Mamluk Sultanate

Sojojin Fatimid na farko sun ƙunshi Berbers, ƴan asalin Arewacin Afirka.Bayan cin galaba aMasar , Berbers sun fara zama a matsayin mambobi ne na masu mulkin Masar.Don ci gaba da samar da rundunar soji, Fatimids sun ƙarfafa sojojinsu tare da rundunonin soja na Baƙar fata (mafi yawansu Sudanawa) yayin da sojojin dawakai suka kasance na ƴancin Berber da Mamluk bayi (na asalin Turkik) waɗanda ba musulmi ba ne wanda ke ba su damar zama bayi a cewarsa. Hadisan musulmi.Mamluk ya kasance “bawan mallaka”, wanda aka bambanta da ghlam, ko bawa na gida.;Mamluks sun kafa wani yanki na gwamnati ko na'urorin soja a Siriya da Masar tun aƙalla karni na 9.Rundunar Mamluk ta kasance kashin bayan sojojin Masar a karkashinMulkin Ayyubid a karshen karni na 12 zuwa farkon karni na 13, ya fara da Sultan Saladin (r. 1174-1193) wanda ya maye gurbin Fatimid bakar fata na Afirka da mamluks.

Al-Mu'azzam Turan-Shah ya mayar da Mamluk saniyar ware jim kadan bayan nasarar da suka samu a Mansurah tare da yi musu barazana da Shajar al-Durr.Bahri Mamluks saboda tsoron matsayinsu na mulki suka yi wa sarkin tawaye suka kashe shi a watan Afrilun 1250.Aybak ya auri Shajar al-Durr kuma daga baya ya karbi mulki a Masar da sunan;al-Ashraf na biyu; wanda ya zama sarki, amma a fasikanci kawai.

Kasancewar yana da buqatar kulla kawance da wani kawayen da zai taimaka masa a kan barazanar Mamluk da suka yi gudun hijira zuwa Syria,Aybak ya yanke shawarar a shekara ta 1257 ya auri 'yar Badar Ad-Din Lu'lu' Sarkin Mosul.Shajar al-Durr, wanda ya riga ya samu sabani da Aybak, ya ji ya ci amanar mutumin da ta nada shi sarki, kuma ya sa aka kashe shi bayan ya yi mulkinMasar shekaru bakwai.Shajar al-Durr ya yi ikirarin cewa Aybak ya mutu kwatsam cikin dare amma Mamluknsa (Mu'iziyya), wanda Qutuz ke jagoranta, ba su yarda da ita ba, kuma bayin da abin ya shafa sun yi ikirari da azabtarwa.A ranar 28 ga Afrilu, bayin al-Mansur Ali da mahaifiyarsa sun tube Shajar al-Durr tare da dukan tsiya har lahira.An tsinci gawarta a kwance a wajen Citadel.Dan Aybak dan shekara 11 Ali ya samu mukamin Mamluks (Mu'iziyya Mamluks), wanda Qutuz ke jagoranta.Qutuz ya zama mataimakin sultan.

Hulagu ya janye daga Levant tare da mafi yawan sojojinsa, ya bar sojojinsa a yammacin Euphrates da tumen guda daya kawai (wanda aka fi sani da mutane 10,000, amma yawanci kaɗan) a ƙarƙashin Naiman Nestorian Kirista Janar Kitbuqa Noyan.Har zuwa karshen karni na 20, masana tarihi sun yi imanin cewa koma bayan da Hulagu ya yi ba zato ba tsammani ya faru ne sakamakon karfin ikon da aka samu ta hanyar mutuwar Babban Khan Möngke a balaguro zuwakasar Sin daular Song, wanda ya sa Hulagu da sauran manyan Mongols suka koma gida don yanke shawara. magajinsa.To sai dai kuma wasu takardu na zamani da aka gano a shekarun 1980 sun nuna ba gaskiya ba ne, kamar yadda shi kansa Hulagu ya yi ikirarin cewa ya janye yawancin sojojinsa ne saboda ba zai iya ci gaba da gudanar da dimbin sojoji irin na dabaru ba, cewa an fi amfani da kiwo a yankin da kuma cewa Al'adar Mongol ita ce ta janye zuwa wurare masu sanyi don lokacin rani.Da aka samu labarin tafiyar Hulagu, Mamluk Sultan Qutuz ya yi gaggawar tara runduna masu yawa a birnin Alkahira suka mamaye kasar Falasdinu.A ƙarshen watan Agusta, sojojin Kitbuqa sun tafi kudu daga sansaninsu na Ba'albek, suka wuce gabas da tafkin Tiberias zuwa Ƙasar Galili.Daga nan sai Qutuz ya yi kawance da wani dan uwansa Mamluk, Baibars, wanda ya zabi ya hada kansa da Qutuz a gaban babban abokin gaba bayan Mongolawa sun kwace Damascus da mafi yawan Bilad ash-Sham.

An gwabza yakin Ain Jalut tsakanin Bahri Mamluks naMasar da daular Mongol a ranar 3 ga Satumban 1260 a kudu maso gabashin Galili a cikin kwarin Jezreel kusa da abin da ake kira a yau da bazarar Harod.Yaƙin ya nuna girman girman cin nasarar Mongol, kuma shi ne karo na farko da aka ci gaba da ci gaba da ci gaba da kai hari a fagen daga.

