Tarihin Iran Tsarin lokaci

-678

Medes

appendices

haruffa

bayanin kula

nassoshi


Tarihin Iran
History of Iran ©JFoliveras

7000 BCE - 2024

Tarihin Iran



Iran, wacce a tarihi aka sani da Farisa, tana tsakiyar tarihin Iran Babba, yanki ne da ya tashi daga Anatoliya zuwa kogin Indus da kuma daga Caucasus zuwa Tekun Fasha.Ya kasance gida ga ɗayan tsoffin wayewar duniya tun daga 4000 KZ, tare da manyan al'adu na farko kamar Elam (3200-539 KZ) a tsohuwar Gabas ta Tsakiya.Hegel ya gane Farisa a matsayin "Mutanen Tarihi na farko".Mediya ta haɗa Iran zuwa daula a kusan 625 KZ.Daular Achaemenid (550-330 KZ), wanda Cyrus Mai Girma ya kafa, ita ce daula mafi girma a lokacinta, ta tsallaka nahiyoyi uku.Daular Seleucid , Parthian , da Sasaniya suka biyo bayansa, suna riƙe da martabar Iran a duniya na kusan shekara dubu.Tarihin Iran ya hada da lokutan manyan dauloli da mamayewar Masedoniyawa , Larabawa, Turkawa, da Mongols, duk da haka ta kiyaye asalinta na kasa.Yakin musulmi na Farisa (633-654) ya kawo karshen daular Sasaniya, wanda ke nuna gagarumin sauyi a tarihin Iran da kuma haifar da koma baya na Zoroastrianism a tsakaninhawan Musulunci .Fuskantar wahalhalu a ƙarshen Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiya da farkon zamani saboda mamayewar makiyaya, Iran ta haɗe a cikin 1501 a ƙarƙashin daular Safavid , wanda ya kafa Shi'a Islama a matsayin addini na ƙasa, wani muhimmin lamari a tarihin Musulunci.Iran tana aiki a matsayin babbar ƙasa, akai-akai a cikin fafatawa da Daular Ottoman .A cikin karni na 19, Iran ta yi asarar yankuna da yawa a cikin Caucasus zuwa fadada daular Rasha bayan yakin Russo-Persian (1804-1813 da 1826-1828).Iran ta ci gaba da zama daula har zuwa juyin juya halin Iran a shekarar 1979, wanda ya kai ga kafa jamhuriyar Musulunci.
Farisa Paleolithic
Shaida ga Upper Paleolithic da Epipaleolithic zamani an san su musamman daga yankin Zagros a cikin kogon Kermanshah da Khoramabad kamar Kogon Yafteh da wasu ƴan wurare a cikin Alborz da tsakiyar Iran. ©HistoryMaps
200000 BCE Jan 1 - 11000 BCE

Farisa Paleolithic

Zagros Mountains, Iran
Ƙaurawar farko na ɗan adam a kudanci da gabashin Asiya wataƙila sun haɗa da hanyoyi ta Iran, yanki mai bambancin yanayin ƙasa da albarkatun da suka dace da farkon hominins.Kayayyakin dutse daga tsakuwa a gefen koguna da dama, da suka hada da Kashafrud, Mashkid, Ladiz, Sefidrud, Mahabad, da sauransu, na nuni da kasancewar mutanen farko.Mabuɗin wuraren zama na farko a Iran sune Kashafrud a cikin Khorasan, Mashkid da Ladiz a Sistan, Shiwatoo a Kurdistan, Ganj Par da Darband Cave a Gilan, Khaleseh a Zanjan, Tepe Gakia kusa da Kermanshah, [1] da Pal Barik a Ilam, sun haɗu daga shekaru miliyan daya da suka wuce zuwa shekaru 200,000 da suka wuce.An samo kayan aikin dutse na Mousterian, masu alaƙa da Neanderthals, a duk faɗin Iran, musamman a yankin Zagros da tsakiyar Iran a wurare kamar Kobeh, Kaldar, Bisetun, Qaleh Bozi, Tamtama, Warwasi.Wani sanannen bincike shine radius Neanderthal a cikin 1949 ta CS Coon a cikin Kogon Bisitun.[2]Upper Paleolithic da Epipaleolithic shaida da farko sun fito ne daga yankin Zagros, tare da shafuka a Kermanshah da Khoramabad kamar Yafteh Cave.A cikin 2018, an gano haƙorin yaron Neanderthal a Kermanshah, tare da kayan aikin Paleolithic na Tsakiya.[3] Zamanin Epipaleolithic, ya kai c.18,000 zuwa 11,000 KZ, ya ga mafarauta da ke zaune a cikin kogon dutsen Zagros, tare da karuwar farauta da tattara shuke-shuke da dabbobi, ciki har da ƙananan kasusuwa, pistachios, 'ya'yan itacen daji, katantanwa, da ƙananan dabbobin ruwa.
10000 BCE
Tarihiornament
Zamanin Bronze na Farisa
Elamites a War. ©Angus McBride
4395 BCE Jan 1 - 1200 BCE

Zamanin Bronze na Farisa

Khuzestan Province, Iran
Kafin bayyanar al'ummar Iran a zamanin Farkon Karfe, tudun mundun Iran ya karbi bakuncin al'adun gargajiya da dama.Zamanin Bronze na Farko ya shaida ƙauyuka zuwa cikin jahohin birni da ƙirƙirar rubuce-rubuce a Gabas ta Tsakiya.Susa, ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin ƙauyuka a duniya, an kafa shi a kusan 4395 KZ, [4] jim kaɗan bayan birnin Uruk na Sumerian a cikin 4500 KZ.Masu binciken archaeologists sun yi imanin Uruk ya rinjayi Susa, wanda ya hada da al'adun Mesopotamiya da yawa.[5] Daga baya Susa ta zama babban birnin Elam, wanda aka kafa kusan 4000 KZ.[4]Elam, wanda ke tsakiya a yamma da kudu maso yammacin Iran, ya kasance tsohuwar wayewar da ta taso zuwa kudancin Iraki .Sunanta, Elam, ya samo asali daga fassarar Sumerian da Akkadian.Elam ya kasance jagoran siyasa a Gabas ta Tsakiya, wanda aka sani da Susiana a cikin adabin gargajiya, bayan babban birnin Susa.Al'adun Elam sun rinjayi daular Achaemenid ta Farisa, kuma harshen Elam, wanda ake ganin ya zama ware, ana amfani da shi a hukumance a lokacin.Ana tsammanin Elamiyawa kakanni ne na Lurs na zamani, wanda harshensu, Luri, ya bambanta daga Farisa ta Tsakiya.Bugu da ƙari, ƙasar tudu ta Iran ta ƙunshi wuraren tarihi masu yawa, wanda ke nuni da kasancewar tsoffin al'adu da matsugunan birane a cikin karni na huɗu KZ.[6] Sassan abin da ke arewa maso yammacin Iran sun kasance wani ɓangare na al'adun Kura-Araxes (kimanin 3400 KZ - kimanin 2000 KZ), wanda ya shiga cikin Caucasus da Anatolia.[7] Al'adun Jiroft a kudu maso gabashin Iran na daga cikin na farko a kan tudu.Jiroft wani muhimmin wurin binciken kayan tarihi ne mai tarin kayan tarihi na karni na 4 KZ, wanda ke nuna keɓaɓɓen zanen dabbobi, ƙididdiga na tatsuniyoyi, da ƙirar gine-gine.Waɗannan kayan tarihi, waɗanda aka yi daga kayan kamar chlorite, jan ƙarfe, tagulla, terracotta, da lapis lazuli, suna ba da shawarar al'adun gargajiya.Masanin tarihin kasar Rasha Igor M. Diakonoff ya jaddada cewa Iraniyawa na zamani sun samo asali ne daga kungiyoyin da ba na Indo-Turai ba, musamman mutanen da suka kasance kafin Iran a Plateau, maimakon kabilun Proto-Indo-Turai.[8]
Farkon Zaman Karfe na Farisa
Ƙaunar Ƙauyen Steppe da ke shiga Filato ta Iran daga tudun Pontic-Caspian. ©HistoryMaps
1200 BCE Jan 1

Farkon Zaman Karfe na Farisa

Central Asia
Proto-Iranians, reshe na Indo-Iranians, ya fito a tsakiyar Asiya a tsakiyar karni na biyu KZ.[9] Wannan zamanin ya nuna bambance-bambancen al'ummar Iran, wadanda suka fadada a kan wani yanki mai fadi, ciki har da Eurasian Steppe, daga filayen Danubian a yamma zuwa Plateau Ordos a gabas da kuma Plateau na Iran a kudu.[10]Rubuce-rubucen tarihi sun kara fitowa fili tare da bayanan daular Neo-Assyrian na mu'amala da kabilu daga tudun Iran.Wannan kwararowar Iraniyawa ya sa Elamiyawa suka yi asarar yankuna suka koma Elam, Khuzestan, da kuma yankunan da ke kusa.[11] Bahman Firuzmandi ya ba da shawarar cewa watakila mutanen kudancin Iran sun haɗu da al'ummar Elam a waɗannan yankuna.[12] A farkon ƙarni na farkon karni na farko KZ, Farisawa na da, waɗanda aka kafa a yammacin Filato ta Iran.A tsakiyar karni na farko K.Z., ƙabilu irin su Mediya, Farisa, da Parthia sun kasance a tudun ƙasar Iran, amma sun kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Assuriyawa kamar yawancin Gabas ta Tsakiya har sai da Mediya suka yi fice.A wannan lokacin, wasu sassa na ƙasar Azerbaijan ta Iran a yanzu sun kasance ɓangare na Urartu.Samuwar muhimman dauloli na tarihi kamar Mediya, Achaemenid , Parthian , da Sasaniya sun zama farkon daular Iran a zamanin Karfe.
680 BCE - 651
Tsohon Zamaniornament
Medes
Sojan Farisa wanda ya dogara da Fadar Apadana a Persepolis, Iran. ©HistoryMaps
678 BCE Jan 1 - 549 BCE

Medes

Ecbatana, Hamadan Province, Ir
Mediyawa tsoffin mutanen Iran ne waɗanda suka yi magana da Median kuma suna zaune a Media, yanki da ya ratsa yamma zuwa arewacin Iran.Sun zauna a arewa maso yammacin Iran da wasu sassan Mesopotamiya a kusa da Ecbatana (Hamadan ta zamani) kusan karni na 11 KZ.An yi imanin ƙarfafa su a Iran ya faru ne a ƙarni na 8 KZ.A karni na 7 KZ, Mediya sun kafa iko a yammacin Iran da yiwuwar wasu yankuna, kodayake ba a san ainihin iyakar yankinsu ba.Duk da rawar da suka taka a tsohon tarihin Gabas ta Tsakiya, Mediyawan ba su bar rubutaccen bayani ba.An san tarihinsu da farko ta hanyar kafofin kasashen waje, ciki har da Assuriya, Babila, Armeniyawa, da asusun Girka, da kuma daga wuraren binciken kayan tarihi na Iran da aka yi imani da cewa Median ne.Herodotus ya kwatanta Mediya a matsayin mutane masu ƙarfi waɗanda suka kafa daula a farkon karni na 7 KZ, wanda ya kasance har zuwa 550s KZ.A shekara ta 646 K.Z., Sarkin Assuriya Ashurbanipal ya kori Susa, kuma ya kawo ƙarshen ikon Elamawa a yankin.[13] Sama da shekaru 150, sarakunan Assuriya daga Arewacin Mesofotamiya sun nemi cin nasara kan kabilun Midiya na Yammacin Iran.[14] Suna fuskantar matsin lamba na Assuriya, ƙananan masarautu a yammacin ƙasar Iran sun haɗu zuwa manyan ƙasashe, mafi yawan yanki.A ƙarshen rabin karni na 7 KZ, Mediya sun sami 'yancin kai ƙarƙashin jagorancin Deioces.A shekara ta 612 KZ, Cyaxares, jikan Deioces, ya haɗa kai da sarkin Babila Nabopolassar don su kai wa Assuriya hari.Wannan ƙawancen ya ƙare a cikin kewaye da halakar Nineba, babban birnin Assuriya, wanda ya kai ga faduwar Daular Neo-Assuriyawa.[15] Mediya kuma sun ci Urartu suka narke.[16] An san Mediyawa don kafa daular Iran ta farko da al'umma, wacce ita ce mafi girma a lokacinta har sai Cyrus Mai Girma ya hade Mediya da Farisa, ya kafa daular Achaemenid a kusa da 550-330 KZ.Kafofin watsa labarai sun zama lardi mai mahimmanci a ƙarƙashin dauloli masu zuwa, gami da Achaemenids , Seleucids , Parthians , da Sasaniyawa .
Achaemenid Empire
Achaemenid Farisa da Median ©Johnny Shumate
550 BCE Jan 1 - 330 BCE

