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49 BCE - 45 BCE

Babban Yakin basasar Romawa



Yaƙin basasa na Kaisar (49-45 KZ) yana ɗaya daga cikin rikice-rikicen siyasa da soja na ƙarshe na Jamhuriyar Roma kafin sake tsara shi zuwa cikin Daular Roma.Ya fara ne a matsayin jerin gwano na siyasa da na soja tsakanin Gaius Julius Kaisar da Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus.Kafin yakin, Kaisar ya jagoranci mamaye Gaul kusan shekaru goma.Ƙaddamar da tashin hankali da ya fara a ƙarshen 49 KZ, tare da Kaisar da Pompey sun ƙi komawa baya, duk da haka, zuwa barkewar yakin basasa.Daga ƙarshe, Pompey da abokansa sun jawo Majalisar Dattijai don neman Kaisar ya bar larduna da sojojinsa.Kaisar ya ƙi kuma a maimakon haka ya tafi Roma.Yaƙin ya kasance shekaru huɗu na gwagwarmayar siyasa da soja, an yi yaƙi aItaliya , Illyria, Girka ,Masar , Afirka, daHispania .Pompey ya ci Kaisar a shekara ta 48 KZ a yakin Dyrrhachium, amma shi kansa ya ci nasara a yakin Pharsalus.Yawancin tsoffin Pompeians, ciki har da Marcus Junius Brutus da Cicero, sun mika wuya bayan yakin, yayin da wasu, kamar Cato the Younger da Metellus Scipio suka yi yaƙi.Pompey ya gudu zuwa Masar, inda aka kashe shi lokacin da ya isa.Kaisar ya shiga cikin Afirka da Asiya Ƙarama kafin ya kai hari Arewacin Afirka, inda ya ci Scipio a 46 KZ a yakin Thapsus.Scipio da Cato sun kashe kansu jim kadan bayan haka.A shekara mai zuwa, Kaisar ya ci na ƙarshe na Pompeians a ƙarƙashin tsohon Labienus a yakin Munda.An mai da shi mai mulkin kama-karya perpetuo (mai mulkin kama-karya har abada ko kuma mai mulkin kama-karya na rayuwa) a shekara ta 44 KZ kuma, jim kaɗan bayan haka, aka kashe shi.
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Ziyarci Shago

50 BCE Jan 1

Gabatarwa

Italy
Bayan da Crassus ya tashi daga Roma a ƙarshen 55 KZ kuma bayan mutuwarsa a yakin 53 KZ, Triumvirate na farko ya fara karaya da tsabta.Tare da mutuwar Crassus, da na Julia ('yar Kaisar da matar Pompey) a cikin 54 KZ, ma'auni na iko tsakanin Pompey da Kaisar ya rushe kuma "wani fuska tsakanin biyu] na iya, sabili da haka, ya zama kamar babu makawa".Daga shekara ta 61 KZ, babban kuskuren siyasa a Roma ya saba wa tasirin Pompey, wanda ya kai ga neman abokansa a wajen manyan shugabannin majalisar dattawa, watau Crassus da Kaisar;amma tashin tashin hankali na siyasa daga 55-52 KZ a ƙarshe ya tilasta Majalisar Dattijai ta haɗa kai da Pompey don dawo da tsari.Rushewar tsari a cikin 53 da 52 KZ yana da matukar damuwa: maza kamar Publius Clodius Pulcher da Titus Annius Milo "masu zaman kansu ne masu zaman kansu" suna jagorantar manyan ƙungiyoyi masu tayar da hankali a cikin yanayin siyasa.Wannan ya sa Pompey shi kaɗai ya zama jakada a shekara ta 52 KZ inda ya mallaki birnin shi kaɗai ba tare da ya kira taron zaɓe ba.Ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da aka ba da dalilin da ya sa Kaisar ya yanke shawarar zuwa yaƙi shi ne cewa za a tuhume shi da laifin saɓani na doka a lokacin ofishin jakadancinsa a shekara ta 59 K.Z. da kuma keta dokokin da Pompey ya yi a ƙarshen 50s, wanda sakamakonsa zai zama ƙaura mai wulakanci. .Zaɓen Kaisar na yaƙin yaƙin basasa ya sa akasarin tuntuɓe a yunƙurin samun ƙorafi na biyu da nasara, wanda rashin yin hakan zai kawo cikas ga makomar siyasarsa.Bugu da ƙari, yaƙi a shekara ta 49 K.Z. ya kasance da amfani ga Kaisar, wanda ya ci gaba da shirye-shiryen soja yayin da Pompey da ’yan jamhuriyar suka fara shiri da ƙyar.Ko a zamanin da, abubuwan da suka haddasa yakin sun kasance masu daure kai da rudani, tare da wasu dalilai na musamman “ba a same su ba”.Akwai dalilai daban-daban, irin su da'awar Kaisar na cewa yana kare haƙƙin kotunan bayan sun gudu daga birnin, wanda ya kasance "a fili a fili".
Tuntubar Karshe ta Majalisar Dattawa
© Hans Werner Schmidt
49 BCE Jan 1

Tuntubar Karshe ta Majalisar Dattawa

Ravenna, Province of Ravenna,
Tsawon watanni kafin Janairu 49 K.Z., Kaisar da masu adawa da Kaisar da suka haɗa da Pompey, Cato, da wasu sun yi imani cewa ɗayan zai ja baya ko kuma, rashin hakan, ya ba da sharuɗɗan da za a amince da su.Amintacciya ta yi rauni a tsakanin su biyu a cikin ƴan shekarun da suka gabata kuma sake zagayowar ɓarna na cutar da damar yin sulhu.A ranar 1 ga Janairu 49 KZ, Kaisar ya bayyana cewa zai kasance a shirye ya yi murabus idan sauran kwamandojin su ma za su yi haka amma, a cikin kalmomin Gruen, "ba za su jure duk wani rashin daidaituwa a cikin sojojin sa da Pompey ba", yana nuna barazanar yaki idan sharuɗɗansa ba a hadu ba.Wakilan Kaisar a cikin birnin sun sadu da shugabannin majalisar dattijai tare da karin saƙon sulhu, tare da Kaisar yana son ya bar Transalpine Gaul idan za a ba shi izinin ci gaba da ƙungiyoyi biyu da kuma 'yancin tsayawa ga jakadan ba tare da barin mulkinsa ba (kuma, don haka, dama). don samun nasara), amma Cato ya ki amincewa da waɗannan sharuɗɗan, wanda ya bayyana cewa ba zai amince da komai ba sai an gabatar da shi a bainar jama'a a gaban Majalisar Dattawa.An shawo kan Majalisar Dattijai a jajibirin yaƙi (7 Janairu 49 KZ) - yayin da Pompey da Kaisar suka ci gaba da tara sojoji - don neman Kaisar ya bar mukaminsa ko kuma a yanke masa hukunci abokin gaba na jihar.Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan haka, Majalisar Dattawa ta kuma kwace izinin Kaisar don tsayawa takara ba ya nan kuma ta nada magajin sarautar Kaisar a Gaul;Yayin da kotuna masu goyon bayan Kaisar suka ki amincewa da wadannan shawarwari, Majalisar Dattawa ta yi watsi da shi, ta kuma tura majalisar tuntuba ta majalisar dattijai, tare da baiwa alkalan kotun damar daukar duk wani mataki da ya dace don tabbatar da tsaron jihar.Saboda haka, da yawa daga cikin wa annan ’yan sandan da ke goyon bayan Kaisar, da ke nuna halin da suke ciki, suka gudu daga birnin zuwa sansanin Kaisar.
49 BCE
Ketare Rubiconornament
Ana Jefa Caca: Ketare Rubicon
Kaisar Ketare Rubicon ©Adolphe Yvon
49 BCE Jan 10

