sweden tare da ƙananan kogin Delaware a Amurka daga 1638 zuwa 1655, wanda aka kafa a lokacinYaƙin Shekaru Talatin lokacin da Sweden ta kasance babbar ƙarfin soja.[17] Sabuwar Sweden ta kafa wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin Sweden don mamaye Amurkawa.An kafa matsugunai a bangarorin biyu na kwarin Delaware a yankin Delaware, New Jersey, Maryland, da Pennsylvania, sau da yawa a wuraren da 'yan kasuwa na Sweden ke ziyarta tun kimanin 1610. Fort Christina a Wilmington, Delaware, ita ce wurin zama na farko, mai suna. bayan sarkin Sweden mai mulki.Mazaunan ’yan Sweden ne, da Finn, da kuma ’yan Holland da yawa.Jamhuriyar Holland ta mamaye New Sweden a cikin 1655 a lokacin Yaƙin Arewa na Biyu kuma an haɗa shi cikin mulkin mallaka na Netherlands na New Netherland.
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Yakin Faransa da Indiya
Wani balaguron Burtaniya da aka aika don mamaye Kanada Faransawa sun kori su a yakin Carillon a cikin Yuli 1758. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1754 May 28 - 1763 Feb 10

Yakin Faransa da Indiya

North America
Yaƙin Faransanci da Indiya (1754–1763) gidan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Yaƙin Shekaru Bakwai, wanda ya fafata tsakanin Arewacin Amurka da Masarautar Biritaniya ta yi wa mulkin mallaka da na Faransawa , kowane bangare yana samun goyon bayan kabilun Amurkawa daban-daban.A farkon yakin, yankunan Faransa sun kasance suna da mazauna kusan 60,000, idan aka kwatanta da miliyan 2 a cikin yankunan Birtaniya.[18] Faransawan da ba su da yawa musamman sun dogara ga abokansu na asali.[19] Shekaru biyu cikin Yaƙin Faransanci da Indiya, a cikin 1756, Biritaniya ta shelanta yaƙi a kan Faransa, wanda ya fara Yaƙin Shekaru Bakwai na duniya.Mutane da yawa suna kallon yakin Faransa da Indiya a matsayin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka kawai na wannan rikici.
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1765 Jan 1 - 1783 Sep 3

Juyin juya halin Amurka

New England, USA
Juyin juya halin Amurka , wanda ya faru tsakanin 1765 zuwa 1789, wani muhimmin al'amari ne wanda ya kai ga samun 'yancin kai daga Turawan Mulkin Mallaka Goma sha Uku daga mulkin Birtaniyya .An samo asali ne daga ka'idojin wayewa kamar amincewar mulkin dimokuradiyya da sassaucin ra'ayi, juyin juya halin ya samo asali ne ta hanyar tashin hankali kan haraji ba tare da wakilci ba da kuma tsaurara ikon Birtaniyya ta hanyar ayyuka kamar Dokar Tambari da Ayyukan Townshend.Wadannan tashe-tashen hankula sun karu zuwa rikice-rikice a cikin 1775, sun fara da rikici a Lexington da Concord, kuma sun ƙare a yakin juyin juya halin Amurka, wanda ya kasance daga 1775 zuwa 1783.Majalisar Nahiyar Nahiyar Nahiyar Na Biyu ta ayyana 'yancin kai daga Biritaniya a ranar 4 ga Yuli, 1776, ta hanyar Sanarwa 'Yancin Kai, wanda Thomas Jefferson ya rubuta.Yakin ya rikide ya zama rikici na duniya lokacin da Faransa ta shiga kawance da Amurka bayan nasarar da Amurka ta samu a yakin Saratoga a shekara ta 1777. Duk da koma baya da dama, hadin gwiwar sojojin Amurka da Faransa sun kama Janar Charles Cornwallis na Burtaniya da sojojinsa a Yorktown. a 1781, yadda ya kamata ya kawo karshen yakin.An rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Paris a shekara ta 1783, inda ta amince da 'yancin kai na Amurka a hukumance tare da ba ta gagarumin ribar yankuna.Juyin juya halin ya haifar da gagarumin sauyi a sabuwar al'ummar da aka kafa.Ya kawo karshen manufofin 'yan kasuwa na Biritaniya a Amurka kuma ya buɗe damar kasuwancin duniya ga Amurka.Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta amince da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka a cikin 1787, wanda ya maye gurbin ra'ayoyin Confederation masu rauni kuma ya kafa jamhuriyar dimokiradiyya ta tarayya, irinta ta farko, wacce aka kafa bisa amincewar masu mulki.An ƙaddamar da Dokar Haƙƙin a cikin 1791, wanda ke ba da yanci na asali da kuma zama ginshiƙi ga sabuwar jamhuriya.gyare-gyaren da suka biyo baya sun fadada wadannan hakkoki, tare da cika alkawura da ka'idojin da suka tabbatar da juyin juya halin Musulunci.
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1765 - 1791
Juyin Juya Hali & 'Yanciornament
Cherokee-Yakin Amurka
Daniel Boone Masu Rakowa ta hanyar Cumberland Gap, George Caleb Bingham, mai akan zane, 1851-52 ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1776 Jan 1 - 1794

Cherokee-Yakin Amurka

Virginia, USA
Yaƙe-yaƙe na Cherokee-Amurka, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Yaƙin Chickamauga, jerin hare-hare ne, yaƙin neman zaɓe, kwanton bauna, ƙaramar fadace-fadace, da kuma manyan fadace-fadacen kan iyaka a cikin Tsohon Kudu maso Yamma [20] daga 1776 zuwa 1794 tsakanin Cherokee da mazauna Amurka. a kan iyaka.Yawancin abubuwan da suka faru sun faru ne a yankin Kudancin Kudu.Yayin da fadan ya ci gaba da tafiya a duk tsawon lokacin, an sami karin lokaci ba tare da wani aiki ko kadan ba.Shugaban Cherokee Dragging Canoe, wanda wasu masana tarihi ke kira "Savage Napoleon", [21] da mayaƙansa, da sauran Cherokee sun yi yaƙi tare da mayaka daga wasu kabilu da yawa, galibi Muscogee a cikin Tsohon Kudu maso Yamma da Shawnee a cikin Tsohon Arewa maso Yamma.A lokacin yakin juyin juya hali, sun kuma yi yaki tare da sojojin Birtaniya, 'yan tawaye masu biyayya, da kuma na Sarki Carolina Rangers a kan 'yan mulkin mallaka, da fatan za su kore su daga yankunansu.Bude yakin ya barke a lokacin rani na 1776 a cikin ƙauyuka na Overmountain na Gundumar Washington, galibi waɗanda ke gefen kogin Watauga, Holston, Nolichucky, da Doe a Gabashin Tennessee, da kuma mazauna (jihohin baya) na Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, da Georgia.Daga baya ya bazu zuwa ƙauyuka kusa da Kogin Cumberland a tsakiyar Tennessee da kuma cikin Kentucky.Ana iya raba yaƙe-yaƙe gida biyu.Kashi na farko ya kasance daga 1776 zuwa 1783, inda Cherokee ya yi yaƙi a matsayin ƙawance na Masarautar Burtaniya da Amurkawa.Yaƙin Cherokee na 1776 ya ƙunshi dukan ƙasar Cherokee.A ƙarshen 1776, Cherokee kawai 'yan gwagwarmaya su ne waɗanda suka yi hijira tare da Dragging Canoe zuwa garuruwan Chickamauga kuma an san su da "Chickamauga Cherokee".Mataki na biyu ya kasance daga 1783 zuwa 1794. Cherokee ya yi aiki a matsayin wakili na Mataimakin Sarauta na New Spain a kan Ƙasar Amirka da aka kafa kwanan nan.Domin sun yi ƙaura zuwa yamma zuwa sababbin ƙauyuka da farko da aka fi sani da "Ƙananan garuruwa biyar", suna nufin wurin da suke a cikin Piedmont, waɗannan mutane sun zama sanannun da Lower Cherokee.An yi amfani da wannan kalmar sosai a cikin ƙarni na 19.Chickamauga ya ƙare yakin su a watan Nuwamba 1794 tare da Yarjejeniyar Tellico Blockhouse.A cikin 1786, shugaban Mohawk Joseph Brant, babban shugaban yaƙi na Iroquois, ya shirya Ƙungiyoyin Yamma na Yamma don yin tsayayya da zama na Amurka a Ƙasar Ohio.Ƙananan Cherokee sun kasance membobin kafa kuma sun yi yaƙi a Arewa maso yammacin Indiya wanda ya haifar da wannan rikici.Yaƙin Indiyawan Arewa maso Yamma ya ƙare tare da Yarjejeniyar Greenville a 1795.Ƙarshen yaƙe-yaƙe na Indiya ya ba da damar daidaita abin da ake kira "Yankin Indiya" a cikin Dokar Sarauta ta 1763, kuma ya ƙare a farkon jihohin Appalachian, Kentucky a 1792 da Ohio a 1803.
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Zaman Tarayyar Amurka
Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Mulki ta 1787 ta Junius Brutus Stearns, 1856. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1781 Jan 1 - 1789

Zaman Tarayyar Amurka

United States
Lokacin Tarayyar shine zamanin tarihin Amurka a cikin 1780s bayan juyin juya halin Amurka da kuma kafin amincewa da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka.A cikin 1781, {asar Amirka ta amince da Kundin Tsarin Mulki da Ƙungiya ta dindindin kuma ta yi nasara a yakin Yorktown, babban yakin kasa na karshe tsakanin Birtaniya da Amurka a yakin juyin juya halin Amurka.An tabbatar da 'yancin kai na Amurka tare da sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Paris a 1783.{asar Amirka, ta fuskanci kalubaloli da dama, da dama daga cikinsu, sun samo asali ne daga rashin ingantacciyar gwamnati ta kasa da kuma al'adun siyasa na bai daya.Lokacin ya ƙare a cikin 1789 bayan amincewa da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka, wanda ya kafa sabuwar gwamnati mai ƙarfi, ta ƙasa.
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Yakin Indiyawan Arewa maso Yamma
Legion na Amurka a yakin Fallen Timbers, 1794 ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1786 Jan 1 - 1795 Jan

Yakin Indiyawan Arewa maso Yamma

Ohio River, United States
Yakin Indiyawan Arewa maso Yamma (1786-1795), wanda kuma aka sani da wasu sunaye, wani rikici ne na makami don sarrafa yankin Arewa maso Yamma da aka gwabza tsakanin Amurka da kungiyar hadin kan kasashen Amurkawa ta Amurka da aka fi sani da Arewa maso Yamma Confederacy.Sojojin Amurka sun dauki shi farkon yakin Indiyawan Amurka.[22]Bayan shekaru aru-aru da aka shafe ana rikici don mallakar wannan yanki, Masarautar Burtaniya ta ba da ita ga sabuwar Amurka a cikin labarin 2 na yarjejeniyar Paris, wanda ya kawo karshen yakin juyin juya halin Amurka.Yarjejeniyar ta yi amfani da manyan tabkuna a matsayin iyaka tsakanin yankin Burtaniya da Amurka.Wannan ya ba da gagarumin yanki ga Amurka, da farko da aka fi sani da Ƙasar Ohio da Ƙasar Illinois, waɗanda a baya an hana su zuwa sababbin ƙauyuka.Duk da haka, yawancin al'ummar Amirkawa sun zauna a wannan yanki, kuma Birtaniya sun ci gaba da kasancewa soja da ci gaba da manufofin da ke goyon bayan 'yan asalinsu.Tare da mamaye mazauna Turai-Amurka a yamma da tsaunin Appalachian bayan yakin, kawancen da Huron ke jagoranta ya kafa a cikin 1785 don yin tsayayya da cin zarafi na Indiyawa, yana bayyana cewa filayen arewa da yammacin Kogin Ohio yanki ne na Indiya.Shekaru hudu bayan fara yaƙin neman zaɓe na sojan Amirka da ke samun goyon bayan Birtaniya, Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amirka ya fara aiki;An rantsar da George Washington a matsayin shugaban kasa, wanda ya sanya shi zama babban kwamandan sojojin Amurka.Don haka, Washington ta umurci Sojojin Amurka da su tilasta wa Amurka ikon mallakar yankin.Sojojin Amurka, wadanda suka kunshi wadanda ba a horar da su ba da kuma ‘yan sa-kai, sun sha fama da babbar nasara, wadanda suka hada da yakin Harmar (1790) da na St. Clair (1791), wadanda ke daga cikin mafi muni da aka taba fuskanta a tarihin Amurka. Sojoji.Mummunan asarar St. Clair ya lalata yawancin Sojojin Amurka kuma ya bar Amurka cikin rauni.Ita ma Washington tana karkashin binciken majalisa kuma an tursasa ta da ta tara manyan sojoji cikin sauri.Ya zaɓi tsohon sojan juyin juya hali Janar Anthony Wayne don tsarawa da horar da rundunar yaƙi da ta dace.Wayne ya karbi jagorancin sabuwar Legion na Amurka a ƙarshen 1792 kuma ya shafe shekara guda yana gini, horo, da kuma samun kayayyaki.Bayan yaƙin neman zaɓe da aka yi sama da ƙwarin kogin Great Miami da Maumee a yammacin Ƙasar Ohio, Wayne ya jagoranci Ƙungiyarsa zuwa ga gagarumin nasara a yakin Fallen Timbers kusa da kudu maso yammacin Tekun Erie (kusa da Toledo na zamani, Ohio) a cikin 1794. Bayan haka, Ya ci gaba da kafa Fort Wayne a babban birnin Miami na Kekionga, alamar ikon mallakar Amurka a tsakiyar ƙasar Indiya da kuma gaban Birtaniya.Ƙabilun da aka ci nasara an tilasta su ba da yanki mai faɗi, ciki har da yawancin Ohio na yanzu, a cikin Yarjejeniyar Greenville a 1795. Yarjejeniyar Jay a cikin wannan shekarar ta shirya tsagaita wuta na manyan tafkuna na Burtaniya a cikin yankin Amurka.Daga baya Burtaniya za ta sake kwace wannan kasa a takaice a lokacin yakin 1812.
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Zamanin Tarayya
Shugaba George Washington ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1788 Jan 1 - 1800

