Tarihin Ingila

Zamanin Bronze ya fara kusan 2500 KZ tare da bayyanar abubuwan tagulla.Zamanin Bronze ya ga canji na girmamawa daga jama'a zuwa ga daidaikun mutane, da kuma tasowar manyan masu fada aji wadanda karfinsu ya fito ne daga bajintarsu a matsayin mafarauta da mayaka da sarrafa kwararar albarkatu masu daraja don sarrafa kwano da tagulla zuwa tagulla mai tsayi. abubuwa kamar takuba da gatari.Matsala ya zama na dindindin kuma mai ƙarfi.A ƙarshen zamanin Bronze, an fara ajiye misalai da yawa na kayan ƙarfe masu kyau a cikin koguna, mai yiwuwa saboda dalilai na al'ada kuma wataƙila suna nuna canjin ci gaba na girmamawa daga sama zuwa ƙasa, yayin da karuwar yawan jama'a ke ƙara matsa lamba a ƙasa. .Ingila galibi ta kasance tana da alaƙa da tsarin kasuwancin Atlantika, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban al'adu a kan babban yanki na Yammacin Turai.Mai yiyuwa ne harsunan Celtic sun haɓaka ko kuma suka bazu zuwa Ingila a matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan tsarin;A ƙarshen zamanin ƙarfe akwai shaidu da yawa cewa ana magana da su a duk faɗin Ingila da yammacin Biritaniya.

An ce zamanin Iron zai fara kusan 800 KZ.Tsarin Atlantic a wannan lokacin ya rushe yadda ya kamata, kodayake Ingila ta ci gaba da tuntuɓar tashoshi tare da Faransa, yayin da al'adun Hallstatt ya yaɗu a cikin ƙasar.Ci gaban sa yana nuna ba ya tare da gagarumin motsi na jama'a.Gabaɗaya, jana'izar sun ɓace a duk faɗin Ingila, kuma an zubar da matattu ta hanyar da ba a ganuwa a ilimin kimiya na tarihi.Hillforts an san su tun daga Late Bronze Age, amma an gina adadi mai yawa a cikin 600-400 KZ, musamman a Kudu, yayin da bayan kusan 400 KZ, ba a cika gina sabbin garu ba kuma da yawa sun daina zama a kai a kai, yayin da wasu 'yan garu suka ƙara zama. kuma sun shagaltu sosai, suna ba da shawarar matakin tsakiya na yanki.Tuntuɓar nahiyar bai kai lokacin Bronze Age ba amma har yanzu yana da mahimmanci.Kayayyakin sun ci gaba da ƙaura zuwa Ingila, tare da yiwuwar dakatarwa a kusa da 350 zuwa 150 KZ.An sami wasu 'yan mamaye da makamai na gungun 'yan Celts masu ƙaura.Akwai sanannun mamayewa guda biyu.

Kusan 300 KZ, wani rukuni daga kabilar GaulishParisii a fili ya mamaye Gabashin Yorkshire, yana kafa al'adun Arras na musamman.Kuma daga kusan 150-100 KZ, ƙungiyoyin Belgae sun fara sarrafa manyan sassa na Kudu.Waɗannan mamayar sun ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi na mutane kaɗan waɗanda suka kafa kansu a matsayin jarumai a saman tsarin da ake da su na asali, maimakon maye gurbinsu.Mamayewar Belgic ya fi na Paris girma girma, amma ci gaban salon tukwane ya nuna cewa ƴan ƙasar sun kasance a wurin.Duk da haka, yana tare da gagarumin sauyi na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki.Proto-birane, ko ma ƙauyuka na birni, waɗanda aka sani da oppida, sun fara mamaye tsoffin tsaunuka, kuma ƙwararrun ƙwararrun waɗanda matsayinsu ya dogara da ƙarfin yaƙi da ikon sarrafa albarkatun ya sake bayyana sosai.