Ana Jefa Caca: Ketare Rubicon

Rubicon River, Italy
An nada Kaisar ya zama gwamna a yankin da ya fito daga kudancin Gaul zuwa Illyrikum.Yayin da wa’adinsa na gwamna ya ƙare, Majalisar Dattawa ta umarci Kaisar ya wargaza sojojinsa ya koma Roma.A cikin Janairu 49 KZ Julius Kaisar ya jagoranci runduna guda ɗaya, Legio XIII, kudu da Rubicon daga Cisalpine Gaul zuwa Italiya don yin hanyarsa zuwa Roma.A yin haka, da gangan ya karya doka game da mulkin mallaka kuma ya sanya rikici da makamai ba makawa.Masanin tarihi na Romawa Suetonius ya kwatanta Kaisar a matsayin wanda bai yanke shawara ba yayin da ya kusanci kogin kuma ya danganta ƙetare zuwa ga kamannin allahntaka.An ruwaito cewa Kaisar ya ci abinci tare da Sallust, Hirtius, Oppius, Lucius Balbus da Sulpicus Rufus a daren bayan shahararriyar tsallakawansa zuwa Italiya a ranar 10 ga Janairu.Babban magajin Kaisar da ya fi amincewa da shi a Gaul, Titus Labienus ya sauya sheka daga Kaisar zuwa Pompey, mai yiwuwa saboda girman Kaisar na ɗaukakar soja ko kuma biyayya ga Pompey a baya.A cewar Suetonius, Kaisar ya furta sanannen kalmar ālea iacta est ("An jefar da mutuwa").Kalmar nan "ƙetare Rubicon" ta tsira don komawa ga kowane mutum ko ƙungiya da ke yin kanta ba tare da jurewa ba ga wani hanya mai haɗari ko juyin juya hali, kama da kalmar zamani "wuce hanyar rashin dawowa".Matakin da Kaisar ya ɗauka na matakin gaggawa ya tilasta wa Pompey, ƴan jakadanci da kuma babban ɓangaren Majalisar Dattawan Roma su gudu daga Roma.Ketarawar Julius Kaisar na kogin ya haifar da Babban Yaƙin Bassa na Romawa.
Pompey ya bar Roma
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49 BCE Jan 17

Pompey ya bar Roma

Rome, Metropolitan City of Rom
Labarin kutsawar Kaisar zuwa Italiya ya isa Roma a kusa da 17 ga Janairu.Da yake mayar da martani Pompey "ya fitar da wata doka inda ya amince da yanayin yakin basasa, ya umarci dukkan 'yan majalisar dattijai da su bi shi, kuma ya bayyana cewa duk wanda ya ragu a baya zai dauki wani bangare na Kaisar".Wannan ya sa abokansa suka fice daga birnin tare da ’yan majalisar dattawa da dama da ba su da kwazo, saboda tsoron zubar da jini a yakin basasar da aka yi a baya;wasu Sanatoci dai kawai sun bar Roma zuwa gidajen villa na kasarsu, suna fatan su ci gaba da zama mara tushe.
Motsi na farko
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49 BCE Feb 1

Motsi na farko

Abruzzo, Italy
Lokacin Kaisar ya kasance mai hangen nesa mai nisa: yayin da sojojin Pompey a zahiri sun zarce na ƙungiyar Kaisar guda ɗaya, waɗanda suka haɗa aƙalla ƙungiyoyi 100, ko runduna 10, "ba zato ba tsammani ba za a iya kwatanta Italiya a matsayin shirin fuskantar mamayewa".Kaisar ya kama Ariminum (Rimini na yau) ba tare da juriya ba, mutanensa sun riga sun kutsa cikin birnin;Ya ci wasu garuruwa uku a jere.A ƙarshen Janairu, Kaisar da Pompey suna tattaunawa, tare da Kaisar ya ba da shawarar cewa su biyun su koma lardunansu (wanda zai buƙaci Pompey ya tafi Spain) sannan kuma ya wargaza sojojinsu.Pompey ya amince da waɗancan sharuddan idan har sun janye daga Italiya a lokaci ɗaya kuma su mika wuya ga sasanta rikicin da Majalisar Dattawa ta yi, tayin da Kaisar ya ƙi yin hakan zai sa shi cikin jinƙai na Sanatoci masu adawa tare da barin duk wata fa'ida. mamayewarsa mamaki.Kaisar ya ci gaba da gaba.Bayan cin karo da ƙungiyoyi biyar a ƙarƙashin Quintus Minucius Thermus a Iguvium, sojojin Thermus sun gudu.Kaisar da sauri ya mamaye Picenum, yankin da dangin Pompey suka samo asali.Yayin da sojojin Kaisar suka yi fada sau daya tare da sojojin gida, sa'a a gare shi, yawan jama'a ba su kasance masu adawa ba: sojojinsa sun kaurace wa ganima kuma abokan adawar nasa suna da "ƙananan ƙararrakin jama'a".A cikin Fabrairu 49 KZ, Kaisar ya sami ƙarfafawa kuma ya kama Asculum lokacin da garrison na gida ya bar.
Adawa ta Farko: Siege na Corfinium
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49 BCE Feb 15 - Feb 21

Adawa ta Farko: Siege na Corfinium

Corfinium, Province of L'Aquil
Sifen Corfinium shi ne karon farko da aka yi karon farko na soja na yakin basasar Kaisar.An yi shi a cikin Fabrairu 49 KZ, ya ga sojojin Gaius Julius Caesar's Populares sun kewaye birnin Corfinium na Italiya, wanda dakarun Optimates ke rike da shi a karkashin umurnin Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus.Sifen ya kasance mako guda kawai, bayan haka masu kare kansu sun mika kansu ga Kaisar.Wannan nasarar da ba ta da jini ta kasance babbar farfaganda ta juyin mulki ga Kaisar kuma ta hanzarta ja da baya na babban Ingantacciyar ƙarfi daga Italiya, tare da barin Populares cikin ingantaccen iko na dukan tsibiri.Zaman Kaisar a Corfinium ya ɗauki kwanaki bakwai gabaɗaya kuma bayan ya karɓi mika wuya sai nan da nan ya fasa sansani ya tashi zuwa Apulia don bin Pompey.Da sanin nasarar Kaisar Pompey ya fara tattaki sojojinsa daga Luceria zuwa Canusium sannan ya wuce Brundisium inda zai iya kara ja da baya ta hanyar tsallaka Tekun Adriatic zuwa Epirus.Yayin da ya fara tafiya Kaisar yana da runduna shida tare da shi, nan da nan ya aika rundunan Ahenobarbus karkashin Curio don su tsare Sicily;daga baya za su yi masa fada a Afirka.Ba da daɗewa ba sojojin Kaisar za su kewaye Pompey a Brundisium, ko da yake duk da wannan ƙaura ya yi nasara.
Kaisar ne ke iko da yankin Italiya
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49 BCE Mar 9 - Mar 18