A hanyarsa ta komawa birnin Alkahira, an kashe Qutuz a lokacin da ya je yawon farauta a Salihiyah.A cewar masana tarihin musulmi na zamani da na tsakiya Baibars na da hannu a kisan.Marubutan tarihi na musulmi a zamanin Mamluk sun bayyana cewa Baibars ya zaburar da shi ko dai ya rama kisan abokinsa kuma shugaban Bahariyya Faris ad-Din Aktai a zamanin Sultan Aybak ko kuma saboda Qutuz ya baiwa al-Malik al-Said Ala'a Aleppo. ad-Din Sarkin Mosul, maimakon masa kamar yadda ya alkawarta masa kafin yakin Ain Jalut.

Da ikon Bahri aMasar da kuma musulmin Syria da suka hade a shekara ta 1265, Baybars sun kaddamar da yakin yaki da sansanonin ‘yan Salibiyya a duk fadin kasar Syria, inda suka kwace Arsuf a shekara ta 1265, da Halba da Arqa a shekara ta 1266. A cewar masanin tarihi Thomas Asbridge, hanyoyin da aka bi wajen kama Arsuf sun nuna “Mamuluk ' fahimtar siegecraft da girman girman su na lambobi da fasaha".Dabarun Baybars game da sansanonin 'yan Salibiyya da ke gabar tekun Siriya ba don kamawa da kuma amfani da sansanonin ba ne, amma don lalata su da kuma hana yiwuwar amfani da su a nan gaba ta sabbin raƙuman 'yan Salibiyya.

A ƙarshen Maris 1265 Sultan Baibars, Sarkin Musulmi na Mamluks, ya kewaye Arsuf.Ma'aikatan Asibitoci 270 ne suka kare shi.A karshen watan Afrilu, bayan kwanaki 40 na kewaye, garin ya mika wuya.Koyaya, Knights sun kasance a cikin ƙaƙƙarfan kagara.Baibars ya shawo kan Knights su mika wuya ta hanyar yarda su bar su su tafi kyauta.Baibars sun yi watsi da wannan alƙawarin nan da nan, suka ɗauke maƙiyan cikin bauta.

Sifen Safed wani bangare ne na yakin da Sarkin Mamlūk sultan Baybars I ya yi na rage Mulkin Urushalima .Gidan na Safed na Knights Templar ne kuma ya ba da juriya mai ƙarfi.Hare-haren kai tsaye, hakar ma'adinai da yakin tunani duk an yi amfani da su don tilasta wa sojojin mika wuya.Daga karshe an yaudare shi don mika wuya ta hanyar yaudara kuma an kashe Templars.Baybars sun gyara tare da tsare katangar.

Rikicin ya fara ne a lokacin da Mamluk Sultan Baibars, yana neman cin gajiyar mamayar Mongol mai rauni, ya aika da sojoji masu karfi 30,000 zuwa Kilicia kuma ya bukaci Hethum na Armeniya ya watsar da mubaya'arsa ga Mongols , ya karbi kansa a matsayin Suzerain, ya ba wa Mamluks yankuna da kagaran Hetoum ya samu ta hanyar kawance da Mongols.Rikicin ya faru ne a Mari, kusa da Darbsakon a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1266, inda Armeniyawa da suka fi yawa suka kasa yin tir da babbar runduna ta Mamluk.Bayan nasarar da suka samu, Mamluks sun mamaye Kilicia, inda suka lalata manyan garuruwa uku na filin Kilisiya: Mamistra, Adana da Tarsus, da kuma tashar jiragen ruwa na Ayas.Wani rukuni na Mamluk a ƙarƙashin Mansur ya ɗauki babban birnin Sis.An kwashe kwanaki 20 ana garkuwa da su, inda aka kashe dubban Armeniyawa tare da kwashe 40,000.

A cikin 1260, Baibars, Sultan naMisira da Syria, ya fara barazana ga Masarautar Antakiya, wata ƙasa ta 'yan Salibiyya, wadda (a matsayin vassal na Armeniyawa ) ya goyi bayan Mongols .A cikin 1265, Baibars ya ɗauki Caesarea, Haifa da Arsuf Bayan shekara guda, Baibars ya ci ƙasar Galili kuma ya lalata Armeniya ta Kilisiya .An kewaye Antakiya a shekara ta 1268 lokacin da Mamluk Sultanate karkashin Baibars a karshe suka yi nasarar kwace birnin Antakiya.Kafin wannan harin, Mahukuntan 'yan Salibiyya ba su manta da asarar birnin ba, kamar yadda aka nuna a lokacin da Baibars ya aika masu sasantawa zuwa ga shugaban tsohuwar jihar Crusader kuma suka yi masa ba'a da amfani da "Prince" a cikin lakabin Yariman Antakiya.

