Yakuwar Musulmi Na Zahiri

Kasar Siriya ta kasance karkashin mulkin Rum tsawon karni bakwai kafin mamayar Larabawa musulmi, kuma Farisawa Sassanid sun mamaye kasar a lokuta da dama a cikin karni na 3, 6 da 7;Har ila yau, ya fuskanci farmaki daga abokan Sassanid na Larabawa, Lakhmids.A lokacin zamanin Romawa, ya fara bayan faduwar Urushalima a shekara ta 70, dukan yankin ( Yahudiya , Samariya, da Galili) an sake masa suna Palaestina.A lokacin karshen yakin Roman-Persian, wanda ya fara a cikin 603, Farisa karkashin Khosrau II sun yi nasarar mamaye Siriya, Falasdinu daMasar fiye da shekaru goma kafin nasarar Heraclius ya tilasta musu su kammala zaman lafiya na 628. Don haka, a kan jajibirin yakar musulmi Romawa (ko Rumawa kamar yadda masana tarihi na yamma na zamani suke magana akan Romawa na wannan zamani) har yanzu suna kan aikin sake gina ikonsu a wadannan yankuna, wanda a wasu yankunan ya yi hasarar kusan shekaru ashirin.Sarkin Rumawa (Romawa) Sarkin Heraclius, bayan da ya sake kwace Syria daga hannun Sassaniyawa, ya kafa sabbin layukan tsaro daga Gaza zuwa kudu da bakin Tekun Gishiri.An tsara waɗannan layukan ne kawai don kare hanyoyin sadarwa daga 'yan fashi, kuma yawancin kariyar Byzantine sun ta'allaka ne a Arewacin Siriya da ke fuskantar abokan gaba na gargajiya, Farisa Sassanid.Abin da ya jawo wannan layin tsaro shi ne yadda ya baiwa musulmin da suke fitowa daga hamadar kudanci damar isa arewacin Gaza kafin su hadu da sojojin Rumawa na yau da kullum.

Bayan nasarar yakin da aka yi da Sassanid da mamaye kasar Iraki , Khalid ya kafa sansaninsa a Iraki.Yayin da yake tare da sojojin Sassanid, ya kuma fuskanci Ghassanids, abokan cinikin Larabawa na Rumawa .Ba da daɗewa ba Madina ta ɗauki ƴan ƙabilanci daga ko'ina cikin yankin Larabawa.Al’adar tara runduna daga rundunonin kabilanci ta ci gaba da yin amfani da ita har zuwa shekara ta 636, lokacin da Halifa Umar ya shirya sojoji a matsayin sashen jiha.Abubakar ya shirya rundunar zuwa gawawwaki hudu, kowanne da kwamandansa da manufarsa.Amr bn al-A'as: Manufar Falasdinu.Matsa kan hanyar Elat, sannan ku haye kwarin Arabah.Yazid bn Abu Sufyan: Manufar Damascus.Matsa kan hanyar Tabuk.Shurahbil ibn Hasana: Manufar Jordan.Matsa hanyar Tabuka bayan Yazid.Abu Ubaidah bn al-Jarrah: Objective Emesa.Matsa kan hanyar Tabuk bayan Shurahbil.Ba tare da sanin takamaiman matsayin sojojin Rumawa ba, Abubakar ya ba da umarnin cewa dukkan gawawwaki su ci gaba da tuntuɓar juna don su ba da taimako idan Rumawa za su iya tattara sojojinsu a kowane fanni na aiki.Idan har rundunar ta maida hankali wajen yin babban yaki guda daya, an nada Abu Ubaidah babban kwamandan runduna baki daya.