Kaisar ne ke iko da yankin Italiya

Brindisi, BR, Italy
Ci gaban Kaisar zuwa gabar tekun Adriatic ya kasance abin mamaki da kuma horo: Sojojinsa ba su yi wa ganima ba kamar yadda sojoji suka yi a lokacin Yaƙin Jama'a 'yan shekarun da suka gabata;Kaisar bai rama kansa a kan abokan gabansa na siyasa ba kamar yadda Sulla da Marius suka yi.Manufar tausasawa kuma ta kasance mai amfani sosai: kwanciyar hankali na Kaisar ya hana jama'ar Italiya su juya masa baya.A lokaci guda kuma, Pompey ya yi niyyar tserewa daga gabas zuwa Girka inda zai iya tara dakaru masu yawa daga lardunan gabas.Saboda haka ya tsere zuwa Brundisium (Brindisi na zamani), yana buƙatar jiragen ruwa don tafiya Adriatic.Julius Caesar's ya kewaye birnin Brundisium na Italiya a bakin tekun Adriatic Sea wanda dakarun Optimates ke rike da shi karkashin jagorancin Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus.Bayan an yi taho-mu-gama, a lokacin da Kaisar ya yi ƙoƙari ya toshe tashar jiragen ruwa, Pompey ya watsar da birnin kuma ya yi nasarar kwashe mutanensa a cikin Adriatic zuwa Epirus.Komawar Pompey yana nufin cewa Kaisar yana da cikakken iko a kan tsibirin Italiya, ba tare da wata hanyar da za ta bi sojojin Pompey a gabas ba, maimakon haka ya yanke shawarar zuwa yamma don fuskantar rundunonin da Pompey ya kafa a Hispania.A kan hanyarsa ta zuwa Hispania, Kaisar ya yi amfani da damar ya koma Roma a karon farko cikin shekaru tara.Ya so ya bayyana kamar shi ne halastaccen wakilin jamhuriyar don haka ya shirya majalisar dattawa ta gana da shi a wajen birnin ranar 1 ga Afrilu.Har ila yau, an gayyace shi babban mai magana Cicero wanda Kaisar ya aika wasiku yana roƙonsa ya zo Roma, amma Cicero bai kamata a rinjaye shi ba domin ya ƙudurta ba za a yi amfani da shi ba kuma ya yi taka tsantsan game da ƙarar sautin wasiƙun.
Siege na Massilia
Siege na Massilia ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
49 BCE Apr 19 - Sep 6

Siege na Massilia

Massilia, France
Da barin Mark Antony mai kula da Italiya, Kaisar ya tashi zuwa yamma zuwa Spain.A kan hanya, ya fara kewaye Massilia lokacin da birnin ya hana shi shiga kuma ya zo ƙarƙashin umurnin Domitius Ahenobarbus da aka ambata a baya.Da yake barin sojojin da ke kewaye, Kaisar ya ci gaba da tafiya zuwa Spain tare da karamin jami'in tsaro da 900 na sojan doki na Jamus.Bayan da aka fara kewayen, Ahenobarbus ya isa Massilia don ya kare shi daga sojojin Kaisar.A ƙarshen watan Yuni, jiragen ruwan Kaisar, ko da yake ba su da ƙwarewa fiye da na Massiliots kuma ba su da yawa, sun yi nasara a yakin da ya biyo baya.Gaius Trebonius ya gudanar da wannan kawanya ta hanyar amfani da na'urori daban-daban da suka hada da hasumiya mai shinge, da shingen shinge, da kuma "testudo-ram".Gaius Scribonius Curio, ya yi rashin kulawa sosai wajen kiyaye mashigar Sicilian, ya ƙyale Lucius Nasidius ya kawo ƙarin jiragen ruwa don taimakon Ahenobarbus.Ya yi yaƙin sojan ruwa na biyu tare da Decimus Brutus a farkon watan Satumba, amma ya janye ya ci nasara ya tashi zuwa Hispania.A karshe mika wuya na Massilia, Kaisar ya nuna sassaucin da ya saba da shi kuma Lucius Ahenobarbus ya gudu zuwa Thessaly a cikin jirgin ruwa daya tilo da ya iya tserewa daga Populares.Bayan haka, an ƙyale Massilia ta ci gaba da cin gashin kanta, saboda tsohuwar dangantakar abokantaka da goyon bayan Roma, tare da wasu yankuna yayin da Julius Kaisar ya kwace yawancin daularsa.
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49 BCE Jun 1 - Aug

Kaisar ya ɗauki Spain: Yaƙin Ilerda

Lleida, Spain
Kaisar ya isa Hispania a watan Yuni 49 KZ, inda ya sami damar kama hanyar Pyrenees da Pompeian Lucius Afranius da Marcus Petreius suka kare.A Ilerda ya ci sojojin Pompeian karkashin wakilai Lucius Afranius da Marcus Petreius.Ba kamar sauran yaƙe-yaƙe na yakin basasa ba, wannan ya fi yaƙin neman zaɓe fiye da ainihin faɗa.Bayan mika wuya babban sojojin jamhuriyar Spain a Spain, Kaisar ya nufi Varro a cikin Hispania Ulterior, wanda nan take ba tare da fada ba ya mika masa kai ga wasu runduna biyu suka mika wuya.Bayan haka, Kaisar ya bar wakilinsa Quintus Cassius Longinus - ɗan'uwan Gaius Cassius Longinus - wanda yake jagorantar Spain tare da runduna huɗu, wani ɓangare na maza waɗanda suka mika wuya kuma suka wuce zuwa sansanin Kaisar, suka dawo tare da sauran sojojin. sojojinsa zuwa Massilia da kewayenta.
Siege na Curicta
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49 BCE Jun 20

Siege na Curicta

Curicta, Croatia
Siege na Curicta wani rikici ne na soja da ya faru a farkon yakin basasar Kaisar.Ya faru a cikin 49 KZ, ya ga wani gagarumin karfi na Populares da Gaius Antonius ya umarta a kan tsibirin Curicta da wani jirgin ruwa mafi kyau a karkashin Lucius Scribonius Libo da Marcus Octavius.Nan da nan ya biyo baya kuma sakamakon shan kashi na sojojin ruwa da Publius Cornelius Dolabella da Antonius suka yi a karshe suka mamaye karkashin tsawan tsawaita.Wadannan shan kashi biyu na daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da Populares suka sha a lokacin yakin basasa.An ɗauki yaƙin a matsayin bala'i ga dalilin Kaisar.Da alama yana da mahimmanci ga Kaisar wanda ya ambace shi tare da mutuwar Curio a matsayin ɗayan mafi munin koma baya na yakin basasa.Daga cikin lokuta hudu da Suetonius ya ba da na mafi munin cin nasara da Populares ya sha a yakin basasa, duka shan kashi na Dolabella ta rundunar jiragen ruwa da capitulation na legions a Curicta an jera su.
Yaƙin Tauroento
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49 BCE Jul 31

Yaƙin Tauroento

Marseille, France
Yakin Tauroento wani yakin ruwa ne da aka yi a gabar tekun Tauroento a lokacin yakin basasar Kaisar.Bayan nasarar yakin sojojin ruwa a wajen Massilia, rundunar Kaisar da Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus ya umarta ta sake shiga rikici da rundunar Massiliot da rundunar agaji ta Pompeian karkashin jagorancin Quintus Nasidius a ranar 31 ga Yuli 49 KZ.Duk da cewa sun fi yawa, mutanen Caesarawa sun yi nasara kuma Siege na Massilia ya sami damar ci gaba da kai ga mika wuya ga birnin.Nasarar da sojojin ruwa suka samu a Tauroento na nufin cewa kewayen Massilia na iya ci gaba da katange sojojin ruwa a wurin.Nasidius ya yanke shawarar cewa, idan aka yi la'akari da yanayin jirgin ruwa na Massiliot, zai zama da kyau a ba da goyon bayansa ga sojojin Pompey a Hispania Citerior maimakon ci gaba da taimakawa ayyukan a Gaul.Birnin Massilia ya firgita da jin labarin halakar da jiragen ruwansu suka yi amma duk da haka ya shirya tsawan watanni da yawa a karkashin kawanya.Jim kadan bayan shan kashi Ahenobarbus ya gudu daga Massilia kuma ya yi nasarar tserewa kamawa a karkashin wani mummunan hadari.
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49 BCE Aug 1