Crusade na takwas yaki ne da Louis na 9 na Faransa ya kaddamar kan daular Hafsid a shekara ta 1270. Ana daukar wannan yakin a matsayin kasa mai nasara yayin da Louis ya rasu jim kadan bayan ya isa gabar tekun Tunisiya, inda sojojinsa masu fama da cututtuka suka tarwatsa zuwa Turai jim kadan bayan haka.Bayan jin labarin mutuwar Louis da korar 'yan Salibiyya daga Tunis, Sultan Baibars na Masar ya soke shirinsa na tura sojojinMasar don yakar Louis a Tunis.

Mamluk mai mulkin Baibars ne ya kaddamar da kewayen Tripoli a shekara ta 1271 a kan mai mulkin Faransa na Masarautar Antakiya da gundumar Tripoli, Bohemond VI.Ya biyo bayan faduwar Antakiya mai ban mamaki a shekara ta 1268, kuma yunƙuri ne na Mamluks na lalata jihohin 'yan Salibiyya na Antakiya da Tripoli gaba ɗaya.Edward I na Ingila ya sauka a Acre a ranar 9 ga Mayu, 1271, inda ba da daɗewa ba Bohemond da ɗan uwansa Sarki Hugh na Cyprus da Urushalima suka haɗa shi.Baibars ya yarda da tayin Bohemond na sasantawa a watan Mayu, ya yi watsi da kewayen Tripoli.

Yakin Dongola yaki ne da aka gwabza tsakanin Masarautar Mamluk karkashin Baibars da Masarautar Makuria.Mamluks sun samu gagarumar nasara, inda suka kwace birnin Dongola babban birnin Makuria, wanda hakan ya tilastawa sarki Dauda na Makuria gudu tare da dora yar tsana a kan karagar Makuriya.Bayan wannan yakin Masarautar Makuria ta shiga wani yanayi na koma baya har zuwa rugujewarta a karni na 15.

A cikin 1275, Mamluk Sultan Baibars ya kai hari a Armeniya ta Kilisiya , ya kori babban birnin kasar Sis (amma ba kagara ba) kuma ya rushe fadar sarki.Dakarunsa na 'yan fashi sun yi wa mazauna kwaruruka kisan kiyashi tare da kwashe ganima mai dimbin yawa.Yakin Sarvandik'ar na biyu an yi shi ne a shekara ta 1276 a tsakanin sojojin Mamluks naMasar da kuma wata runduna ta Armeniyawa ta Silikiya, a wata mashigar dutse da ta raba Gabashin Kilisiya da Arewacin Siriya.Armeniyawa na Silician sun fito a matsayin masu nasara a fili kuma suka bi abokan gaba suna bin kusancin Marash, kafin su tsaya.Nasarar, duk da haka, ta jawo wa Armeniyawa tsada sosai.Sun yi asarar jarumai 300 da wasu da ba a san ko su wane ne ba amma adadi mai mahimmanci na sojojin.

A ranar 15 ga Afrilu, 1277, Mamluk Sultan Baibars ya yi tattaki daga Siriya zuwa cikin Mongol -Sultanate of Rûm kuma ya kai hari ga sojojin Mongol a yakin Elbistan (Abulustayn).A lokacin yakin, Mongols sun lalata reshen hagu na Mamluk, wanda ya kunshi wasu sabani na Badawiyya, amma daga karshe aka ci su.Da alama dukkan bangarorin biyu suna tsammanin taimako daga sojojin Pervâne da Seljuks.Pervâne ya yi ƙoƙari ya haɗa kansa da ƙungiyoyin biyu don buɗe zaɓin nasa, amma ya gudu daga yaƙin da Seljuk Sultan zuwa Tokat.Sojojin Seljuk suna nan kusa da yaƙin, amma ba su shiga ba.

A cikin 1277, Baybars sun kaddamar da wani balaguro a kan Ilkhanids, inda suka fatattake su a Elbistan na Anatolia, kafin daga bisani su janye don kauce wa wuce gona da iri da kuma hadarin da za a yanke su daga Siriya da na biyu, manyan sojojin Ilkhanid masu shigowa.A watan Yuli na wannan shekarar, Baybars ya mutu a kan hanyar zuwa Damascus, kuma dansa Barakah ya gaje shi.Duk da haka, rashin daidaito na karshen ya haifar da gwagwarmayar mulki wanda ya ƙare tare da zama Qalawun a matsayin sultan a watan Nuwamba 1279.Ilkhanidawa sun yi amfani da wannan rugujewar gadon sarautar Baybars ta hanyar kai farmaki kan Mamluk Syria, kafin su fara kai farmaki kan Siriya a cikin kaka na shekara ta 1281.

Bayan nasarar Mamluk a kan Mongol a Ain Jalut a 1260 da Elbistan a 1277, Il-khan Abaqa ya aika da ɗan'uwansa Möngke Temur a matsayin shugaban babban runduna wanda adadinsu ya kai 40-50,000, manyan Armeniyawa a ƙarƙashin Leo II da Jojiya a ƙarƙashin Demetrius. II.A ranar 20 ga Oktoba, 1280, Mongols suka mamaye Aleppo, suna washe kasuwanni tare da kona masallatai.Musulman mazauna garin sun gudu zuwa Damascus, inda shugaban Mamluk Qalawun ya tara dakarunsa.A fafatawar da aka gwabza tsakanin Armeniyawa da Jojiya da Oirats karkashin Sarki Leo II da Janar-Janar na Mongol sun fatattaki Mamluk da tarwatsa bangaren hagu, amma Mamluk da kan su Sultan Qalawun ya jagoranta sun lalata cibiyar Mongol.Möngke Temur ya samu rauni kuma ya gudu, sai kuma sojojinsa da ba su da tsari.Duk da haka, Qalawun ya zaɓi kada ya bi abokan gaba da suka ci nasara, kuma dakarun Armeniya da Georgia na Mongols sun yi nasarar janyewa cikin aminci.