Achaemenid Empire

Babylon, Iraq
Daular Achaemenid , wacce Cyrus the Great ya kafa a shekara ta 550 KZ, ta kasance a kasar Iran a yanzu kuma ta zama daula mafi girma a lokacinta, tana da fadin murabba'in kilomita miliyan 5.5.Ya tashi daga Balkans daMasar a yamma, a yammacin Asiya ta yamma, Asiya ta tsakiya, da kuma cikin kwarin Indus a Kudancin Asiya.[17]Wanda ya samo asali a Farisa, kudu maso yammacin Iran, a kusan karni na 7 KZ, Farisa, [18] karkashin Cyrus, sun hambarar da Daular Mediya, Lydiya, da Daular Neo-Babila.An lura da Cyrus don kyakkyawan shugabancinsa, wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga dawwamar daular, kuma an yi masa lakabi da "Sarkin Sarakuna" (shāhanshāh).Ɗansa, Cambyses II, ya ci ƙasar Masar, amma ya mutu a cikin yanayi na ban mamaki, wanda ya kai ga hawan Darius na ɗaya mulki bayan ya hambarar da Bardiya.Darius I ya kafa gyare-gyaren gudanarwa, ya gina manyan ababen more rayuwa kamar tituna da magudanar ruwa, da daidaitattun tsabar kuɗi.An yi amfani da harshen tsohuwar Farisa a cikin rubutun sarauta.A karkashin Cyrus da Darius, daular ta zama mafi girma a tarihi har zuwa wannan lokacin, wanda aka sani da juriya da girmamawa ga sauran al'adu.[19]A ƙarshen karni na shida KZ, Darius ya faɗaɗa daular zuwa Turai, ya mamaye yankuna ciki har da Thrace kuma ya mai da Macedon ta zama ƙasa mara kyau a kusa da 512/511 KZ.[20] Duk da haka, daular ta fuskanci kalubale a Girka .Yaƙe-yaƙe na Greco-Persian sun fara ne a farkon ƙarni na 5 KZ bayan tawaye a Miletus wanda Athens ta goyi bayan.Duk da nasarorin da aka samu a farko, ciki har da kama Atina, a ƙarshe Farisa sun ci nasara kuma suka janye daga Turai.[21]Rugujewar daular ta fara ne da rikicin cikin gida da matsi na waje.Masar ta sami ’yancin kai a shekara ta 404 KZ bayan mutuwar Darius II amma Artaxerxes III ya ci nasara a 343 KZ.Daular Achaemenid a ƙarshe ta fada hannun Alexander the Great a shekara ta 330 KZ, wanda ke nuna farkon lokacin Hellenistic da hawan Masarautar Ptolemaic da Daular Seleucid a matsayin magada.A zamanin yau, an yarda da Daular Achaemenid don kafa ingantaccen tsari na tsarin mulki na tsakiya, tsarin mulki.Wannan tsarin yana da tsarin manufofinsa na al'adu daban-daban, wanda ya haɗa da gina gine-gine masu rikitarwa kamar tsarin hanya da tsarin gidan waya.Masarautar ta kuma inganta amfani da harsunan hukuma a fadin manyan yankunanta kuma ta bunkasa ayyukan farar hula, gami da ƙwararrun sojoji.Waɗannan ci gaban sun kasance masu tasiri, suna ƙarfafa irin wannan salon mulkin a dauloli daban-daban da suka biyo baya.[22]
Daular Seleucid
Daular Seleucid. ©Angus McBride
312 BCE Jan 1 - 63 BCE

Daular Seleucid

Antioch, Küçükdalyan, Antakya/
Daular Seleucid , ikon Girkanci a Yammacin Asiya a lokacin zamanin Hellenistic, an kafa shi a cikin 312 KZ ta Seleucus I Nicator, Janar na Macedonia.Wannan daular ta samo asali ne bayan rabuwar daular Masedoniya ta Alexander the Great kuma daular Seleucid ta yi mulkinta har zuwa lokacin da Jamhuriyar Roma ta hade da ita a shekara ta 63 KZ.Seleucus na farko ya karɓi Babila da Assuriya a cikin 321 KZ kuma ya faɗaɗa ƙasarsa ya haɗa da Iraki ta zamani, Iran, Afghanistan , Siriya, Labanan, da wasu sassan Turkmenistan, yankuna da Daular Achaemenid ke iko da ita.A kololuwarta, Daular Seleucid kuma ta mamaye Anatoliya, Farisa, Levant, Mesopotamiya, da Kuwait ta zamani.Daular Seleucid wata muhimmiyar cibiyar al'adun Hellenanci ce, tana haɓaka al'adu da harshe na Girka yayin da gabaɗaya ke jure wa al'adun gida.Wani fitaccen birni na Girka ya mamaye siyasarta, wanda ƴan gudun hijira na Girka ke marawa baya.Daular ta fuskanci kalubale dagaPtolemaic Masar a yamma kuma ta rasa wani yanki mai mahimmanci gadaular Maurya a gabas karkashin Chandragupta a shekara ta 305 KZ.A farkon karni na 2 KZ, kokarin Antiochus III mai girma na fadada tasirin Seleucid zuwa Girka ya fuskanci kalubale daga Jamhuriyar Roma, wanda ya haifar da asarar yankuna a yammacin tsaunin Taurus da kuma ramakon yaki.Wannan ya nuna farkon faduwar daular.Parthia , ƙarƙashin Mithridates I, ta kwace yawancin ƙasashenta na gabas a tsakiyar ƙarni na biyu KZ, yayin da mulkin Greco-Bactrian ya bunƙasa a arewa maso gabas.Ayyukan Hellenizing (ko de-Judaizing) na Antiochus sun jawo tawaye da makamai a Yahudiya— Tawayen Maccabean .Ƙoƙarin da ake yi na magance ’yan Biriya da Yahudawa da kuma ci gaba da kula da larduna a lokaci guda ya fi ƙarfin daular da ta raunana.An rage su zuwa ƙaramar ƙasa a Siriya, Tigranes Babban Armeniya ya ci Seleucids a 83 KZ kuma a ƙarshe Pompey Janar na Romawa a 63 KZ.
Daular Parthia
Parthians 1st karni KZ. ©Angus McBride
247 BCE Jan 1 - 224

Daular Parthia

Ctesiphon, Madain, Iraq
Daular Parthia , babbar iko ta Iran, ta wanzu daga 247 KZ zuwa 224 CE.[23] Wanda aka kafa ta Arsaces I, [24] shugaban kabilar Parni, [25] ya fara a Parthia a arewa maso gabashin Iran, da farko satrapy yana tawaye ga daular Seleucid .Daular ta fadada sosai a ƙarƙashin Mithridates I (rc 171 - 132 KZ), wanda ya kama Media da Mesopotamiya daga Seleucids.A matsayi na farko, daular Parthia ta tashi daga tsakiyar gabashin Turkiyya a yau zuwa Afghanistan da yammacin Pakistan .Ita ce cibiyar kasuwanci mai mahimmanci a kan hanyar siliki, wacce ta haɗu da daular Romawa da daular Han ta China .Parthians sun haɗa abubuwa daban-daban na al'adu a cikin daularsu, gami da Farisa, Hellenistic, da tasirin yanki a cikin fasaha, gine-gine, addini, da alamar sarauta.Da farko sun ɗauki al'adun Girkanci, sarakunan Arsacid, waɗanda suka sanya kansu a matsayin "Sarkin Sarakuna," a hankali sun farfado da al'adun Iran.Sabanin gwamnatin tsakiya na Achaemenids, Arsacids sukan yarda da sarakunan gida a matsayin vassals, suna nada 'yan satraps, musamman a wajen Iran.Babban birnin daular daga karshe ya tashi daga Nisa zuwa Ctesiphon, kusa da Bagadaza na zamani.Abokan gaba na Parthia sun haɗa da Seleucids da Scythians.Da aka fadada zuwa yamma, rikici ya taso da Masarautar Armeniya da kuma Jamhuriyar Roma.Parthia da Rome sun nemi tasiri akan Armeniya.Muhimman yaƙe-yaƙe da Romawa sun haɗa da Yaƙin Carrhae a cikin 53 KZ da kuma kama yankunan Levant a cikin 40-39 KZ.Duk da haka, yakin basasa na cikin gida ya haifar da babbar barazana fiye da mamayewar kasashen waje.Daular ta ruguje sa’ad da Ardashir I, mai mulki a Farisa, ya yi tawaye, ya hambarar da sarkin Arsacid na ƙarshe, Artabanus IV, a shekara ta 224 AZ, kuma ya kafa daular Sasaniya .Rubuce-rubucen tarihi na Parthia suna da iyaka idan aka kwatanta da Achaemenid da tushen Sasaniya.An san shi ta hanyar tarihin Hellenanci, Roman, da Sinanci, tarihin Parthia kuma an haɗa shi tare daga allunan cuneiform, rubuce-rubuce, tsabar kudi, da wasu takaddun takarda.Har ila yau, fasaha na Parthia yana ba da haske mai mahimmanci ga al'ummarsu da al'adun su.[26]
Sasanian Empire
Mutuwar Julian a yakin Samarra ta faru ne a watan Yuni 363, bayan mamayewar Sassanid Farisa da Sarkin Roma Julian ya yi. ©Angus McBride
224 Jan 1 - 651

Sasanian Empire

Istakhr, Iran
Daular Sasaniya , wacce Ardashir I ya kafa, ta kasance fitacciyar iko sama da shekaru 400, tana adawa da Daular Rumawa daga baya.A kololuwarta, ta shafi Iran ta zamani, Iraki , Azerbaijan , Armeniya , Jojiya , wasu sassan Rasha, Lebanon, Jordan, Palasdinu, Isra'ila , sassan Afghanistan , Turkiyya , Siriya, Pakistan , Asiya ta Tsakiya, Larabawa ta Gabas, da wasu sassanMasar .[27]Tarihin daular ya kasance mai yawan yaƙe-yaƙe tare da Daular Rumawa, ci gaban yakin Roman-Parthan.Waɗannan yaƙe-yaƙe, waɗanda suka fara a ƙarni na 1 KZ kuma suna dawwama har zuwa ƙarni na 7 AD, ana ɗaukar tashe-tashen hankula mafi dadewa a tarihin ɗan adam.Babban nasara ga Farisa ita ce a yakin Edessa a shekara ta 260, inda aka kama Sarkin sarakuna Valerian.A karkashin Khosrow II (590-628), daular ta fadada, ta hade Masar, Jordan, Falasdinu, da Lebanon, kuma an san shi da Erânshahr ("Mallakan Aryans").[28] Sasaniyawa sun yi arangama da sojojin Romano-Byzantine akan Anatolia, Caucasus, Mesopotamiya, Armenia, da Levant.An kafa zaman lafiya a ƙarƙashin Justinian I ta hanyar biyan haraji.Duk da haka, rikice-rikice sun sake komawa bayan saukar da Sarkin Bizantine Maurice, wanda ya haifar da fadace-fadace da yawa kuma daga karshe an sasanta.Yaƙe-yaƙe na Romawa da Farisa sun ƙare da Yaƙin Byzantine-Sasaniya na 602-628, wanda ya ƙare a cikin kewayen Konstantinoful.Daular Sasaniya ta fada hannun Yakin Larabawa a yakin al-Qādisiyyah a shekara ta 632, wanda ke nuna karshen daular.Zamanin Sasaniya, wanda ake ganin yana da tasiri sosai a tarihin Iran, ya yi tasiri sosai ga wayewar duniya.Wannan zamanin ya ga kololuwar al'adun Farisa kuma ya yi tasiri ga wayewar Romawa, inda al'adunsa suka kai yammacin Turai, Afirka,Sin , daIndiya .Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara fasahar Turai da Asiya ta tsakiya.Al'adun daular Sasania sun yi tasiri sosai a duniyar Musulunci, inda suka mayar da mamayar da Musulunci ya yi wa Iran zuwa Renaissance na Farisa.Yawancin abubuwan da suka zama al'adun Musulunci daga baya, ciki har da gine-gine, rubuce-rubuce, da sauran gudunmawa, sun samo asali ne daga Sasaniyawa.
Musulman Farisa
Musulman Farisa ©HistoryMaps
632 Jan 1 - 654

Musulman Farisa

Mesopotamia, Iraq
Yunkurin musulmi na Farisa , wanda kuma aka sani da mamayar Larabawa na Iran, [29] ya faru tsakanin 632 da 654 AZ, wanda ya kai ga faduwar daular Sasaniya da koma bayan Zoroastrianism.Wannan lokacin ya zo daidai da gagarumin rudanin siyasa, zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, da soja a Farisa.Daular Sasaniya da ta taɓa zama mai ƙarfi ta sami rauni ta hanyar tsawaita yaƙi da Daular Rumawa da rashin zaman lafiya na cikin gida, musamman bayan kisan gillar da aka yi wa Shah Khosrow II a shekara ta 628 da kuma sarautar masu da'awa daban-daban goma a cikin shekaru huɗu.Musulman Larabawa, karkashin Daular Rashidun , sun fara mamaye yankin Sasaniya a shekara ta 633, tare da Khalid bn al-Walid ya kai hari kan muhimmin lardin Asọristān ( Iraq ta zamani).Duk da koma bayan da aka samu a farko da Sasaniyyawa, musulmi sun samu gagarumar nasara a yakin al-Qadisiyyah a shekara ta 636 karkashin Sa'ad bn Abi Waqqas, wanda ya kai ga rasa ikon Sasaniyawa a yammacin Iran.Dutsen Zagros ya kasance kan iyaka tsakanin Khalifancin Rashidun da Daular Sasaniya har zuwa shekara ta 642, lokacin da Halifa Umar bn al-Khattab ya ba da umarnin kai farmaki gadan-gadan, wanda ya haifar da mamaye daular Sasaniya a shekara ta 651. [30.]Duk da nasarar da aka yi cikin sauri, tsayin daka da Iran ta yi wa mahara na Larabawa na da matukar muhimmanci.Cibiyoyin birane da yawa, in ban da yankuna kamar Tabaristan da Transoxiana, sun fada hannun Larabawa da 651. Garuruwa da yawa sun yi tawaye, sun kashe gwamnonin Larabawa ko kuma kai hari kan gari, amma ƙarfafawar Larabawa daga ƙarshe ya murkushe waɗannan tawaye, tare da kafa ikon Islama.Musuluntar Iran wani tsari ne a hankali, wanda aka karfafa shi tsawon shekaru aru-aru.Duk da tashe-tashen hankula a wasu yankuna, harshen Farisa da al'adun Iran sun ci gaba da wanzuwa, inda Musulunci ya zama babban addini a karshen zamanai na tsakiya.[31]
651 - 1501
Zaman Maɗaukakiornament
Umayyad Farisa
Banu Umayya sun ci gaba da yakuke musulmi, inda suka ci Ifriqiya, Transoxiana, Sind, Maghreb da Hispania (al-Andalus). ©HistoryMaps
661 Jan 1 - 750