Yakin Utica

UTICA, Tunis, Tunisia
Yakin Utica (49 KZ) a yakin basasar Kaisar an gwabza ne tsakanin Janar Julius Kaisar Gaius Scribonius Curio da sojojin Pompeian wanda Publius Attius Varus ya ba da umarni da sojojin doki na Numidiya da sojojin ƙafa wanda Sarkin Juba I na Numidia ya aiko.Curio ya ci Pompeians da Numidians kuma ya kori Varus zuwa cikin garin Utica.A cikin rudanin yakin, an bukaci Curio da ya karbe garin kafin Varus ya sake haduwa, amma ya ja da baya, saboda ba shi da hanyar da zai kai wa garin hari.Washegari duk da haka, ya fara haifar da sabani na Utica, da nufin ya kashe garin ya mika wuya.Manyan mutanen garin ne suka tunkare Varus, inda suka roke shi da ya mika wuya, tare da kare garin daga mummunan harin da aka kai musu.Varus, ya riga ya sami labarin cewa Sarki Juba na kan hanyarsa da dakaru masu yawa, don haka ya tabbatar musu da cewa da taimakon Juba, nan ba da jimawa ba za a ci nasara kan Curio.Curio ya ji irin wannan rahotanni kuma ya watsar da kewayen, ya yi hanyarsa zuwa Castra Cornelia.Rahotannin karya daga Utica game da karfin Juba ya sa ya ajiye gadinsa, wanda ya kai ga yakin kogin Bagradas.
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49 BCE Aug 24

Pompeians sun yi nasara a Afirka: Yaƙin Bagradas

Oued Medjerda, Tunisia
Bayan samun galaba a kan mayakan Numidiya na Varus a fafatawar da suka yi da dama, ya samu galaba a kan Varus a yakin Utica, wanda ya gudu zuwa cikin garin Utica.A cikin rudanin yakin, an bukaci Curio da ya karbe garin kafin Varus ya sake haduwa, amma ya ja da baya, saboda ba shi da hanyar da zai kai wa garin hari.Washegari duk da haka, ya fara haifar da sabani na Utica, da nufin ya kashe garin ya mika wuya.Manyan mutanen garin ne suka tunkare Varus, inda suka roke shi da ya mika wuya, ya kuma bar garin daga bala'in kawanya.Varus, ya riga ya sami labarin cewa Sarki Juba na kan hanyarsa da dakaru masu yawa, don haka ya tabbatar musu da cewa da taimakon Juba, nan ba da jimawa ba za a ci nasara kan Curio.Curio, wanda kuma ya ji cewa sojojin Juba ba su wuce mil 23 daga Utica ba, ya yi watsi da kewayen, inda ya nufi sansaninsa da ke Castra Cornelia.Gaius Scribonius Curio ya sha kaye da gaske a hannun Pompeians karkashin Attius Varus da Sarkin Juba I na Numidia.Ɗaya daga cikin wakilan Curio, Gnaeus Domitius, ya haura zuwa Curio tare da ƴan mutane kaɗan, kuma ya roƙe shi ya gudu ya mayar da shi sansanin.Curio ya tambayi yadda zai taɓa kallon Kaisar a fuska bayan ya rasa sojojinsa, kuma ya juya ya fuskanci Numidiya masu zuwa, ya yi yaƙi har aka kashe shi.Sojoji kaɗan ne kawai suka sami nasarar tserewa daga zubar da jini da ya biyo baya, yayin da mahaya ɗari uku da ba su bi Curio yaƙi ba suka koma sansanin a Castra Cornelia, suna ɗauke da mummunan labari.
Kaisar ya nada Dictator a Roma
©Mariusz Kozik
49 BCE Oct 1

Kaisar ya nada Dictator a Roma

Rome, Metropolitan City of Rom
Komawa Roma a watan Disamba 49 KZ, Kaisar ya bar Quintus Cassius Longinus a matsayin shugaban Spain kuma ya sa mai mulki Marcus Aemilius Lepidus ya nada shi mai mulki.A matsayinsa na mai mulkin kama-karya, ya gudanar da zaɓe na ofishin jakadanci na shekara ta 48 K.Z., kafin ya yi amfani da ikon kama-karya don zartar da dokokin tuno waɗanda kotunan Pompey ta yi Allah wadai da su a shekara ta 52 K.Z., ban da Titus Annius Milo, da kuma maido da ’yancin siyasa na ’ya’yan da Sullan ya shafa. haramun.Riƙe mulkin kama-karya zai kasance hanya ɗaya tilo don gujewa barin mulkinsa, runduna, larduna, da haƙƙin cin nasara yayin da yake cikin pomerium.Da yake tsayawa a irin zabukan da ya gudanar, ya sake lashe wa'adi na biyu a matsayin jakadan tare da Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus a matsayin abokin aikinsa.Ya yi murabus daga mulkin kama-karya bayan kwanaki goma sha daya.Kaisar ya sake sabunta bin Pompey a fadin Adriatic.
48 BCE - 47 BCE
Ƙarfafawa da Yaƙin Gabasornament
Ketare Adriatic
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
48 BCE Jan 4

Ketare Adriatic

Epirus, Greece
A ranar 4 ga Janairu 48 KZ, Kaisar ya motsa runduna bakwai - mai yiwuwa ƙasa da rabin ƙarfi - kan ƙaramin jirgin ruwa da ya taru ya haye Adriatic.Abokin adawar Kaisar a cikin ofishin jakadanci na 59 KZ, Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus, shi ne ke kula da kare Adriatic ga Pompeians: shawarar Kaisar na tafiya, duk da haka, ya ba da mamaki ga rundunar Bibulus.Kaisar ya sauka a Paeleste, a bakin tekun Epirot, ba tare da adawa ko tsangwama ba.Duk da haka, labarin saukar jirgin ya yadu kuma rundunar Bibulus ta yi sauri da sauri don su hana wasu jiragen ruwa tsallaka, wanda ya sa Kaisar cikin babban lahani na adadi.Bayan da Kaisar ya sauka, sai ya yi tattaki na dare zuwa garin Oricum.Sojojinsa sun tilasta wa garin mika wuya ba tare da wani fada ba;Ma'aikatan Pompeian da ke ba da umarni a can - Lucius Manlius Torquatus - mutanen gari sun tilasta wa yin watsi da matsayinsa.Kangin Bibulus yana nufin Kaisar ya kasa neman abinci daga Italiya;kuma ko da yake kalandar ta ba da rahoton Janairu, lokacin ya kasance ƙarshen kaka, ma'ana Kaisar zai jira watanni da yawa don cin abinci.Yayin da wasu jiragen ruwan hatsi suka kasance a Oricum, sun tsere kafin sojojin Kaisar su kama su.Daga nan sai ya koma kan Apollonia kuma ya tilasta masa mika wuya, kafin ya tashi ya kai hari kan babbar cibiyar samar da kayayyaki ta Pompey a Dyrrhachium.Binciken Pompey ya iya gano motsin Kaisar zuwa Dyrrhachium kuma ya doke shi zuwa cibiyar samar da kayayyaki.Tare da manyan rundunonin Pompey da suka yi yaƙi da shi, Kaisar ya koma ƙauyukan da aka kama.Kaisar ya yi kira da a ba da ƙarfafawa a ƙarƙashin Mark Antony don wucewa ta Adriatic don tallafa masa, amma ƙungiyar Bibulus ta kama su;cikin fidda rai, Kaisar ya yi ƙoƙari ya tashi daga Epirus zuwa Italiya, amma guguwar hunturu ta tilasta masa komawa.Sojojin Pompey, a halin da ake ciki, sun bi dabarun kashe sojojin Kaisar da yunwa.Duk da haka, Antony ya sami damar yin tsallakawa a daidai lokacin da Bibulus ya mutu, ya isa Epirus a ranar 10 ga Afrilu tare da ƙarin runduna huɗu.Antony ya yi sa'a don tserewa jirgin ruwa na Pompeian tare da asara kadan;Pompey ya kasa hana ƙarfafawar Antony daga shiga tare da Kaisar.
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48 BCE Jul 10