Faduwar Tripoli ita ce kame da lalata kasar 'yan Salibiyya , gundumar Tripoli, da musulmi Mamluk suka yi.Yaƙin ya faru ne a cikin 1289 kuma ya kasance wani muhimmin al'amari a cikin yaƙin Crusades, yayin da ya ke nuna kama ɗaya daga cikin 'yan tsirarun manyan abubuwan da suka rage na 'yan Salibiyya.

Qalawun shi ne sarkin Salihi na karshe kuma bayan rasuwarsa a shekara ta 1290, dansa, al-Ashraf Khalil, ya zana halaccinsa a matsayin Mamluk ta hanyar jaddada zuriyarsa daga Qalawun, ta haka ne ya kaddamar da zamanin Qalawuni na mulkin Bahri.A cikin 1291, Khalil ya kame Acre, babban sansanin 'yan Salibiyya na ƙarshe a Falasdinu kuma ta haka ne mulkin Mamluk ya mamaye dukan Siriya.Ana la'akari da daya daga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe mafi mahimmanci na lokacin.Ko da yake yunƙurin yaƙin yaƙe-yaƙe ya ​​ci gaba har tsawon ƙarni da yawa, kama birnin ya nuna ƙarshen ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe zuwa Levant.Lokacin da Acre ya fadi, 'Yan Salibiyya sun rasa babban sansaninsu na ƙarshe na Mulkin 'Yan Salibiyya na Urushalima .

A ƙarshen shekara ta 1299, Mongol Ilkhan Mahmud Ghazan ɗan Arghun, ya ɗauki sojojinsa ya ketare kogin Furat don sake mamaye Siriya.Sun ci gaba da kudanci har sai da suka dan kadan a arewacin Homs, kuma sun yi nasarar kwace Aleppo.A can, Ghazan ya kasance tare da sojojinsa daga ƙasarsa ta Silisiya Armeniya .

Bayan sun dawo da Levant, Mamluks sun ci gaba da mamaye daular Armeniya ta Kilicia da kuma SeljukSultanate na Rum , duka Mongol protectorates, amma an ci su, wanda ya tilasta su komawa Syria.Kusan shekaru 20 bayan cin nasarar Mongol na karshe a Siriya a yakin Homs na biyu, Ghazan Khan da sojojin Mongols, Jojiya da Armeniyawa , suka keta kogin Furat ( iyakar Mamluk-Ilkhanid) suka kwace Aleppo.Daga nan ne sojojin Mongol suka zarce zuwa kudu har sai da suka yi nisan mil kadan daga arewacin Homs.Yakin Wadi al-Khaznadar, wanda aka fi sani da yakin Homs na uku, nasara ce ta Mongol akan Mamluks a shekara ta 1299. Mongoliyawa sun ci gaba da tafiya kudu har suka isa Damascus.Ba da daɗewa ba aka kori birnin kuma aka kewaye katangarsa.

Faduwar Ruad a shekara ta 1302 na daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka kawo karshen yakin Crusades a Gabashin Bahar Rum.Lokacin da sansanin 'yan gudun hijirar da ke karamar tsibirin Ruad ya faɗi, ya yi alamar asarar sansanin 'yan Salibiyya na ƙarshe a bakin tekun Levant.A shekara ta 1291, 'yan Salibiyya sun rasa babban sansaninsu a birnin Acre na gabar teku, kuma musulmi Mamluk sun ci gaba da lalata duk wata tashar jiragen ruwa da sansanonin 'yan Salibiyya tun daga lokacin, lamarin da ya tilastawa 'yan Salibiyya mayar da daularsu ta Kudus zuwa tsibirin Cyprus. .A cikin 1299–1300, Cypruss sun nemi sake kwato birnin Tortosa mai tashar jiragen ruwa na Siriya, ta hanyar kafa wurin da ake shiryawa a Ruad, mil biyu (kilomita 3) daga gabar tekun Tortosa.Shirye-shiryen sun kasance don daidaita kai farmaki tsakanin dakarun 'yan Salibiyya, da na Ilkhanate (Mongol Persian ).Duk da haka, ko da yake 'yan Salibiyya sun yi nasarar kafa gada a tsibirin, Mongols ba su isa ba, kuma an tilasta 'yan Salibiyya su janye yawancin sojojinsu zuwa Cyprus.Rundunar Knights Templar ta kafa sansanin dindindin a tsibirin a shekara ta 1300, amma Mamluks sun kewaye Ruad kuma suka kama Ruad a shekara ta 1302. Tare da asarar tsibirin, 'yan Salibiyya sun rasa tushe na ƙarshe a Ƙasar Mai Tsarki.An ci gaba da yin yunƙuri a wasu Yaƙin Yaƙi na ƙarni, amma Turawa ba su sake samun damar mamaye kowane yanki a cikin ƙasa mai tsarki ba har zuwa ƙarni na 20, lokacin abubuwan da suka faru na Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya .

A cikin 1303, Ghazan ya aika da Janar Qutlugh-Shah tare da sojoji don sake kwato Siriya.Mazauna da sarakunan Aleppo da Hama sun gudu zuwa Damascus don tserewa Mongols masu ci gaba.Duk da haka, Baibars II yana Damascus kuma ya aika da sako zuwa ga SarkinMasar , Al-Nasir Muhammad, ya zo don yakar Mongols .Sarkin Musulmi ya bar Masar tare da runduna don yakar Mongols a Siriya, kuma ya isa lokacin da Mongols ke kai hari a Hama.Mongols sun isa wajen Damascus a ranar 19 ga Afrilu don ganawa da sojojin Sultan.Daga nan ne Mamluk suka nufi filin Marj al-Saffar, inda za a yi yakin.Yaƙin Marj al-Saffar ya faru ne a ranar 20 ga Afrilu zuwa 22 ga Afrilu, 1303 tsakanin Mamluks da Mongols da ƙawayen Armeniya a kusa da Kiswe, Siriya, kusa da Damascus.Yakin ya yi tasiri a tarihin Musulunci da kuma na zamani saboda jihadin da ake yi da sauran musulmi da ake cece-kuce da fatawowin watan Ramadan wanda Ibn Taimiyyah wanda shi kansa ya shiga yakin.Yaƙin, mummunan shan kashi ga Mongols, ya kawo ƙarshen mamayewar Mongol na Levant.

Mutuwar Baƙar fata ta kasance a Gabas ta Tsakiya tsakanin 1347 da 1349. Mutuwar Baƙar fata a Gabas ta Tsakiya an kwatanta shi sosai a cikin Mamluk Sultanate, kuma zuwa ƙaramin digiri a Marinid Sultanate na Maroko, Sultanate na Tunis, da Masarautar Masarautar Tunis. Granada, yayin da bayanai game da shi a Iran da Larabawa ba su da yawa.Mutuwar Baƙar fata a Alkahira, a lokacin birni mafi girma a yankin Bahar Rum, na ɗaya daga cikin manyan bala'o'in da aka rubuta a lokacin Baƙar Mutuwar.Annobar ta haifar da firgici sosai, inda manoman suka gudu zuwa garuruwa don gujewa kamuwa da cutar, yayin da a daya bangaren kuma mutanen garin suka gudu zuwa bangaren kasar, lamarin da ya haifar da rudani da rugujewar zaman lafiya.A watan Satumba na shekara ta 1348 annoba ta isa birnin Alkahira, wanda a wannan lokaci shi ne birni mafi girma a Gabas ta Tsakiya da kuma duniyar Bahar Rum, da kuma girma fiye da kowane birni a Turai.Lokacin da annobar ta isa birnin Alkahira, Sarkin Mamluk Sultan An-Nasir Hasan ya gudu daga birnin ya zauna a gidansa Siryaqus a wajen birnin tsakanin 25 ga Satumba da 22 ga Disamba, lokacin da Bakar Mutuwar ta kasance a birnin Alkahira.Mutuwar Baƙar fata a Alkahira ta yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane 200,000, waɗanda su ne kashi ɗaya bisa uku na al'ummar birnin, kuma ya haifar da rubu'i da dama na birnin ya zama ɓangarorin rugujewar jama'a a cikin ƙarni na gaba.A farkon 1349, annoba ta isa KudancinMasar , inda yawan jama'a a yankin Asuyt ya canza daga masu biyan haraji 6000 kafin annoba zuwa 116 bayan.

A wannan gaba, matsayi na Mamluk ya koma mafi rinjaye zuwa Circassians, daga yankin Arewacin Caucasus.Tawaye ya barke kan daular Bahri inda Circassians Barakh da Barquq suka mamaye gwamnati.Barquq ya kasance memba ne a bangaren da ke bayan karagar mulki, yana aiki a bangarori daban-daban a kotunan yaran sarakuna.Ya ƙarfafa ikonsa har zuwa watan Nuwamba 1382 ya sami damar sauke sultan al-Salih Hajji kuma ya yi iƙirarin mulkin kansa.Ya dauki sunan sarautar al-Zahir, watakila ya yi koyi da sultan al-Zahir Baybars.