Zamanin Tarayya

United States
Zamanin Tarayya a tarihin Amurka ya gudana daga 1788 zuwa 1800, lokacin da Jam'iyyar Tarayya da magabatanta ke da rinjaye a siyasar Amurka.A wannan lokacin, 'yan majalisar tarayya gabaɗaya suna sarrafa Majalisa kuma suna jin daɗin goyon bayan Shugaba George Washington da Shugaba John Adams.Zamanin ya ga kafa sabuwar gwamnatin tarayya mai karfi a karkashin kundin tsarin mulkin Amurka, da zurfafa goyon bayan kishin kasa, da kuma rage fargabar zaluntar gwamnatin tsakiya.Zaman ya fara ne da amincewa da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka kuma ya ƙare da nasarar Jam'iyyar Demokraɗiyya-Jamhuriya a zaɓen 1800.
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1790 Jan 1

Na Biyu Babban Farkawa

United States
Farkawa na Biyu shine farkawa ta addinin Furotesta a farkon karni na 19 a Amurka.Farkawa mai girma na biyu, wanda ya yada addini ta hanyar farfaɗo da wa'azin zuciya, ya haifar da ƙungiyoyi masu yawa na gyarawa.Farfadowa wani mahimmin ɓangaren motsi ne kuma ya jawo ɗaruruwan masu tuba zuwa sababbin ƙungiyoyin Furotesta.Cocin Methodist ta yi amfani da mahaya da’ira don isa ga mutane a wuraren da ke kan iyaka.Babban farkawa na biyu ya haifar da wani lokaci na sake fasalin zamantakewar antebellum da kuma mai da hankali kan ceto ta cibiyoyi.Fitowar zafin addini da farfaɗowa ya fara ne a Kentucky da Tennessee a cikin 1790s da farkon 1800 a tsakanin Presbyterians, Methodists da Baptists.Masana tarihi sun sanya suna Babban Farkawa na Biyu a cikin mahallin Babban Farkawa na Farko na 1730s da 1750s da na Babban Farkawa na Uku na ƙarshen 1850s zuwa farkon 1900s.Farkawa ta Farko wani bangare ne na wani yunkuri na addinin Romantic da ya fi girma wanda ke mamaye Ingila, Scotland, da Jamus.Sabbin ƙungiyoyin addini sun bayyana a lokacin babban farkawa na biyu, kamar Adventism, Dispensationalism, da motsin Saint Day na Ƙarshe.
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Dimokuradiyyar Jeffersonian
Tunanin Jefferson game da iyakacin gwamnati ya sami rinjaye a karni na 17 masanin falsafar siyasar Ingila John Locke (hoto) ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1801 Jan 1 - 1817

Dimokuradiyyar Jeffersonian

United States
Dimokuradiyyar Jeffersonian, mai suna bayan mai ba da shawara Thomas Jefferson, na ɗaya daga cikin manyan ra'ayoyin siyasa da ƙungiyoyi biyu a Amurka daga shekarun 1790 zuwa 1820.Mutanen Jefferson sun himmatu sosai ga tsarin jamhuriyar Amurka, wanda ke nufin adawa da abin da suke ɗauka a matsayin ƴan mulkin mallaka na wucin gadi, adawa da cin hanci da rashawa, da dagewa kan nagarta, tare da fifiko ga “manomi yeoman”, “masu shuka”, da kuma “jama’a na fili” .Sun kasance masu adawa da ƙwazo na ƴan kasuwa, masu banki, da masana'antun, ma'aikatan masana'anta da ba su amince da su ba, kuma sun kasance suna sa ido ga masu goyon bayan tsarin Westminster.An saba amfani da kalmar don komawa ga Jam'iyyar Democratic-Republican (wanda ake kira "Jam'iyyar Republican"), wanda Jefferson ya kafa a adawa da Jam'iyyar Tarayya ta Alexander Hamilton.A farkon zamanin Jeffersonian, jihohi biyu ne kawai (Vermont da Kentucky) suka kafa zaɓen farar fata na duniya ta hanyar soke buƙatun kadarorin.A karshen wannan lokacin, fiye da rabin jihohin sun bi sahu, ciki har da kusan dukkanin jihohin da ke Tsohuwar Arewa maso Yamma.Daga nan kuma sai Jihohi suka ci gaba da ba wa farar fata damar kada kuri'u a zaben shugaban kasa, tare da zaburar da masu kada kuri'a cikin salo na zamani.Jam'iyyar Jefferson, wacce aka fi sani da ita a yau da Jam'iyyar Democratic-Republican Party, a lokacin tana da cikakken ikon tafiyar da na'urorin gwamnati - tun daga majalisar dokokin jiha da zauren birni zuwa fadar White House.
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Sayi Louisiana
Ƙarfafa tuta a Place d'Armes na New Orleans, alamar miƙa mulki ga Faransa Louisiana zuwa Amurka, Disamba 20, 1803, kamar yadda Thure de Thulstrup ya nuna. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1803 Jul 4

Sayi Louisiana

Louisiana, USA
Sayen Louisiana shine mallakar ƙasar Louisiana da Amurka ta yi daga Jamhuriya ta farko ta Faransa a cikin 1803. Wannan ya ƙunshi mafi yawan ƙasar da ke cikin magudanan ruwa na kogin Mississippi a yammacin kogin.[23] A mayar da dala miliyan goma sha biyar, ko kusan dala goma sha takwas a kowace murabba'in mil, Amurka da sunan ta samu jimlar 828,000 sq mi (2,140,000 km2; 530,000,000 acres).Koyaya, Faransa kawai ta mallaki ƙaramin yanki na wannan yanki, yawancin mazaunan 'yan asalin ƙasar Amurka ne;ga galibin yankin, abin da Amurka ta saya shi ne ‘yancin samun “ƙaddara” na samun filayen “Indiya” ta hanyar yarjejeniya ko ta mamaya, ba tare da wasu turawan mulkin mallaka ba.[24] An kiyasta jimillar kuɗin duk yarjejeniyoyin da suka biyo baya da matsugunan kuɗi a kan ƙasar kusan dala biliyan 2.6.[24]Masarautar Faransa ta mallaki yankin Louisiana tun daga 1682 [25] har zuwa lokacin da aka ba da ita gaSpain a 1762. A cikin 1800, Napoleon, Consul na Farko na Jamhuriyar Faransa, ya sake mallakar Louisiana a matsayin wani ɓangare na babban aikin sake kafawa. daular Faransa ta mulkin mallaka a Arewacin Amurka.Duk da haka, gazawar Faransa na kawo karshen tawaye a Saint-Domingue , tare da yiwuwar sake sake yakin da Birtaniya, ya sa Napoleon yayi la'akari da sayar da Louisiana ga Amurka.Samun Louisiana shine dogon lokaci burin Shugaba Thomas Jefferson, wanda ke da sha'awar samun iko da tashar tashar Mississippi mai mahimmanci ta New Orleans.Jefferson ya ba James Monroe da Robert R. Livingston alhakin siyan New Orleans.Tattaunawa da Ministan Baitulmalin Faransa François Barbé-Marbois (wanda ke aiki a madadin Napoleon), wakilan Amurka da sauri sun amince su sayi duk yankin Louisiana bayan an ba da shi.Cin nasara da adawa na Jam'iyyar Tarayya, Jefferson da Sakataren Gwamnati James Madison sun rinjayi Majalisa don amincewa da kuma ba da kuɗin sayen Louisiana.Sayen Louisiana ya tsawaita ikon mallakar Amurka a fadin kogin Mississippi, kusan ninki biyu girman kasar.A lokacin siyan, yankin mutanen da ba 'yan asalin Louisiana ba ya kai kusan mazaunan 60,000, waɗanda rabinsu bayi ne 'yan Afirka.[26] An daidaita iyakokin yamma na siyan ta hanyar 1819 Adams – Onís Yarjejeniyar tare da Spain, yayin da yarjejeniyar 1818 da Biritaniya ta daidaita iyakokin arewacin siyan.
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1812 Jun 18 - 1815 Feb 14

Yakin 1812

North America
Yaƙin 1812 (18 ga Yuni 1812 – 17 ga Fabrairu 1815) an yi yaƙi da Amurka ta Amurka da ƙawayenta na ’yan asalinta da Ƙasar Ingila da nata ’yan asalinta a Biritaniya ta Arewacin Amirka, tare da ƙarancin shiga taSpain a Florida.Ya fara ne lokacin da Amurka ta ayyana yaki a ranar 18 ga Yuni 1812. Ko da yake an amince da sharuɗɗan zaman lafiya a cikin yarjejeniyar Ghent na Disamba 1814, yaƙin bai ƙare a hukumance ba har sai da Majalisar ta amince da yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu 1815. [27.]Tashin hankali ya samo asali ne daga bambance-bambancen da suka dade a kan fadada yankuna a Arewacin Amurka da kuma goyon bayan Birtaniyya ga kabilun Amurkawa wadanda suka yi adawa da turawan mulkin mallaka na Amurka a Tsohuwar Arewa maso Yamma.Wadannan sun ta'azzara a cikin 1807 bayan da Sojojin ruwa na Royal suka fara aiwatar da tsauraran takunkumi kan kasuwancin Amurka da Faransa da 'yan jaridu da suka yi da'awar a matsayin 'yan Burtaniya, har ma da wadanda ke da takardar shaidar zama dan Amurka.[28] An raba ra'ayi a Amurka game da yadda za a mayar da martani, kuma ko da yake mafi yawan 'yan majalisa da majalisar dattijai sun kada kuri'a don yaki, sun raba tare da tsauraran matakan jam'iyya, tare da Jam'iyyar Democratic-Republican Party da ke goyon bayan Jam'iyyar Tarayya.[29] Labarai na rangwamen da Birtaniyya suka yi a ƙoƙarin gujewa yaƙi bai kai ga Amurka ba har zuwa ƙarshen Yuli, lokacin da rikici ya riga ya fara.A cikin teku, Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Royal ta sanya wani shinge mai tasiri a kan kasuwancin teku na Amurka, yayin da tsakanin 1812 zuwa 1814 'yan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya da sojojin mulkin mallaka suka yi nasara akan jerin hare-haren Amurka a Upper Canada.[30] Ƙucewar Napoleon a farkon 1814 ya bawa Birtaniya damar aika ƙarin dakaru zuwa Arewacin Amirka da Rundunar Sojan Ruwa don ƙarfafa shingen da suka yi, wanda ya gurgunta tattalin arzikin Amurka.[31] A watan Agusta 1814, an fara shawarwari a Ghent, tare da bangarorin biyu suna son zaman lafiya;Takunkumin kasuwanci ya yi matukar tasiri ga tattalin arzikin Birtaniyya, yayin da 'yan Tarayyar Turai suka kira taron Hartford a watan Disamba don tsara adawarsu da yakin.A watan Agustan 1814, sojojin Birtaniya sun kama Washington, kafin nasarar Amurka a Baltimore da Plattsburgh a watan Satumba sun kawo karshen fada a arewa.A Kudu maso Gabashin Amurka, sojojin Amurka da kawayen Indiya sun fatattaki wani bangaren da ke adawa da Amurka na yankin Creek.A farkon 1815, sojojin Amurka sun ci nasara a wani babban harin Birtaniya a New Orleans.
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1816 Jan 1 - 1858

Seminole Wars

Florida, USA
Yaƙe-yaƙe na Seminole (wanda aka fi sani da Wars Florida) jerin rikice-rikice ne na soja guda uku tsakanin Amurka da Seminoles waɗanda suka faru a Florida tsakanin kusan 1816 da 1858. Seminoles wata ƙasa ce ta Amurka ta asali wacce ta haɗu a arewacin Florida a lokacin lokacin. farkon shekarun 1700, lokacin da yankin ya kasance mallakin mulkin mallaka na Spain.Tashin hankali ya karu tsakanin Seminoles da mazauna a cikin sabuwar Amurka mai cin gashin kanta a farkon shekarun 1800, musamman saboda mutanen da aka bautar da su a kai a kai suna gudun hijira daga Jojiya zuwa Florida ta Spain, wanda ya sa masu bautar su gudanar da hare-haren bayi a kan iyakar.Rikicin kan iyaka ya karu zuwa Yaƙin Seminole na Farko a 1817, lokacin da Janar Andrew Jackson ya jagoranci kutsawa cikin ƙasa saboda ƙin yarda da Mutanen Espanya.Sojojin Jackson sun lalata garuruwan Seminole da Black Seminole da dama sannan suka mamaye Pensacola na ɗan lokaci kafin su janye a 1818. Ba da daɗewa ba Amurka da Spain sun yi shawarwarin canja wurin yankin tare da yarjejeniyar Adams-Onis ta 1819.{Asar Amirka ta sami mallakar Florida a 1821 kuma ta tilasta Seminoles su bar ƙasashensu a cikin panhandle na Florida don wani babban ajiyar Indiya a tsakiyar tekun ta Yarjejeniyar Moultrie Creek.Kimanin shekaru goma bayan haka, gwamnatin Amurka karkashin Shugaba Andrew Jackson ta bukaci su bar Florida gaba daya su koma yankin Indiya bisa ga dokar kawar da Indiya.Wasu 'yan makada sun bi ba da son rai ba amma galibi sun yi tsayin daka, wanda ya kai ga yakin Seminole na biyu (1835-1842), wanda ya kasance mafi tsayi kuma mafi tsayi a cikin rikice-rikicen uku.Da farko, kasa da mayaƙan Seminole 2000 sun yi amfani da dabarun yaƙi da yaƙi da kuma sanin ƙasar don gujewa tare da hana haɗin gwiwar Sojojin Amurka da na Marine waɗanda suka girma zuwa sama da 30,000.Maimakon ci gaba da bin wadannan kananan makada, kwamandojin Amurka daga karshe sun canza dabarunsu, suka mai da hankali kan neman da lalata kauyukan Seminole da amfanin gona na boye, suna kara matsin lamba ga masu adawa da su mika wuya ko yunwa tare da iyalansu.Yawancin mutanen Seminole an ƙaura zuwa ƙasar Indiya ko kuma a kashe su a tsakiyar shekarun 1840, kodayake ɗaruruwan da yawa sun zauna a kudu maso yammacin Florida, inda aka ba su damar ci gaba da zaman sulhu.Tashin hankali game da ci gaban Fort Myers na kusa ya haifar da sabunta tashin hankali, kuma Yaƙin Seminole na Uku ya barke a cikin 1855. Ta hanyar dakatar da faɗa a cikin 1858, 'yan ragowar rukunin Seminoles a Florida sun gudu cikin zurfi cikin Everglades zuwa ƙasa maras so. farare mazauna.A hade, Yaƙin Seminole sun kasance mafi tsayi, mafi tsada, kuma mafi muni a duk yaƙe-yaƙe na Indiyawan Amurka.
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1817 Jan 1 - 1825