Yaƙin Dyrrhachium

Durrës, Albania
Kaisar ya yi ƙoƙari ya kama mahimman kayan aikin Pompeian na Dyrrachium amma bai yi nasara ba bayan Pompey ya mamaye ta da wuraren da ke kewaye.A mayar da martani, Kaisar ya kewaye sansanin Pompey kuma ya gina kewaye da shi, har sai bayan watanni na rikice-rikice, Pompey ya iya karya ta hanyar katangar Kaisar, wanda ya tilasta Kaisar ya yi tafiya mai zurfi zuwa Tassaly.A cikin ma'ana mai zurfi, Pompeians sun yi farin ciki da nasarar, kasancewa na farko a yakin basasa da Kaisar ya sha kashi maras muhimmanci.Maza kamar Domitius Ahenobarbus sun bukaci Pompey da ya kawo Kaisar zuwa gagarumin yaki ya murkushe shi;wasu kuma sun bukaci a koma Rome da Italiya domin su kwato babban birnin kasar.Pompey ya kasance da tsayin daka wajen gaskata cewa yin yakin basasa ba shi da hikima kuma ba dole ba ne, yana yanke shawara game da haƙurin haƙuri don jira don ƙarfafawa daga Siriya da kuma amfani da rashin ƙarfi na Kaisar.Ƙaunar nasara ta rikide zuwa rashin yarda da shakkun juna, tare da yin matsin lamba ga Pompey don tada fitina ta ƙarshe da abokan gaba.Da ya fara dogara ga sojojinsa kuma a ƙarƙashin rinjayar hafsoshi masu ƙarfin hali, ya zaɓi ya shiga Kaisar a Tassaly jim kaɗan bayan an ƙarfafa shi daga Siriya.
Siege na Gomphi
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
48 BCE Jul 29

Siege na Gomphi

Mouzaki, Greece
Sigarin Gomphi wani ɗan gajeren arangamar soji ne a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Kaisar.Bayan cin nasara a yakin Dyrrhachium, mutanen Gaius Julius Kaisar sun kewaye birnin Gomphi na Tasaliya.Birnin ya fadi a cikin 'yan sa'o'i kadan kuma an bar mutanen Kaisar su kori Gomphi.
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48 BCE Aug 9

Yaƙin Pharsalus

Palaeofarsalos, Farsala, Greec
Yaƙin Pharsalus shine ƙaƙƙarfan yaƙin yakin basasar Kaisar da aka yi a ranar 9 ga Agusta 48 KZ kusa da Pharsalus a tsakiyar Girka.Julius Kaisar da abokansa sun kafa gaba da sojojin Jamhuriyar Roma a karkashin jagorancin Pompey.Pompey ya sami goyan bayan yawancin Sanatocin Romawa kuma sojojinsa sun fi yawan sojojin sojojin Caesaran.Jami'ansa sun matsa masa lamba, Pompey ya yi yaƙi da rashin son rai kuma ya sha kashi sosai.Pompey, ya yanke kauna daga shan kashi, ya gudu tare da masu ba shi shawara a ketare zuwa Mytilene kuma daga nan zuwa Kilicia inda ya gudanar da majalisa na yaki;a lokaci guda, Cato da magoya bayan Dyrrachium sun yi ƙoƙari na farko don ba da umarni ga Marcus Tullius Cicero, wanda ya ƙi, ya yanke shawarar komawa Italiya.Daga nan suka sake haduwa a Corcyra suka tafi Libya.Wasu, ciki har da Marcus Junius Brutus ya nemi gafarar Kaisar, yana tafiya a kan wuraren daji zuwa Larissa inda Kaisar ya marabce shi da alheri a sansaninsa.Majalisar yakin Pompey ta yanke shawarar guduwa zuwaMasar , wadda a shekarar da ta gabata ta ba shi taimakon soja.Bayan yakin, Kaisar ya kama sansanin Pompey kuma ya kona wasikun Pompey.Sannan ya sanar da cewa zai gafarta wa duk wanda ya nemi rahama.Sojojin ruwan Pompeian a Adriatic da Italiya galibi sun janye ko kuma sun mika wuya.
Kisan Pompey
Kaisar tare da kan Pompey ©Giovanni Battista Tiepolo
48 BCE Sep 28

Kisan Pompey

Alexandria, Egypt
A cewar Kaisar, Pompey ya tafi daga Mytilene zuwa Kilicia da Cyprus.Ya karɓi kuɗi daga hannun masu karɓar haraji, ya ranci kuɗi don ya hayar sojoji, ya kuma ba da makamai dubu biyu.Ya hau jirgi da tsabar tagulla da yawa.Pompey ya tashi daga Cyprus da jiragen yaƙi da na kasuwanci.Ya ji cewa Ptolemy yana cikin Pelusium tare da sojoji kuma yana yaƙi da ƙanwarsa Cleopatra na VII, wadda ya kore.Sansanin sojojin da ke gaba da juna suna kusa, don haka Pompey ya aika manzo ya sanar da zuwansa Ptolemy kuma ya nemi taimakonsa.Potheinus bābā, wanda shi ne sarkin yaron, ya yi taro tare da Theodotus na Kios, malamin sarki, da Akilas, shugaban sojoji, da sauransu.A cewar Plutarch, wasu sun ba da shawarar korar Pompey, wasu kuma suna maraba da shi.Theodotus yayi jayayya cewa babu wani zaɓi mai lafiya: idan an maraba, Pompey zai zama jagora kuma Kaisar maƙiyi, yayin da, idan ya juya baya, Pompey zai zargiMasarawa don ƙin shi da Kaisar don sa shi ya ci gaba da binsa.Maimakon haka, kashe Pompey zai kawar da tsoronsa kuma ya gamsar da Kaisar.A ranar 28 ga Satumba, Achillas ya tafi jirgin Pompey a kan jirgin kamun kifi tare da Lucius Septimius, wanda ya taɓa kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin jami'an Pompey, da kuma mai kisan kai na uku, Savius.Rashin abokantaka a cikin jirgin ya sa Pompey ya gaya wa Septimius cewa shi tsohon abokin tarayya ne, na karshen kawai ya yi tsalle.Ya jefa takobi a cikin Pompey, sa'an nan kuma Achillas da Savius ​​suka caka masa wukake.An yanke kan Pompey, kuma aka jefar da jikinsa da ba a rufe ba cikin teku.Sa’ad da Kaisar ya isa Masar ’yan kwanaki kaɗan, ya yi mamaki.Ya juya baya, yana ƙin mutumin da ya kawo kan Pompey.Lokacin da aka ba Kaisar zoben hatimi na Pompey, ya yi kuka. Theodotus ya bar Masar kuma ya tsere daga fansar Kaisar.An kai gawar Pompey zuwa Cornelia, wanda ya yi jana'izar su a gidan sa na Alban.
Yakin Alexandria
Cleopatra da Kaisar ©Jean-Léon Gérôme
48 BCE Oct 1