A cikin 55 da 54 KZ, Julius Kaisar, a matsayin wani ɓangare na kamfen ɗinsa a Gaul , ya mamaye Biritaniya kuma ya yi iƙirarin ya ci nasara da dama, amma bai taɓa shiga fiye da Hertfordshire ba kuma ya kasa kafa lardi.Duk da haka, mamayewar nasa ya nuna wani sauyi a tarihin Birtaniyya.Sarrafa kasuwanci, kwararar albarkatu da kayayyaki masu daraja, sun zama mafi mahimmanci ga jiga-jigan Kudancin Burtaniya;Roma a hankali ta zama babban ɗan wasa a cikin duk mu'amalarsu, a matsayin mai ba da dukiya mai yawa da tallafi.Idan aka waiwaya, cikakken mamayewa da hadewa ya kasance babu makawa.

Bayan balaguron Kaisar, Romawa sun fara ƙoƙari mai tsanani kuma mai dorewa na cin nasara a Biritaniya a AZ 43, bisa ga umarnin Sarki Claudius.Sun sauka a Kent da runduna huɗu kuma suka fatattaki runduna biyu karkashin jagorancin sarakunan kabilar Catuvellauni, Caratacus da Togodumnus, a yaƙe-yaƙe a Medway da Thames.Catuvellauni ya mamaye mafi yawan kusurwar kudu maso gabashin Ingila;sarakunan yankin goma sha ɗaya suka mika wuya, an kafa masarautun abokan ciniki da yawa, saura kuma ya zama lardin Roma wanda Camulodunum ya zama babban birninsa.A cikin shekaru huɗu masu zuwa, an ƙarfafa yankin kuma sarki Vespasian na gaba ya jagoranci yaƙin neman zaɓe zuwa Kudu maso Yamma inda ya mamaye wasu kabilu biyu.A shekara ta 54 CE an mayar da iyakar zuwa Severn da Trent, kuma ana ci gaba da kamfen don mamaye Arewacin Ingila da Wales.Amma a shekara ta 60 AZ, ƙarƙashin jagorancin jarumi-Sarauniya Boudicca, kabilun sun yi tawaye ga Romawa.Da farko, ’yan tawayen sun yi nasara sosai.Sun kona Camulodunum, Londinium da Verulamium (Colchester na zamani, London da St. Albans bi da bi) a kasa.Legion na biyu Augusta, wanda ke a Exeter, ya ki yin motsi saboda fargabar tayar da zaune tsaye a tsakanin mazauna yankin.Gwamnan Londinium Suetonius Paulinus ya fice daga birnin kafin 'yan tawayen su kori tare da kona shi.A ƙarshe, an ce ’yan tawayen sun kashe Romawa da masu goyon bayan Romawa 70,000.Paulinus ya tattara abin da ya rage na sojojin Romawa.A cikin ƙaƙƙarfan yaƙin, Romawa 10,000 sun fuskanci mayaƙa kusan 100,000 a wani wuri tare da layin Watling, a ƙarshen Boudicca ya ci nasara.An ce an kashe ’yan tawaye 80,000, kuma Romawa 400 ne kawai aka kashe.A cikin shekaru 20 masu zuwa, iyakokin sun ɗan faɗaɗa kaɗan, amma gwamna Agricola ya haɗa cikin lardin aljihu na ƙarshe na 'yancin kai a Wales da Arewacin Ingila.Ya kuma jagoranci yakin neman shiga Scotland wanda Emperor Domitian ya tuno da shi.A hankali kan iyakar ta samo asali ne tare da hanyar Stanegate a Arewacin Ingila, wanda bangon Hadrian ya inganta a CE 138, duk da ɗan gajeren lokaci zuwa Scotland.Romawa da al'adunsu sun kasance suna kula da shekaru 350.Alamun kasancewarsu a ko'ina a Ingila.