Zamanin Jin Dadi

United States
Zamanin Kyakkyawar Ji ya nuna wani lokaci a tarihin siyasar Amurka wanda ke nuna ma'anar manufa ta ƙasa da kuma sha'awar haɗin kai tsakanin Amirkawa bayan yakin 1812 .[32] Wannan zamanin ya ga rugujewar Jam’iyyar Tarayya da kuma kawo karshen rigingimun bangaranci da ke tsakaninta da Jam’iyyar Dimokuradiyya mai rinjaye a lokacin Tsarin Jam’iyya ta Farko.[33] Shugaba James Monroe ya yi ƙoƙari ya rage ɓangarorin bangaranci wajen yin nadin nasa, tare da babban burin haɗin kan ƙasa da kawar da jam'iyyun siyasa gaba ɗaya daga siyasar ƙasa.Wannan lokacin yana da alaƙa sosai da shugabancin Monroe (1817-1825) da manufofinsa na gudanarwa wanda sunansa da zamanin kusan iri ɗaya ne.[34]
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1823 Dec 2

Rukunan Monroe

United States
Rukunan Monroe matsayi ne na manufofin waje na Amurka wanda ke adawa da mulkin mallaka na Turai a Yammacin Yammacin Turai.An yi imanin cewa duk wani tsoma baki a harkokin siyasar Amurka daga wasu kasashen waje, wani abu ne mai yuwuwar kiyayya ga Amurka.[35] Koyarwar ta kasance tsakiya ga manufofin waje na Amurka don yawancin ƙarni na 19 da farkon 20th.[36]Shugaba James Monroe ya fara bayyana koyaswar a ranar 2 ga Disamba, 1823, a lokacin jawabinsa na shekara-shekara na Ƙungiyar Tarayyar ga Congress (ko da yake ba za a sanya masa suna ba sai 1850).[37 <>] A lokacin, kusan dukkanin ƙasashen Spain da ke nahiyar Amirka sun samu ko sun kusa samun yancin kai.Monroe ya tabbatar da cewa Sabuwar Duniya da Tsohuwar Duniya za su kasance masu tasiri daban-daban, [38] don haka ƙarin ƙoƙarin da ikon Turai ke yi don sarrafawa ko tasiri ƙasashe masu iko a yankin za a kalli a matsayin barazana ga tsaron Amurka.[39] Bi da bi, {asar Amirka za ta gane kuma ba za ta tsoma baki tare da mulkin mallaka na Turai ba, ko tsoma baki a cikin harkokin cikin gida na ƙasashen Turai.Domin Amurka ba ta da rundunonin sojan ruwa da sojoji masu inganci a lokacin shelar koyarwar, turawan mulkin mallaka sun yi watsi da ita.Yayin da aka samu nasarar aiwatar da shi a wani bangare ta Burtaniya, wacce ta yi amfani da ita a matsayin dama don aiwatar da manufofinta na Pax Britannica, har yanzu koyarwar ta karya sau da yawa a cikin karni na 19.A farkon karni na 20, duk da haka, Amurka da kanta ta sami nasarar aiwatar da koyarwar, kuma ta zama wani lokaci mai ma'ana a cikin manufofin ketare na Amurka da kuma daya daga cikin mafi dadewa a tsarinta.Niyya da tasirin koyarwar sun dawwama sama da ƙarni guda bayan haka, tare da ƙananan bambance-bambance, kuma yawancin shugabannin Amurka da shugabannin Amurka da yawa za su yi kira, ciki har da Ulysses S. Grant, Theodore Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy, da Ronald Reagan. .Bayan 1898, lauyoyi da haziƙai na Latin Amurka sun sake fassara Rukunan Monroe a matsayin haɓaka ƙungiyoyin jama'a da rashin shiga tsakani.A cikin 1933, a ƙarƙashin Shugaba Franklin D. Roosevelt, Amurka ta tabbatar da wannan sabon fassarar, wato ta hanyar kafa Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Amirka.[40] A cikin karni na 21st, koyaswar tana ci gaba da yin Allah wadai da yin Allah wadai, maido da ita, ko sake fassara ta.
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Demokradiyyar Jacksonian
Hoton Ralph Eleaser Whiteside Earl, c.1835 ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1825 Jan 1 - 1849

Demokradiyyar Jacksonian

United States
Dimokuradiyyar Jacksonian falsafar siyasa ce ta ƙarni na 19 a cikin Amurka wacce ta faɗaɗa zaɓe ga mafi yawan fararen fata sama da shekaru 21, kuma ta sake fasalin cibiyoyin tarayya da yawa.Ya samo asali daga shugaban Amurka na bakwai, Andrew Jackson da magoya bayansa, ya zama babban ra'ayin siyasa na al'ummar kasa har tsawon tsararraki.Kalmar da kanta tana cikin amfani da aiki ta 1830s.[40]Wannan zamanin, wanda ake kira Tsarin Jasonian Era ko Tsarin Jam'iyya na Biyu ta masana tarihi da masana kimiyyar siyasa, ya daɗe tun daga zaɓen Jackson na 1828 a matsayin shugaban ƙasa har sai da bautar da ta zama babbar matsala tare da zartar da dokar Kansas-Nebraska a 1854 da kuma sakamakon siyasa na farar hula na Amurka. Yaki ya sauya fasalin siyasar Amurka.Ya fito ne lokacin da jam'iyyar Democratic-Republican Party ta zama ƙungiya a kusa da zaben shugaban kasa na Amurka na 1824.Magoya bayan Jackson sun fara kafa Jam'iyyar Democratic Party ta zamani.Abokan hamayyarsa na siyasa John Quincy Adams da Henry Clay sun kirkiro Jam'iyyar Republican ta kasa, wacce za ta hada da sauran kungiyoyin siyasa na anti-Jackson don kafa jam'iyyar Whig.A faɗin gaskiya, zamanin yana da ruhin demokraɗiyya.Ya ginu ne akan manufofin siyasa daidai gwargwado na Jackson, daga baya ya kawo karshen abin da ya kira cin gashin kansa na gwamnati ta manyan mutane.Tun kafin zamanin Jacksonian ya fara, an ba da damar zaɓe ga yawancin fararen fata maza, sakamakon da 'yan Jacksonians suka yi bikin.[41] Dimokuradiyya ta Jacksonian ta kuma inganta karfin shugabancin shugaban kasa da bangaren zartarwa ta hanyar kashe kudaden Majalisar Dokokin Amurka, tare da neman fadada shigar jama'a a cikin gwamnati.Mutanen Jackson sun bukaci zaɓaɓɓu, ba nada ba, alkalai da sake rubuta kundin tsarin mulkin jihohi da yawa don nuna sabbin dabi'u.A cikin sharuddan ƙasa, sun fi son faɗaɗa yanayin ƙasa, suna ba da hujja ta fuskar kaddara bayyananne.Yawancin lokaci an sami yarjejeniya tsakanin duka Jacksonians da Whigs cewa ya kamata a guje wa yaƙe-yaƙe kan bauta.Fadada dimokuradiyya ta Jackson ta kasance ta iyakance ga Bature Amurkawa, kuma an ba da haƙƙin jefa ƙuri'a ga balagaggun fararen fata kawai.Babu wani canji ko kaɗan, kuma a lokuta da yawa an rage haƙƙoƙin Baƙin Amurkawa da ’yan asalin ƙasar a lokacin faɗuwar lokacin mulkin demokraɗiyya na Jacksonian, wanda ya kai daga 1829 zuwa 1860. [42]
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1830
Girma da Masana'antuornament
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1830 Jan 1 - 1847

Hanyar Hawaye

Fort Gibson, OK, USA
Hanyar Hawaye ta kasance jerin ƙaura na tilastawa Indiyawan Amurkawa kusan 60,000 na "Ƙabilu Biyar Wayewa" tsakanin 1830 zuwa 1850 ta gwamnatin Amurka.[43] Wani ɓangare na kawar da Indiyawa, tsabtace ƙabilanci ya kasance a hankali, yana faruwa a cikin kusan shekaru ashirin.Membobin abin da ake kira "Ƙabilu Biyar Wayewa" - Cherokee, Muscogee (Creek), Seminole, Chickasaw, da Choctaw al'ummomin (ciki har da dubban bayinsu baƙar fata) - an tilasta musu cire su daga ƙasashen kakanninsu a kudu maso gabashin Amurka zuwa yankunan. zuwa yammacin kogin Mississippi wanda aka keɓe yankin Indiya.Hukumomin gwamnati ne suka yi ƙaura ta tilastawa bayan an zartar da Dokar Cire Indiya a cikin 1830. [44] Cire Cherokee a 1838 (ƙarar tilastawa ta ƙarshe a gabashin Mississippi) an kawo shi ta hanyar gano zinari kusa da Dahlonega, Georgia. , a cikin 1828, wanda ya haifar da Jojiya Gold Rush.[45]Mutanen da aka ƙaura sun yi fama da fallasa, cututtuka, da yunwa yayin da suke kan hanyarsu ta zuwa sabon wurin ajiyar Indiya.Dubban mutane sun mutu daga cututtuka kafin su isa inda suke ko kuma jim kadan bayan haka.[46] A cewar ɗan gwagwarmayar ɗan ƙasar Amurka Suzan Shown Harjo na gidan tarihi na Smithsonian's National Museum of the American Indian, taron ya ƙunshi kisan kiyashi, kodayake masanin tarihi Gary Clayton Anderson ya ƙi wannan lakabin.
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1830 May 28

Dokar Kawar Indiya

Oklahoma, USA
An sanya hannu kan dokar kawar da Indiya ta zama doka a ranar 28 ga Mayu, 1830, ta Shugaban Amurka Andrew Jackson.Dokar, kamar yadda Majalisa ta bayyana, ta tanadi "musayar filaye tare da Indiyawan da ke zaune a kowace jihohi ko yankuna, da kuma kawar da su a yammacin kogin Mississippi."[47] A lokacin Shugabancin Jackson (1829-1837) da magajinsa Martin Van Buren (1837-1841) fiye da 60,000 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka [48] daga aƙalla kabilu 18 [49] an tilasta musu ƙaura zuwa yammacin kogin Mississippi inda an raba su sabbin filaye a matsayin wani bangare na tsarkake kabilanci.[50] An sake tsugunar da kabilun kudu galibi a yankin Indiya (Oklahoma).An sake tsugunar da kabilun arewa tun farko a Kansas.Baya ga wasu ƴan ƙasar Amurka gabas da Mississippi da kuma kudu da manyan tafkuna an kori al'ummar Indiyawa.Yunkurin zuwa yamma na ƙabilun Indiya yana da alaƙa da adadi mai yawa na mace-mace sakamakon wahalar tafiya.[51]Majalisar dokokin Amurka ta amince da dokar da dan karamin rinjaye a majalisar wakilai.Dokar Cire Indiya ta sami goyon bayan Shugaba Jackson, mazauna kudu da farar fata, da gwamnatocin jihohi da yawa, musamman na Jojiya.Kabilun Indiyawa, Jam'iyyar Whig, da Amurkawa da yawa sun yi adawa da kudirin.Yunkurin doka na barin ƙabilun Indiya su kasance a ƙasarsu a gabashin Amurka ya ci tura.Mafi shahara, Cherokee (ban da Yarjejeniyar Party) sun kalubalanci komawar su, amma ba su yi nasara ba a kotuna;Gwamnatin Amurka ta cire su da karfi a wani tattaki zuwa yamma wanda daga baya aka fi sani da Trail of Tears.
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1835 Jan 1 - 1869

Hanyar Oregon

Oregon, USA
Hanyar Oregon ta kasance mai nisan mil 2,170 (kilomita 3,490) gabas – yamma, babbar titin keken keke da titin ƙaura a cikin Amurka wanda ya haɗa Kogin Missouri zuwa kwaruruka a Oregon.Gabashin Trail na Oregon ya mamaye wani yanki na jihar Kansas a yanzu da kusan duk jihohin Nebraska da Wyoming a yanzu.Rabin yammacin hanyar ya mamaye yawancin jihohin Idaho da Oregon na yanzu.'Yan kasuwa na Jawo da masu tarko sun shimfiɗa Trail na Oregon daga kimanin 1811 zuwa 1840 kuma ana iya wucewa kawai a ƙafa ko a kan doki.A shekara ta 1836, lokacin da aka shirya jirgin karen ƙaura na farko a Independence, Missouri, an share hanyar wagon zuwa Fort Hall, Idaho.An ƙara share hanyoyin wagon zuwa yamma kuma daga ƙarshe ya isa har zuwa kwarin Willamette a Oregon, a lokacin abin da ake kira Titin Oregon ya cika, duk da cewa an inganta kusan shekara-shekara ta hanyar gadoji, yanke, jiragen ruwa. , da kuma hanyoyi, wanda ya sanya tafiya cikin sauri da aminci.Daga wurare daban-daban na farawa a cikin Iowa, Missouri, ko Nebraska Territory, hanyoyin sun haɗu tare da ƙananan kwarin Platte kusa da Fort Kearny, Yankin Nebraska, kuma sun kai ga filayen noma masu albarka a yammacin Dutsen Rocky.Daga farkon zuwa tsakiyar 1830s (kuma musamman a cikin shekarun 1846-1869) Hanyar Oregon da yawancin ɓangarorinsa kusan 400,000 mazauna ne, manoma, masu hakar ma'adinai, masu kiwon dabbobi, da masu kasuwanci da danginsu suka yi amfani da su.Rabin gabas na hanyar kuma matafiya sun yi amfani da su akan Titin California (daga 1843), Trail Mormon (daga 1847), da Bozeman Trail (daga 1863) kafin su juya zuwa wuraren da suke keɓe.Amfani da hanyar ya ƙi bayan an kammala titin jirgin ƙasa na farko a cikin 1869, wanda ya sa tafiya yamma ta yi sauri, mai rahusa, da aminci.A yau, manyan tituna na zamani, irin su Interstate 80 da Interstate 84, suna bin sassan hanya iri ɗaya zuwa yamma kuma suna wucewa ta garuruwan da aka kafa don hidima ga waɗanda ke amfani da Titin Oregon.
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Texas Annexation
Janar Lopez de Santa Anna na Mexico ya mika wuya ga Sam Houston ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1845 Dec 29