Yakin Alexandria

Alexandria, Egypt
Lokacin da ya isa Iskandariyya a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 48 K.Z., kuma yana neman da farko ya kama Pompey, abokin gaba a yakin basasa, Kaisar ya gano cewa mutanen Ptolemy XIII ne suka kashe Pompey.Bukatun kudi na Kaisar da girman kai ya haifar da rikici wanda ya sanya shi kewaye da shi a kwata na fadar Alexandria.Sai bayan shiga tsakani na waje daga ƙasar abokin cinikin Romawa aka sami sauƙi sojojin Kaisar.Bayan nasarar Kaisar a Yaƙin Kogin Nilu da mutuwar Ptolemy XIII, Kaisar ya naɗa uwarsa Cleopatra a matsayin sarauniyarMasar , tare da ƙanenta a matsayin mai sarauta.
Siege na Alexandria
©Thomas Cole
48 BCE Dec 1 - 47 BCE Jun

Siege na Alexandria

Alexandria, Egypt
Sifen Alexandria ya kasance jerin gwabzawa da fadace-fadace da suka faru tsakanin sojojin Julius Kaisar, Cleopatra VII, Arsinoe IV, da Ptolemy XIII, tsakanin 48 zuwa 47 KZ.A wannan lokacin Kaisar ya shiga yakin basasa da sauran sojojin Republican.Dakarun agaji da suka iso daga Syria ne suka dage wannan kawanya.Bayan yaƙin da sojojin suka yi na haye kogin Nilu, Ptolemy XIII da sojojin Arsinoe sun ci nasara.
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48 BCE Dec 1

Yaƙin Nicopolis

Koyulhisar, Sivas, Turkey
Bayan ya ci Pompey da masu kyautatawa a Pharsalus, Julius Kaisar ya bi abokan hamayyarsa zuwa Asiya Ƙarama sannan zuwaMasar .A lardin Romawa na Asiya ya bar Calvinus a matsayin kwamandan runduna da suka hada da Legion ta 36, ​​galibin sojoji ne daga rundunan Pompey da aka wargaza.Tare da Kaisar ya shagaltu a Masar da Jamhuriyar Rum a tsakiyar yakin basasa, Pharnaces ya ga damar fadada Mulkinsa na Bosphorus zuwa tsohuwar daular Pontic ta mahaifinsa.A shekara ta 48 KZ ya kai hari Kapadokiya, Bitiniya, da Armeniya Parva.Calvinus ya kawo sojojinsa zuwa nisan mil bakwai daga Nikopolis kuma, da guje wa harin kwanton bauna da Pharnaces ya yi, ya tura sojojinsa.Pharnaces yanzu sun yi ritaya zuwa birni kuma suna jiran ƙarin ci gaba na Romawa.Calvinus ya matsar da sojojinsa kusa da Nikopolis kuma ya gina wani sansani.Magunguna sun kama wasu manzanni daga Kaisar suna neman taimako daga Calvinus.Ya sake su da fatan saƙon zai sa Romawa su ja da baya ko kuma su yi yaƙi marar amfani.Calvinus ya umurci mutanensa su kai farmaki kuma layinsa sun ci gaba da gaba da abokan gaba.Na 36th ya ci nasara akan abokan adawar su kuma suka fara kai hari a cibiyar Pontic da ke fadin ramin.Abin baƙin ciki ga Calvinus, waɗannan su ne kawai sojoji a cikin sojojinsa da suka sami nasara.Dakarun da ya dauka a baya-bayan nan na bangaren hagu sun karye sun gudu bayan wani hari da suka kai masa.Ko da yake runduna ta 36 ta tsere da hasarar haske, mutane 250 ne kawai suka mutu, Calvinus ya yi asarar kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na sojojinsa a lokacin da ya yi murabus.
47 BCE
Yakin Karsheornament
Yakin Nilu
Sojojin Gallic a Masar ©Angus McBride
47 BCE Feb 1

Yakin Nilu

Nile, Egypt
Masarawa sun kafa sansani a wani wuri mai ƙarfi a gefen Kogin Nilu, kuma suna tare da runduna.Kaisar ya zo ba da daɗewa ba, kafin Ptolemy ya kai hari ga sojojin Mithridates.Kaisar da Mithridates sun hadu da nisan mil 7 daga matsayin Ptolemy.Don isa sansanin Masar sai da suka haye wani karamin kogi.Ptolemy ya aike da rundunar sojan doki da kuma runduna masu haske don su hana su haye kogin.Abin baƙin ciki ga Masarawa, Kaisar ya aika da sojojinsa na Gallic da na Jamus don su wuce kogin a gaban babban sojojin.Sun ketare ba a gano su ba.Da Kaisar ya isa ya sa mutanensa su yi gadoji na wucin gadi a ƙetaren kogin kuma ya sa sojojinsa su kama Masarawa.Kamar yadda suka yi sojojin Gallic da na Jamus sun bayyana kuma suka caje su a gefen Masar da baya.Masarawan suka fasa suka koma sansanin Ptolemy, da yawa sun gudu da jirgin ruwa.Masar yanzu tana hannun Kaisar, wanda daga nan ya ɗaga Siege na Iskandariya kuma ya sanya Cleopatra a kan karagar mulki tare da wani ɗan'uwanta, ɗan shekara goma sha biyu Ptolemy XIV.Sai Kaisar ya daɗe a Masar ba tare da wata shakka ba har zuwa Afrilu, yana jin daɗin dangantakar kusan wata biyu da Sarauniyar matashiya kafin ya tashi ya ci gaba da yaƙin basasa.Labarin wani rikici a Asiya ya rinjayi Kaisar ya bar Masar a tsakiyar shekara ta 47 K.Z., lokacin da majiyoyi suka nuna cewa Cleopatra ya riga ya ɗauki ciki.Ya bar runduna uku a ƙarƙashin umarnin wani ɗan ɗaya daga cikin 'yantattunsa don tabbatar da mulkin Cleopatra.Wataƙila Cleopatra ta haifi ɗa, wanda ta kira "Ptolemy Kaisar" wanda Iskandariyawa suka kira "Caesarion", a ƙarshen Yuni.Kaisar ya gaskata cewa yaron nasa ne, kamar yadda ya yarda a yi amfani da sunan.
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47 BCE Aug 2