Bayan rugujewar mulkin Romawa a Biritaniya daga tsakiyar ƙarni na huɗu, ƙungiyoyin Jamusawa na ci gaba da daidaita Ingila a yau.Tare da aka sani da Anglo-Saxon , waɗannan sun haɗa da Angles, Saxons, Jutes da Frisians.An lasafta yakin Badon a matsayin babban nasara ga Birtaniyya, wanda ya dakatar da mamaye masarautun Anglo-Saxon na wani lokaci.Yakin Deorham yana da matukar muhimmanci wajen kafa mulkin Anglo-Saxon a shekara ta 577. Sojojin haya na Saxon sun kasance a Biritaniya tun kafin karshen zamanin Roman, amma babban kwararar jama'a mai yiwuwa ya faru ne bayan karni na biyar.Ba a san ainihin yanayin waɗannan mamayar ba;akwai shakku game da sahihancin bayanan tarihi saboda rashin binciken binciken kayan tarihi.Gildas' De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae, wanda aka haɗa a karni na 6, ya bayyana cewa lokacin da sojojin Romawa suka bar tsibirin Britannia a cikin karni na 4 AZ, Picts sun mamaye 'yan asalin Birtaniyya, maƙwabtansu a arewa (yanzu Scotland) da kuma . Scots (yanzu Ireland).'Yan Birtaniyya sun gayyaci Saxon zuwa tsibirin don fatattakar su amma bayan da suka ci Scots da Picts, Saxon suka juya wa Britaniya.Wani ra'ayi mai tasowa shine cewa ma'aunin matsugunin Anglo-Saxon ya bambanta a duk faɗin Ingila, kuma saboda haka ba za a iya bayyana shi ta kowane tsari na musamman ba.Hijira mai yawan jama'a da canjin jama'a da alama sun fi dacewa a cikin ainihin wuraren zama kamar Gabas Anglia da Lincolnshire, yayin da a cikin ƙarin yankuna zuwa arewa maso yamma, yawancin ƴan asalin ƙasar sun kasance a wurin yayin da masu shiga tsakani suka karɓi ragamar mulki.A cikin binciken sunayen wurare a arewa maso gabashin Ingila da kudancin Scotland, Bethany Fox ya kammala cewa 'yan gudun hijira na Anglian sun zauna da yawa a cikin kwarin kogin, irin su na Tyne da Tweed, tare da 'yan Birtaniyya a cikin ƙasa mafi ƙasƙanci na tuddai. tsawon lokaci.Fox ya fassara tsarin da turanci ya zo ya mamaye wannan yanki a matsayin "haɗin kai na jama'a da ƙima da ƙima."

A cikin ƙarni na 7 da na 8, iko ya canza tsakanin manyan masarautu.Saboda rikice-rikicen da suka biyo baya, mulkin Arewa ba ta dawwama, kuma Mercia ta kasance daula mai ƙarfi sosai, musamman a ƙarƙashin Penda.Nasarar biyu ta ƙare mulkin Northumbrian: Yaƙin Trent a 679 da Mercia, da Nechtanesmere a 685 a kan Picts.Abin da ake kira "Supremacy Mercian" ya mamaye karni na 8, kodayake ba akai-akai ba.Aethelbald da Offa, manyan sarakunan biyu, sun sami babban matsayi;hakika, an dauki Offa a matsayin mai mulkin kudancin Biritaniya ta Charlemagne.An kwatanta ikonsa ta hanyar cewa ya tara albarkatun don gina Offa's Dyke.Koyaya, tashin Wessex, da ƙalubalen daga ƙananan masarautu, sun sa ikon Mercian ya ci gaba da tafiya, kuma a farkon ƙarni na 9 "Supremacy Mercian" ya ƙare.An kwatanta wannan lokacin a matsayin Heptarchy, kodayake wannan kalmar yanzu ta faɗi daga amfani da ilimi.Kalmar ta taso ne saboda masarautu bakwai na Northumbria, Mercia, Kent, Gabashin Anglia, Essex, Sussex da Wessex sune manyan mulkokin kudancin Biritaniya.Sauran ƙananan masarautu kuma sun kasance masu mahimmanci a siyasance a wannan lokacin: Hwicce, Magonsaete, Lindsey da Middle Anglia.

Kiristanci na Anglo-Saxon Ingila wani tsari ne wanda ya fara kusan 600 AD, Kiristanci na Celtic daga arewa maso yamma da Cocin Katolika daga kudu maso gabas suka rinjaye shi.Ya kasance ainihin sakamakon mishan na Gregorian na 597, wanda ya haɗu da ƙoƙarin Hiberno-Scottish manufa daga 630s.Daga karni na 8, aikin Anglo-Saxon ya kasance, bi da bi, yana taimakawa wajen juyar da yawan jama'ar Daular Faransa.Augustine, Archbishop na farko na Canterbury, ya soma mulki a shekara ta 597. A shekara ta 601, ya yi wa Kirista na farko na Anglo-Saxon baftisma, Æthelberht na Kent.Ƙaddamar da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaura zuwa Kiristanci ya faru a cikin 655 lokacin da aka kashe Sarki Penda a yakin Winwaed kuma Mercia ta zama Kirista a hukumance a karon farko.Mutuwar Penda ta kuma ba da damar Cenwalh na Wessex ya dawo daga gudun hijira ya koma Wessex, wata masarauta mai ƙarfi, zuwa Kiristanci.Bayan 655, kawai Sussex da Isle of Wight sun kasance a bayyane arna, kodayake Wessex da Essex za su naɗa sarakunan arna.A cikin 686 Arwald, an kashe sarki arna na ƙarshe a fili a yaƙi kuma daga wannan lokacin duk sarakunan Anglo-Saxon aƙalla Kirista ne (ko da yake akwai wasu ruɗani game da addinin Caedwalla wanda ya mulki Wessex har zuwa 688).