Texas Annexation

Texas, USA
Jamhuriyar Texas ta ayyana 'yancin kai daga Jamhuriyar Mexico a ranar 2 ga Maris, 1836. Ta nemi shigar da Amurka cikin wannan shekarar, amma sakataren harkokin wajen Amurka ya ki amincewa da shi.A lokacin, mafi yawan al'ummar Texian sun goyi bayan mamaye Jamhuriyar ta Amurka.Shugabannin manyan jam'iyyun siyasar Amurka biyu, Democrats da Whigs, sun yi adawa da shigar da Texas, yanki mai faffadan bayi, cikin rudani na siyasa na takaddamar sashe masu goyon baya da adawa da bauta a Majalisa.Bugu da ƙari, sun so su guje wa yaƙi da Mexico, wanda gwamnatinta ta haramta bautar kuma ta ƙi amincewa da ikon mallakar lardinta na arewa mai tawaye.Yayin da arzikin tattalin arzikin Texas ya ragu a farkon shekarun 1840, Shugaban Jamhuriyar Texas, Sam Houston, ya shirya tattaunawa da Mexico don gano yuwuwar tabbatar da amincewar 'yancin kai a hukumance, tare da shiga tsakani na Burtaniya.A shekara ta 1843, shugaban Amurka John Tyler, wanda ba shi da alaka da kowace jam'iyyar siyasa, ya yanke shawarar ci gaba da mamaye jihar Texas da kansa, a wani yunkuri na samun tushe na goyon bayan wasu shekaru hudu a ofis.Burinsa a hukumance shi ne ya zarce kokarin diflomasiyya da ake zargin gwamnatin Burtaniya ta yi na ‘yantar da bayi a Texas, wanda zai lalata bautar da ake yi a Amurka.Ta hanyar tattaunawar sirri tare da gwamnatin Houston, Tyler ya kulla yarjejeniya ta haɗawa a cikin Afrilu 1844. Lokacin da aka gabatar da takaddun ga Majalisar Dattijan Amurka don tabbatarwa, cikakkun bayanai game da sharuɗɗan haɗawa sun zama jama'a kuma tambayar samun Texas ta dauki mataki a cikin tsarin mulki. zaben shugaban kasa na 1844. Pro-Texas-annexation kudancin Democratic delegates ƙaryata game da anti-annexation shugabansu Martin Van Buren a taron na jam'iyyar a watan Mayu 1844. A cikin kawance da pro-fad'ad'a arewacin Democratic abokan aiki, sun tabbatar da nadin James K. Polk, wanda ya yi gudu a kan dandalin Pro-Texas Manifest Destiny.Ranar 1 ga Maris, 1845, Shugaba Tyler ya sanya hannu kan lissafin haɗin gwiwa, kuma a ranar 3 ga Maris (kwanakinsa na ƙarshe a ofishin), ya aika da gidan zuwa Texas, yana ba da haɗin kai nan da nan (wanda ya rigaya Polk).Lokacin da Polk ya ɗauki ofishin a tsakar rana EST washegari, ya ƙarfafa Texas don karɓar tayin Tyler.Texas ta amince da yarjejeniyar tare da amincewa daga Texans.Shugaban kasar Polk ya sanya hannu kan kudirin dokar a ranar 29 ga Disamba, 1845, yana karbar Texas a matsayin jiha ta 28 na Tarayyar.Texas ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar a hukumance a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu, 1846. Bayan haɗewar, dangantaka tsakanin Amurka da Mexico ta tabarbare saboda takaddamar da ba a warware ta kan iyakar Texas da Mexico ba, kuma yakin Mexico da Amurka ya barke bayan 'yan watanni.
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Kisan kare dangi na California
Kare Mazauna ©J. R. Browne
1846 Jan 1 - 1873

Kisan kare dangi na California

California, USA
Kisan gillar da aka yi a California shi ne kisan dubban 'yan asalin California da jami'an gwamnatin Amurka da 'yan kasa masu zaman kansu suka yi a karni na 19.Ya fara ne bayan cin nasarar Amurka na California daga Mexico , da kwararar mazauna saboda California Gold Rush, wanda ya hanzarta raguwar ƴan asalin California.Tsakanin 1846 zuwa 1873, an kiyasta cewa waɗanda ba 'yan asalin ƙasar ba sun kashe tsakanin 9,492 da 16,094 'yan asalin California.Daruruwan zuwa dubbai kuma sun kasance cikin yunwa ko kuma sun yi aiki har suka mutu.[52 <] > Ayyukan bauta, garkuwa da mutane, fyade, raba yara da ƙaura sun yadu.Hukumomin jihar da mayakan sa-kai ne suka kwadaitar da su, sun jure su, kuma suka aikata wadannan ayyukan.[53]Littafin Handbook of the Indians of California na 1925 ya kiyasta cewa yawan ƴan asalin California ya ragu daga ƙila zuwa 150,000 a 1848 zuwa 30,000 a 1870 kuma ya ƙara faɗuwa zuwa 16,000 a 1900. Cutar ta haifar da raguwa, ƙarancin haihuwa, yunwa, yunwa, kashe-kashe, da kashe-kashe.'Yan asalin California, musamman a lokacin Gold Rush, an yi musu kisan gilla.[54] Tsakanin 10,000 [55] da 27,000 [56] kuma an ɗauke su a matsayin aikin tilastawa.Jihar California ta yi amfani da cibiyoyinta don fifita haƙƙin farar fata akan haƙƙin ƴan asalin ƙasar, korar ƴan ƙasa.[57]Tun daga shekarun 2000 da yawa malaman jami'o'i da kungiyoyin fafutuka na Amurka, duka 'yan asalin Amurka da Turai, sun bayyana lokacin da ya biyo bayan mamayar da Amurka ta yi a California a matsayin wanda gwamnatocin jihohi da na tarayya suka aiwatar da kisan kare dangi kan 'yan asalin Amurkawa a yankin.A cikin 2019, gwamnan California Gavin Newsom ya nemi afuwar kisan gillar da aka yi kuma ya yi kira da a kafa kungiyar bincike don fahimtar batun da kuma sanar da al'ummai masu zuwa.
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1846 Apr 25 - 1848 Feb 1

Yakin Mexico-Amurka

Texas, USA
Yakin Mexico da Amurka wani rikici ne na makami tsakanin Amurka da Mexico daga 1846 zuwa 1848. Ya biyo bayan mamayar da Amurka ta yi wa Texas a 1845, wanda Mexico ta dauki yankin Mexico saboda ba ta amince da yarjejeniyar Velasco da Janar Antonio López de Santa na Mexico ya sanya wa hannu ba. Anna lokacin da yake fursuna na Sojojin Texian a lokacin juyin juya halin Texas na 1836.Jamhuriyar Texas ta kasance ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta, amma yawancin ƴan ƙasar Anglo-Amurka waɗanda suka ƙaura daga Amurka zuwa Texas bayan 1822 [58] sun so a haɗa su da Amurka.[59]Siyasar sashe na cikin gida a cikin Amurka tana hana haɗawa tun da Texas ta kasance ƙasar bawa, yana ɓata ma'auni na iko tsakanin jihohin arewa masu 'yanci da jihohin kudanci.[60] A cikin zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Amurka na 1844, an zaɓi ɗan jam'iyyar Democrat James K. Polk akan dandamali na faɗaɗa yankin Amurka a Oregon da Texas.Polk ya ba da shawarar faɗaɗa ta ko dai ta hanyar lumana ko ƙarfi, tare da haɗa Texas a 1845 yana haɓaka wannan burin [61] ta hanyar lumana.Duk da haka, an yi gardama kan iyakar da ke tsakanin Texas da Mexico, tare da Jamhuriyar Texas da Amurka sun tabbatar da ita ce Rio Grande da Mexico suna da'awar kogin Nueces na arewa ne.Polk ya aika da tawagar diflomasiyya zuwa Mexico a yunƙurin siyan yankin da ake takaddama a kai, tare da California da duk abin da ke tsakanin dala miliyan 25 (daidai da $ 785,178,571 a yau), tayin da gwamnatin Mexico ta ƙi.[62] Daga nan Polk ya aika da gungun sojoji 80 a fadin yankin da ake takaddama a kai zuwa Rio Grande, suna watsi da bukatar Mexico na janyewa.[63] Sojojin Mexico sun fassara wannan a matsayin hari kuma suka fatattaki sojojin Amurka a ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 1846, [64] wani yunkuri da Polk ya yi amfani da shi don shawo kan Majalisar Dokokin Amurka don ayyana yaki.[63]
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1848 Jan 1 - 1855

California Gold Rush

Sierra Nevada, California, USA
Gudun Zinare na California (1848–1855) gudu ne na gwal wanda ya fara a ranar 24 ga Janairu, 1848, lokacin da James W. Marshall ya sami zinare a Sutter's Mill a Coloma, California.[65 <>] Labarin zinare ya kawo kusan mutane 300,000 zuwa California daga sauran Amurka da ketare.[66 <>] Kwatsam kwatsam kwatsam kwatsam na zinare a cikin kuɗin da aka samu ya sake ƙarfafa tattalin arzikin Amirka;Ƙaruwar yawan jama'a ba zato ba tsammani ya ba California damar tafiya da sauri zuwa matsayin jiha, a cikin Yarjejeniya ta 1850. Gold Rush ya yi mummunar tasiri a kan 'yan Californian' yan asalin California kuma ya haɓaka raguwar jama'ar Amirkawa daga cututtuka, yunwa da kuma kisan gillar California.Tasirin Gold Rush yana da yawa.Masu neman zinare sun kai farmaki tare da korarsu daga ƙasashensu baki ɗaya, waɗanda ake kira "'yan arba'in da tara" (yana nufin 1849, shekarar kololuwar shige da fice na Gold Rush).A wajen California, waɗanda suka fara zuwa sun fito ne daga Oregon, tsibirin Sandwich (Hawaii) da Latin Amurka a ƙarshen 1848. Daga cikin kusan mutane 300,000 da suka zo California a lokacin Zinare Rush, kusan rabin sun isa ta teku kuma rabin sun zo kan tudu. Hanyar California da hanyar Gila River;’yan arba’in da tara sukan fuskanci wahalhalu a cikin tafiyar.Yayin da akasarin wadanda suka shigo kasar Amurkawa ne, gudun zinare ya jawo dubban mutane daga Latin Amurka, Turai, Australia da China.An fadada noma da kiwo a fadin jihar domin biyan bukatun mazauna yankin.San Francisco ya girma daga ƙaramin yanki na mazauna kusan 200 a cikin 1846 zuwa ƙaƙƙarfan gari mai kusan 36,000 zuwa 1852. An gina hanyoyi, majami'u, makarantu da sauran garuruwa a cikin California.A cikin 1849 an rubuta kundin tsarin mulki na jiha.An amince da sabon kundin tsarin mulkin ta hanyar kuri'ar raba gardama;jihar nan gaba an zabi gwamna da majalisar dokoki na farko na wucin gadi.A cikin Satumba 1850, California ta zama jiha.A farkon Zinariya Rush, babu wata doka game da haƙƙin mallaka a cikin filayen zinare kuma an haɓaka tsarin "ƙirara ɗari".Masu sa ido sun kwaso zinaren daga magudanan ruwa da gadajen kogi ta hanyar amfani da dabaru masu sauki, kamar su harba.Duk da cewa hakar ma'adinai ta haifar da lahani ga muhalli, an samar da ingantattun hanyoyin dawo da zinare daga baya kuma an karbe su a duniya.Sabbin hanyoyin sufuri sun haɓaka yayin da jiragen ruwa suka shigo sabis na yau da kullun.A shekara ta 1869, an gina titin jirgin kasa daga California zuwa gabashin Amurka.A kololuwar sa, ci gaban fasaha ya kai wani matsayi inda ake buƙatar babban kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe, yana ƙara yawan kamfanonin gwal ga masu hakar ma'adinai guda ɗaya.Zinariya da darajarsu ta kai dubun-dubatar dalar Amurka ta yau, an kwato, wanda ya kai ga samun dukiya mai yawa ga wasu kadan, ko da yake da yawa wadanda suka shiga gasar Gold Rush ta California sun samu kadan fiye da yadda suka fara da.
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1848 Jun 1