Umayyad Farisa

Iran
Bayan faduwar daular Sasaniya a shekara ta 651, daular Umayyawa , wacce ta zama mai mulki, ta rungumi al'adun Farisa da dama, musamman a al'adun mulki da na kotu.Gwamnonin larduna a wannan lokacin sun kasance mutanen Farisa Farisa ne ko kuma Farisawa.Farisa ya kasance harshen hukuma na kasuwancin halifanci har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 7, lokacin da Larabci ya maye gurbinsa a hankali, wanda rubutun Larabci ya maye gurbin Pahlavi akan tsabar kudin da aka fara a 692 a Damascus.[32]Gwamnatin Umayyawa ta tilasta Larabci a matsayin harshen farko a yankunanta, sau da yawa da karfi.Al-Hajjaj bn Yusuf, wanda ya ki amincewa da yawan amfani da Farisa, ya ba da umurnin a sauya harsunan gida da Larabci, wani lokaci kuma ta hanyar karfi.[33 <] > Wannan siyasa ta haɗa da lalata bayanan al'adu da tarihi waɗanda ba na Larabawa ba, kamar yadda al-Biruni ya bayyana game da yaƙin Khwarazmia.Banu Umayyawa kuma sun kafa tsarin “dhimmah”, suna biyan wadanda ba musulmi ba (“dhimmis”) haraji mai tsoka, wani bangare don amfanar al’ummar musulmin larabawa da kudi da kuma hana musuluntar da su, saboda tuba na iya rage kudaden haraji.A wannan lokacin, musulmin da ba larabawa ba, kamar Farisa, ana daukarsu a matsayin mawali (“abokan ciniki”) kuma suna fuskantar matsayi na biyu.Manufofin Banu Umayyawa akan musulmin da ba larabawa ba da ‘yan Shi’a sun haifar da tashin hankali a tsakanin wadannan kungiyoyi.Ba dukkanin Iran ne ke karkashin ikon Larabawa ba a wannan lokacin.Yankuna kamar Daylam, Tabaristan, da yankin Dutsen Damavand sun kasance masu zaman kansu.Dabuyid, musamman Farrukhan mai girma (r. 712-728), sun yi nasarar bijirewa ci gaban Larabawa a Tabaristan.Rugujewar halifancin Umayyawa ya fara ne da mutuwar halifa Hisham bn Abd al-Malik a shekara ta 743, wanda ya kai ga yakin basasa.Abu Muslim, wanda halifancin Abbasiyawa ya aika zuwa Khorasan, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a tawayen Abbasiyawa.Ya ci Merv kuma ya sarrafa Khorasan sosai.A gefe guda kuma, sarkin Dabuyid Khurshid ya ayyana ‘yancin kai amma nan da nan ya amince da ikon Abbasiyawa.Daga karshe Abbasiyawa sun sha kaye a hannun Umayyawa a yakin Zab a shekara ta 750, wanda ya kai ga guguwar Dimashku da kuma karshen Khalifancin Umayyawa.
Abbasid Farisa
Abbasid Persia ©HistoryMaps
750 Jan 1 - 1517

Abbasid Farisa

Iran
Juyin juya halin Abbasid a shekara ta 750 miladiyya [34] karkashin jagorancin janar na Iran Abu Muslim Khorasani, ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a daular musulunci.Sojojin Abbasiyawa, wadanda suka hada da Iraniyawa da Larabawa, sun kifar da daular Umayyawa , lamarin da ke nuni da kawo karshen mamayar Larabawa da mafarin kasa mai yawan kabilu da dama a Gabas ta Tsakiya.[35]Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan farko na Abbasid shine mayar da babban birnin kasar daga Damascus zuwa Bagadaza, [36] wanda aka kafa a cikin 762 a kan kogin Tigris a yankin da al'adun Farisa ya rinjayi.Wannan matakin ya kasance wani bangare ne na amsa bukatu daga mawali na Farisa, wanda ke neman rage tasirin Larabawa.Abbasiyawa sun gabatar da matsayin waziri a gwamnatinsu, matsayi irin na mataimakin halifa, wanda hakan ya sa halifofi da dama suka kara daukar wasu ayyuka na shagulgula.Wannan sauyi, tare da bullowar sabon tsarin mulkin Farisa, ya yi nuni da ficewa daga zamanin Umayyawa.A karni na 9, ikon Khalifancin Abbasiyawa ya raunana yayin da shugabannin yankin suka bullo, suna kalubalantar ikonsa.[36] Halifofi sun fara daukar Mamluks, mayaka masu magana da Turkawa, a matsayin sojojin bayi.A tsawon lokaci, wadannan mamluka sun sami gagarumin karfi, daga karshe suka mamaye halifofi.[34]Har ila yau a wannan zamani an sami tashe-tashen hankula irin na Khurramita, karkashin jagorancin Babak Khorramdin a Azarbaijan , suna masu fafutukar neman 'yancin kai na Farisa da kuma dawo da martabar Iran kafin zuwan Musulunci.Wannan yunkuri ya shafe sama da shekaru ashirin kafin a danne shi.[37]Dauloli iri-iri sun taso a Iran a zamanin Abbasiyawa, wadanda suka hada da Tahiriyyawa a Khorasan, Saffarid a Sistan, da Samaniyawa, wadanda suka mika mulkinsu daga tsakiyar Iran zuwa Pakistan .[34]A farkon karni na 10, daular Buyid, wani bangare na Farisa, ya sami iko mai yawa a Bagadaza, yana sarrafa gwamnatin Abbasiyawa yadda ya kamata.Daga baya ne Turawan Seljuq suka yi galaba akan Buyids, wadanda suka yi mubaya'a ga Abbasiyawa har zuwa lokacin da Mongol suka mamaye a 1258, wanda ya kawo karshen daular Abbasiyawa.[36]Haka kuma zamanin Abbasiyawa ya ga yadda musulmin da ba larabawa ba (mawali) suka sami karfafuwa da kuma sauya sheka daga daular Larabawa zuwa daular musulmi.A wajen shekara ta 930 AZ, an gabatar da wata manufa da ke buƙatar duk masu gudanar da mulki su zama musulmi.
Iran Intermezzo
Intermezzo ta Iran wacce ta sami ci gaban tattalin arziki da ci gaban kimiyya, likitanci, da falsafa.Garuruwan Nishapur, Ray, musamman Baghdad (ko da yake ba a Iran ba, al'adun Iran sun yi tasiri sosai) sun zama cibiyoyin koyo da al'adu. ©HistoryMaps
821 Jan 1 - 1055

Iran Intermezzo

Iran
Intermezzo ta Iran, kalmar da aka fi lulluɓe a cikin tarihin tarihi, tana nufin wani zamanin da ya wuce daga 821 zuwa 1055 CE.Wannan zamanin da ya kunno kai tsakanin rugujewar mulkin halifancin Abbasiyawa da hawan Turkawa Seljuk, shi ne karo na farko da al'adun Iran suka sake farfadowa, da bunkasar dauloli na asali, da kuma bayar da gagarumar gudunmuwa ga zamanin zinare na Musulunci.Alfijir na Iran Intermezzo (821 CE)Intermezzo ta Iran ta fara ne da raguwar ikon Khalifancin Abbasiyawa a kan tudun mun tsira.Wannan rashin iko ya share fage ga shugabannin Iran na cikin gida wajen kafa mulkinsu.Daular Tahiri (821-873 CE)Tahir bn Husaini ne ya assasa, Tahiriyyawa sune daula ta farko da ta samu ‘yancin kai a wannan zamani.Duk da cewa sun yarda da hukunce-hukuncen addini na halifancin Abbasiyawa, amma sun gudanar da mulkin kansu a Khurasan.An lura da Tahirid don haɓaka yanayin da al'adun Farisa da harshe suka fara bunƙasa bayan mulkin Larabawa.Daular Safarid (867-1002 CE)Yaqub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar, maƙerin tagulla ya zama shugaban soja, shi ne ya kafa daular Safarid.Yakin nasa ya mamaye tudun mundun Iran, wanda ke nuna gagarumin fadada tasirin Iran.Daular Samanid (819-999 CE)Wataƙila waɗanda suka fi yin tasiri a al’adu su ne Samaniyawa, waɗanda adabi da fasahar Farisa suka ga farfaɗo a ƙarƙashinsu.Fitattun mutane kamar Rudaki da Ferdowsi sun bunƙasa, tare da “Shahnameh” na Ferdowsi yana misalta farfaɗo da al’adun Farisa.Tashi na Buyids (934-1055 CE)Daular Buyid, wacce Ali ibn Buya ya kafa, ita ce kololuwar daular Intermezzo ta Iran.Sun mallaki Bagadaza yadda ya kamata a shekara ta 945 AZ, inda suka rage halifofin Abbasiyawa zuwa manyan kawunansu.A karkashin Buyids, al'adun Farisa, kimiyya, da adabi sun kai sabon matsayi.Daular Ghaznavid (977-1186 CE)Sabuktigin ne ya kafa shi, daular Ghaznavid ta shahara saboda cin nasarar soja da nasarorin al'adu.Mahmud na Ghazni, fitaccen mai mulkin Ghaznavid, ya faɗaɗa yankunan daular tare da tallafawa fasaha da adabi.Ƙarshe: Zuwan Seljuks (1055 CE)Intermezzo ta Iran ta ƙare da hawan Seljuk Turkawa .Tughril Beg, shugaban Seljuk na farko, ya hambarar da Buyids a shekara ta 1055 AZ, wanda ya haifar da sabon zamani a tarihin Gabas ta Tsakiya.Intermezzo ta Iran lokaci ne mai cike da ruwa a tarihin Gabas ta Tsakiya.Ya shaida farfaɗowar al'adun Farisa, sauye-sauyen siyasa, da nasarori masu ban mamaki a fasaha, kimiyya, da adabi.Wannan zamanin ba wai kawai ya siffata asalin Iran ta zamani ba, har ma ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga Zamanin Zinare na Musulunci.
Ghaznavids &amp; Seljuqs a Farisa
Seljuk Turkawa. ©HistoryMaps
977 Jan 1 - 1219

Ghaznavids & Seljuqs a Farisa

Iran
A shekara ta 977 AZ, Sabuktigin, gwamnan Turkawa karkashin Samanida, ya kafa daular Ghaznavid a Ghazna ( Afganistan ta zamani), wadda ta dade har zuwa shekara ta 1186 [.] A karshen karni na 10, a karshe suka mamaye wasu sassan Gabashin Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan , da arewa maso yammacin Indiya. Ana ganin Ghaznavids ne da gabatar da addinin Musulunci ga HinduIndiyawa , wanda mamayar mai mulki Mahmud ya fara a shekara ta 1000. Duk da haka, karfinsu a yankin ya ragu. , musamman bayan rasuwar Mahmud a shekara ta 1030, da kuma a shekara ta 1040, 'yan Seljuq sun mamaye kasar Ghaznavid a Iran.[36]Seljuqs , asalin Turkawa da al'adun Farisa, sun mamaye Iran a ƙarni na 11.[34 <>] Sun kafa daular Seljuq mai girma ta musulmin sunni, wadda ta taso daga Anatoliya zuwa yammacin Afganistan da iyakokinkasar Sin ta zamani.An san su a matsayin majibintan al'adu, sun yi tasiri sosai a fannin fasaha, adabi, da harshe na Farisa, kuma ana ganin su a matsayin magabata na al'adun Turkawa ta Yamma.Tughril Beg, wanda ya kafa daular Seljuq, da farko ya kai hari ga Ghaznavids a Khorasan tare da fadada daularsa ba tare da rusa garuruwan da aka mamaye ba.A cikin 1055, halifan Bagadaza ya amince da shi a matsayin Sarkin Gabas.Karkashin magajinsa, Malik Shah (1072-1092), da wazirinsa na Iran, Nizam al Mulk, daular ta sami farfadowar al'adu da kimiyya.Wannan lokacin ya ga kafa cibiyar lura inda Omar Khayyám ya yi aiki da kuma kafa makarantun addini.[34]Bayan mutuwar Malik Shah na daya a shekara ta 1092, daular Seljuq ta wargaje saboda sabani na cikin gida tsakanin dan'uwansa da 'ya'yansa.Wannan rarrabuwar kawuna ta haifar da samuwar jihohi daban-daban, ciki har da Sarkin Musulmin Rûm a yankin Anatoliya da kuma masarautu daban-daban a Siriya da Iraki da Farisa.Rashin raunin ikon Seljuq a Iran ya share fagen tasowar wasu dauloli, da suka hada da juyin mulkin Abbasiyawa da aka farfado da Khwarezmshah, daular Farisa musulmi Sunni mai asalin Turkiya ta Gabas.A shekara ta 1194, Khwarezmshah Ala ad-Din Tekish ya fatattaki Sarkin Seljuq na karshe, wanda ya kai ga rugujewar daular Seljuq a Iran, in ban da Sultanate na Rûm.
Mamayewar Mongol &amp; Mulkin Farisa
mamayar Mongol akan Iran. ©HistoryMaps
1219 Jan 1 - 1370

Mamayewar Mongol & Mulkin Farisa

Iran
Daular Khwarazmian, wacce aka kafa a Iran, ta dade har sai da Mongol suka mamaye karkashin Genghis Khan .A shekara ta 1218, daular Mongol da ke fadada cikin sauri ta yi iyaka da yankin Khwarazmian.Ala ad-Din Muhammad, shugaban Khwarazmian, ya fadada daularsa a mafi yawan kasar Iran, ya kuma ayyana kansa a matsayin shah, inda ya nemi amincewar halifan Abbasiyawa Al-Nasir, wanda aka ki amincewa da shi.Harin Mongol na Iran ya fara ne a shekara ta 1219 bayan an yi masa kisan kiyashi a ofishin jakadancinsa zuwa Khwarezm.Mamayen ya kasance m kuma cikakke;An lalata manyan garuruwa irin su Bukhara, Samarkand, Herat, Tus, da Nishapur, kuma an yi musu kisan kiyashi.Ala ad-Din Muhammad ya gudu ya mutu a wani tsibiri a Tekun Caspian.A lokacin wannan farmakin, Mongols sun yi amfani da ingantattun fasahohin soja, ciki har da yin amfani da rukunin katabus na kasar Sin, da yuwuwar bama-bamai na foda.Sojojin kasar Sin, wadanda suka kware a fasahar foda, suna cikin sojojin Mongol.An yi imanin cewa nasarar Mongol ta gabatar da makaman foda na kasar Sin, ciki har da huochong (turmi), zuwa tsakiyar Asiya.Littattafan gida na baya-bayan nan sun nuna makaman foda irin naChina .Mamayewar Mongol, wanda ya ƙare a mutuwar Genghis Khan a 1227, ya kasance mummunan rauni ga Iran.Ya haifar da babbar barna, ciki har da sace-sacen garuruwa a yammacin Azerbaijan .Mongols, duk da cewa daga baya sun musulunta, suka koma cikin al'adun Iran, sun yi barna maras misaltuwa.Sun lalata ilimi, al'adu, da ababen more rayuwa na Islama na ƙarni, sun lalata birane, kona ɗakunan karatu, da maye gurbin masallatai da gidajen ibada na Buddha a wasu yankuna.[38]Har ila yau mamayewar ya yi mummunar tasiri ga rayuwar fararen hula na Iran da ababen more rayuwa na kasar.Rugujewar tsarin ban ruwa na qanat, musamman a arewa maso gabashin Iran, ya kawo cikas ga tsarin matsugunan, wanda ya kai ga yin watsi da garuruwan noma da dama.[39]Bayan mutuwar Genghis Khan, wasu kwamandojin Mongol sun yi mulkin Iran.Hulagu Khan, jikan Genghis, shi ne ke da alhakin faɗaɗa ikon Mongol zuwa yamma.Amma a lokacinsa, daular Mongol ta rabu gida biyu.Hulagu ya kafa daular Ilkhanate a Iran, jihar da ta balle daga daular Mongol, wadda ta yi mulki tsawon shekaru tamanin kuma ta zama Farisa.A shekara ta 1258, Hulagu ya kwace Bagadaza ya kashe halifan Abbasiyawa na karshe.An dakatar da fadadasa a yakin Ain Jalut a Palastinu a shekara ta 1260 ta Mamelukes.Bugu da ƙari, yaƙin neman zaɓe na Hulagu akan musulmi ya haifar da rikici da Berke, ɗan musulmi na Golden Horde , wanda ke nuna tarwatsewar haɗin kai na Mongol.Karkashin Ghazan (r. 1295–1304), jikan Hulagu, an kafa Musulunci a matsayin addinin jiha na Ilkhanate.Ghazan, tare da wazirinsa na Iran Rashid al-Din, sun fara farfado da tattalin arziki a Iran.Sun rage haraji ga masu sana'a, inganta aikin gona, dawo da ayyukan ban ruwa, da inganta hanyoyin kasuwanci, wanda ya haifar da karuwar ciniki.Wadannan ci gaban sun sauƙaƙe mu'amalar al'adu a duk faɗin Asiya, wanda ya haɓaka al'adun Iran.Wani sakamako mai ban mamaki shi ne fitowar sabon salon zanen Iran, hade da abubuwan fasahar Mesofotamiya da na kasar Sin.Duk da haka, bayan mutuwar dan uwan ​​Ghazan Abu Said a 1335, Ilkhanate ya shiga yakin basasa kuma ya rabu zuwa kananan dauloli da dama, ciki har da Jalayirids, Muzaffarids, Sarbadars, da Kartids.Karni na 14 kuma ya shaida mummunan tasirin Mutuwar Baƙar fata, wanda ya kashe kusan kashi 30% na al'ummar Iran.[40]
Timurid Empire
Tamerlane ©HistoryMaps
1370 Jan 1 - 1507