Barquq ya rasu a shekara ta 1399 kuma dansa an-Nasir Faraj mai shekaru goma sha daya ya gaje shi a lokacin yana Damascus.A cikin wannan shekarar, Timur ya mamaye Siriya, inda ya kori Aleppo kafin ya ci gaba da korar Damascus.Faraj da tawagar mahaifinsa marigayi sun yi watsi da na ƙarshe, waɗanda suka tafi Alkahira.Timur ya kawo karshen mamayar da ya yi a kasar Siriya a shekara ta 1402 don ci gaba da yakin da yake yi da Daular Usmaniyya a yankin Anatoliya, wanda ya ke ganin ya zama barazana ga mulkinsa.Faraj ya samu damar rike madafun iko a wannan lokaci mai cike da tashin hankali, wanda baya ga munanan hare-haren Timur, da karuwar kabilun Turkawa a Jazira da yunkurin da sarakunan Barquq suka yi na hambarar da Faraj, shi ma an ga yunwa aMasar a shekara ta 1403, annoba mai tsanani a shekara ta 1405. da tawayen Badawiyya wanda ya kusan kawo karshen rikon Mamluk akan Upper Egypt tsakanin 1401 zuwa 1413. Don haka, ikon Mamluk a duk fadin masarautar ya lalace sosai, yayin da babban birnin Alkahira ya fuskanci matsalar tattalin arziki.

Bayan ya ɗauki Aleppo, Timur ya ci gaba da tafiya inda ya ɗauki Hama, tare da Homs da Ba'albek na kusa, ya kewaye Damascus.Dakarun da Sarkin Mamluk Sultan Nasir-ad-Din Faraj ya jagoranta sun sha kaye a hannun Timur a wajen birnin Damascus da ya bar birnin bisa jin kai na 'yan kawayen Mongol.

A cikin 1400, sojojin Timur sun mamaye Armeniya da Jojiya, sannan suka kwace Sivas, Malatya da Aintab.Daga baya, dakarun Timur sun yi taka tsan-tsan zuwa Aleppo, inda suka yi ta gina katafaren sansanin kowane dare yayin da suke tunkarar birnin.Mamluk sun yanke shawarar faɗa a fili a wajen katangar birnin.Bayan kwana biyu ana gwabzawa, dakarun dawakan Timur sun yi sauri da sifar baka don kai hari a gefen layin abokan gaba, yayin da cibiyarsa ciki har da giwaye daga Indiya suka yi kakkausan kai hare-haren dawakai ya tilasta wa Mamluks karkashin jagorancin Tamardash, gwamnan Aleppo, karya suka gudu zuwa wajen. Kofofin birnin Bayan haka, Timur ya kama Aleppo, sannan ya karkashe da yawa daga cikin mazauna garin, inda ya ba da umarnin gina hasumiya mai kawuna 20,000 a wajen birnin.A lokacin da Timur ya kai wa Siriya hari a yankin Aleppo Ibn Taghribirdi ya rubuta cewa sojojin Tatar na Timur sun yi wa mata 'yan asalin garin na Aleppo fyade da yawa, inda suka yi wa 'ya'yansu kisan gilla tare da tilastawa 'yan'uwa da uban matan kallon yadda ake yi wa kungiyoyin fyade da aka yi a yankin. masallatai.

Barsbay ya bi manufar tattalin arziki na kafa ikon mallakar jihohi kan kasuwanci mai riba da Turai, musamman game da kayan yaji, don bacin ran dillalan farar hula na Sultanate.Haka kuma, Barsbay ya tilastawa 'yan kasuwar Bahar Maliya da su sauke kayansu a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Hejazi ta Jeddah da ke hannun Mamluk maimakon tashar jiragen ruwa ta Aden na Yemen domin samun fa'idar kuɗi mafi girma daga hanyar ta hanyar ba da ruwa zuwa Turai.Har ila yau, Barsbay ya yi ƙoƙari don kare hanyoyin ayari zuwa Hejaz daga hare-haren Bedouin da tekun Bahar Rum na Masar daga masu fashin jiragen ruwa na Catalonia da Genoese .Dangane da ’yan fashin teku na Turai, ya kaddamar da yaki da Cyprus a shekara ta 1425-1426, inda aka kama sarkin tsibirin, saboda zarginsa da taimakon ‘yan fashin;Babban fansa da ’yan Cyprus suka biya Mamluks sun ba su damar haƙa sabon tsabar zinare a karon farko tun ƙarni na 14.Yunkurin da Barsbay ya yi a kan mulkin mallaka da kuma kariyar ciniki ya yi nufin rage muguwar asarar kuɗaɗen da ake tafkawa a fannin noma na Sarkin Musulmi saboda yawaitar annoba da ke yi wa manoma yawa.

A cikin 1426-27, Barsbay ya mamaye kuma ya sake cin nasara a Cyprus, ya kama Sarkinta Janus na Cyprus (daga gidan Lusignan) ya tilasta masa ya biya haraji.Abubuwan da aka samu daga wannan nasarar na soja da manufofin kasuwanci na iya taimaka wa Barsbay ya ba da kuɗin ayyukan gininsa, kuma an san shi da aƙalla manyan abubuwan tarihi guda uku.Ya gina katafaren masallacin madrasa a tsakiyar birnin Alkahira akan titin al-Muizz a shekara ta 1424. Katafaren dakinsa wanda ya hada da madrasa da khanqah, an gina shi ne a makabartar arewacin birnin Alkahira a shekarar 1432. Ya kuma gina masallaci a garin na Alkahira. al-Khanqa, arewacin Alkahira, a shekara ta 1437.