Ra'ayin Mata

United States
Ƙungiyar mata ta fara ne tare da taron jama'a na Yuni 1848 na Jam'iyyar Liberty.Dan takarar shugaban kasa Gerrit Smith yayi jayayya kuma ya kafa zaben mata a matsayin plank na jam'iyya.Wata daya bayan haka, dan uwansa Elizabeth Cady Stanton ya shiga tare da Lucretia Mott da sauran mata don shirya taron Seneca Falls, wanda ke nuna Shelar Sentiments na neman daidaito ga mata, da 'yancin yin zabe.Da yawa daga cikin wadannan masu fafutuka sun fahimci siyasa a lokacin yunkurin kawar da shi.Yakin neman hakkin mata a lokacin "famincin mata na farko" ya kasance karkashin jagorancin Stanton, Lucy Stone da Susan B. Anthony, da dai sauransu.Stone da Paulina Wright Davis sun shirya babban taron 'yancin mata na ƙasa a 1850. [67]Motsin ya sake tsarawa bayan yakin basasa, inda ya sami gogaggun masu fafutuka, wadanda da yawa daga cikinsu sun yi aiki don haramtawa a kungiyar Matan Kirista ta Mata.A karshen karni na 19 wasu wasu jahohin yammacin duniya sun baiwa mata cikakken haƙƙin jefa ƙuri'a, [67] ko da yake mata sun yi gagarumar nasara ta shari'a, suna samun haƙƙi a wurare kamar dukiya da tsare yara.[68]
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Farashin 1850
Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka, AD 1850 (wanda Peter F. Rothermel ya zana): Henry Clay ya hau kujerar tsohon majalisar dattawa;Mataimakin shugaban kasa Millard Fillmore ya jagoranci yayin da John C. Calhoun (a hannun dama na kujerar Fillmore) da Daniel Webster (wanda ke zaune a hagu na Clay) suna kallo. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1850 Jan 1

Farashin 1850

United States
Yarjejeniya ta 1850 wani kunshin kudade ne daban-daban guda biyar da Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta yi a watan Satumba na 1850 wanda ya kawar da tashin hankali na dan lokaci tsakanin bawa da jihohi masu 'yanci a cikin shekarun da suka kai ga yakin basasar Amurka.Wanda Sanata Whig Henry Clay da Sanata Stephen A. Douglas suka tsara, tare da goyon bayan Shugaba Millard Fillmore, sasantawar ta ta'allaka ne kan yadda za a gudanar da bautar a yankunan da aka samu kwanan nan daga yakin Mexico-American (1846-48).Sashin yana aiki:amince da bukatar California ta shiga Ƙungiyar a matsayin jiha mai 'yanciƘarfafa dokokin bawa masu gudun hijira tare da Dokar Bawan Fugitive na 1850haramta cinikin bayi a Washington, DC (yayin da har yanzu yana barin bautar kanta a can)an ayyana iyakokin arewa da yamma don Texas yayin da aka kafa gwamnatin yanki don yankin New Mexico, ba tare da wani hani kan ko wata jiha ta gaba daga wannan yankin za ta zama 'yanci ko bawa.ya kafa gwamnatin yanki don Yankin Utah, ba tare da wani hani kan ko wata jiha ta gaba daga wannan yankin za ta zama 'yanci ko bawa.An yi ta muhawara kan bauta a yankunan a lokacin yakin Mexico da Amurka, yayin da yawancin 'yan Kudu suka nemi fadada bautar ga sababbin ƙasashe kuma yawancin 'yan Arewa sun yi adawa da irin wannan fadada.Muhawarar ta kara dagulewa da da'awar Texas ga dukkan tsoffin yankunan Mexico a arewa da gabashin Rio Grande, gami da yankunan da ba ta taba sarrafa su yadda ya kamata ba.Muhawarar da aka yi kan kudirin dokar ta kasance mafi shahara a tarihin Majalisar, kuma rarrabuwar kawuna ta rikide zuwa fafatawar da aka yi da bindigogi a zauren Majalisa.A karkashin yarjejeniyar, Texas ta mika da'awar ta ga New Mexico na yau da sauran jihohi don karbar bashin jama'a na Texas.An shigar da California a matsayin jiha mai 'yanci, yayin da aka tsara sauran sassan Cession na Mexico zuwa Yankin New Mexico da Utah Territory.Ƙarƙashin ra’ayin sarauta na farin jini, mutanen kowane yanki za su yanke shawara ko za a bar bauta ko a’a.Yarjejeniyar ta kuma haɗa da Dokar Bawan Fugitive mai ƙarfi da kuma dakatar da cinikin bayi a Washington, DC Dokar Kansas-Nebraska (1854) za ta sake buɗe batun bautar a cikin yankuna, amma sulhu na 1850 ya taka muhimmiyar rawa. a jinkirta yakin basasar Amurka.
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1857 Mar 6

Dred Scott Decision

United States
Dred Scott v. Sandford wani muhimmin mataki ne na Kotun Koli ta Amurka wanda ya ce kundin tsarin mulkin Amurka bai ba wa mutanen bakaken fata 'yan Afirka damar zama 'yan kasar Amurka ba, don haka ba za su iya more hakki da gata da kundin tsarin mulkin ya ba 'yan Amurka ba.[69 <>] An yi tir da hukuncin da Kotun Koli ta yanke, duka saboda nuna wariyar launin fata da kuma rawar da ta taka a farkon yakin basasar Amurka shekaru hudu bayan haka.[70] Masanin shari'a Bernard Schwartz ya ce "yana kan farko a cikin jerin mafi munin hukuncin Kotun Koli".Babban mai shari'a Charles Evans Hughes ya kira kotun "mafi girman raunin da aka yi wa kansa".[71]Shawarar ta shafi shari'ar Dred Scott, wani bakar fata da aka yi bautar da masu shi suka dauke shi daga Missouri, jihar da ke rike da bayi, zuwa cikin Illinois da yankin Wisconsin, inda bauta ta sabawa doka.Lokacin da masu shi suka dawo da shi Missouri daga baya, Scott ya kai ƙarar neman ’yancinsa kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa saboda an ɗauke shi zuwa cikin “yanci” yankin Amurka, an ’yantar da shi kai tsaye kuma ba bawa ne a bisa doka.Scott ya fara kai kara a kotun jihar Missouri, wadda ta yanke hukuncin cewa har yanzu bawa ne a karkashin dokarta.Daga nan sai ya kai kara a wata kotun tarayya ta Amurka, wadda ta yanke masa hukunci ta hanyar yanke shawarar cewa dole ne ta yi amfani da dokar Missouri a shari’ar.Daga nan ya kai kara zuwa kotun kolin Amurka.A cikin Maris 1857, Kotun Koli ta ba da shawarar 7-2 akan Scott.A wani ra'ayi da babban mai shari'a Roger Taney ya rubuta, Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa mutanen da suka fito daga Afirka "ba a hada su ba, kuma ba a yi niyyar shigar da su ba, a karkashin kalmar 'yan kasa' a cikin kundin tsarin mulki, don haka ba za su iya neman wani hakki ba kuma ba za a iya ba da izini ba. gata da kayan aikin ke bayarwa da kuma amintar da jama'ar Amurka."Taney ya goyi bayan hukuncinsa tare da wani bincike mai zurfi game da dokokin Amurka da na gida tun daga lokacin da aka tsara kundin tsarin mulki a 1787 wanda ke nufin ya nuna cewa "an yi nufin kafa shinge mai dindindin kuma wanda ba zai iya wucewa ba tsakanin launin fata da wanda suka rage. ga bauta".Domin Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa Scott ba Ba’amurke ba ne, shi ma ba dan kowace jiha ba ne, don haka, ba zai taba iya kafa “banbancin zama dan kasa” da Mataki na III na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka ya bukaci kotun tarayya ta Amurka ta samu damar. don aiwatar da hukunce-hukuncen shari'a.Bayan yanke hukunci kan waɗancan batutuwan da ke kewaye da Scott, Taney ya soke Yarjejeniyar Missouri a matsayin iyakance kan haƙƙin mallakar bayi wanda ya wuce ikon tsarin mulkin Majalisar Dokokin Amurka.
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1861 Apr 12 - 1865 May 9

Yakin basasar Amurka

United States
Yaƙin basasa na Amurka (12 ga Afrilu, 1861 - Mayu 9, 1865; wanda kuma aka sani da wasu sunaye) ya kasance yakin basasa a Amurka tsakanin Tarayyar (jihohin da suka kasance masu biyayya ga Tarayyar Tarayya, ko "Arewa") da kuma Ƙungiya (jahohin da suka zaɓi ballewa, ko "Kudu").Babban dalilin yakin shine matsayin bauta, musamman fadada bautar da aka samu a cikin yankunan da aka samu sakamakon Sayen Louisiana da Yakin Mexico-Amurka.A jajibirin yakin basasa a shekarar 1860, miliyan hudu daga cikin Amurkawa miliyan 32 (~ 13%) sun kasance bayi ne bakar fata, kusan duka a Kudu.Yaƙin basasa na ɗaya daga cikin mafi nazari da rubuce-rubuce game da abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin Amurka.Ya kasance batun muhawarar al'adu da tarihin tarihi.Abin sha'awa na musamman shine tatsuniya na ci gaba na Bacewar Dalili na Ƙungiya.Yaƙin basasar Amurka yana cikin waɗanda suka fara amfani da yaƙin masana'antu.Titin dogo, telegraph, jiragen ruwa, jirgin ruwan yaƙi, da makaman da aka kera da yawa sun yi amfani sosai.Gaba daya yakin ya yi sanadin mutuwar sojoji 620,000 zuwa 750,000, tare da jikkata fararen hula da ba a tantance ba.Yaƙin basasa ya kasance mafi munin rikicin soji a tarihin Amurka.Fasaha da rashin tausayi na yakin basasa sun nuna alamun yakin duniya masu zuwa.
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1863 Jan 1

Shelar 'Yanci

United States
Shela ta 'Yanci, Shela ta 95 a hukumance, shela ce ta shugaban kasa da umarnin zartarwa wanda shugaban Amurka Abraham Lincoln ya bayar a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1863, lokacin yakin basasar Amurka .Sanarwar ta sauya matsayin shari'a na Amurkawa fiye da miliyan 3.5 da ake bautar da su a cikin jihohin da ke da ra'ayin ballewa daga bautar da 'yanci.Da zaran bayi sun tsere daga ikon bayinsu, ko dai ta hanyar gudu zuwa layin Tarayyar ko kuma ta hanyar ci gaban sojojin tarayya, sun sami 'yanci na dindindin.Ƙari ga haka, shelar ta ƙyale tsofaffin bayi “a karɓe su cikin aikin soja na Amurka.”Ba a taba kalubalanci sanarwar 'yantar da shi a kotu ba.Don tabbatar da kawar da bautar a duk faɗin Amurka, Lincoln ya kuma dage cewa shirye-shiryen sake ginawa na jihohin Kudu suna buƙatar su kafa dokokin kawar da bautar (wanda ya faru a lokacin yaƙin Tennessee, Arkansas, da Louisiana);Lincoln ya ƙarfafa jihohin kan iyaka don ɗaukar sokewa (wanda ya faru a lokacin yaƙin a Maryland, Missouri, da West Virginia) kuma ya matsa don wucewa na 13th Kwaskwarima.Majalisar dattijai ta zartar da gyare-gyare na 13 ta hanyar kuri'a na biyu bisa uku a ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 1864;Majalisar wakilai ta yi haka ne a ranar 31 ga Janairu, 1865;kuma kashi uku cikin hudu na jihohin da ake bukata sun amince da shi a ranar 6 ga Disamba, 1865. Gyaran da aka yi ya sa bautar da bautar da ba ta son rai ba ta sabawa tsarin mulki ba, "sai dai a matsayin hukuncin laifi."
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Zamanin Sake Ginawa
Zanen Winslow Homer na 1876 Ziyara daga Tsohuwar Mistress ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1865 Jan 1 - 1877

Zamanin Sake Ginawa

United States
Zamanin Sake Ginawa a cikin tarihin Amurka ya kai tsawon lokacin da ya biyo bayan yakin basasa har sai da aka yi sulhu a shekara ta 1877. Yana da nufin sake gina al'umma, da sake hade tsoffin jihohi, da magance matsalolin zamantakewa da siyasa na bautar.A cikin wannan lokacin, 13th, 14th, and 15th gyare-gyare an amince da su, tare da kawar da bautar da kyau da kuma ba da 'yancin jama'a da kuma zaɓe ga sabbin ƴantattun bayi.An kafa cibiyoyi kamar Ofishin Freedmen don taimakawa wajen kawo sauyi na tattalin arziki da zamantakewa, kuma Majalisa ta kafa dokoki don kare yancin ɗan adam, musamman a Kudu.Koyaya, lokacin yana cike da ƙalubale da juriya.Southern Bourbon Democrats, [72] da aka sani da "Masu Fansa," Shugaba Andrew Johnson, da kungiyoyi irin su Ku Klux Klan suna adawa da fadada haƙƙin Baƙar fata Amirkawa.Tashe-tashen hankula a kan ’yantattun mutane sun yi yawa, musamman kafin Dokar tilastawa ta 1870 da 1871, waɗanda suka nemi hana ayyukan Klan.Shugaban kasar Ulysses S. Grant da farko ya goyi bayan tsauraran matakai na kare ’yan kasa bakar fata, amma rashi siyasa a Arewa da kuma kara kira ga janye sojojin tarayya daga Kudu ya raunana kokarin sake ginawa.Duk da gazawarsa da gazawarsa, gami da rashin ramawa ga tsoffin bayi da batutuwan cin hanci da rashawa da tashe-tashen hankula, sake ginawa ya sami nasarori masu mahimmanci.Ta yi nasarar sake shigar da jihohin Confederate cikin kungiyar kuma ta kafa tushen tsarin mulki na 'yancin jama'a, gami da zama dan kasa na haifuwa, tsari mai kyau, da kariya daidai a karkashin doka.Koyaya, cikar waɗannan alkawuran tsarin mulki zai ɗauki wani ƙarni na gwagwarmaya.
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Gilded Age
Sacramento Railroad Station a 1874 ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1870 Jan 1 - 1900