Timurid Empire

Iran
Iran ta sami lokaci na rarrabuwa har sai Timur , shugaban Turco-Mongol na daular Timurid, ya fito.Daular Timurid, wani ɓangare na duniyar Farisa, an kafa shi ne bayan Timur ya ci yawancin Iran bayan mamayewar da ya fara a shekara ta 1381. Yaƙin neman zaɓe na Timur ya kasance mai nuna rashin tausayi na musamman, gami da kisan gilla da kuma lalata birane.[41]Duk da irin zalunci da tashin hankali na gwamnatinsa, Timur ya haɗa Iraniyawa a cikin ayyukan gudanarwa da haɓaka gine-gine da waƙoƙi.Daular Timurid ta ci gaba da iko da yawancin Iran har zuwa shekara ta 1452, lokacin da suka rasa yawancin yankunansu ga Turkmen Baƙar fata.Daga baya Turakin Tumaki na Bakar Tumaki sun yi galaba a hannun Turakin Tumaki da Uzun Hasan ya jagoranta a shekara ta 1468, wadanda suka yi mulkin Iran har zuwa hawan Safawiyya .[41]Zamanin Timurids yana da mahimmanci ga adabin Farisa, musamman ga mawaƙin Sufi Hafez.Shahararriyarsa da kwafin divan nasa ya kafu sosai a wannan lokacin.Duk da zaluncin Sufaye da suke fuskanta daga Musulmai masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, waɗanda galibi suna ɗaukar koyarwarsu sabo ne, Sufanci ya bunƙasa, yana haɓaka ingantaccen harshe na alama da ke cike da kwatance don ɓoye ra'ayoyin falsafar masu rikitarwa.Hafez, yayin da yake ɓoye aƙidar Sufanci, ya yi amfani da wannan harshe na alama da kyau a cikin waƙarsa, yana samun karɓuwa don kammala wannan siffa.[42] Ayyukansa sun yi tasiri ga sauran mawaƙa, ciki har da Jami, wanda shahararsa ya bazu cikin duniyar Farisa.[43]
1501 - 1796
Farkon Zamaniornament
Safavid Farisa
Safavid Farisa ©HistoryMaps
1507 Jan 1 - 1734

Safavid Farisa

Qazvin, Qazvin Province, Iran
Daular Safavid , wanda ke mulki daga 1501 zuwa 1722 tare da ɗan taƙaitaccen maidowa daga 1729 zuwa 1736, galibi ana ganinsa azaman farkon tarihin Farisa na zamani.Sun kafa mazhabar Shi'a goma sha biyu a matsayin addinin kasa, wani muhimmin lamari a tarihin musulmi.A tsawonsu, Safawiyawa sun mallaki Iran ta zamani, Azarbaijan , Armeniya , Georgia , wasu sassa na Caucasus, Iraki , Kuwait, Afganistan , da wasu sassan Turkiyya , Siriya, Pakistan , Turkmenistan, da Uzbekistan, wanda ya mai da su daya daga cikin manyan 'yan bindigar Islama. dauloli" tare da Daular Ottoman da Mughal .[44]Ismāil I ne ya kafa shi, wanda ya zama Shāh Ismāil [45] bayan ya kame Tabriz a shekara ta 1501, daular Safavid ta yi nasara a gwagwarmayar neman iko da ya gudana a Farisa bayan wargajewar Kara Koyunlu da Aq Qoyunlu.Ismāil ya yi sauri ya ƙarfafa mulkinsa bisa dukan Farisa.Zamanin Safawida ya ga gagarumin ci gaban gudanarwa, al'adu, da na soja.Sarakunan daular, musamman Shah Abbas na daya, sun aiwatar da sauye-sauye na soji tare da taimakon kwararrun Turawa irinsu Robert Shirley, sun karfafa huldar kasuwanci da kasashen Turai, tare da farfado da gine-gine da al'adun Farisa.Shah Abbas na kuma ya bi manufar korar da sake tsugunar da dimbin ‘yan Circassians, Jojiya, da Armeniya a cikin Iran, wani bangare na rage karfin ’yan kabilar Qizilbash.[46]Duk da haka, da yawa daga cikin sarakunan Safawawa bayan Abbas I, ba su da wani tasiri, suna shagaltuwa cikin jin daɗi da yin watsi da harkokin ƙasa, wanda ya haifar da koma baya ga daular.Matsi na waje ne ya tsananta wannan raguwar, ciki har da hare-hare daga makwaftan kasashe.A cikin 1722, Mir Wais Khan, ɗan Ghilzai Pashtun, ya yi tawaye a Kandahar, kuma Peter Mai Girma na Rasha ya yi amfani da hargitsi don kwace yankunan Farisa.Sojojin Afganistan karkashin jagorancin Mahmud dan Mir Wais sun kame Isfahan tare da shelanta sabuwar doka.Daular Safawiyya ta kare a cikin wannan tashin hankali, kuma a shekara ta 1724, an raba yankunan Iran tsakanin Ottomans da Rasha a karkashin yarjejeniyar Konstantinoful.[47] Halin Shi'a na Iran na zamani, da mahimman sassan iyakokin Iran na yanzu sun samo asali ne daga wannan zamani.Kafin hawan daular Safawiyya, Musuluncin Sunna shi ne addini mafi rinjaye, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 90% na al'ummar kasar a lokacin.[53] A cikin karni na 10 da na 11 Fatimidawa sun tura Ismaili Da'i ('yan mishan) zuwa Iran da sauran kasashen musulmi.Lokacin da Isma'ila ya kasu kashi biyu, Nizaris ya kafa tushe a Iran.Bayan hare-haren Mongol a 1256 da faduwar Abbasiyawa, shugabannin Sunni sun lalace.Ba wai kawai sun rasa halifanci ba har ma da matsayin mazhabar hukuma.Rashinsu shi ne ribar Shi'a, wanda cibiyarsu ba ta Iran a wancan lokacin.Babban sauyin ya faru ne a farkon karni na 16, lokacin da Isma'il na daya ya kafa daular Safawadiya, ya kuma bullo da wata manufa ta addini ta amince da Shi'a Musulunci a matsayin addinin daular Safawiyya, kuma kasancewar Iran ta zamani ta kasance 'yar Shi'a a hukumance. It state sakamako ne kai tsaye sakamakon abinda Ismail yayi.A cewar Mortaza Motahhari mafi rinjayen malamai da talakawan Iran sun kasance sunna ne har zuwa zamanin Safawa.
Farisa karkashin Nader Shah
Hoton Nader Shah na zamani. ©Anonymous
1736 Jan 1 - 1747

Farisa karkashin Nader Shah

Iran
Nader Shah, shugaban yakin Turkiyya na kasar Iran daga Khorasan ya maido da martabar yankin kasar Iran.Ya kuma samu daukaka ta hanyar fatattakar 'yan Afganistan, ya kori Ottoman baya, da mayar da Safadiyawa, da yin shawarwarin janyewar sojojin Rasha daga yankunan Caucasian Iran ta hanyar yarjejeniyar Resht da Yarjejeniyar Ganja.A shekara ta 1736, Nader Shah ya zama mai iko sosai don korar Safavids kuma ya bayyana kansa shah.Daularsa, ɗaya daga cikin manyan yaƙe-yaƙe na ƙarshe na Asiya, a taƙaice ta kasance cikin mafi ƙarfi a duniya.Don ba da kuɗin yaƙin da ya yi da Daular Ottoman , Nader Shah ya yi niyya ga masu hannu da shuni amma Mughal daular a gabas.A cikin 1739, tare da al'adun Caucasian masu aminci, gami da Erekle II, Nader Shah ya mamaye Mughal India.Ya samu gagarumar nasara ta hanyar fatattakar manyan sojojin Mughal cikin kasa da sa'o'i uku.Bayan wannan nasara, ya kori kuma ya wawashe Delhi, ya sami dukiya mai yawa da ya dawo da su Farisa.[48] ​​Har ila yau, ya mallake 'yan Uzbek khanates kuma ya maido da mulkin Farisa a kan manyan yankuna, ciki har da dukan Caucasus, Bahrain, da sassan Anatoliya da Mesopotamiya .Duk da haka, kashin da ya sha a Dagestan, wanda ke nuna yakin neman zabe da kuma asarar sojoji mai yawa, ya nuna wani sauyi a aikinsa.Shekarun Nader na baya sun kasance suna da girma da tashin hankali, zalunci, da tsokanar tawaye, wanda ya kai ga kashe shi a 1747. [49]Bayan mutuwar Nader, Iran ta fada cikin rudani yayin da kwamandojin soji daban-daban ke fafutukar neman iko.Ba da jimawa ba aka tsare Afsharid, daular Nader, a cikin Khorasan.Yankunan Caucasian sun rabu zuwa cikin khanates daban-daban, kuma Ottomans, Omanis, da Uzbek sun dawo da yankunan da suka ɓace.Ahmad Shah Durrani, tsohon jami'in Nader, ya kafa abin da ya zama Afghanistan ta zamani.Sarakunan Jojiya Erekle II da Teimuraz II, da Nader ya nada, sun ba da himma kan rashin zaman lafiya, da ayyana yancin kai da kuma hada kan gabashin Jojiya.[50] Wannan lokacin kuma ya ga hawan daular Zand karkashin Karim Khan, [51] wanda ya kafa daular kwanciyar hankali a Iran da sassan Caucasus.Sai dai bayan mutuwar Karim Khan a shekara ta 1779, Iran ta sake fadawa wani yakin basasa wanda ya kai ga bullowar daular Qajar.A cikin wannan lokaci, Iran ta yi asarar Basra ta dindindin a hannun Daular Usmaniyya da Bahrain ga iyalan Al Khalifa bayan mamayewar Bani Utbah a shekara ta 1783. [52]
1796 - 1979
Late Modernornament
Qajar Farisa
Yaƙin Elisabethpol (Ganja), 1828. ©Franz Roubaud
1796 Jan 1 00:01 - 1925