Veni, Vidi, Vici: Yaƙin Zela

Zile, Tokat, Turkey
Bayan cin nasara da sojojin Ptolemaic suka yi a yakin Nilu, Kaisar ya barMasar ya bi ta Siriya, Kilicia da Kapadokiya don yakar Pharnaces, ɗan Mithridates na VI.Sojojin Pharnaces suka gangara cikin kwarin suka raba runduna biyu.Wannan matakin ya ba Kaisar mamaki domin yana nufin abokan hamayyarsa su yi yaƙi mai tudu.Mutanen Pharnaces sun haura daga kwarin kuma suka haɗu da siraran sojojin Kaisar.Kaisar ya tuna da sauran mutanensa daga ginin sansaninsu, ya ja su cikin gaggawa.A halin yanzu, karusan na Pharnaces sun kutsa cikin layin tsaro na bakin ciki, amma ƙanƙara na makamai masu linzami (pila, mashin jifa na Roma) daga layin yaƙin Kaisar kuma aka tilasta musu ja da baya.Kaisar ya kaddamar da farmaki kuma ya kori sojojin Pontic zuwa kan tudu, inda aka fatattake su gaba daya.Sai Kaisar ya kai hari ya kama sansanin Pharnaces, ya kammala nasararsa.Wani muhimmin batu ne a cikin aikin soja na Kaisar - yakin sa'o'i biyar da ya yi a kan Pharnaces ya kasance mai sauri kuma cikakke, a cewar Plutarch (ya rubuta kimanin shekaru 150 bayan yakin) ya tuna da shi tare da sanannun kalmomin Latin da aka rubuta zuwa Amantius. a Rome Veni, vidi, vici ("Na zo, na gani, na ci nasara").Suetonius ya ce waɗannan kalmomi guda uku an nuna su sosai a cikin nasara na nasara a Zela.Pharnaces sun tsere daga Zela, da farko sun gudu zuwa Sinope sannan suka koma Masarautarsa ​​ta Bosporan.Sai ya fara diban wata runduna, amma ba da jimawa ba surukinsa Asander, daya daga cikin tsofaffin gwamnonin da suka yi tawaye bayan yakin Nikopolis ya kashe shi.Kaisar ya mai da Mithridates na Pergamum sabon sarkin masarautar Bosporiya don amincewa da taimakonsa a lokacin yakin Masar.
Kamfen na Afirka na Kaisar
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
47 BCE Dec 25

Kamfen na Afirka na Kaisar

Sousse, Tunisia
Kaisar ya umarci mutanensa su taru a Lilybaeum a kan Sicily a ƙarshen Disamba.Ya sanya ƙaramin memba na dangin Scipio - Scipio Salvito ko Salutio - a kan wannan ma'aikaci saboda tatsuniya cewa babu Scipio da za a iya cin nasara a Afirka.Ya tara runduna shida a can kuma ya tashi zuwa Afirka a ranar 25 ga Disamba 47 KZ.Guguwa da iska mai ƙarfi sun katse hanyar wucewa;sojoji kusan 3,500 ne da mahaya doki 150 suka sauka tare da shi kusa da tashar jiragen ruwa na Hadrumentum.A fakaice, lokacin da ya sauka, Kaisar ya faɗi bakin teku, amma ya sami nasarar yin dariya da muguwar al’ajabi lokacin da ya kama yashi guda biyu, yana cewa “Na riƙe ku, Afirka!”.
Yaƙin Carteia
Yaƙin Carteia ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
46 BCE Jan 1

Yaƙin Carteia

Cartaya, Spain
Yakin da aka yi a Carteia wani ƙaramin yaƙi ne na ruwa a lokacin ƙarshen yakin basasar Kaisar da ’yan Caesariyawa suka yi nasara a ƙarƙashin jagorancin wakilin Kaisar Gaius Didius da Pompeians wanda Publius Attius Varus ya jagoranta.Varus zai haɗu tare da sauran Pompeians a Munda don saduwa da Kaisar.Duk da tsananin tsayin daka, Kaisar ya ci Pompeians kuma an kashe Labienus da Varus duka.
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46 BCE Jan 4

Yaƙin Ruspina

Monastir, Tunisia
Titus Labienus ya ba da umarnin mafi kyawun ƙarfi kuma yana da doki 8,000 na Numidian dawakai 1,600 na Gallic da na Jamusawa a cikin tsarin da ba a saba gani ba.Jirgin ya cim ma burinsa na yaudarar Kaisar, wanda ya yi imani da cewa su 'yan sanda ne na kusa.Saboda haka Kaisar ya tura sojojinsa a cikin layi mai tsawo don hana lulluɓe, tare da ƙananan sojojinsa na maharba 150 a gaba da mahaya 400 a kan fukafukai.A cikin wani yunƙuri mai ban mamaki, Labienus ya tsawaita sojojin dokinsa a bangarorin biyu don lulluɓe Kaisar, yana kawo sojojinsa na haske na Numidian a tsakiya.Sojoji masu haske na Numidian da dawakai sun fara sawa sojojin Caesaran ƙasa da kibau.Hakan ya yi tasiri sosai, domin sojojin ba su iya ramawa ba.Numidians kawai za su janye zuwa nesa mai aminci kuma su ci gaba da harba injina.Sojojin dawakan Numidiya sun fatattaki sojojin Kaisar kuma sun yi nasarar kewaye rundunoninsa, waɗanda suka koma cikin da'ira don fuskantar hare-hare daga kowane bangare.Sojojin hasken Numidian sun yi ruwan bama-bamai da makamai masu linzami.Sojojin Kaisar sun jefa pila a kan abokan gaba, amma ba su da tasiri.Sojojin Roma masu juyayi sun haɗu tare, suna mai da kansu mafi sauƙi ga makamai masu linzami na Numidian.Titus Labienus ya haura zuwa sahun gaba na sojojin Kaisar, yana zuwa kusa da shi don ya zagi sojojin abokan gaba.Wani mayaƙi na runduna ta goma ya matso kusa da Labienus, ya gane shi.Tsohon sojan ya jefi dokin Labienus ya kashe shi."Hakan zai koya maka Labienus, cewa sojan na goma yana kawo maka hari", tsohon sojan ya yi kara, yana wulakanta Labienus a gaban mutanensa.Wasu mazan kuwa suka fara firgita.Wani jirgin ruwa ya yi ƙoƙari ya gudu amma Kaisar ya kama mutumin, ya zagaya shi ya yi ihu "maƙiyi suna can!".Kaisar ya ba da umarnin yin layin yaƙi muddin zai yiwu kuma kowace ƙungiya ta biyu ta juya, don haka ƙa'idodin za su fuskanci maharan doki na Numidia a baya na Romawa da sauran ƙungiyoyin sojojin Numiyan na haske a gaba.Sojoji sun caje su suka jefi pila, suna tarwatsa sojojin na Optimates da sojojin dawakai.Suka bi abokan gābansu na ɗan lokaci kaɗan, suka fara tafiya su koma sansani.Duk da haka Marcus Petreius da Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso sun bayyana tare da maharan doki na Numidiya 1,600 da kuma ɗimbin ɗimbin ɗimbin haske waɗanda suka tursasa sojojin Kaisar yayin da suke ja da baya.Kaisar ya sake tura sojojinsa don yin yaki kuma ya kaddamar da farmaki wanda ya kori dakarun Optimates a kan babban filin.Petreius ya ji rauni a wannan lokacin.Gaba daya sun gaji, sojojin biyu sun koma sansaninsu.
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46 BCE Apr 3