Gilded Age

United States
A tarihin Amurka, Zamanin Gillded zamani wani zamani ne da ya wuce daga 1870 zuwa 1900. Lokaci ne na ci gaban tattalin arziki cikin sauri, musamman a Arewa da Yammacin Amurka.Yayin da albashin Amurka ya karu da yawa fiye da na Turai, musamman ga ƙwararrun ma'aikata, da haɓaka masana'antu na buƙatar ƙara yawan ma'aikata marasa ƙwarewa, lokacin ya ga kwararar miliyoyin baƙi na Turai.Fadada haɓakar masana'antu cikin sauri ya haifar da haɓakar albashi na gaske na 60% tsakanin 1860 da 1890, kuma ya bazu ko'ina cikin ƙarfin ƙarfin aiki.Akasin haka, zamanin Gilded kuma wani zamani ne na tsananin talauci da rashin daidaito, yayin da miliyoyin baƙi—da yawa daga yankuna masu fama da talauci—suka kwararowa cikin Amurka, kuma yawan tarin dukiya ya ƙara fitowa fili da rigima.[73]Hanyoyin jiragen kasa sune manyan masana'antar haɓaka, tare da tsarin masana'anta, hakar ma'adinai, da kuɗi suna ƙaruwa da mahimmanci.Shige da fice daga Turai, da Gabashin Amurka, ya haifar da saurin bunƙasa ƙasashen yamma, bisa ga noma, kiwo, da ma'adinai.Ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago sun ƙara zama mahimmanci a biranen masana'antu da ke haɓaka cikin sauri.Manyan bakin ciki guda biyu na kasa baki daya - firgici na 1873 da firgici na 1893 - sun katse ci gaba da haifar da tashin hankali na zamantakewa da siyasa.Kalmar "Gilded Age" ta fara amfani da ita a cikin 1920s da 1930s kuma an samo shi daga marubuci Mark Twain da Charles Dudley Warner's 1873 novel The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today, wanda ya haifar da wani zamani na matsalolin zamantakewar al'umma wanda aka rufe ta hanyar zinare na zinariya. .Rabin farkon zamanin Gilded ya zo daidai da tsakiyar zamanin Victoria a Biritaniya da Belle Époque a Faransa.Farkon sa, a cikin shekaru bayan yakin basasar Amurka, ya mamaye zamanin Sake Ginawa (wanda ya ƙare a 1877).An bi shi a cikin 1890s ta hanyar Ci gaba Era.[74]
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Zaman Cigaba
Manhattan's Little Italiya, Lower East Side, kusan 1900. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1896 Jan 1 - 1916

Zaman Cigaba

United States
Zaman Ci gaba a Amurka, wanda ya tashi daga 1896 zuwa 1917, lokaci ne na gwagwarmayar zamantakewa da sake fasalin siyasa da nufin magance batutuwa kamar cin hanci da rashawa, cin hanci da rashawa, da rashin aiki.Haɓaka don mayar da martani ga saurin haɓaka masana'antu, haɓaka birane, da ƙaura, motsi ya kasance da farko ta hanyar masu gyara zamantakewa na matsakaici waɗanda suka nemi inganta yanayin aiki da rayuwa, daidaita kasuwanci, da kare muhalli.Sanannun dabarun sun haɗa da aikin jarida na "muckraking" wanda ya fallasa cututtuka na al'umma da kuma ba da shawara ga canji, da kuma amincewa da samar da hukumomi kamar FDA.Har ila yau wannan motsi ya kawo sauye-sauye masu mahimmanci ga tsarin banki, musamman tare da kafa tsarin ajiyar Tarayyar Tarayya a 1913. [75.]Dimokuradiyya wani ginshiki ne na zamanin ci gaba, tare da gyare-gyare kamar zaben fidda gwani kai tsaye, zaben 'yan majalisar dattawa kai tsaye, da zaben mata.Manufar ita ce ta sa tsarin siyasar Amurka ya zama mafi dimokuradiyya da rashin saurin kamuwa da rashawa.Yawancin masu ci gaba kuma sun goyi bayan haramcin barasa, suna kallonsa a matsayin hanyar kawo kuri'ar "tsarki" cikin tsarin dimokuradiyya.[76] Shugabannin zamantakewa da na siyasa kamar Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, da Jane Addams sun kasance manyan jigo a cikin tafiyar da waɗannan gyare-gyare.Duk da mayar da hankali da farko a matakin ƙananan hukumomi, ƙungiyar Progressive a ƙarshe ta sami karɓuwa a matakin jihohi da na ƙasa, inda ta yi kira ga ƙwararrun masu matsakaicin matsayi ciki har da lauyoyi, malamai, da ministoci.Yayin da manyan jigogi na motsi suka ragu tare da shigar Amurkawa a yakin duniya na farko, abubuwan da ke mai da hankali kan sharar gida da inganci sun ci gaba har zuwa 1920s.Zaman ya yi tasiri mai ɗorewa ta hanyar sauya fasalin al'amuran jama'a daban-daban na jama'ar Amirka, da shugabanci, da tattalin arziki, ko da yake bai kawar da matsalolin da yake neman magancewa gaba ɗaya ba.
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1898 Apr 21 - Aug 10

Yakin Mutanen Espanya-Amurka

Cuba
Yakin Mutanen Espanya-Amurka (Afrilu 21 - Agusta 13, 1898) wani lokacin rikici ne na makami tsakaninSpain da Amurka.An fara tashin hankali ne bayan fashewar cikin gida na USS Maine a Harbour Havana a Cuba, wanda ya kai ga shiga tsakani na Amurka a yakin 'yancin kai na Cuban.Yaƙin ya kai ga Amurka ta zama mafi rinjaye a yankin Caribbean, [77] kuma ya haifar da mallakar Amurkawa na mallakar Spain na Pacific.Ya kai ga shigar Amurka cikin juyin juya halin Philippine sannan daga baya zuwa yakin Philippine-American.Babban batu shi ne 'yancin kai na Cuba.An shafe wasu shekaru ana tashe-tashen hankula a Cuba don adawa da mulkin mallaka na Spain.{Asar Amirka ta goyi bayan waɗannan tawaye a lokacin da aka shiga yakin Mutanen Espanya-Amurka.A baya an yi ta firgitar yaƙi, kamar yadda ya faru a cikin al'amarin Virginius a cikin 1873. Amma a ƙarshen 1890s, ra'ayoyin jama'ar Amirka sun yi ƙamari don nuna goyon baya ga tawayen saboda rahotannin sansanonin tattarawa da aka kafa don kula da jama'a.Jarida mai launin rawaya ta wuce gona da iri don kara kaimi ga jama'a da kuma sayar da jaridu da mujallu.[78]Cin kashi da asarar ragowar daular Sipaniya ta ƙarshe ta kasance babban kaduwa ga ruhin ƙasar Spain kuma ya haifar da cikakken nazari na falsafa da fasaha na al'ummar Mutanen Espanya da aka sani da Generation na 98.A halin da ake ciki, Amurka ba kawai ta zama babbar ƙasa ba, har ma ta sami mallakar tsibirai da dama da suka mamaye duniya, wanda ya haifar da muhawara mai ban tsoro game da hikimar faɗaɗawa.
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1917 - 1945
Yaƙin Duniyaornament
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1917 Apr 6 - 1918 Nov 8

Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya a Amurka

Europe
Amurka ta shelanta yaki da Daular Jamus a ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 1917, kusan shekaru uku bayan yakin duniya na daya.An ayyana tsagaita wuta da Armistice a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 1918. Kafin shiga yaƙin, Amurka ta kasance cikin tsaka mai wuya, ko da yake ta kasance muhimmiyar mai samar da kayayyaki ga Burtaniya, Faransa , da sauran ƙasashen ƙawance na Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya.Amurka ta ba da babbar gudummawarta ta fuskar kayayyaki, albarkatun kasa, da kuɗi, tun daga shekarar 1917. Sojojin Amurka a ƙarƙashin Janar Janar na Sojoji John Pershing, Babban Kwamandan Sojojin Baƙin Amurka (AEF), sun isa daidai adadin. Maza 10,000 a rana a Gabashin Yamma a lokacin rani na 1918. A lokacin yakin, Amurka ta tattara sojoji sama da miliyan 4 kuma ta yi asarar sojoji sama da 116,000.[79 <>] Yaƙin ya ga wani gagarumin faɗaɗa gwamnatin Amurka a yunƙurin yin amfani da yaƙin da kuma ƙaruwar girman sojojin Amurka.Bayan jinkirin farawa na tara tattalin arziki da ma'aikata, zuwa lokacin bazara na 1918, al'ummar sun shirya don taka rawa a cikin rikici.Karkashin jagorancin Shugaba Woodrow Wilson, yakin ya wakilci kololuwar zamanin Ci gaba yayin da yake neman kawo gyara da dimokiradiyya a duniya.Akwai gagarumin adawar jama'a ga shigar Amurka cikin yakin.
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1920 Jan 1 - 1929

Roaring Twenties

United States
The Roaring Twenties, wani lokacin salo kamar yadda Roarin' 20s, yana nufin shekaru goma na 1920 a cikin kiɗa da salon, kamar yadda ya faru a cikin al'ummar Yamma da al'adun Yamma.Lokaci ne na wadatar tattalin arziƙin tare da fifikon al'adu a cikin Amurka da Turai, musamman a manyan biranen kamar Berlin, Buenos Aires, Chicago, London, Los Angeles, Mexico City, New York City, Paris, da Sydney.A Faransa, an san shekaru goma a matsayin années folles ("shekaru masu hauka"), suna mai da hankali kan yanayin zamantakewa, fasaha da al'adu na zamanin.Jazz ya yi fure, flapper ya sake fasalin yanayin zamani na matan Biritaniya da Amurka, kuma Art Deco ya kai kololuwa.A sakamakon yunkurin soja na yakin duniya na daya da mura na Spain, Shugaba Warren G. Harding "ya dawo da al'ada" zuwa Amurka.Siffofin zamantakewa da na al'adu da aka fi sani da Roaring Twenties sun fara ne a cikin jagorancin cibiyoyi na birni kuma sun bazu sosai bayan yakin duniya na farko. Ruhin ruhohin shekaru ashirin ya kasance alama ce ta wani sabon abu da ke hade da zamani da hutu tare da al'ada, ta hanyar. fasahar zamani kamar motoci, hotuna masu motsi, da rediyo, suna kawo "zamani" ga yawancin jama'a.An zubar da kayan ado na yau da kullun don dacewa da aiki a cikin rayuwar yau da kullun da gine-gine.A lokaci guda, jazz da raye-raye sun tashi cikin farin jini, suna adawa da yanayin yakin duniya na farko. Saboda haka, lokacin sau da yawa ana kiransa da Jazz Age.Shekaru goma na 20s sun ga babban ci gaba da amfani da motoci, tarho, fina-finai, rediyo, da na'urorin lantarki a rayuwar miliyoyin mutane a yammacin duniya.Ba da daɗewa ba jirgin ya zama kasuwanci.Al'ummai sun ga saurin bunƙasa masana'antu da haɓakar tattalin arziki, haɓaka buƙatun mabukaci, da gabatar da sabbin abubuwa masu mahimmanci a salon rayuwa da al'adu.Kafafen yada labarai, wadanda sabbin masana'antar ta tallata tallace-tallacen ne ke haifar da bukatar masu amfani, sun mai da hankali kan shahararrun mutane, musamman jaruman wasanni da taurarin fina-finai, yayin da biranen da suka kafe ga kungiyoyinsu na gida tare da cika sabbin gidajen sinima na palatin da manyan filayen wasanni.A yawancin manyan jihohin dimokuradiyya, mata sun sami 'yancin kada kuri'a.
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Babban Damuwa
Maza marasa aikin yi a wajen dafa abinci a Chicago, 1931 ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1929 Jan 1 - 1941

Babban Damuwa

United States
A Amurka, Babban Bala'in ya fara ne da hadarin Wall Street na Oktoba 1929. Hadarin kasuwar hada-hadar hannayen jari ya nuna farkon shekaru goma na rashin aikin yi, talauci, karancin riba, raguwar farashi, faduwar kudaden shiga gona, da kuma asarar damar samun ci gaban tattalin arziki kamar haka kuma don ci gaban mutum.Gabaɗaya, an yi asarar amincewa gaba ɗaya game da makomar tattalin arziki.[83]Bayanin da aka saba sun haɗa da abubuwa da yawa, musamman yawan basussukan mabukaci, kasuwanni marasa tsari waɗanda ke ba da izinin lamuni mai ƙima daga bankuna da masu saka hannun jari, da rashin sabbin masana'antu masu girma.Wadannan duk sun yi mu'amala don haifar da koma bayan tattalin arziki na rage kashe kudade, fadowa amincewa da rage samar da kayayyaki.[84] Masana'antun da suka fi shan wahala sun haɗa da gine-gine, jigilar kaya, hakar ma'adinai, katako da noma (wanda ya haɗa da yanayin kwanon ƙura a cikin zuciya).Har ila yau, abin da ya fi wahala shi ne kera kayayyaki masu ɗorewa kamar motoci da na'urori, waɗanda masu siyan su za su iya jinkirtawa.Tattalin arzikin ya fado kasa a lokacin hunturu na 1932-1933;sannan ya zo shekaru hudu na girma har zuwa koma bayan tattalin arziki na 1937-1938 ya dawo da rashin aikin yi.[85]Damuwar ta kuma haifar da karuwar ƙaura a karon farko a tarihin Amurka.Wasu bakin haure sun koma kasashensu na haihuwa, kuma wasu 'yan asalin Amurka sun tafi Canada , Australia da Afirka ta Kudu.An yi ƙaura da yawa na mutane daga yankunan da suka yi mugun rauni a cikin Babban Filaye (Okies) da Kudu zuwa wurare irin su California da biranen Arewa (Babban Hijira).Rikicin kabilanci kuma ya karu a wannan lokacin.A cikin 1940s, shige da fice ya koma daidai, kuma ƙaura ta ƙi.
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yakin duniya na biyu a Amurka
Sojojin Amurka sun tunkari Tekun Omaha ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1941 Dec 7 - 1945 Aug 15