Qajar Farisa

Tehran, Tehran Province, Iran
Agha Mohammad Khan, bayan ya samu nasara daga yakin basasa bayan wafatin sarkin Zand na karshe, ya mayar da hankali wajen sake hadewa tare da mayar da kasar Iran tsakiya.[54] Bayan Nader Shah da zamanin Zand, yankunan Caucasian na Iran sun kafa khanates iri-iri.Agha Mohammad Khan ya yi niyyar sake shigar da wadannan yankuna cikin Iran, tare da la'akari da su a matsayin wani yanki na gaba daya.Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ya fi mayar da hankali a kai shi ne Jojiya, wanda yake kallo a matsayin mai mahimmanci ga ikon Iran.Ya bukaci Sarkin Jojiya, Erekle II, ya yi watsi da yarjejeniyar da ya yi da Rasha a shekara ta 1783, kuma ya karbi suzerainty na Farisa, wanda Erekle II ya ƙi.A martanin da ya mayar, Agha Mohammad Khan ya kaddamar da wani kamfen na soji, inda ya yi nasarar sake tabbatar da ikon Iran a kan yankuna daban-daban na Caucasian, ciki har da Armeniya ta zamani, Azarbaijan , Dagestan, da Igdir.Ya yi nasara a yakin Krtsanisi, wanda ya kai ga kama Tbilisi da sake mamaye Jojiya .[55]A cikin 1796, bayan ya dawo daga yakin neman zabensa na nasara a Jojiya tare da jigilar dubunnan mutanen Jojiya da aka kama zuwa Iran, Agha Mohammad Khan ya samu sarautar Shah a hukumance.An yanke mulkinsa ta hanyar kisan gilla a 1797 yayin da yake shirin wani balaguro da Georgia.Bayan mutuwarsa, Rasha ta yi amfani da rashin zaman lafiya a yankin.A cikin 1799, sojojin Rasha sun shiga Tbilisi, kuma a shekara ta 1801, sun mamaye Jojiya sosai.Wannan faɗaɗa ya zama farkon yakin Rasha-Persian (1804-1813 da 1826-1828), wanda ya kai ga ƙarshen Gabashin Jojiya, Dagestan, Armeniya, da Azerbaijan zuwa Rasha, kamar yadda ya tanada a cikin yarjejeniyoyin Gulistan da Turkmenchay.Don haka, yankunan arewacin kogin Aras, da suka hada da Azerbaijan ta zamani, gabashin Jojiya, Dagestan, da Armeniya, sun kasance wani bangare na Iran har zuwa lokacin da Rasha ta mamaye su a karni na 19.[56]Bayan yaƙe-yaƙe na Rasha da Farisa da asarar manyan yankuna a cikin Caucasus, an sami sauye-sauye na al'umma.Yaƙe-yaƙe na 1804-1814 da 1826-1828 sun haifar da ƙaura da yawa waɗanda aka fi sani da Muhajir Caucasian zuwa ƙasar Iran.Wannan yunkuri ya hada da kabilu daban-daban kamar Ayrums, Qarapapaqs, Circassians, Shi'a Lezgins, da sauran musulmin Transcaucasian.[57] Bayan yakin Ganja a 1804, yawancin Ayrums da Qarapapaq sun sake zama a Tabriz, Iran.A tsawon yakin 1804-1813, daga baya kuma a lokacin rikicin 1826-1828, yawancin wadannan kungiyoyi daga sabbin yankuna na Rasha da suka mamaye sun yi hijira zuwa Solduz a lardin yammacin Azarbaijan, Iran.[58 <>] Ayyukan sojan Rasha da batutuwan mulki a yankin Caucasus sun kori musulmi da yawa da wasu Kiristocin Jojiya gudun hijira a Iran.[59]Daga 1864 har zuwa farkon karni na 20, ƙarin korar da ƙaura na son rai ya faru bayan nasarar Rasha a yakin Caucasian.Wannan ya haifar da ƙarin motsi na Musulman Caucasian, ciki har da Azerbaijan, sauran Musulmi na Transcaucasian, da kuma Arewacin Caucasian kungiyoyin Circassians, Shi'a Lezgins, da Laks, zuwa Iran da Turkiyya.[57] Yawancin wadannan bakin haure sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin Iran, inda suka zama wani muhimmin bangare na Brigade Cossack na Farisa da aka kafa a karshen karni na 19.[60]Yarjejeniyar Turkmenchay a shekara ta 1828 ta kuma taimaka wajen sake tsugunar da 'yan Armeniyawa daga Iran zuwa sabbin yankuna da Rasha ke iko da su.[61] A tarihi, Armeniyawa sun kasance mafi rinjaye a Armeniya ta Gabas amma sun zama ƴan tsiraru bayan yaƙin neman zaɓe na Timur da rinjayen Musulunci na gaba.[62] Harin da Rasha ta yi wa Iran ya kara canza tsarin kabilanci, wanda ya kai ga rinjayen Armeniya a gabashin Armeniya a shekara ta 1832. Wannan jujjuyawar al'umma ta kara karfi bayan yakin Crimean da yakin Rasha-Turkish na 1877-1878.[63]A wannan lokacin, Iran ta sami karuwar huldar diflomasiyya a karkashin Fath Ali Shah.Jikansa, Mohammad Shah Qajar, wanda Rasha ta yi tasiri, bai yi nasara ba don kama Herat.Naser al-Din Shah Qajar, wanda ya gaji Mohammad Shah, ya kasance shugaba mafi nasara, wanda ya kafa asibitin zamani na farko na Iran.[64]Babban Yunwar Farisa na 1870-1871 wani bala'i ne mai ban tsoro, wanda ya haifar da mutuwar kusan mutane miliyan biyu.[65] Wannan lokacin ya nuna gagarumin canji a tarihin Farisa, wanda ya kai ga juyin juya halin tsarin mulkin Farisa a kan Shah a karshen karni na 19 da farkon karni na 20.Duk da kalubalen da ake fuskanta, Shah ya amince da wani takaitaccen tsarin mulki a shekarar 1906, inda ya mayar da Farisa zuwa tsarin mulkin tsarin mulki, ya kuma kai ga taron Majlis (majalisar) na farko a ranar 7 ga Oktoba, 1906.Gano mai a shekarar 1908 a Khuzestan da turawan Ingila suka yi ya zafafa muradun kasashen waje a Farisa, musamman ta Daular Birtaniyya (wanda ke da alaka da William Knox D'Arcy da Kamfanin Man Anglo-Iran, yanzu BP).Wannan lokacin kuma an yi masa alama da fafatawa a fagen siyasa tsakanin Burtaniya da Rasha kan Farisa, wanda aka fi sani da Babban Wasan.Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Rasha ta 1907 ta raba Farisa zuwa bangarori masu tasiri, wanda ke lalata ikonta na kasa.A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya , sojojin Burtaniya, Ottoman, da na Rasha sun mamaye Farisa amma ta kasance tsaka tsaki.Bayan yakin duniya na daya da juyin juya halin Rasha , Biritaniya ta yi yunkurin kafa wata kariyar kariya a kan Farisa, wanda a karshe ya kasa.Rashin zaman lafiya a cikin Farisa, wanda yunƙurin tsarin mulki na Gilan ya ba da haske, da raunin gwamnatin Qajar, ya share hanyar haɓakar Reza Khan, daga baya Reza Shah Pahlavi, da kuma kafa daular Pahlavi a 1925. Wani muhimmin juyin mulkin soja na 1921, ya jagoranci. da Reza Khan na Farisa Cossack Brigade da Seyyed Zia'eddin Tabatabai, ya kasance da nufin sarrafa jami'an gwamnati a maimakon kifar da masarautar Qajar kai tsaye.[66] Tasirin Reza Khan ya karu, kuma a shekara ta 1925, bayan zama firayim minista, ya zama Shah na farko na daular Pahlavi.
1921 juyin mulkin Farisa
Reza Shah ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1921 Feb 21

1921 juyin mulkin Farisa

Tehran, Tehran Province, Iran
Juyin mulkin Farisa a shekara ta 1921, wani muhimmin al'amari a tarihin Iran, ya faru ne a wani yanayi da ke tattare da rashin zaman lafiya da kuma tsoma bakin kasashen waje.A ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, 1921, Reza Khan, jami'i a Brigade Cossack na Farisa, da Seyed Zia'eddin Tabatabaee, ɗan jarida mai tasiri, suka shirya juyin mulkin da zai canza yanayin al'umma sosai.Iran, a farkon karni na 20, kasa ce da ke cikin tashin hankali.Juyin tsarin mulki na 1906-1911 ya fara yin sauye-sauye daga cikakken tsarin sarauta zuwa tsarin tsarin mulki, amma kasar ta kasance cikin rarrabuwar kawuna da bangarori daban-daban da ke neman mulki.Daular Qajar da ke mulki tun shekara ta 1796, ta samu rauni ne sakamakon rigingimun cikin gida da matsin lamba daga waje, musamman daga kasashen Rasha da Birtaniya , wadanda ke neman yin tasiri a kan albarkatun kasa na Iran.Rikicin Reza Khan ya fara ne a cikin wannan yanayi mai cike da tashin hankali.An haife shi a shekara ta 1878, ya haura matakin soja har ya zama babban birgediya janar a rundunar sojin kasar Farisa ta Cossack Brigade, rundunar soji da ta samu horo mai kyau da kuma kayan aikin da Rashawa suka kafa tun asali.Shi kuwa Sayyid Zia, fitaccen dan jarida ne, mai hangen zamanantar da Iran, ba tare da mamayar kasashen waje ba.Hanyoyinsu sun haɗu a wannan rana mai tsanani a cikin Fabrairun 1921. A cikin sa'o'i na farko, Reza Khan ya jagoranci Brigade na Cossack zuwa Tehran, ya ci karo da danniya.An shirya juyin mulkin cikin tsanaki tare da aiwatar da shi daidai.Da gari ya waye, sun mallaki manyan gine-ginen gwamnati da cibiyoyin sadarwa.Ahmad Shah Qajar, matashin sarki maras tasiri, ya tsinci kansa da kusan rashin karfi a kan masu yunkurin juyin mulkin.Seyyed Zia, tare da goyon bayan Reza Khan, ya tilasta wa Shah nada shi a matsayin Firayim Minista.Wannan matakin ya kasance wata alama ce ta sauyin mulki - daga tsarin mulki mai rauni zuwa sabon tsarin mulki wanda ya yi alkawarin kawo sauyi da kwanciyar hankali.Nan da nan bayan juyin mulkin, an sami gagarumin sauyi a fagen siyasar Iran.Zaman Seyyed Zia a matsayin Firayim Minista, ko da yake gajere ne, an yi masa alama da yunƙurin zamanantar da jama'a.Ya nemi gyara tsarin mulki, da dakile cin hanci da rashawa, da kafa tsarin shari’a na zamani.Duk da haka, wa'adinsa ya kasance na ɗan gajeren lokaci;An tilasta masa yin murabus ne a watan Yunin 1921, musamman saboda adawa daga bangarorin gargajiya da kuma gazawarsa wajen karfafa mulki yadda ya kamata.Reza Khan, duk da haka, ya ci gaba da hawansa.Ya zama Ministan Yaki, daga baya kuma ya zama Firimiya a shekarar 1923. Manufofinsa sun kasance da nufin karfafa gwamnatin tsakiya, sabunta sojoji, da rage tasirin kasashen waje.A shekara ta 1925, ya dauki wani muhimmin mataki ta hanyar korar daular Qajar tare da nada kansa a matsayin Reza Shah Pahlavi, wanda ya kafa daular Pahlavi wanda zai mulki Iran har zuwa 1979.Juyin mulkin 1921 ya kawo sauyi a tarihin Iran.Ya kafa daular Reza Shah da kafa daular Pahlavi daga karshe.Lamarin dai ya kasance alama ce ta kawo karshen zamanin Qajar da kuma farkon wani gagarumin sauyi, a daidai lokacin da kasar Iran ta hau kan turbar zamani da mayar da yankin tsakiya.Abubuwan da juyin mulkin ya gada yana da sarkakiya, yana nuni da dukkan burin samun Iran ta zamani, mai cin gashin kanta da kuma kalubalen mulkin kama-karya wanda zai nuna mafi yawan yanayin siyasar Iran na karni na 20.
Iran karkashin Reza Shah
Hoton Reza Shah, Sarkin Iran a farkon shekarun 30's sanye da riga. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1925 Jan 1 - 1941

Iran karkashin Reza Shah

Iran
Mulkin Reza Shah Pahlavi daga 1925 zuwa 1941 a Iran ya kasance alama ce ta ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce na zamani da kafa gwamnatin kama-karya.Gwamnatinsa ta jaddada kishin kasa, soja, ra'ayin addini, da kyamar gurguzu, tare da tsauraran ra'ayi da farfaganda.[67] Ya gabatar da sauye-sauyen zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da yawa, ciki har da sake tsara sojoji, gudanarwar gwamnati, da kudi.[68] Mulkin Reza Shah wani zamani ne mai sarkakiya na gagarumin zamani na zamani da mulkin kama-karya, wanda aka yi masa alama da nasarorin da aka samu a ababen more rayuwa da ilimi da kuma sukar zalunci da danne siyasa.A wajen magoya bayansa, ana kallon mulkin Reza Shah a matsayin wani gagarumin ci gaba, wanda ya ke da nasaba da samar da doka da oda, da'a, da hukumomin tsakiya, da abubuwan more rayuwa na zamani kamar makarantu, jiragen kasa, motocin bas, gidajen rediyo, sinima, da tarho.[69] Duk da haka, ƙoƙarinsa na zamanantar da hanzari ya fuskanci zargi saboda "sauri ne" [70] da "na zahiri," [71] tare da wasu suna kallon mulkinsa a matsayin lokacin da aka yi wa zalunci, cin hanci da rashawa, haraji mai yawa, da rashin sahihanci. .Haka kuma an kwatanta mulkinsa da ‘yan sanda saboda tsaurara matakan tsaro.[69 <] > Manufofinsa, musamman waɗanda suka ci karo da al’adun Musulunci, sun haifar da rashin jin daɗi a tsakanin musulmi masu kishin addini da malamai, wanda ya haifar da gagarumin tarzoma, kamar tawayen 1935 a hubbaren Imam Riza a Mashhad.[72]A zamanin mulkin Reza Shah na shekaru 16, Iran ta sami gagarumin ci gaba da zamani.An gudanar da manyan ayyukan samar da ababen more rayuwa, da suka hada da gina tituna masu yawa da gina hanyar dogo ta Trans-Iran.Kafuwar jami'ar Tehran ya nuna yadda ake samar da ilimin zamani a Iran.[73] Ci gaban masana'antu ya kasance mai mahimmanci, tare da karuwar adadin masana'antu na zamani sau 17, ban da kayan aikin mai.Hanyar hanyar sadarwa ta kasar ta fadada daga mil 2,000 zuwa mil 14,000.[74]Reza Shah ya yi garambawul ga sojoji da ma'aikatan gwamnati, inda ya kafa rundunar mutane 100,000, [75] ya sauya sheka daga dogaro da sojojin kabilanci, da kafa ma'aikacin gwamnati na mutum 90,000.Ya kafa ilimi kyauta, na wajibi ga maza da mata, ya kuma rufe makarantun addini masu zaman kansu - Musulunci, Kiristanci, Bayahude, da [sauransu] . a matsayin ilimi, kiwon lafiya, da ayyukan masana'antu.[77]Mulkin Reza Shah ya zo daidai da farkawa ta mata (1936-1941), ƙungiyar da ke ba da shawarar kawar da chador a cikin al'umma mai aiki, yana jayayya cewa yana hana ayyukan jiki na mata da shiga cikin al'umma.Wannan gyara, ya fuskanci turjiya daga shugabannin addini.Yunkurin bullowa ya kasance yana da alaƙa da Dokar Aure ta 1931 da Majalisar Mata ta Gabas ta Biyu a Tehran a 1932.Ta fuskar hakuri da addini, Reza Shah ya yi fice wajen nuna girmamawa ga al'ummar Yahudawa, kasancewar shi ne sarki na farko na Iran a cikin shekaru 1400 da ya yi addu'a a cikin majami'a a lokacin da ya ziyarci al'ummar Yahudawa a Isfahan.Wannan aikin ya kara girman kimar Yahudawan Iran sosai kuma ya kai ga daraja Reza Shah a tsakanin su, na biyu bayan Cyrus mai girma.Gyaran da ya yi ya baiwa Yahudawa damar bin sabbin sana'o'i da kuma ficewa daga ghettos.[78] Duk da haka, akwai kuma da'awar abubuwan da suka faru na gaba da Yahudawa a Tehran a cikin 1922 a lokacin mulkinsa.[79]A tarihi, kalmar "Fara" da abubuwan da aka samo ta ana amfani da ita a yammacin duniya don nufin Iran.A shekara ta 1935, Reza Shah ya bukaci wakilan kasashen waje da kungiyar kasashen duniya su dauki "Iran" - sunan da 'yan kasarta ke amfani da shi kuma ma'anar "Land of Aryans" - a cikin wasika na yau da kullum.Wannan bukata ta haifar da karuwar amfani da "Iran" a kasashen yammacin duniya, tare da canza kalmomin gama gari na dan kasar Iran daga "Persian" zuwa "Iran."Daga baya, a cikin 1959, gwamnatin Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, ɗan Reza Shah Pahlavi kuma magaji, ya bayyana cewa duka "Fara" da "Iran" za a iya amfani da su a hukumance.Duk da haka, amfani da "Iran" ya ci gaba da zama ruwan dare a yammacin Turai.A cikin harkokin waje, Reza Shah ya nemi rage tasirin kasashen waje a Iran.Ya yi gagarumin yunkuri, kamar soke yarjejeniyar man fetur da Birtaniya da kuma neman kawance da kasashe irin su Turkiyya.Ya daidaita tasirin kasashen waje, musamman tsakanin Burtaniya, Tarayyar Soviet, da Jamus.[80] Sai dai dabarun manufofinsa na ketare sun durkushe a farkon yakin duniya na biyu , wanda ya kai ga mamayewar Anglo-Soviet a Iran a 1941 kuma daga baya ya yi murabus.[81]
Iran a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu
Jiragen yakin Soviet na runduna ta 6 da ke dauke da makamai sun tuka kan titunan Tabriz kan tankar yakinsu na T-26. ©Anonymous
1941 Jan 1 - 1945