Barsbay ya kaddamar da balaguron soji a kan Aq Qoyonlu a shekara ta 1429 da 1433. Ziyarar ta farko ta hada da korar Edessa da kisan kiyashi da aka yi wa al’ummar musulmi a matsayin ramuwar gayya ga farmakin da Aq Qoyonlu ya kai kan yankunan Mamluks na Mesopotamiya .Yaki na biyu kuma ya yi hannun riga da babban birnin Aq Qoyonlu na Amid, wanda ya kare da Aq Qoyonlu ya amince da Mamluk suzerainty.

Sifen na Rhodes wani soja ne da ya shafi Asibitin Knights da Mamluk Sultanate.Jirgin ruwan Mamluk ya sauka a tsibirin Rhodes a ranar 10 ga Agustan 1444, inda suka kewaye kagara.An yi arangama a bangon yammacin birnin da kuma tashar ruwa ta Mandraki.A ranar 18 ga Satumba, 1444, Mamluks sun tashi daga tsibirin kuma suka ɗaga kewaye.

Yakin Urfa yaki ne da ya gudana tsakanin Aq Qoyunlu da Masarautar Mamluk a watan Agusta 1480 a Urfa a Diyar Bakr (Turkiya ta yau).Dalili kuwa shi ne yadda Mamluk suka mamaye yankin Aq Qoyunlu domin su kame Urfa.A lokacin yakin, sojojin Aq Qoyunlu sun yi wa Mamluk mummunar fatara.Masarautar Mamluk, bayan wannan yakin, ta sha kashi sosai, kuma bayan rasa kwamandojin dakaru, jihar ta yi rauni matuka.

Dangantakar da ke tsakanin Daular Usmaniyya da Mamluks ta kasance mai gaba da gaba: dukkan jihohin biyu sun kokarta wajen sarrafa cinikin kayan yaji, kuma daular Usmaniyya ta yi burin karbe iko da garuruwa masu tsarki na Musulunci.Sai dai jihohin biyu sun raba su ne da wani yanki mai zaman kansa wanda jihohin Turkmen suka mamaye kamar Karamanids, Aq Qoyunlu, Ramadanids, da Dulkadirids, wadanda a kai a kai suna sauya mubaya'arsu daga wannan iko zuwa wancan.Yakin Ottoman-Mamluk ya faru ne daga shekarar 1485 zuwa 1491, lokacin da Daular Usmaniyya ta mamaye yankunan Mamluk Sultanate na Anatoliya da Siriya.Wannan yakin ya kasance wani muhimmin lamari a cikin gwagwarmayar Ottoman don mamaye Gabas ta Tsakiya.Bayan cin karo da yawa, yakin ya ƙare a cikin rashin daidaituwa kuma an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya a shekara ta 1491, maido da matsayin quo ante bellum.Ya kasance har sai da Ottoman da Mamluks suka sake yin yaki a 1516-17.

Shisshigin da 'yan Portugal din ke yi na kawo cikas ga cinikin Tekun Indiya, yana barazana ga muradun Larabawa da Venetian , saboda ya zama mai yiyuwa Portuguese din su yi watsi da cinikin Venetian a cikin cinikin kayan yaji a Turai.Venice ta katse huldar diflomasiyya da Portugal, ta kuma fara duba hanyoyin da za ta bi wajen dakile tsoma bakinta a tekun Indiya, inda ta tura jakada zuwa kotun Masar.Venice ta yi shawarwari don rage harajin Masarawa don sauƙaƙe gasa tare da Portuguese, kuma ta ba da shawarar cewa a ɗauki "maganin sauri da asirce" akan Portuguese.Yakin sojan ruwa na Portuguese-Mamlukna Masar ya kasance rikici na ruwa tsakanin kasar Masar ta Mamluk da Portuguese a cikin Tekun Indiya, bayan fadadawa da Portuguese bayan da suka yi tafiya a kusa da Cape of Good Hope a 1498. Rikicin ya faru ne a farkon farko. wani bangare na karni na 16, daga 1505 zuwa faduwar daular Mamluk Sultanate a 1517.

Yakin Chaul yaki ne na ruwa tsakanin Turawan Portugal da wani jirgin ruwan Mamlukna Masar a shekara ta 1508 a tashar ruwa na Chaul a Indiya.Yaƙin ya ƙare da nasara Mamluk.Ya biyo bayan Siege na Cannanore inda sojojin Portugal suka yi nasarar tinkarar harin da sarakunan KudancinIndiya suka kai musu.Wannan shi ne karo na farko da Portugal ta sha kashi a teku a Tekun Indiya.