yakin duniya na biyu a Amurka

Europe
Tarihin soja na Amurka a yakin duniya na biyu ya kunshi yakin kawance na nasara da Axis Powers, wanda ya fara da harin 7 ga Disamba 1941 a Pearl Harbor.A cikin shekaru biyu na farko na yakin duniya na biyu, Amurka ta ci gaba da kasancewa cikin tsaka mai wuya kamar yadda aka yi a hukumance a cikin jawabin keɓe da shugaban Amurka Franklin D. Roosevelt ya gabatar a shekara ta 1937, yayin da yake ba wa Biritaniya , Tarayyar Soviet , daSin kayan yaƙi ta hanyar yaƙi. Dokar Lend-Lease Act wacce aka sanya hannu kan doka a ranar 11 ga Maris 1941, tare da tura sojojin Amurka don maye gurbin sojojin Burtaniya da ke Iceland.Bayan "hatsarin Greer" Roosevelt a bainar jama'a ya tabbatar da odar "harbin gani" a ranar 11 ga Satumba 1941, yana shelanta yakin ruwa a Jamus da Italiya a yakin Atlantic.[80] A cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Pacific, akwai ayyukan yaƙi na farko na Amurka wanda ba na hukuma ba kamar Flying Tigers.A lokacin yakin wasu Amurkawa 16,112,566 ne suka yi aiki a Sojojin Amurka, inda aka kashe 405,399 sannan 671,278 suka jikkata.[81] Akwai kuma fursunonin yaƙi na Amurka 130,201, waɗanda 116,129 suka koma gida bayan yaƙin.[82]Yaƙin Turai ya ƙunshi taimako ga Biritaniya, ƙawayenta, da Tarayyar Soviet, tare da Amurka tana ba da kayan yaƙi har sai ta shirya rundunar mamayewa.An fara gwada sojojin Amurka zuwa wani ɗan ƙaramin digiri a yaƙin neman zaɓe na Arewacin Afirka sannan kuma sun yi aiki sosai tare da Sojojin Birtaniyya a Italiya a cikin 1943-45, inda sojojin Amurka, waɗanda ke wakiltar kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na sojojin ƙawancen da aka tura, suka durƙusa bayan Italiya ta mika wuya kuma Jamusawa sun mamaye.Daga karshe babban mamayar Faransa ya faru ne a watan Yunin 1944, karkashin Janar Dwight D. Eisenhower.A halin da ake ciki, Sojojin Amurka na Sojan Sama da Sojojin Sama na Biritaniya sun tsunduma cikin harin bama-bamai a cikin biranen Jamus tare da kai hari kan hanyoyin sufuri na Jamus da masana'antar mai, yayin da suka kayar da abin da ya rage a yakin Luftwaffe na Burtaniya a 1944. Kasancewa. mamayewa daga kowane bangare, ya bayyana a fili cewa Jamus za ta yi rashin nasara a yakin.Berlin ta fada hannun Soviets a watan Mayu 1945, kuma tare da Adolf Hitler ya mutu, Jamusawa sun mika wuya.
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1947 - 1991
Cold Warornament
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1947 Mar 12 - 1991 Dec 26

Cold War

Europe
Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, Amurka ta fito a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan kasashe biyu masu karfin fada aji, watau Tarayyar Soviet .Majalisar dattijan Amurka bisa kuri'ar raba gardama ta amince da shigar Amurka cikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN), wanda ke nuna juya baya ga wariyar da Amurka ke yi da kuma kara shigar kasashen duniya.[86] Babban burin Amirka na 1945-1948 shine ceto Turai daga barnar yakin duniya na biyu da kuma ɗaukar faɗaɗa tsarin gurguzu, wanda Tarayyar Soviet ke wakilta.An gina manufofin harkokin waje na Amurka a lokacin yakin cacar baka da goyon bayan kasashen yammacin Turai daJapan tare da manufar kamewa, da dakatar da yaduwar gurguzu.Amurka ta shiga yakin Koriya da Vietnam kuma ta hambarar da gwamnatocin hagu a duniya ta uku don kokarin dakatar da yaduwarsa.[87]A cikin 1989, faɗuwar labulen ƙarfe bayan wasan kwaikwayo na Pan-Turai da yunƙurin juyin juya hali (ban da Romania da Afghanistan) sun hambarar da kusan dukkanin gwamnatocin gurguzu na Gabas ta Tsakiya.Ita kanta jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Tarayyar Soviet ta rasa iko a Tarayyar Soviet kuma an dakatar da ita bayan wani yunƙurin juyin mulkin da aka yi a watan Agustan 1991. Wannan kuma ya kai ga rugujewar Tarayyar Soviet a watan Disamba na 1991, da ayyana 'yancin kai na jamhuriyarta da kuma 'yancin kai. rugujewar gwamnatocin gurguzu a yawancin kasashen Afirka da Asiya.An bar Amurka a matsayin babbar kasa daya tilo a duniya.
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1954 Jan 1 - 1968

Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Jama'a

United States
Ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin jama'a lokaci ne na gagarumin sauyi na zamantakewa da siyasa a Amurka, lokacin da 'yan Afirka na Amurka da sauran tsiraru suka yi aiki don kawo karshen wariyar launin fata da wariyar launin fata tare da samun daidaito daidai a karkashin doka.Yunkurin ya fara ne a tsakiyar shekarun 1950 kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa ƙarshen 1960s, kuma yana da alaƙa da zanga-zangar rashin biyayya, rashin biyayyar jama'a, da ƙalubalen shari'a ga dokoki da ayyuka na wariya.Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman buƙatun Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Haƙƙin Bil'adama shine ware wuraren jama'a, kamar makarantu, motocin bas, da gidajen cin abinci.A shekara ta 1955, an kaddamar da kauracewa bas din Montgomery a Alabama bayan da aka kama Rosa Parks, wata Ba’amurke Ba’amurkiya, saboda ta ki barin kujerarta a cikin motar bas ga wani bature.Kauracewa taron wanda ya dauki sama da shekara guda kuma ya hada da dubun dubatan Amurkawa ‘yan Afirka, ya sa kotun kolin Amurka ta yanke hukuncin cewa wariya kan motocin bas din bai dace da tsarin mulki ba.Wani abin lura a cikin Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Haƙƙin Bil'adama shi ne abin da ya faru na Little Rock Nine a 1957. Dalibai tara na Amirkawa na Afirka sun yi ƙoƙari su shiga makarantar sakandare ta Little Rock Central a Arkansas, amma gungun masu zanga-zangar fararen fata da kuma National Guard sun hana su yin haka. wanda Gwamna ya umarce shi zuwa makarantar.Daga karshe dai shugaba Dwight D. Eisenhower ya tura dakarun gwamnatin tarayya domin su raka daliban makarantar, kuma sun sami damar halartar darussa a wurin, amma sun ci gaba da fuskantar tsangwama da tashin hankali.Maris a Washington don Ayyuka da 'Yanci, wanda ya faru a cikin 1963, yana ɗaya daga cikin sanannun abubuwan da suka faru na Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama.Tattakin wanda gamayyar kungiyoyin kare hakkin jama'a suka shirya wanda ya samu halartar sama da mutane 200,000 da nufin jawo hankalin jama'a kan fafutukar neman 'yancin jama'a da ake ci gaba da yi da kuma neman gwamnati ta dauki matakin kawo karshen wariya.A yayin tattakin, Martin Luther King Jr., ya gabatar da fitaccen jawabinsa na “Ina da Mafarki”, inda ya yi kira da a kawo karshen wariyar launin fata da kuma tabbatar da burin Amurka na ‘yanci da daidaito ga kowa da kowa.Ƙungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta yi tasiri sosai ga al'ummar Amirka, motsi ya taimaka wajen kawo karshen wariyar launin fata, ya tabbatar da cewa 'yan tsiraru suna da damar samun dama ga wuraren jama'a da kuma 'yancin yin zabe, kuma ya taimaka wajen kawo ƙarin sani da adawa da wariyar launin fata da kuma nuna bambanci. nuna bambanci.Har ila yau, ya yi tasiri a kan Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Jama'a a duniya da kuma wasu ƙasashe da dama sun samu kwarin gwiwa da shi.
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1962 Oct 16 - Oct 29

Rikicin Makami mai linzami na Cuba

Cuba
Rikicin makami mai linzamin na Cuba ya kasance arangama ta kwanaki 35 tsakanin Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet, lamarin da ya rikide zuwa rikicin kasa da kasa a lokacin da Amurka ta jibge makamai masu linzami a Italiya da Turkiyya da Tarayyar Soviet ta aike da makaman roka makamancin haka a Cuba.Duk da ɗan gajeren lokaci, Rikicin Makami mai linzami na Cuba ya kasance wani lokaci mai ma'ana a cikin tsaron ƙasa da shirye-shiryen yaƙin nukiliya.Ana ganin wannan arangama ta kasance mafi kusancin yakin cacar baka da ya rikide zuwa yakin nukiliya.[88]Bayan kwanaki da dama na tattaunawa mai tsanani, an cimma yarjejeniya: a bainar jama'a, Soviets za su wargaza makamansu na cin zarafi a Cuba tare da mayar da su cikin Tarayyar Soviet, bisa ga tabbacin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, a musayar sanarwar jama'a na Amurka da yarjejeniyar kada ku mamaye Cuba. sake.A asirce, Amurka ta amince da Soviets cewa za ta wargaza dukkan Jupiter MRBMs da aka tura Turkiyya don yakar Tarayyar Soviet.An dai tafka mahawara kan ko ba a sanya Italiya cikin yarjejeniyar ba.Yayin da Soviets suka wargaza makamansu masu linzami, wasu 'yan kunar bakin wake na Soviet sun kasance a Cuba, kuma Amurka ta ajiye keɓewar sojojin ruwa a wurin har zuwa Nuwamba 20, 1962. [89]Lokacin da aka janye dukkan makamai masu linzami masu linzami da na Ilyushin Il-28 daga Cuba, an kawo karshen katangar a hukumance a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba. Tattaunawar da aka yi tsakanin Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet ta nuna wajibcin yin sadarwa cikin sauri, bayyananne, da kuma kai tsaye. layi tsakanin manyan kasashen biyu.A sakamakon haka, an kafa layin waya na Moscow-Washington.Wasu jerin yarjejeniyoyin daga baya sun rage zaman dar dar na Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet na tsawon shekaru, har sai da bangarorin biyu suka koma fadada makamansu na nukiliya.
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1980 Jan 1 - 2008

Zaman Reagan

United States
The Reagan Era ko Age of Reagan wani lokaci ne na tarihin Amurka na baya-bayan nan da masana tarihi da masu lura da siyasa suka yi amfani da su don jaddada cewa "Reagan Revolution" mai ra'ayin mazan jiya wanda Shugaba Ronald Reagan ya jagoranta a manufofin cikin gida da waje yana da tasiri mai dorewa.Ya mamaye abin da masana kimiyyar siyasa ke kira Tsarin Jam’iyya Shida.Ma'anar Reagan Era a duk duniya sun haɗa da 1980s, yayin da ƙarin fa'idodi masu yawa na iya haɗawa da ƙarshen 1970s, 1990s, 2000s, 2010s, har ma da 2020s.A cikin littafinsa na 2008, The Age of Reagan: A History, 1974-2008, masanin tarihi kuma ɗan jarida Sean Wilentz ya yi jayayya cewa Reagan ya mamaye wannan tarihin tarihin Amurka kamar yadda Franklin D. Roosevelt da sabon gadonsa suka mamaye shekaru arba'in da suka gabata. ya gabace shi.Lokacin da ya hau kan karagar mulki, gwamnatin Reagan ta aiwatar da manufar tattalin arziki bisa ka'idar tattalin arziki na gefe.An rage haraji ta hanyar zartar da dokar haraji ta farfado da tattalin arziki ta 1981, yayin da gwamnatin ta kuma rage kashe kudade a cikin gida da kuma kara kashe kudaden soja.Ƙarfafa gibin da aka samu ya sa aka samu karuwar haraji a lokacin gwamnatin George HW Bush da Clinton, amma an sake yanke haraji tare da zartar da Dokar Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki da Taimakon Haraji na 2001. A lokacin shugabancin Clinton, 'yan Republican sun sami nasara na Nauyin Mutum da Aiki. Dokar Dama, lissafin da ya sanya sabbin iyakoki da yawa akan waɗanda ke karɓar taimakon tarayya.
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2000
Amurka ta zamaniornament
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2001 Sep 11

Hare-haren 11 ga Satumba

New York City, NY, USA
Hare-haren na ranar 11 ga Satumba jerin hare-haren ta'addanci ne da kungiyar al-Qa'ida mai tsattsauran ra'ayi ta kai a ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2001. An kaddamar da hare-hare na hadin gwiwa guda hudu a Amurka a wannan rana, da nufin lalata abubuwan alama da na soji.Hare-haren sun yi sanadin mutuwar mutane 2,977, tare da lalata dukiya da ababen more rayuwa.Hare-haren guda biyu na farko sun hada da yin garkuwa da jirgin American Airlines Flight 11 da na United Airlines Flight 175 a cikin hasumiya ta Arewa da Kudu, da ke cibiyar kasuwanci ta duniya da ke birnin New York.Duka hasumiyai sun ruguje cikin sa'o'i da dama, lamarin da ya yi sanadiyar salwantar rayuka da dama.Harin na uku da aka kai a ma'aikatar tsaron Amurka ta Pentagon a garin Arlington na jihar Virginia da ke wajen birnin Washington DC an yi awon gaba da wani jirgin saman American Airlines mai lamba 77 tare da kai shi cikin ginin, lamarin da ya janyo hasarar rayuka da dama.Harin na hudu kuma na karshe na wannan rana ya shafi ko dai fadar White House ko kuma ginin Capitol na Amurka, amma fasinjoji sun dakile masu satar jirgin United Airlines Flight 93 a karshe, inda suka yi kokarin shawo kan maharan tare da dawo da karfin jirgin.Jirgin ya fado ne a wani fili da ke kusa da birnin Shanksville na jihar Pennsylvania, lamarin da ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar dukkan mutanen da ke cikinsa.Kungiyar al-Qaeda ce ta shirya kuma ta aiwatar da hare-haren, kungiyar ta'addanci da Osama bin Laden ke jagoranta.A baya dai kungiyar ta sha kai wasu hare-hare da suka hada da harin bam a ofishin jakadancin Amurka a Kenya da Tanzaniya a shekarar 1998, amma harin na 11 ga Satumba ya kasance mafi muni.Amurka da kawayenta sun mayar da martani kan hare-haren da wasu tsare-tsare na soji da na diflomasiyya, ciki har da mamayar da Amurka ta yi a Afganistan don kawar da gwamnatin Taliban, wadda ta mamaye al-Qaeda da sauran kungiyoyin 'yan ta'adda.Hare-haren na 9/11 ya shafi duniya baki daya kuma an dauke shi a matsayin sauyi ga Amurka kuma ya haifar da sauye-sauye na siyasa da zamantakewa.Hare-haren, da yakin ta'addanci da ya biyo baya, suna ci gaba da tsara dangantakar kasa da kasa da manufofin cikin gida har wa yau.
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Yaki akan Ta&#39;addanci
Wani AV-8B Harrier ya tashi daga tudun jirgin na USS Wasp yayin Operation Odyssey Walƙiya, 8 ga Agusta 2016. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
2001 Sep 15