Iran a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu

Iran
A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu , yayin da sojojin Jamus suka samu nasara a kan Tarayyar Soviet , gwamnatin Iran, tana tsammanin nasarar Jamus, ta ki amincewa da bukatun Birtaniya da Soviet na korar mazauna Jamus.Wannan ne ya kai ga mamaye kasar Iran a watan Agustan shekarar 1941 karkashin Operation Countenance, inda suka yi nasara a kan raunanan sojojin Iran.Manufar farko ita ce tabbatar da rijiyoyin mai na Iran da kafa hanyar Farisa, hanyar isar da saƙo zuwa Tarayyar Soviet.Duk da mamayewa da mamaya, Iran ta ci gaba da kasancewa a hukumance na tsaka mai wuya.An kori Reza Shah a wannan sana'a kuma dansa Mohammad Reza Pahlavi ya maye gurbinsa.[82]Taron na Tehran a shekara ta 1943, wanda ya samu halartar kasashen kawance, ya haifar da sanarwar Tehran, inda aka tabbatar da ‘yancin kai da kuma cikakken yankin kasar Iran bayan yakin.Duk da haka, bayan yakin, sojojin Soviet da ke arewa maso yammacin Iran ba su janye cikin gaggawa ba.A maimakon haka, sun goyi bayan tayar da kayar baya da ta kai ga kafa kasashe masu neman ballewa daga Tarayyar Soviet a Azarbaijan da Kurdistan Iran - gwamnatin jama'ar Azarbaijan da Jamhuriyar Kurdistan, a karshen shekarar 1945. Zaman Soviet a Iran ya ci gaba har zuwa watan Mayun 1946. , wanda ya ƙare ne bayan Iran ta yi alkawarin rangwame mai.Duk da haka, ba da da ewa ba aka kifar da Jamhuriyar Soviet, kuma daga baya aka soke yarjejeniyar man fetur.[83]
Iran karkashin Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
Mohammad Reza yana asibiti bayan yunkurin kisa da bai yi nasara ba, 1949. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1941 Jan 1 - 1979

Iran karkashin Mohammad Reza Pahlavi

Iran
Mulkin Mohammad Reza Pahlavi a matsayin Sarkin Iran, wanda ya shafe daga 1941 zuwa 1979, yana wakiltar wani muhimmin lokaci mai sarkakiya a tarihin Iran, wanda ke da saurin sauye-sauyen zamani, hargitsin siyasa, da sauyin zamantakewa.Za a iya raba mulkinsa zuwa matakai daban-daban, kowanne yana da yanayin siyasa, tattalin arziki, da zamantakewa daban-daban.Yakin duniya na biyu ya mamaye shekarun farkon mulkin Mohammad Reza Shah da kuma mamayar da sojojin kawance suka yi wa Iran daga baya.A cikin wannan lokaci, Iran ta fuskanci rikice-rikice na siyasa, ciki har da tilastawa mahaifinsa, Reza Shah, murabus a shekara ta 1941. Wannan lokaci ya kasance lokaci na rashin tabbas, tare da Iran na fama da tasirin waje da kuma rashin kwanciyar hankali na cikin gida.A zamanin baya-bayan nan, Mohammad Reza Shah ya fara wani shiri na zamani mai cike da buri, wanda tsarin kasashen Yamma ya yi tasiri sosai.A shekarun 1950 da 1960 sun shaida yadda aka aiwatar da juyin juya halin Musulunci, jerin gyare-gyare da aka yi da nufin zamanantar da tattalin arzikin kasar da zamantakewar al'umma.Wadannan gyare-gyaren sun hada da sake rabon kasa, da zaben mata, da fadada harkokin ilimi da kiwon lafiya.To sai dai kuma wadannan sauye-sauyen sun haifar da sakamakon da ba a yi niyya ba, kamar gudun hijirar mazauna karkara da saurin ci gaban birane kamar Tehran.Har ila yau, mulkin Shah ya kasance alama ce ta salon mulkinsa na mulkin kama-karya.Juyin mulkin 1953, wanda aka shirya tare da taimakon CIA da MI6 na Burtaniya, wanda ya maido da shi bayan wani dan lokaci da aka yi juyin mulki, ya karfafa matsayinsa sosai.Wannan al’amari ya zama wani sauyi, wanda ya kai ga samun mulkin kama-karya, wanda ke da nasaba da murkushe ‘yan adawar siyasa da mayar da jam’iyyun adawa saniyar ware.SAVAK, ’yan sandan sirri da aka kafa tare da taimakon CIA, sun yi kaurin suna saboda munanan dabarunsu na murkushe adawa.Ta fuskar tattalin arziki, Iran ta samu ci gaba sosai a wannan lokacin, wanda galibin man da take da shi ne ya bunkasa.A shekarun 1970s an sami karuwar kudaden shigar mai, wanda sarki Shah ya yi amfani da shi wajen ba da tallafin manyan ayyukan masana'antu da fadada ayyukan soji.Koyaya, wannan haɓakar tattalin arziƙin ya kuma haifar da ƙara rashin daidaito da cin hanci da rashawa, yana haifar da rashin jin daɗi a cikin al'umma.A al'adance, zamanin Shah lokaci ne na gagarumin sauyi.Haɓaka al'adu da dabi'u na yammacin Turai, tare da murkushe ayyukan gargajiya da na addini, ya haifar da rikicin al'adu tsakanin Iraniyawa da yawa.Wannan lokacin ya shaidi haɓakar manyan ƴan ƙasashen yamma masu ilimi, waɗanda galibi ba su da alaƙa da ɗabi'un al'adun gargajiya da salon rayuwar jama'a.A karshen shekarun 1970 ne mulkin Mohammad Riza Shah ya koma baya, wanda ya kawo karshe a juyin juya halin Musulunci na shekarar 1979. Juyin juya halin da Ayatullah Ruhollah Khomeini ya jagoranta, ya kasance mayar da martani ga shekaru da dama na mulkin kama-karya, rashin daidaiton zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, da kuma al'adun yammacin duniya.Gazawar Shah wajen mayar da martani yadda ya kamata kan tashe tashen hankula da ke kara ta’azzara, sakamakon matsalolin lafiyarsa, wanda a karshe ya kai ga hambarar da shi da kuma kafa Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran.
1953 juyin mulkin Iran
Tankuna a titunan Tehran, 1953. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1953 Aug 15 - Aug 19

1953 juyin mulkin Iran

Tehran, Tehran Province, Iran
Juyin mulkin Iran a shekara ta 1953 ya kasance wani muhimmin al'amari na siyasa inda aka hambarar da zababben firaminista Mohammad Mosaddegh bisa tafarkin dimokuradiyya.Wannan juyin mulki, wanda ya faru a ranar 19 ga Agustan 1953, [84] Amurka da Birtaniya ne suka shirya shi, kuma sojojin Iran suka jagoranta, don karfafa mulkin sarauta na Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.Ya ƙunshi shigar Amurka ƙarƙashin sunan Operation Ajax [85] da Boot Operation na Burtaniya.[86] Haka nan malaman Shi’a sun taka rawar gani a wannan taron.[87]Tushen wannan hargitsin siyasa ya ta'allaka ne a yunkurin Mosaddegh na duba kamfanin man Anglo-Iran (AIOC, yanzu BP) tare da takaita ikonsa kan rijiyar mai na Iran.Matakin da gwamnatinsa ta dauka na mayar da masana'antun man fetur na Iran kasa da kuma korar wakilan kamfanoni na kasashen waje ya kai ga kauracewa man fetur din Iran da Birtaniyya ta kaddamar a duniya, [88] ya yi matukar tasiri ga tattalin arzikin Iran.Birtaniya karkashin Firayim Minista Winston Churchill, da gwamnatin Eisenhower na Amurka, saboda tsoron matakin Mosaddegh na rashin jajircewa da kuma nuna damuwa kan tasirin gurguzu na jam'iyyar Tudeh, ta yanke shawarar kifar da gwamnatin Iran.[89]Bayan juyin mulkin, an kafa gwamnatin Janar Fazlollah Zahedi, wanda ya ba wa Shah damar yin mulki tare da karin iko, [90] da goyon bayan Amurka.[91] CIA, kamar yadda wasu takardu da aka bayyana, sun shiga cikin shiri da aiwatar da juyin mulkin, ciki har da daukar ma'aikata don tada tarzoma masu goyon bayan Shah.[84] Rikicin ya haifar da mutuwar 200 zuwa 300, kuma an kama Mosaddegh, an yi masa shari'ar cin amanar kasa, aka yanke masa hukuncin daurin rai da rai.[92]Shah ya ci gaba da mulkinsa na tsawon wasu shekaru 26 har zuwa juyin juya halin Iran a shekarar 1979. A shekarar 2013 gwamnatin Amurka a hukumance ta amince da rawar da ta taka a juyin mulkin tare da fitar da wasu takardu na sirri, wanda ya bayyana irin shigarsa da shirinta.A cikin 2023, CIA ta yarda cewa goyon bayan juyin mulkin "rashin bin tafarkin demokradiyya ne," yana nuna gagarumin tasirin wannan lamari a tarihin siyasar Iran da dangantakar Amurka da Iran.[93]
Juyin Juya Halin Iran
Iranian Revolution ©Anonymous
1978 Jan 7 - 1979 Feb 11

Juyin Juya Halin Iran

Iran
Juyin juya halin Iran wanda ya kawo karshe a shekara ta 1979, ya kawo gagarumin sauyi a fagen siyasar kasar Iran, wanda ya kai ga kifar da daular Pahlawi tare da kafa Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran.Wannan juyin mulki ya kawo karshen mulkin Pahlavi na sarauta tare da shigar da gwamnatin tsarin mulkin kasar karkashin jagorancin Ayatullah Ruhollah Khomeini.[94 <] > Korar Pahlavi, Shah na ƙarshe na Iran, a hukumance ya nuna ƙarshen masarautun tarihi na Iran.[95]Juyin mulkin bayan-1953, Pahlavi ya hada kai da Iran tare da kasashen Yamma, musamman Amurka , don karfafa mulkin kama-karya.Tsawon shekaru 26 ya rike matsayin Iran daga tasirin Soviet .[96 <>] Ƙoƙarin zamanantar da Shah, wanda aka fi sani da juyin juya hali, ya fara ne a shekara ta 1963, wanda ya kai ga gudun hijirar Khomeini, mai adawa da manufofin Pahlavi.Duk da haka, rashin jituwar akida tsakanin Pahlavi da Khumaini ya ci gaba, wanda ya haifar da zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati da aka fara a watan Oktoban 1977. [97]Gobarar Cinema Rex a watan Agustan 1978, inda ɗaruruwa suka mutu, ta zama silar faɗuwar yunkurin juyin juya hali.[98] Pahlavi ya bar Iran a watan Janairun 1979, kuma Khomeini ya dawo daga gudun hijira a watan Fabrairu, dubban magoya bayansa ne suka tarbe shi.[99] A ranar 11 ga Fabrairu 1979, daular ta ruguje, kuma Khumaini ya karbi iko.[100] Bayan zaben raba gardama na Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta watan Maris na shekarar 1979, inda kashi 98% na masu jefa kuri'a na Iran suka amince da sauye-sauyen kasar zuwa jamhuriyar Musulunci, sabuwar gwamnati ta fara kokarin tsara kundin tsarin mulkin Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran a yau;[101] Ayatullah Khumaini ya zama jagoran juyin juya hali na Iran a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1979. [102.]Nasarar juyin juya halin Iran a shekarar 1979 ya gamu da mamaki a duniya saboda irin halayensa na musamman.Ba kamar juyin juya hali na yau da kullun ba, bai samo asali daga shan kashi a cikin yaƙi ba, rikicin kuɗi, tawayen manoma, ko rashin gamsuwa na soja.A maimakon haka, abin ya faru ne a cikin ƙasar da ke fama da wadata kuma ya kawo sauye-sauye cikin sauri, mai zurfi.Juyin juya halin ya kasance sananne sosai kuma ya kai ga gudun hijira mai girma, wanda ya zama wani babban yanki na al'ummar Iran a yau.[103 <] > Ta maye gurbin tsarin mulkin mallaka na Iran masu goyon bayan yammacin duniya da mulkin kama-karya da tsarin mulkin Islama na yamma.Wannan sabon tsarin mulki ya ginu ne bisa ra'ayin Velayat-e Faqih (Mai kiyaye shari'ar Musulunci), wani nau'i na mulkin da ke tattare da kama-karya da kama-karya.[104]Juyin juya halin ya fito da wata babbar manufa ta akida ta ruguza kasar Isra'ila [105] da kuma neman gurgunta tasirin Sunni a yankin.Ta goyi bayan daukakar siyasar Shi'a da kuma fitar da koyarwar Khumaini zuwa kasashen waje zuwa kasashen waje.Bayan hadin kan bangarorin Khumaini, Iran ta fara mara baya ga mayakan Shi'a a duk fadin yankin don yaki da tasirin Sunni da kafa ikon Iran, da nufin kafa tsarin siyasar Shi'a karkashin jagorancin Iran.
1979
Zamanin Zamaniornament
Iran karkashin Ayatullah Khumaini
Ayatullah Khumaini. ©David Burnett
1979 Jan 1 00:01 - 1989