Yakin Diu yaki ne na ruwa da aka yi a ranar 3 ga Fabrairun 1509 a Tekun Arabiya, a tashar jiragen ruwa na Diu, Indiya, tsakanin daular Portugal da rundunar hadin gwiwa ta Sultan na Gujarat, Mamlûk Burji Sultanate naMasar , da Zamorin. na Calicut tare da goyon bayan Jamhuriyar Venice da Daular Ottoman .Nasarar Portuguese ta kasance mai mahimmanci: babban kawancen musulmi ya sha kashi sosai, yana sauƙaƙa dabarun Portuguese na sarrafa Tekun Indiya don hanyar kasuwanci zuwa Cape of Good Hope, kewaya kasuwancin kayan yaji na tarihi wanda Larabawa da Venetian ke sarrafawa ta hanyar Bahar Maliya Gulf Persian.Bayan yaƙin, Masarautar Portugal ta yi hanzarin kama wasu manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa a cikin Tekun Indiya da suka haɗa da Goa, Ceylon, Malacca, Bom Baim & Ormuz.Asarar yankin ya gurgunta masarautar Mamluk Sultanate daGujarat Sultanate .Yaƙin ya haifar da haɓakar daular Portuguese kuma ya kafa ikonsa na siyasa fiye da karni.Ƙarfin Portuguese a Gabas zai fara raguwa tare da korar Goa da Bombay-Bassein, Yaƙin Maido da Fotigal da mulkin mallaka na Holland na Ceylon.Yakin Diu yaki ne na rugujewa irin na Lepanto da na Trafalgar, kuma daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci a tarihin sojojin ruwa na duniya, domin shi ne mafarin mamayar turawa akan tekunan Asiya wanda zai dawwama har zuwa duniya ta biyu. Yaki .

Yakin Ottoman-Mamluk na 1516-1517 shine babban rikici na biyu tsakanin Masarautar Mamluk Sultanate da Daular Usmaniyya, wanda ya kai ga faduwar daular Mamluk Sultanate da hadewar Levant, Masar, da Hejaz a matsayin lardunan daular Usmaniyya.Yakin ya mayar da daular Usmaniyya daga wani daula a gefen duniyar Musulunci, wanda akasari yake a yankin Anatoliya da yankin Balkan, zuwa wata babbar daula da ta mamaye da yawa daga cikin kasashen musulmi na gargajiya, wadanda suka hada da garuruwan Makka, Alkahira, Damascus, da Aleppo. .Duk da wannan faɗaɗa, wurin zama na ikon siyasa na daular ya kasance a Konstantinoful.

Yakin Marj Dābiq wani gagarumin aikin soji ne a tarihin Gabas ta Tsakiya, wanda aka yi a ranar 24 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1516, kusa da garin Dabiq.Yakin dai wani bangare ne na yakin 1516-17 tsakanin Daular Usmaniyya da Masarautar Mamluk, wanda ya kare a nasarar da Ottoman ya samu tare da mamaye yawancin Gabas ta Tsakiya, wanda ya kawo rugujewar masarautar Mamluk.Daular Usmaniyya ta samu gagarumar nasara a kan Mamluk, saboda yawansu da kuma amfani da fasahar soji na zamani kamar bindigogi.An kashe Sultan al-Ghawri, kuma Daular Usmaniyya ta sami galaba a kan dukkan yankin Sham tare da bude kofar mamaye kasar Masar.

Yakin Yaunis Khan tsakanin Daular Usmaniyya da Masarautar Mamluk.Dakarun dawakin Mamluk karkashin jagorancin Janbirdi al-Ghazali sun kai hari kan Daular Usmaniyya da ke kokarin tsallakawa Gaza a hanyarsu ta zuwaMasar .Daular Usmaniyya, karkashin jagorancin Grand Vizier Hadım Sinan Pasha, sun sami nasarar karya kashin dokin Mamluk na Masar.Al-Ghazali ya samu rauni a arangamar, sannan dakarun Mamluk da ke hannun hagu da kwamandansu Al-Ghazali sun koma birnin Alkahira.

Dakarun Ottoman na Selim I sun fatattaki sojojin Mamluk karkashin Al-Ashraf Tuman bay II.Turkawa sun shiga birnin Alkahira, kuma an rataye shugaban Tuman Bay II, Mamluk Sultan na karshena Masar , a kan wata kofar shiga da ke unguwar Al Ghourieh na birnin Alkahira.An kashe babban wazirin Ottoman, Hadım Sinan Pasha, a wani mataki.Masarautar Mamluk ta zo karshe kuma cibiyar mulki ta koma Konstantinoful, amma daular Usmaniyya ta ba wa Mamluk damar kasancewa a matsayin masu mulki a Masar a karkashin ikonsu.

A al'adance, zamanin Mamluk an san shi musamman don nasarorin da ya samu a rubuce-rubuce na tarihi da na gine-gine da kuma ƙoƙarin zubar da ciki na sake fasalin zamantakewa da addini.Marubuta tarihi na Mamluk sun kasance ƙwararrun masu rubuta tarihin tarihi, masu tarihin rayuwa, da masu ilimin kimiya na tarihi;Ba su kasance masu ban mamaki ba, in ban da Ibn Khaldun, wanda shekarunsa na girma da ƙirƙira ya yi a wajen yankin Mamluk a Maghrib (Arewacin Afirka).A matsayinsu na masu gina gine-gine na addini—masallatai da makarantu da gidajen ibada da kuma masallatai da kuma kaburbura—Mamluk sun baiwa birnin Alkahira wasu daga cikin abubuwan tarihi masu ban sha’awa, wadanda da yawa daga cikinsu suna nan tsaye;Masallatan kabari na Mamluk ana iya gane su ta gidajen dutse waɗanda girmansu ya lalace ta hanyar zane-zane na geometric.