Sarkin sarakuna Heraclius , bayan da ya sami hankali na ƙungiyoyin sojojin musulmi daga abokan cinikinsa na Larabawa, ya fara tsara matakan kariya.A kan Heraclius 'umarni, Byzantine sojojin daga daban-daban garrisons a arewa fara motsi zuwa tara a Ayjnadyn.Abu Ubaidah ya sanar da Halifa irin shirye-shiryen da Rumawa suka yi a mako na uku ga watan Mayu 634. Domin Abu Ubaida bai da gogewa a matsayin kwamandan runduna a irin wadannan manya-manyan ayyuka, musamman a kan sojojin Rum mai karfi, Abubakar ya yanke shawarar yin hakan. aika Khalid bn Walid ya karbi umarni.Nan da nan Khalid ya tashi zuwa Siriya daga Al-Hirah, a Iraki , a farkon watan Yuni, ya tafi da rabin sojojinsa, kusan 8000 masu ƙarfi.Khalid ya zabo wata gajeriyar hanya ta zuwa Sham, wata hanyar da ba ta dace ba ta ratsa cikin hamadar Sham.An bayyana cewa sojojin nasa sun yi tattaki na tsawon kwanaki biyu ba tare da ko digo daya ba, kafin su kai ga wani kayyadadden majiyar ruwa a wata gabar ruwa.Da haka Khalid ya shiga Arewacin Siriya ya kama Rumawa a gefen dama.A cewar masana tarihi na zamani, wannan dabarar dabarar dabara ta hana kariyar Rumawa a Siriya.

Yakin al-Qaryatayn karamin yaki ne tsakanin larabawan Ghassanid da suke kawance da Daular Rumawa , da kuma sojojin Rashidun Halifanci .An yi yakin ne bayan Khalid bn Walid ya ci Tadmur a Sham.Dakarunsa sun yi tattaki zuwa al-Qaryatayn, mutanen da ke zaune sun yi tur da musulmi.Aka yi yaƙi da su, aka ci su da ganima.

Abu Ubaida bn al-Jarrah babban kwamandan sojojin musulmi a Sham ne ya umarci Shurhabil bn Hasana ya kai wa Bosra hari.Wannan na baya-bayan nan ya yi wa Bosra kawanya tare da ‘yan kankanen sojojinsa na 4000. Sojojin Rumawa da na Larabawa na Ghassanid, da suka fahimci cewa wannan na iya zama masu gadin babbar rundunar musulmi da za ta zo, sai suka fito daga kagaran birnin suka afka wa Shurhabil, suka kewaye shi daga duka. bangarorin;duk da haka Khalid ya isa fagen fama da dawakinsa ya ceci Shurhabil.Daga nan ne sojojin Khalid da Shurhabil da Abu Ubaidah suka ci gaba da kai hare-hare a Bosra, wanda ya mika wuya a wani lokaci a tsakiyar watan Yulin shekara ta 634 Miladiyya, wanda ya kawo karshen daular Ghassanid.Anan Khalid ya karbi ragamar jagorancin sojojin musulmi a Sham daga hannun Abu Ubaidah, bisa ga umarnin halifa.

An yi yakin Ajnadayn a watan Yuli ko Agusta 634, a wani wuri kusa da Beit Guvrin a Isra'ila ta yau;shi ne babban yaƙi na farko da aka gwabza tsakanin Daular Rumawa (Romawa) da sojojin Larabawa Rashidun Halifanci .Sakamakon yakin ya kasance gagarumin nasarar musulmi.Mafi yawan bayanai game da wannan yaƙin an san su ta hanyar kafofin musulmi, kamar masanin tarihi al-Waqidi na ƙarni na tara.

Yakin Yaqusa yaki ne tsakanin sojojin Rumawa da na Rashidun .An aike da sojojin Rumawa ne domin jinkirta ci gaban sojojin Larabawa da ke kan hanyar zuwa Damascus.