Yaki akan Ta'addanci

Afghanistan
Yaki da ta'addanci, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Yaƙin Duniya na Ta'addanci ko Yaƙin Ta'addanci, yaƙin neman zaɓe ne na soji da Amurka da ƙawayenta suka ƙaddamar don mayar da martani ga hare-haren ta'addanci na 11 ga Satumba, 2001 a Cibiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya da Pentagon.Manufar yakin da ake yi da ta'addanci shi ne kawo cikas, wargaza, da fatattakar kungiyoyin 'yan ta'adda da cibiyoyin sadarwar da ke barazana ga Amurka da kawayenta.Yakin da ake yi da ta'addanci an yi shi ne ta hanyar ayyukan soji, amma kuma ya hada da kokarin diflomasiya, tattalin arziki, da tattara bayanan sirri.Amurka da kawayenta sun kai hari kan kungiyoyi da cibiyoyin ‘yan ta’adda daban-daban da suka hada da Al-Qaeda da Taliban da ISIS da kuma kasashe masu daukar nauyin ta’addanci irin su Iran da Syria.Matakin farko na yaki da ta'addanci ya fara ne da harin da Amurka ta kai kasar Afganistan a watan Oktoban shekara ta 2001, wanda aka kaddamar da shi da nufin kawar da gwamnatin Taliban, wadda ta dauki nauyin kungiyar al-Qaeda da sauran kungiyoyin 'yan ta'adda.Amurka da kawayenta sun yi nasarar fatattakar 'yan Taliban cikin gaggawa tare da kafa sabuwar gwamnati, amma yakin da ake yi a Afganistan zai zama dogon rikici, inda 'yan Taliban za su sake samun iko a yankuna da dama.A cikin 2003, Amurka ta ƙaddamar da yaƙin soji na biyu a matsayin wani ɓangare na Yaƙin Ta'addanci, a wannan karon a Iraki .Manufar da aka bayyana ita ce kawar da gwamnatin Saddam Hussein da kuma kawar da barazanar makaman kare dangi (WMDs), wanda daga bisani aka gano cewa babu shi.Hambarar da gwamnatin Saddam Hussein ya haifar da yakin basasa a Iraki, wanda ya haifar da gagarumin rikici na kabilanci da bullar kungiyoyin masu jihadi ciki har da ISIS.Har ila yau, an gudanar da yakin da ake yi da ta’addanci ta wasu hanyoyi, kamar hare-haren jiragen sama, hare-hare na musamman, da kuma kashe-kashen mutane masu kima.Har ila yau, an yi amfani da Yakin da Ta'addanci don tabbatar da nau'o'in sa ido da tattara bayanai daga hukumomin gwamnati da fadada ayyukan soji da tsaro a duniya.Yakin da ake yi da ta'addanci ya samu sakamako iri-iri, kuma yana ci gaba da zama wani babban al'amari na manufofin harkokin wajen Amurka da ayyukan soji har yau.Yawancin ƙungiyoyin ta'addanci an ƙasƙantar da su sosai kuma sun rasa manyan shugabanni da iya aiki, amma wasu sun fito ko kuma sun sake bullowa.Bugu da ƙari, an yi iƙirarin cewa yaƙi da ta'addanci ya haifar da gagarumin cin zarafi na ɗan adam da na jama'a, korar miliyoyin mutane, yada akidun tsattsauran ra'ayi, kuma ya haifar da asarar kuɗi mai yawa.
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2003 Mar 20 - May 1

2003 mamaye Iraki

Iraq
Yakin Iraqi a shekara ta 2003, wanda aka fi sani da yakin Iraqi, wani yakin soji ne da Amurka, Birtaniya , da hadin gwiwar wasu kasashe suka kaddamar, da nufin kawar da gwamnatin Saddam Hussein da kawar da barazanar makamai. na hallaka jama'a (WMDs) a Iraki.An fara mamayar ne a ranar 20 ga Maris, 2003, kuma ba a gamu da turjiya daga sojojin Iraki ba, wanda cikin sauri ya ruguje.Dalili na yakin ya samo asali ne daga da'awar cewa Iraki tana da WMDs kuma suna yin barazana ga Amurka da kawayenta.Gwamnatin Bush ta yi iƙirarin cewa Iraqi za ta iya amfani da waɗannan makaman ko kuma ta ba wa ƙungiyoyin ta'addanci don kai wa Amurka da kawayenta hari.Sai dai kuma ba a samu wasu tarin tarin WMD din ba bayan faduwar gwamnatin kuma daga baya aka tabbatar da cewa Iraki ba ta mallaki WMDs ba, wanda ya kasance wani muhimmin al'amari da ya haifar da raguwar goyon bayan jama'a na yakin.Rugujewar gwamnatin Saddam Hussein ya yi sauri kuma sojojin Amurka sun samu nasarar kwace Bagadaza, babban birnin kasar Iraki cikin 'yan makonni.Sai dai cikin hanzari bayan mamayewar ya zama mai wahala sosai, yayin da aka fara yin tada kayar baya, wanda ya kunshi ragowar tsohuwar gwamnatin, da kuma kungiyoyin addini da na kabilu masu adawa da kasancewar sojojin kasashen waje a Iraki.Tashe tashen hankulan dai sun hada da rashin cikakken shiri na tabbatar da zaman lafiya bayan yakin, rashin isassun kayan aikin sake gina kasar da samar da muhimman ayyuka, da rashin shigar da sojojin Iraki da sauran cibiyoyin gwamnati cikin sabuwar gwamnati. .Rikicin ya karu da karfi, kuma sojojin Amurka sun sami kansu cikin wani dogon rikici da zubar da jini wanda ya dauki tsawon shekaru ana yi.Ban da haka kuma, yanayin siyasa a Iraki ya kasance yana da sarkakiya da wuyar tafiya, yayin da kungiyoyin addinai da kabilu daban-daban ke fafutukar neman mulki da tasiri a sabuwar gwamnati.Wannan ya haifar da tarzoma mai nasaba da addini da kabilanci, musamman tsakanin mabiya Shi'a masu rinjaye da 'yan Sunni tsiraru, wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar dubban daruruwan mutane tare da raba miliyoyi.A karshe dai Amurka da kawayenta na kawancen sun yi nasarar daidaita kasar, amma yakin da ake yi a Iraki ya haifar da gagarumin sakamako na dogon lokaci.Rikicin da aka kashe a yakin ta fuskar hasarar rayuka da dala da aka kashe ya yi yawa, kamar yadda aka kashe mutane a Iraki, an yi kiyasin an kashe dubban daruruwan mutane tare da raba miliyoyi.Har ila yau yakin na daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka haifar da bullar kungiyoyin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a kasar Iraki kamar kungiyar ISIS da ke ci gaba da yin tasiri sosai kan manufofin Amurka da siyasar duniya har zuwa yau.
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2007 Dec 1 - 2009 Jun

Babban koma bayan tattalin arziki a Amurka

United States
Babban koma bayan tattalin arziki a Amurka ya kasance mummunan koma bayan tattalin arziki wanda ya fara a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2007 kuma ya dade har zuwa watan Yunin 2009. Wannan dai na daya daga cikin matsalolin tattalin arziki mafi muni a tarihin Amurka, kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga tattalin arzikin kasar, da kuma rayuwar miliyoyin mutane.Babban koma bayan tattalin arziki ya samo asali ne sakamakon rugujewar kasuwannin gidaje na Amurka, wanda ya haifar da hauhawar farashin gidaje da kuma yawaitar jinginar gidaje masu hadari.A cikin shekarun da suka kai ga koma bayan tattalin arziki, yawancin Amurkawa sun ɗauki jinginar gidaje masu daidaitawa tare da ƙarancin riba na farko, amma yayin da farashin gidaje ya fara raguwa kuma yawan riba ya tashi, yawancin masu ba da bashi sun sami kansu suna bin bashin jinginar su fiye da yadda gidajensu ke da daraja. .A sakamakon haka, gazawar da ƙetare ya fara tashi, kuma yawancin bankuna da cibiyoyin kuɗi sun kasance suna riƙe da ɗimbin jinginar gidaje masu yawa da sauran kadarori masu haɗari.Rikicin da ke cikin kasuwannin gidaje nan da nan ya bazu zuwa babban tattalin arziki.Yayin da darajar kadarorin da bankuna da sauran cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi ke rike da su suka fadi, kamfanoni da yawa sun yi rashin kudi, wasu ma sun yi fatara.Kasuwannin kiredit sun daskare yayin da masu ba da lamuni ke ƙara ƙin haɗari, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama da wahala ga ’yan kasuwa da masu siye don rancen kuɗin da suke buƙata don saka hannun jari, siyan gidaje, ko yin wasu manyan sayayya.A lokaci guda kuma rashin aikin yi ya fara hauhawa, yayin da ‘yan kasuwa ke korar ma’aikata da rage kashe kudade.Dangane da rikicin, gwamnatin Amurka da babban bankin tarayya sun aiwatar da matakai da dama na kokarin daidaita tattalin arzikin kasar.Gwamnati ta ba da belin manyan cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi tare da zartar da wani tsari na kara kuzari don kokarin bunkasa ci gaban tattalin arziki.Tarayyar Tarayya ta kuma rage yawan kuɗin ruwa zuwa kusan sifili, kuma ta aiwatar da manufofin kuɗi da yawa da ba na al'ada ba, kamar sauƙaƙa ƙima, don ƙoƙarin daidaita tattalin arzikin.Duk da waɗannan yunƙurin, duk da haka, babban koma bayan tattalin arziki ya ci gaba da yin tasiri ga tattalin arziki da al'ummar Amurka.Adadin rashin aikin yi ya karu zuwa kololuwar kashi 10 cikin dari a watan Oktoban 2009, kuma yawancin Amurkawa sun rasa gidajensu da ajiyarsu.Haka kuma koma bayan tattalin arziki ya yi tasiri sosai a kasafin kudin tarayya da kuma bashin da ake bin kasar, saboda yadda gwamnati ke kashe kudade da kuma kudaden ceto bankunan sun kara dala tiriliyan daloli a bashin da ake bin kasar.Bugu da ƙari, GDP ya ragu da 4.3% a cikin 2008 da ƙari da 2.8% a cikin 2009.An ɗauki shekaru masu yawa kafin tattalin arzikin ya sake farfadowa daga Babban koma bayan tattalin arziki.Adadin rashin aikin yi ya ragu daga ƙarshe, kuma tattalin arzikin ya sake haɓaka, amma farfadowa ya kasance a hankali da rashin daidaituwa.Wasu masana suna jayayya cewa manufofin da gwamnati da Fed suka aiwatar sun hana zurfafa tabarbarewar tattalin arziki, amma tasirin koma bayan tattalin arzikin da mutane da yawa ke ji na shekaru masu zuwa, kuma ya nuna raunin tsarin kuɗi da kuma buƙatar ingantaccen tsari. da kulawa.
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Appendices



APPENDIX 1

How Mercantilism Started the American Revolution


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APPENDIX 2

US Economic History 2 — Interstate Commerce & the Constitution


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APPENDIX 3

US Economic History 3 — National Banks’ Rise and Fall


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APPENDIX 4

US Economic History 4 — Economic Causes of the Civil War


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APPENDIX 5

US Economic History 5 - Economic Growth in the Gilded Age


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APPENDIX 6

US Economic History 6 - Progressivism & the New Deal


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APPENDIX 7

The Great Depression - What Caused it and What it Left Behind


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APPENDIX 8

Post-WWII Boom - Transition to a Consumer Economy


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APPENDIX 9

America’s Transition to a Global Economy (1960s-1990s)


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APPENDIX 9

Territorial Growth of the United States (1783-1853)


Territorial Growth of the United States (1783-1853)
Territorial Growth of the United States (1783-1853)




APPENDIX 11

The United States' Geographic Challenge


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Characters



George Washington

George Washington

Founding Father

Thomas Edison

Thomas Edison

American Inventor

Abraham Lincoln

Abraham Lincoln

President of the United States

Theodore Roosevelt

Theodore Roosevelt

President of the United States

James Madison

James Madison

Founding Father

Tecumseh

Tecumseh

Shawnee Leader

Susan B. Anthony

Susan B. Anthony

Women's Rights Activist

Andrew Carnegie

Andrew Carnegie

American Industrialist

Joseph Brant

Joseph Brant

Mohawk Leader

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Franklin D. Roosevelt

President of the United States

Thomas Jefferson

Thomas Jefferson

Founding Father

Woodrow Wilson

Woodrow Wilson

President of the United States

Richard Nixon

Richard Nixon

President of the United States

John D. Rockefeller

John D. Rockefeller

American Business Magnate

Martin Luther King Jr.

Martin Luther King Jr.

Civil Rights Activist

Horace Mann

Horace Mann

American Educational Reformer

Henry Ford

Henry Ford

American Industrialist

Christopher Columbus

Christopher Columbus

Italian Explorer

Footnotes



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