Iran karkashin Ayatullah Khumaini

Iran
Ayatullah Ruhollah Khomeini ya kasance jigo a Iran tun daga kafuwar Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran a watan Afrilun 1979 har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekara ta 1989. Juyin juya halin Musulunci ya yi tasiri matuka a kan fahimtar Musulunci a duniya, wanda ya haifar da sha'awar siyasar Musulunci da ruhi, amma kuma ya haifar da tsoro da rashin yarda da shi. Musulunci musamman Jamhuriyar Musulunci da wanda ya kafa ta.[106]Juyin juya halin ya zaburar da ƙungiyoyin Islama da adawa da tasirin yammacin duniya a duniyar musulmi.Manyan abubuwan da suka faru sun hada da kwace masallacin Harami na Saudiyya a shekarar 1979, kisan gillar da aka yi wa shugabanMasar Sadat a 1981, tawayen kungiyar 'yan uwa musulmi a birnin Hama na kasar Siriya, da kuma harin bam da aka kai a Lebanon a shekara ta 1983 da aka yi wa sojojin Amurka da Faransa .[107]A tsakanin shekarar 1982 zuwa 1983, Iran ta yi jawabi kan abubuwan da suka biyo bayan juyin juya halin Musulunci da suka hada da tattalin arziki, soja, da sake gina gwamnati.A cikin wannan lokaci, gwamnatin ta murkushe tashe tashen hankula daga kungiyoyi daban-daban wadanda a da suke kawance amma suka zama abokan hamayyar siyasa.Wannan ya kai ga kashe abokan hamayyar siyasa da dama.Tawayen da aka yi a Khuzistan, Kurdistan, da Gonbad-e Qabus da masu kishin Markisanci da na tarayya suka yi ya haifar da rikici mai tsanani, tare da tsawaita zanga-zangar Kurdawa musamman kuma ta yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane.Rikicin yin garkuwa da Iran, wanda ya fara a watan Nuwamba 1979 tare da kwace ofishin jakadancin Amurka a Tehran, ya yi tasiri matuka ga juyin juya hali.Rikicin dai ya janyo katse huldar diflomasiyya tsakanin Amurka da Iran, da takunkumin tattalin arziki da gwamnatin Carter ta kakaba mata, da kuma yunkurin ceto kasar da bai yi nasara ba, wanda ya karawa Khumaini kwarin gwiwa a Iran.An sako mutanen da aka yi garkuwa da su a watan Janairun 1981 bayan yarjejeniyar Algiers.[108]An samu sabani na cikin gida game da makomar Iran bayan juyin juya hali.Yayin da wasu ke hasashen gwamnatin dimokuradiyya, Khomeini ya yi adawa da wannan ra'ayi, yana mai cewa a cikin Maris 1979, "kada ku yi amfani da wannan kalmar, 'dimokradiyya.'Wannan shi ne salon Turawan Yamma”.[109] Ƙungiyoyi da jam'iyyun siyasa daban-daban, ciki har da National Democratic Front, gwamnatin wucin gadi, da Mujahedin Jama'ar Iran, sun fuskanci takunkumi, hare-hare, da tsarkakewa.[110]A cikin 1979, an tsara sabon kundin tsarin mulki, wanda ya tabbatar da Khomeini a matsayin Jagoran koli mai iko mai yawa da kuma kafa majalisar malamai ta masu gadi mai kula da dokoki da zabe.An amince da wannan kundin tsarin mulki ta hanyar kuri'ar raba gardama a watan Disamba 1979. [111]
Iran-Irak War
Sojojin Iran 95,000 ne aka kashe a yakin Iran-Iraki, akasari tsakanin shekaru 16 zuwa 17, tare da wasu ’yan kalilan. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1980 Sep 22 - 1988 Aug 20

Iran-Irak War

Iraq
Yakin Iran da Iraki , wanda ya gudana daga watan Satumba na 1980 zuwa Agusta 1988, wani gagarumin rikici ne tsakanin Iran da Iraki.An fara ne da mamayar Iraqi kuma ta ci gaba har tsawon shekaru takwas, inda ya kawo karshen amincewa da kuduri mai lamba 598 na kwamitin sulhu na MDD da bangarorin biyu suka yi.Iraki karkashin jagorancin Saddam Hussein, ta mamaye Iran ne da farko don hana Ayatullah Khumaini fitar da akidun juyin juya halin Iran zuwa Iraki.Akwai kuma damuwar Iraqi game da yuwuwar Iran na tunzura mabiya Shi'a mafi rinjaye a kan gwamnatin Ba'ath ta mabiya Sunni, wadanda ba ruwansu da addini.Kasar Iraki na da burin tabbatar da kanta a matsayin kasa mai karfin fada aji a Tekun Fasha, burin da ake ganin kamar ana iya cimmawa bayan juyin juya halin Musulunci na Iran ya raunana alakarta da Amurka da Isra'ila a baya.A lokacin rigingimun siyasa da zamantakewar juyin juya halin Iran, Saddam Hussein ya ga wata dama ta yin amfani da wannan rudani.Sojojin Iran, da suka yi karfi, juyin juya hali ya raunana sosai.Yayin da aka hambarar da gwamnatin Shah kuma dangantakar Iran da gwamnatocin yammacin duniya ta yi tsami, Saddam ya yi niyyar tabbatar da kasar Iraki a matsayin kasa mai karfin fada a ji a yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya.Burin Saddam ya hada da fadada hanyar Iraki zuwa Tekun Fasha da kuma kwato yankunan da aka yi rikici da Iran a baya a zamanin mulkin Shah.Muhimmin manufa ita ce Khuzestan, yanki mai yawan al'ummar Larabawa da rijiyoyin mai.Bugu da kari, Iraki tana da bukatu a tsibiran Abu Musa da Tunbu-Babba da Karami, wadanda ke da mahimmancin dabaru kuma suna da'awar bai daya a madadin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa.Har ila yau yakin ya samu rura wutar rikicin yankunan da aka dade ana yi, musamman kan hanyar ruwan Shatt al-Arab.Bayan shekara ta 1979, Iraki ta kara tallafawa 'yan awaren Larabawa a Iran da nufin dawo da iko da bankin Gabashin Shatt al-Arab, wanda ta amince wa Iran a yarjejeniyar 1975 ta Algiers.Da yake da kwarin guiwar sojojinsa, Saddam ya shirya kai wa Iran hari mai yawa, yana mai cewa sojojin Iraki za su iya isa Tehran cikin kwanaki uku.A ranar 22 ga watan Satumban shekarar 1980 ne aka fara aiwatar da wannan shiri a lokacin da sojojin Iraki suka mamaye kasar Iran, inda suka nufi yankin Khuzestan.Wannan mamayar dai ita ce mafarin yakin Iran da Iraki tare da kame gwamnatin Iran mai juyin juya hali.Sabanin tsammanin da Iraqi ke yi na samun nasara cikin gaggawa da ke amfani da hargitsin bayan juyin juya hali a Iran, ci gaban sojan Iraqi ya tsaya cik a watan Disamba na 1980. Iran ta sake dawo da kusan dukkanin yankunanta da ta bata a watan Yunin 1982. Ta ki amincewa da yarjejeniyar tsagaita bude wuta na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Iran ta mamaye Iraki, wanda ya kai shekaru biyar na shekaru biyar. Harin Iran.A tsakiyar 1988, Iraki ta kaddamar da manyan hare-hare, wanda ya haifar da rashin jituwa.Yakin ya haifar da gaggarumin wahala, tare da mutuwar kusan 500,000, ban da fararen hula da aka kashe a yakin Anfal da Kurdawan Iraki.Ya ƙare ba tare da rama ko canje-canjen iyaka ba, tare da ƙasashen biyu sun yi asarar sama da dalar Amurka tiriliyan 1 na asarar kuɗi.[112 <>] Bangarorin biyu sun yi amfani da dakarun soji: Majalisar Resistance Iran ta sami goyon bayan Iraki da wasu dakarun sa kai na Larabawa, yayin da Iran ke kawance da kungiyoyin Kurdawa na Iraki.Taimakon kasa da kasa ya bambanta, tare da Iraki ta sami taimako daga kasashen yammacin Turai da Tarayyar Soviet da kuma mafi yawan kasashen Larabawa, yayin da Iran, mafi keɓantawa, tana goyon bayan Siriya, Libya,China , Koriya ta Arewa, Isra'ila, Pakistan , da Yemen ta Kudu.Dabarun yakin sun yi kama da yakin duniya na daya , ciki har da yakin basasa, amfani da makamai masu guba da Iraki ta yi, da kuma kai hare-hare kan fararen hula da gangan.Wani muhimmin al'amari na yakin shi ne yadda kasar Iran ta amince da yin shahada, lamarin da ya kai ga yawaitar kai hare-haren ta'addancin bil'adama, lamarin da ya yi tasiri matuka a fagen yaki.[113]
Iran karkashin Akbar Rafsanjani
Rafsanjani tare da sabon zababben Jagora, Ali Khamenei, 1989. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1989 Jan 1 - 1997

Iran karkashin Akbar Rafsanjani

Iran
Shugabancin Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani wanda ya fara a ranar 16 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1989, ya kasance mai mayar da hankali kan ‘yantar da tattalin arziki da kuma yunkurin mayar da ‘yan kasuwa, sabanin tsarin da gwamnatocin da suka gabata suka yi a Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran.An bayyana shi a matsayin "mai sassaucin ra'ayi na tattalin arziki, mai mulki na siyasa, kuma na al'ada na falsafa," gwamnatin Rafsanjani ta fuskanci adawa daga masu tsatsauran ra'ayi a cikin Majles (majalisar dokokin Iran).[114]A zamaninsa Rafsanjani ya taka rawa wajen sake gina kasar Iran bayan yakin da aka yi tsakanin Iran da Iraki.[115 <>] Gwamnatinsa ta yi ƙoƙarin daƙile ikon masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, amma waɗannan ƙoƙarin ba su yi nasara ba sosai yayin da dakarun kare juyin juya halin Musulunci na Iran suka sami ƙarin iko a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Khamenei.Rafsanjani ya fuskanci zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa daga dukkan bangarorin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya [116] da kuma masu neman sauyi, [117] kuma shugabansa ya shahara wajen murkushe masu adawa.[118]Bayan yakin, gwamnatin Rafsanjani ta mayar da hankali kan ci gaban kasa.An tsara shirin ci gaba na farko na Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran a karkashin gwamnatinsa, da nufin zamanantar da tsaro da ababen more rayuwa da al'adu da tattalin arzikin Iran.Shirin ya nemi biyan bukatu na yau da kullun, gyara tsarin amfani, da inganta gudanarwa da gudanarwa na shari'a.An lura da gwamnatin Rafsanjani da ba da fifiko ga ci gaban masana'antu da sufuri.A cikin gida, Rafsanjani ya yi nasara kan tattalin arzikin kasuwa mai 'yanci, tare da neman 'yancin walwala da tattalin arziki tare da asusun gwamnati da aka samu ta hanyar kudaden shigar mai.Ya yi niyyar shigar da Iran cikin tattalin arzikin duniya, yana mai ba da shawarwari kan manufofin daidaita tsarin da bankin duniya ya zaburar da su.Wannan tsarin ya nemi tsarin tattalin arziki na zamani wanda ya dogara da masana'antu, wanda ya bambanta da manufofin magajinsa, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, wanda ya nuna goyon baya ga sake rarraba tattalin arziki da matsayi mai tsauri ga tsoma bakin kasashen yamma.Rafsanjani ya karfafa hadin gwiwa tsakanin jami'o'i da masana'antu, yana mai jaddada bukatar daidaita yanayin yanayin duniya cikin sauri.Ya qaddamar da ayyuka kamar Jami'ar Azad ta Musulunci, wanda ke nuna himma ga ilimi da ci gaba.[119]Haka kuma a zamanin Rafsanjani ya ga yadda tsarin shari’ar Iran ke aiwatar da hukuncin kisa ga kungiyoyi daban-daban da suka hada da ‘yan adawar siyasa, ‘yan gurguzu, Kurdawa, Baha’i, da ma wasu malaman addinin Musulunci.Ya dauki matsayi mai tsauri na musamman kan kungiyar Mojahedin ta Iran, inda ya bayar da shawarar hukunta masu tsattsauran ra'ayi daidai da shari'ar Musulunci.[120] Rafsanjani ya yi aiki kafada da kafada da Khamenei don tabbatar da zaman lafiyar gwamnati bayan mutuwar Khumaini.A cikin harkokin waje, Rafsanjani ya yi aiki don gyara dangantaka da kasashen Larabawa da kuma fadada dangantaka da kasashen Asiya ta Tsakiya da Caucasus.Koyaya, dangantaka da ƙasashen Yamma, musamman Amurka, ta ci gaba da yin tsami.Gwamnatin Rafsanjani ta ba da agajin jin kai a lokacin yakin Gulf na Farisa tare da nuna goyon baya ga ayyukan samar da zaman lafiya a Gabas ta Tsakiya.Ya kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tallafawa shirin nukiliyar Iran, yana mai tabbatar da cewa amfani da fasahar nukiliyar Iran na zaman lafiya.[121]
Iran karkashin Muhammad Khatami
Jawabin Khatami a taron shekara-shekara na dandalin tattalin arzikin duniya Davos 2004 ©World Economic Forum
1997 Jan 1 - 2005