Bayan sun ci yakin Ajnadayn ne sojojin musulmi suka yi tattaki zuwa arewa inda suka kewaye Damascus.Don keɓe birnin daga sauran yankunan Khalid ya sanya runduna ta kudu a kan hanyar zuwa Palastinu da kuma a arewa a kan hanyar Damascus-Emesa, da kuma wasu ƙananan ƙananan hanyoyi a kan hanyoyin Damascus.An kama dakarun Heraclius tare da fatattake su a yakin Sanita-al-Uqab, mai tazarar kilomita 30 (mil 20) daga Damascus.Sojojin Khalid sun yi tir da ’yan salien Rumawa guda uku wadanda suka yi kokarin karya kewayen.An kwace birnin ne bayan wani bishop mai ra'ayin addini ya sanar da Khalid ibn al-Walid, babban kwamandan musulmi, cewa mai yiyuwa ne a keta katangar birnin ta hanyar kai hari a wani wuri da aka kare da safe kawai.Yayin da Khalid ya shiga birnin ta hanyar hari daga kofar Gabas, Thomas, kwamandan sojojin Rumawa, ya yi shawarwarin mika wuya cikin lumana a kofar Jabiya tare da Abu Ubaidah, na biyu na Khalid.Bayan mika wuyan birnin, kwamandojin sun yi sabani kan sharuddan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya.Damascus shi ne babban birni na farko na Daular Rumawa ta Gabas da ya fado a lokacin mamayar da musulmi suka yi a Siriya.

A ranar 22 ga Agusta, Abubakar, Halifan Rashidun na farko, ya rasu, bayan ya nada Umar a matsayin magajinsa.Yunkurin farko da Umar ya yi shi ne ya sauke Khalid daga kwamanda ya nada Abu Ubaidah bn al-Jarrah a matsayin sabon babban kwamandan sojojin Musulunci.Khalid ya yi alkawarin biyayya ga sabon Halifa kuma ya ci gaba da zama kwamanda na yau da kullun a karkashin Abu Ubaidah.An ruwaito yana cewa: “Idan Abubakar ya rasu, Umar kuwa halifa ne, to mu mun ji kuma mu yi biyayya”.Abu Ubaidah ya kara tafiya a hankali a hankali, wanda hakan ya yi tasiri a ayyukan soji a Siriya.Abu Ubaidah, kasancewarsa masoyin Khalid, ya nada shi kwamandan dawakai, ya kuma dogara da nasiharsa a duk lokacin yakin.

An gwabza yakin Sanita-al-Uqab a shekara ta 634 tsakanin dakarun daular Rashidun karkashin jagorancin Khalid bn al-Walid a kan rundunar Rumawa da Sarkin Ruma Heraclius ya aiko domin ceto sansanin da aka yi wa kawanya na Damascus.A kan gaba wajen yakin, sojojin halifanci sun yi niyyar ware birnin Damascus daga sauran yankunan;Khalid ya sanya runduna ta kudu a kan hanyar zuwa Falasdinu da kuma a arewa kan hanyar Damascus-Emesa, da kuma wasu kananan runduna da dama kan hanyoyin zuwa Damascus.Waɗannan ɓangarorin za su yi aiki ne a matsayin ƴan leƙen asiri kuma a matsayin sojojin jinkirta yaƙi da ƙarfafawar Byzantine.Heraclius ta reinforcements da aka intercepted, kuma ko da yake sun farko tsiwirwirinsu na sama hannun, aka rinjayi a al Uqab (Eagle) Pass a lõkacin da Khalid da kaina isa tare da reinforcements.

Yakin Fahl wani babban yaki ne a mamayar da musulmi suka yi wa kasar Rumawa na kasar Sham da sojojin larabawa na khalifanci na farko da sojojin Rumawa suka yi a kusa da Pella (Fahl) da kuma Scythopolis (Beisan) dake kusa da su, dukkansu a kwarin Jordan, a watan Disamba. 634 ko Janairu 635. Dakarun Rumawa da suka haye daga farmakin da musulmi suka yi a yakin Ajnadayn ko Yarmuk sun sake haduwa a Pella ko Scythopolis kuma musulmi suka bi su a can.Sojojin dawakan musulmi sun fuskanci matsala wajen ratsa filayen laka da ke kewayen Beisan yayin da Rumawa suka yanke ramukan ban ruwa don mamaye yankin da kuma dakile ci gaban musulmi.Daga karshe dai musulmi sun yi galaba akan Rumawa , wadanda ake tsare da su sun yi mummunar barna.An kama Pella daga baya, yayin da Beisan da Tiberias da ke kusa da su suka mamaye bayan gajeriyar kawanya da wasu dakarun musulmi suka yi.