Yakin Thapsus

Ras Dimass, Tunisia
Sojojin na Optimates, karkashin jagorancin Quintus Caecilius Metellus Scipio, sojojin da suka yi biyayya ga Julius Kaisar sun ci nasara da gaske.An bi shi ba da daɗewa ba bayan kisan kai na Scipio da abokinsa, Cato the Younger, Sarkin Numidian Juba, takwaransa na Roma Marcus Petreius, da mika wuya na Cicero da wasu waɗanda suka karɓi gafarar Kaisar.Yaƙin ya kasance kafin zaman lafiya a Afirka—Kaisar ya janye ya koma Roma a ranar 25 ga Yuli na wannan shekarar.Duk da haka, adawar Kaisar ba ta ƙare ba tukuna;Titus Labienus, 'ya'yan Pompey, Varus da wasu da dama sun yi nasarar tattara wani soja a Baetica a cikin Hispania Ulterior.Ba a gama yakin basasa ba, kuma yakin Munda zai biyo baya nan ba da jimawa ba.Yaƙin Thapsus ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin alama na ƙarshe na amfani da giwaye na yaƙi a Yamma.
Yakin Mutanen Espanya na biyu
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
46 BCE Aug 1

Yakin Mutanen Espanya na biyu

Spain
Bayan da Kaisar ya koma Roma, ya yi bikin nasara hudu: bisa Gaul,Masar , Asiya, da Afirka.Amma Kaisar, ya tafi Spain a watan Nuwamba 46 K.Z., don ya shawo kan hamayya a can.Nadin da ya yi na Quintus Cassius Longinus bayan yakin farko da ya yi a Spain ya haifar da tawaye: Cassius's "zama da ... rashin jin dadi" ya haifar da yawancin larduna da sojojin da ke bayyana rashin amincewa ga Pompeian, a wani ɓangare na 'ya'yan Pompey Gnaeus da kuma Sextus.Pompeians a can sun haɗu da wasu 'yan gudun hijira daga Thapsus, ciki har da Labienus.Bayan samun labari mara dadi daga tsibirin, ya tafi tare da gogaggun runduna guda ɗaya, saboda an sallami da yawa daga cikin tsoffin sojojinsa, kuma ya sa Italiya a hannun sabon magajinsa Lepidus.Ya jagoranci runduna takwas gabaɗaya, wanda ya haifar da fargabar cewa za a iya kayar da shi daga babban ƙarfin Gnaeus Pompey na runduna fiye da goma sha uku da ƙarin ƙarin taimako.Kamfen na Mutanen Espanya ya cika da zalunci, tare da Kaisar yana ɗaukar maƙiyansa a matsayin ’yan tawaye;Mutanen Kaisar sun ƙawata kagararsu da yanke kawunansu kuma sun kashe sojojin abokan gaba.Kaisar ya fara zuwa Spain kuma ya kawar da Ulia daga kewaye.Daga nan sai ya yi tattaki a kan Corduba, wanda Sextus Pompey ke tsare da shi, wanda ya nemi taimako daga ɗan'uwansa Gnaeus.Da farko Gnaeus ya ƙi yaƙi bisa shawarar Labienus, wanda ya tilasta wa Kaisar cikin ƙawancen hunturu na birnin, wanda a ƙarshe aka dakatar da shi bayan ɗan ci gaba;Kaisar ya koma ya kewaye Ategua, inuwar sojojin Gnaeus.Yawancin ɓatanci, duk da haka, sun fara ɗaukar nauyin sojojin Pompeian: Ategua ya mika wuya a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu 45 KZ, ko da bayan kwamandan Pompeian ya kashe wadanda ake zargin sun yi tawaye da iyalansu a kan bango.Sojojin Gnaeus Pompey sun ja da baya daga Ategua daga baya, tare da Kaisar.
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45 BCE Mar 17

Yakin Munda

Lantejuela, Spain
Yaƙin Munda (17 Maris 45 KZ), a kudancin Hispania Ulterior, shine yaƙin ƙarshe na yaƙin basasa na Kaisar da jagororin masu Hakuri.Tare da nasarar soja a Munda da mutuwar Titus Labienus da Gnaeus Pompeius (dan Pompey), Kaisar ya iya siyasa ya dawo cikin nasara zuwa Roma, sannan ya yi mulki a matsayin zababben dan mulkin kama karya na Rome.Daga baya, kisan Julius Kaisar ya fara raguwar Republican wanda ya kai ga Daular Roma, wanda aka fara tare da mulkin sarki Augustus.Kaisar ya bar wakilinsa Quintus Fabius Maximus don kewaye Munda kuma ya matsa don daidaita lardin.Corduba ya mika wuya: an kashe mutanen da ke da makamai a garin (mafi yawan bayi dauke da makamai) kuma an tilasta wa birnin biyan diyya mai yawa.Birnin Munda ya tsaya na wani dan lokaci, amma, bayan yunkurin da aka yi na karya katangar bai yi nasara ba, ya mika wuya, tare da kama fursunoni 14,000.Gaius Didius, wani kwamandan sojojin ruwa da ke biyayya ga Kaisar, ya farauto yawancin jiragen ruwa na Pompeian.Gnaeus Pompeius ya nemi mafaka a ƙasa, amma an kashe shi a lokacin yakin Lauro kuma an kashe shi.Ko da yake Sextus Pompeius ya kasance babba, bayan Munda babu sauran runduna masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da ke kalubalantar mulkin Kaisar.Bayan ya koma Roma, a cewar Plutarch, "nasarar da ya yi domin wannan nasara ta bai wa Romawa rai fiye da kowane abu. Domin bai ci nasara ba daga kasashen waje janar-janar, ko sarakunan Barri, amma ya hallaka 'ya'ya da dangin daya daga cikin mafi girma. mutanen Roma."Kaisar ya zama mai mulkin kama-karya na rayuwa, ko da yake nasararsa ba ta daɗe ba;
Yakin Lauro
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
45 BCE Apr 7

Yakin Lauro

Lora de Estepa, Spain
Yakin Lauro (45 KZ) shine tsayawa na ƙarshe na Gnaeus Pompeius ƙarami, ɗan Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, akan mabiyan Julius Kaisar a lokacin yakin basasa na 49-45 KZ.Bayan da aka ci nasara da shi a lokacin yakin Munda, ƙaramin Pompeius ya yi ƙoƙari ya tsere daga Hispania Ulterior ta teku, amma daga bisani aka tilasta masa sauka.Sojojin Kaisar da ke karkashin Lucius Caesennius Lento sun bi sahun Pompeians a wani tudu da ke kusa da garin Lauro, inda aka kashe yawancinsu, ciki har da Pompeius the Younger a yaƙi.
44 BCE Jan 1

Epilogue

Rome, Metropolitan City of Rom
Nadin Kaisar a lokacin yakin basasa ga mulkin kama-karya, na farko na dan lokaci - sannan na dindindin a farkon 44 KZ - tare da gaskiyarsa kuma mai yiwuwa mulkin mallaka na allahntaka mara iyaka, ya haifar da wani makirci wanda ya yi nasara wajen kashe shi a kan Ides na Maris 44 KZ, kwana uku kafin Kaisar ya tafi gabas zuwa Parthia.Daga cikin maƙarƙashiyar akwai jami’an Kaisar da yawa waɗanda suka yi hidima mai kyau a lokacin yaƙin basasa, da kuma mazajen da Kaisar ya gafarta musu.

Appendices



APPENDIX 1

The story of Caesar's best Legion


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APPENDIX 2

The Legion that invaded Rome (Full History of the 13th)


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APPENDIX 3

The Impressive Training and Recruitment of Rome’s Legions


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APPENDIX 4

The officers and ranking system of the Roman army


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Characters



Pompey

Pompey

Roman General

Mark Antony

Mark Antony

Roman General

Cicero

Cicero

Roman Statesman

Julius Caesar

Julius Caesar

Roman General and Dictator

Titus Labienus

Titus Labienus

Military Officer

Marcus Junius Brutus

Marcus Junius Brutus

Roman Politician

References



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