Iran karkashin Muhammad Khatami

Iran
Shekaru takwas na wa'adi biyu na Mohammad Khatami a matsayin shugaban kasa a 1997-2005 wani lokaci ana kiransa Zaman Gyaran Iran.[122] Shugabancin Mohammad Khatami daga ranar 23 ga Mayu, 1997, ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a fagen siyasar Iran, yana mai jaddada gyara da zamani.Nasarar lashe zaben da kashi 70% na kuri'un da aka kada a tsakanin kusan kashi 80% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada, nasarar Khatami ta kasance sananne saboda goyon bayansa mai fa'ida, da suka hada da 'yan adawa na gargajiya, shugabannin 'yan kasuwa masu bayar da shawarar bude kofa ga tattalin arziki, da kuma matasa masu kada kuri'a.[123]Zaben Khatami ya nuna sha'awar samun sauyi a cikin al'ummar Iran, musamman bayan yakin Iran da Iraki da kuma lokacin sake gina kasar bayan rikici.Shugabancinsa, wanda galibi yana da alaƙa da "2nd of Khordad Movement," ya mai da hankali kan tsarin doka, dimokuradiyya, da kuma shigar da siyasa gabaɗaya.Da farko, sabon zamani ya sami 'yanci mai mahimmanci.Adadin jaridun yau da kullum a Iran ya karu daga biyar zuwa ashirin da shida.Har ila yau buga jarida da littafai sun yi yawa.Masana'antar fina-finai ta Iran ta bunkasa a karkashin gwamnatin Khatami kuma fina-finan Iran sun sami kyaututtuka a Cannes, da Venice.[124 <] > sai dai kuma a kai a kai a kai a kai a kai a kai a kai a kai da manufofinsa na kawo sauyi da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na Iran, musamman ma waɗanda ke da matsayi mai ƙarfi kamar majalisar tsaro.Wadannan fadace-fadacen sun sha haifar da shan kashi a yakin siyasa, wanda hakan ya haifar da rudani a tsakanin magoya bayansa.A cikin 1999, an sanya sabbin tsare-tsare a kan manema labarai.Kotuna sun haramta jaridu sama da 60.[124 <] > An kama wasu muhimman abokan shugaba Khatami, an yi musu shari'a kuma an ɗaure su a kan abin da masu sa ido na waje suka ɗauka "ɓatacce" [125] ko dalilai na akida.Gwamnatin Khatami tana karkashin tsarin mulki ne ga Jagoran juyin juya hali, tare da takaita ikonsa a kan muhimman cibiyoyin gwamnati.Sanannen yunƙurinsa na majalisa, "tagwayen lissafin," yana da nufin sake fasalin dokokin zaɓe da fayyace ikon shugaban ƙasa.Majalisar ta zartar da wadannan kudirorin ne amma majalisar masu gadi ta ki amincewa da su, wanda ke nuni da kalubalen da Khatami ya fuskanta wajen aiwatar da sauye-sauye.Shugabancin Khatami ya kasance yana mai da hankali kan 'yancin 'yan jarida, ƙungiyoyin jama'a, 'yancin mata, haƙurin addini, da ci gaban siyasa.Ya yi kokarin inganta kimar Iran a duniya, tare da hulda da Tarayyar Turai, sannan ya zama shugaban kasar Iran na farko da ya ziyarci kasashen Turai da dama.Manufofinsa na tattalin arziki sun ci gaba da yunƙurin samar da masana'antu na gwamnatocin da suka gabata, inda suka mai da hankali kan mayar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da kuma shigar da tattalin arzikin Iran cikin kasuwannin duniya.Duk da wadannan yunƙurin, Iran ta fuskanci ƙalubale masu yawa, da suka haɗa da rashin aikin yi da kuma gwagwarmayar fatara da ta dage.A cikin manufofin kasashen waje, Khatami yana da nufin yin sulhu a kan husuma, yana ba da shawarar "Tattaunawa tsakanin Wayewa" da kuma yunkurin gyara dangantaka da kasashen Yamma.Kasashen Tarayyar Turai da dama sun fara sabunta huldar tattalin arziki da Iran a karshen shekarun 1990, kuma ciniki da zuba jari ya karu.A shekarar 1998, Biritaniya ta sake kulla huldar diflomasiyya da Iran, wadda ta wargaje tun bayan juyin juya halin 1979.Amurka ta sassauta takunkumin tattalin arzikinta, amma ta ci gaba da toshe dangantakar da ta daidaita, tana mai cewa kasar na da hannu a ayyukan ta'addanci na kasa da kasa, kuma tana bunkasa makaman nukiliya.
Iran karkashin Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
Ahmadinejad tare da Ali Khamenei, Ali Larijani da Sadeq Larijani a 2011 ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
2005 Jan 1 - 2013

Iran karkashin Mahmoud Ahmadinejad

Iran
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, wanda aka zaba a matsayin shugaban kasar Iran a shekara ta 2005 kuma aka sake zabe a shekara ta 2009, ya shahara da ra'ayinsa na masu ra'ayin rikau.Ya yi alkawarin yaki da cin hanci da rashawa, tallafawa talakawa, da karfafa tsaron kasa.A zaben shekara ta 2005, ya kada tsohon shugaban kasar Rafsanjani sosai, sakamakon alkawuran da ya yi na tattalin arziki da kuma rage yawan fitowar masu kada kuri'a.Wannan nasara ta karfafa ikon 'yan mazan jiya a kan gwamnatin Iran.[126]Shugabancin Ahmadinejad dai ya fuskanci cece-kuce, ciki har da nuna adawa da manufofin Amurka da kuma kalaman sa na cece-kuce game da Isra'ila .[127 <>] Manufofinsa na tattalin arziki, kamar ba da lamuni mai arha da tallafi, an zargi su da yawan rashin aikin yi da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki.[128] Sake zabensa na shekara ta 2009 ya fuskanci gagarumar takaddama, wanda ya haifar da gagarumar zanga-zangar da aka bayyana a matsayin kalubale mafi girma na cikin gida ga shugabancin Iran cikin shekaru talatin.[129 <>] Duk da zarge-zargen rashin bin ka’ida da kuma zanga-zangar da ake yi, Jagoran juyin juya halin Musulunci Ali Khamenei ya amince da nasarar Ahmadinejad, [130] yayin da ake zargin ƙasashen waje da tada tarzoma.[131]An samu baraka tsakanin Ahmadinejad da Khamenei, wanda ya ta'allaka ne a kusa da mashawarcin Ahmadinejad, Esfandiar Rahim Mashaei, da ake zargi da jagorantar "karkashin halin yanzu" na adawa da tsoma bakin malamai a harkokin siyasa.[132] Manufofin harkokin wajen Ahmadinejad sun ci gaba da kulla alaka mai karfi da Siriya da Hizbullah tare da kulla sabuwar alaka da Iraki da Venezuela.Hanyoyin sadarwarsa kai tsaye da shugabannin duniya, ciki har da wasika zuwa ga George W. Bush da kuma kalaman rashin 'yan luwadi a Iran, ya jawo hankulan mutane sosai.A karkashin Ahmadinejad, shirin nukiliyar Iran ya kai ga binciken kasashen duniya da kuma zargin rashin mutunta yarjejeniyar hana yaduwar makaman nukiliya.Duk da cewa Iran ta dage kan aniyar zaman lafiya, hukumar IAEA da kasashen duniya sun bayyana damuwarsu, kuma Iran ta amince da gudanar da bincike mai tsauri a shekarar 2013. [133] A lokacin mulkinsa, an kashe masana kimiyyar nukiliyar Iran da dama.[134]Ta fuskar tattalin arziki, tun farko manufofin Ahmadinejad sun sami goyon bayan manyan kudaden shigar man fetur, wanda ya ragu da rikicin kudi na 2008.[128 <] > A cikin 2006, masana tattalin arziki na Iran sun soki shisshiginsa na tattalin arziki, kuma shawarar da ya yanke na rusa Hukumar Gudanarwa da Tsare-tsare ta Iran a 2007 ana kallonta a matsayin wani mataki na aiwatar da ƙarin manufofin jama'a.An bayar da rahoton cewa, kare hakkin bil’adama a karkashin Ahmadinejad ya tabarbare, inda aka kara aiwatar da hukuncin kisa da kuma tauye ‘yancin jama’a, da suka hada da ka’idojin tufafi da hana mallakar karnuka.[135 <>] Shawarwari masu jayayya, irin su inganta auren mata fiye da ɗaya da sanya wa Mahriyeh haraji, ba su yi nasara ba.[136 <>] Zanga-zangar zaɓe ta 2009 ta haifar da kame-kame da kisa da yawa, amma kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a a watan Satumba na 2009 ta nuna gamsuwa da tsarin mulki tsakanin Iraniyawa.[137]
Iran karkashin Hassan Rouhani
Rouhani yayin jawabin nasara, 15 ga Yuni, 2013 ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
2013 Jan 1 - 2021

Iran karkashin Hassan Rouhani

Iran
Hassan Rouhani, wanda aka zaba a matsayin shugaban kasar Iran a shekara ta 2013 kuma aka sake zabe a shekarar 2017, ya maida hankali kan sake daidaita alakar Iran a duniya.Ya yi niyya don ƙara buɗe ido da amincewar ƙasashen duniya, [138] musamman game da shirin nukiliyar Iran.Duk da suka daga bangarori masu ra'ayin mazan jiya kamar dakarun juyin juya hali, Rouhani ya bi manufofin tattaunawa da shiga tsakani.Siffar Rouhani a bainar jama'a ta bambanta, tare da ƙwaƙƙwaran amincewa bayan yarjejeniyar nukiliya, amma ƙalubalen ci gaba da tallafawa saboda tsammanin tattalin arziki.Manufar tattalin arzikin Rouhani dai ta ta'allaka ne kan ci gaba na dogon lokaci, inda ya mai da hankali kan kara karfin sayan jama'a, da shawo kan hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, da rage rashin aikin yi.[139] .Ta fuskar al'adu da kafafen yada labarai, Rouhani ya fuskanci suka kan rashin samun cikakken iko kan batun tace intanet.Ya ba da shawarar samun 'yanci mafi girma a cikin rayuwar sirri da samun damar bayanai.[140] .[141]Hakkokin bil'adama a karkashin Rouhani ya kasance wani batu mai cike da cece-kuce, tare da sukar yawan kisa da kuma takaitaccen ci gaba wajen magance matsalolin da suka shafi tsarin mulki.Koyaya, ya yi alamu na alama, kamar 'yantar da fursunonin siyasa da nada jakadu dabam-dabam.[142]A manufofin ketare dai, wa'adin Rouhani ya kasance da kokarin gyara alaka da kasashe makwabta [143] da shiga shawarwarin nukiliya.Gwamnatinsa ta yi aiki don inganta dangantaka da Birtaniya [144] kuma ta yi taka tsantsan ta gudanar da dangantaka mai rikitarwa da Amurka .Rouhani ya ci gaba da ba da goyon bayan Iran ga Bashar al-Assad a Siriya tare da shiga cikin harkokin yankin musamman Iraki , Saudiyya da Isra'ila .[145]
Iran karkashin Ibrahim Raisi
Raisi yana magana ne a wani gangamin yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa a filin wasa na Shahid Shiroudi na Tehran ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
2021 Jan 1

Iran karkashin Ibrahim Raisi

Iran
Ebrahim Raisi ya zama shugaban kasar Iran a ranar 3 ga watan Agustan 2021, tare da mai da hankali kan magance takunkuman da aka kakabawa takunkuman da aka kakaba mata, da kuma samar da ‘yancin cin gashin kan tattalin arziki daga tasirin kasashen waje.An rantsar da shi a hukumance a gaban majalisar shawarar Musulunci a ranar 5 ga watan Agusta, inda ya jaddada rawar da Iran ke takawa wajen tabbatar da zaman lafiya a yankin gabas ta tsakiya, da yin tir da matsin lamba daga kasashen waje, da kuma tabbatar da zaman lafiya na shirin nukiliyar Iran.Zaman Raisi ya ga karuwar shigo da rigakafin COVID-19 da kuma jawabin da aka riga aka yi rikodin shi a babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, yana mai jaddada aniyar Iran na ci gaba da tattaunawar nukiliya.Sai dai fadar shugaban kasar ta fuskanci kalubale tare da barkewar zanga-zangar bayan mutuwar Mahsa Amini da kuma zargin take hakkin dan Adam.A cikin manufofin ketare, Raisi ya bayyana goyon bayansa ga gwamnatin Afganistan da ta hada kai bayan da Taliban ta karbe ikon kasar, ya kuma soki Isra'ila, yana mai cewa "mulkin karya".A karkashin Raisi, Iran ta ci gaba da yin shawarwari kan JCPOA, ko da yake ci gaban ya kasance a tsaye.Ana daukar Raisi a matsayin mai tsaurin ra'ayi, mai bayar da shawarar wariya ga jima'i, Musulunci da jami'o'i, da kuma sa ido kan al'adun Yammacin Turai.Yana kallon takunkumin tattalin arziki a matsayin wata dama ga Iran ta dogara da kanta da kuma tallafawa ci gaban noma kan harkokin kasuwanci.Raisi ya jaddada ci gaban al'adu, 'yancin mata, da kuma rawar da masu ilimi ke takawa a cikin al'umma.Manufofinsa na tattalin arziki da al'adu suna nuna mayar da hankali kan dogaro da kai da al'adun gargajiya.

Appendices



APPENDIX 1

Iran's Geographic Challenge


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APPENDIX 2

Why Iran's Geography Sucks


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APPENDIX 3

Geopolitics of Iran


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APPENDIX 4

The Middle East's cold war, explained


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APPENDIX 5

The Jiroft Civilization of Ancient Iran


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APPENDIX 6

History of Islamic Iran explained in 10 minutes


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APPENDIX 7

Decadence and Downfall In Iran


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Characters



Seleucus I Nicator

Seleucus I Nicator

Founder of the Seleucid Empire

Tughril Beg

Tughril Beg

Sultan of the Seljuk Empire

Nader Shah

Nader Shah

Founder of the Afsharid dynasty of Iran

Mohammad Mosaddegh

Mohammad Mosaddegh

35th Prime Minister of Iran

Sattar Khan

Sattar Khan

Pivotal figure in the Iranian Constitutional Revolution

Al-Khwarizmi

Al-Khwarizmi

Persian Mathematician

Maryam Mirzakhani

Maryam Mirzakhani

Iranian Mathematician

Al-Biruni

Al-Biruni

Persian polymath

Ardashir I

Ardashir I

Founder of the Persian Sasanian Empire

Shirin Ebadi

Shirin Ebadi

Iranian Nobel laureate

Hafez

Hafez

Persian lyric poet

Rumi

Rumi

13th-century Persian poet

Avicenna

Avicenna

Arab philosopher

Ferdowsi

Ferdowsi

Persian Poet

Cyrus the Great

Cyrus the Great

Founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire

Reza Shah

Reza Shah

First Shah of the House of Pahlavi

Darius the Great

Darius the Great

King of the Achaemenid Empire

Simin Daneshvar

Simin Daneshvar

Iranian novelist

Arsaces I of Parthia

Arsaces I of Parthia

First king of Parthia

Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar

Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar

Founder of the Qajar dynasty of Iran

Abbas the Great

Abbas the Great

Fifth shah of Safavid Iran

Shah Abbas I

Shah Abbas I

Fifth shah of Safavid Iran

Omar Khayyam

Omar Khayyam

Persian Mathematician and Poet

Khosrow I

Khosrow I

Sasanian King

Ruhollah Khomeini

Ruhollah Khomeini

Iranian Islamic revolutionary

Footnotes



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