Bayan da Khalid ya halaka sojojin Rumawa a yakin Fahl, sojojin Rashidun sun raba dakarunsu don ci gaba da mamaye ta hanyoyi daban-daban.Amr bn al-Aas da Shurhabil bn Hasana suka koma kudu domin su kame Palastinu, yayin da Abu Ubaidah da Khalid suka koma arewa domin kwace Arewacin Sham.Yayin da Abu Ubaidah da Khalid suka shagaltar da su a Fahl, sai Yazid bn Abi Sufyan ya bar Damascus.Heraclius yana ganin damar da za ta taimaka wa Damascus kuma nan da nan ya aika da sojojin karkashin Janar Theodore da Patrician don sake kama Damascus.Theodore ya kawo ɗimbin sojojin dawakai cikin wannan manufa.A halin da ake ciki, sojojin halifanci sun sami nasarar koyon motsin Theodore kamar yadda Abu Ubaydah da Khalid suka rigaya suka fatattaki Rumawa a Fahl, nan da nan suka yi ta zagaya domin su tare Theodore.Yakin dai ya kunshi fadace-fadace daban-daban guda biyu a yankuna daban-daban.To amma tun da yake yakin na biyu Khalid bn Walid ya halarta nan take bayan ya gama yakin farko a takaice, malaman tarihi na musulmi na farko suna kallon wannan rikici a matsayin rikici guda daya.Sojojin Rashidun sun samu gagarumar nasara a wannan yakin kuma an kashe dukkan kwamandan Rumawa a yakin biyu.

Yakin Marj al-Saffar, wanda ya gudana a watan Janairu na shekara ta 635 AZ, wani babban rikici ne a lokacin da musulmi suka mamaye bayan wafatinAnnabi Muhammad .Wannan yaƙin ya faru ne a kusa da Damascus, wuri mai mahimmanci a lokacin.Damascus yana ƙarƙashin ikon Thomas, surukin Sarkin Byzantine Heraclius .Dangane da ci gaba da sojojin musulmi karkashin jagorancin Khalid ibn al-Walid, Thomas ya nemi taimako daga sarki Heraclius, wanda yake a Emesa.Don jinkirta ko dakatar da tafiya Khalid zuwa Damascus, Thomas ya aika da runduna.Daya daga cikin wadannan runduna ta sha kaye a yakin Yaqusa a tsakiyar watan Agustan shekara ta 634. Yakin Marj al-Saffar, wanda ke cikin jerin matakan kariya, ya faru ne a ranar 23 ga watan Junairun shekara ta 635. Wata fitacciyar jaruma a wannan yakin ita ce Umm Hakim. Bint al-Harith ibn Hisham, jarumar musulma, wadda aka ce ta kashe sojojin Rumawa guda bakwai.Wannan yakin yana da muhimmanci a farkon yakukuwan Musulunci, wanda ya yi saurin fadada yankunan musulmi fiye da yankin Larabawa, ya kuma canza yanayin ikon yankin.

Yakin Yarmuk wani babban yaki ne tsakanin sojojin daular Rumawa da dakarun musulmi na Khalifancin Rashidun .Yaƙin ya ƙunshi jerin gwanon da aka yi na kwanaki shida a watan Agusta 636, kusa da Kogin Yarmouk, kusa da iyakar Syria – Jordan da Syria – Isra’ila , kudu maso gabashin Tekun Galili.Sakamakon yakin ya kasance cikakken nasarar musulmi wanda ya kawo karshen mulkin Rumawa a kasar Sham.Yakin Yarmuk ana daukarsa a matsayin daya daga cikin yakoki mafi muhimmanci a tarihin soji, kuma shi ne karon farko da musulmin farko suka fara yakar musulmi bayan wafatin annabin musulunciMuhammad , wanda ke sanar da ci gaban musulunci cikin sauri zuwa ga mabiya addinin kirista na lokacin. .Don duba ci gaban Larabawa da kuma dawo da yankin da ba a so, Sarkin sarakuna Heraclius ya aika da gagarumin balaguro zuwa ga Levant a watan Mayu 636. Kamar yadda sojojin Rumawa suka gabato, Larabawa sun janye daga Siriya da dabara kuma suka tattara dukan sojojinsu a filin Yarmuk kusa da Larabawa. Peninsula, inda aka ƙarfafa su, kuma suka ci nasara da manyan sojojin Byzantine.Yakin da ake yi wa kallon shi ne babban nasarar da Khalid bn al-Walid ya samu na soji tare da tabbatar da sunansa na daya daga cikin manyan mayaka da kwamandojin dawakai a tarihi.

Da aka fatattaki sojojin Rumawa , nan da nan musulmi suka sake kwato yankin da suka ci kafin Yarmouk.Abu Ubaida ya yi taro da manyan kwamandojinsa, ciki har da Khalid, kuma ya yanke shawarar ci birnin Kudus.Tsawon watanni hudu da shida a birnin Kudus, bayan haka birnin ya amince ya mika wuya, amma ga Umar kadai.Bisa ga al'ada, a cikin 637 ko 638, Halifa Umar ya yi tafiya zuwa Urushalima da kansa don karbar biyayyar birnin.Ta haka ne Sarkin ya mika wuya gare shi.

Tare da Emesa riga a hannu, Abu Ubaidah da Khalid sun matsa zuwa Chalcis, wanda shine mafi mahimmancin katangar Byzantine.Ta hanyar Chalcis Rumawa za su iya gadin Anatoliya, ƙasar Heraclius na Armeniya , da babban birnin yankin, Antakiya.Abu Ubaidah ya aika Khalid tare da mai gadinsa zuwa Chalcis.Dakarun Girka da ke karkashin Menas ne suke gadin wannan katangar da ba za a iya mantawa da ita ba, wanda aka bayar da rahoton cewa na biyu ne a daraja ga Sarkin sarakuna da kansa.Menas, ya karkata daga dabarun Byzantine na al'ada, ya yanke shawarar fuskantar Khalid tare da lalata manyan sojojin musulmi kafin babban jami'in ya shiga cikin su a Hazir mai tazarar kilomita 5 gabas da Chalcis.Har yanzu yakin yana cikin matakin farko lokacin da aka kashe Menas.Yayin da labarin mutuwarsa ya bazu a cikin mutanensa, sojojin Rumawa suka tafi cikin fushi da mugunyar hari domin daukar fansa kan mutuwar shugabansu.Khalid ya dauki rundunar sojan doki ya yi tagumi daga bangaren daya daga cikin fikafikai ya kai wa sojojin Rumawa hari daga baya.Ba da daɗewa ba aka kewaye sojojin Roma duka kuma aka ci su.An ce Menas da rundunarsa ba su taɓa shan kashi mai tsanani irin wannan ba.Har ma an ruwaito cewa yakin Hazir da ya biyo baya ya tilasta wa Umar ya yaba wa hazakar sojan Khalid, yana mai cewa, “Hakika Khalid shi ne kwamanda, Allah Ya yi wa Abubakar rahama, ya kasance mafi alkali ga mutane fiye da ni.

Ba da jimawa ba Abu Ubaidah ya shiga Khalid a Chalcis, wanda ya mika wuya a wani lokaci a watan Yuni.Da wannan nasara ta dabara, yankin arewacin Chalcis ya bude wa musulmi.Khalid da Abu Ubaidah sun ci gaba da tattaki zuwa arewa kuma suka kewaye Aleppo, wanda aka kwace bayan tsananin turjiya daga sojojin Rumawa masu tsananin son zuciya a watan Oktoba.

Kafin su yi tattaki zuwa Antakiya, Khalid da Abu Ubaidah sun yanke shawarar ware birnin daga Anatoliya.Don haka suka tura dakaru zuwa arewa domin kawar da dukkanin sojojin Rumawa tare da kwace garin Azaz mai tazarar kilomita 50 daga Aleppo;daga nan ne Musulmai suka kai hari Antakiya daga gabas, wanda ya haifar da yakin gada ta Karfe.Sojojin Rumawa , wadanda suka hada da wadanda suka tsira daga Yarmouk da sauran yakin Syria, sun sha kaye, inda suka koma Antakiya, inda musulmi suka kewaye birnin.Da yake da ɗan bege na taimako daga Sarkin sarakuna, Antakiya ya mika wuya a ranar 30 ga Oktoba, bisa sharadin cewa za a ba da duk sojojin Byzantine lafiya zuwa Konstantinoful.

Bayan mummunan shan kashi a yakin Yarmouk, ragowar daular Rumawa ta kasance cikin rauni.Tare da ragowar albarkatun soja, ba ta da ikon yin yunƙurin komowar soja a Siriya.Don samun lokaci don shirya wani tsaro na sauran daular, Heraclius da ake bukata da Musulmi shagaltar a Syria.Heraclius haka ya nemi taimako daga Kirista Larabawa kabilu wanda ya zo na Jazirah wanda musamman ya zo daga garuruwa biyu kusa da kogin Furat, Circesium da Hīt.Kabilar dai ta tara dakaru masu tarin yawa, suka yi tattaki zuwa Emesa cikin kankanin lokaci, wanda Abu Ubaidah ya kafa hedkwatar sojoji a lokacin.Lokacin da Larabawa kiristoci suka samu labarin zuwan sabbin sojojin da halifa da kansa ya jagoranta, hade da mamayar da Iyadh suka yi wa kasarsu ta Jazira, nan take suka yi watsi da kewayen, suka fice cikin gaggawa.A lokacin da kawancen kasashen Larabawa na Kirista suka fita, sojoji 4000 ne karkashin Qa'qa daga Iraki suka karfafa Khalid da jami'an tsaronsa, kuma a yanzu Abu Ubaidah ya ba su izinin fitowa daga sansanin don fatattakar abokan gaba.Khalid ya yi hasarar babbar asara ga dakarun hadin gwiwa na kiristoci na Larabawa, wanda hakan ba wai kawai ya wargaza wannan kewaye ba, har ma ya hana su komawa Jazira.Nasarar tsaron da ba wai kawai ta dakile yunkurin kawayen na Rumawa ba ne, har ma ya baiwa Iyadh damar kame kusan yankin Jazira baki daya, ya sa halifancin ya kara kai hare-hare ga arewacin kasar har ya kai ga Armeniya .

A bisa umarnin Umar Sa’ad bn Abi Waqqas kwamandan rundunar musulmi a Iraqi ya tura runduna karkashin Iyad bn Ghanm domin su ci yankin da ke tsakanin Tigris da Furat har zuwa Urfa.A shekara ta 639-640, Raqqa ta fada hannun musulmi, sai kuma mafi yawan Jazirah, wanda shi ne tushe na karshe na Daular Rumawa ta Gabas a yankin, wadanda suka mika wuya cikin lumana suka amince da biyan Jizya.

An kammala cin Jazirah a shekara ta 640 Miladiyya, daga nan ne Abu Ubaidah ya aika Khalid da Iyad bn Ghanm (wanda ya ci Jazirah) su mamaye yankin Rumawa a arewa da can.Sun yi tattaki na kansu suka kame Edessa, Amida, Malatya da dukkan kasar Armeniya har zuwa Ararat suka kai farmaki a arewaci da tsakiyar Anatoliya.Heraclius ya riga ya watsar da duk garu tsakanin Antakiya da Tartus don ƙirƙirar yanki mai shinge tsakanin yankunan musulmi da ke sarrafawa da Anatoliya.Daga nan sai Umar ya dakatar da wannan balaguron, ya umurci Abu Ubaidah, wanda yanzu shi ne gwamnan Sham, da ya karfafa mulkinsa a can.Ana iya bayyana wannan shawarar ta hanyar korar Khalid daga aikin soja, wanda ya ƙare aikinsa na soja, da fari da annoba ta biyo bayan shekara.