Saukowa na farko na Vikings ya faru ne a cikin 787 a Dorsetshire, a bakin tekun kudu maso yamma.Babban hari na farko a Biritaniya shine a cikin 793 a gidan sufi na Lindisfarne kamar yadda Anglo-Saxon Chronicle ya bayar.Duk da haka, a lokacin Vikings kusan sun kasance da kyau a Orkney da Shetland, kuma wasu hare-haren da ba a yi rikodin ba mai yiwuwa sun faru kafin wannan.Bayanai sun nuna harin Viking na farko a Iona da ya faru a shekara ta 794. Zuwan Vikings (musamman ma sojojin Danish Great Heathen) ya harzuka yanayin siyasa da zamantakewa na Biritaniya da Ireland.A cikin 867 Northumbria ta fada hannun Danes;Gabashin Anglia ya fadi a cikin 869.Daga 865, halin Viking game da Tsibirin Biritaniya ya canza, yayin da suka fara ganinsa a matsayin wurin yuwuwar mulkin mallaka maimakon kawai wurin kai hari.Sakamakon haka ne manyan dakaru suka fara isa gabar tekun Biritaniya, da nufin mamaye filaye da gina matsugunai a can.

Ko da yake Wessex ya yi nasarar ɗaukar Vikings ta hanyar cin nasara a Ashdown a 871, sojojin da suka mamaye na biyu sun sauka, suna barin Saxons a kan matakan tsaro.A lokaci guda kuma, Æthelred, sarkin Wessex ya mutu kuma ƙanensa Alfred ya gaje shi.Nan da nan Alfred ya fuskanci aikin kare Wessex a kan Danes.Ya kwashe shekaru biyar na farkon mulkinsa yana biyan mahara.A cikin 878, sojojin Alfred sun mamaye Chippenham a wani harin ba-zata.Sai a yanzu, tare da 'yancin kai na Wessex da ke rataye da zare, Alfred ya zama babban sarki.A cikin Mayu 878 ya jagoranci rundunar da ta ci Danes a Editon.Nasarar ta cika har aka tilasta wa shugaban Danish, Guthrum, ya karɓi baftisma na Kirista kuma ya janye daga Mercia.Daga nan Alfred ya tashi game da ƙarfafa tsaron Wessex, yana gina sabon jirgin ruwa—tasoshin ruwa 60 masu ƙarfi.Nasarar Alfred ta sayi Wessex da Mercia shekaru masu yawa na zaman lafiya kuma ya haifar da farfadowar tattalin arziki a yankunan da aka lalata a baya.Nasarar Alfred ta sami ci gaba daga ɗansa Edward, wanda babban nasararsa a kan Danes a Gabashin Anglia a cikin 910 da 911 ya biyo bayan murkushe nasara a Tempsford a 917. Waɗannan nasarorin na soja sun ba Edward damar shigar da Mercia gabaɗaya a cikin mulkinsa kuma ya ƙara Gabashin Anglia zuwa ga Masarautarsa. yakinsa.Daga nan Edward ya yi shirin karfafa iyakokinsa na arewa a kan daular Danish ta Northumbria.Yunkurin da Edward ya yi cikin sauri a kan masarautun Ingila na nufin Wessex ya samu karramawa daga wadanda suka rage, ciki har da Gwynedd na Wales da Scotland.Ɗansa Æthelstan ne ya ƙarfafa ikonsa, wanda ya shimfiɗa iyakokin Wessex zuwa arewa, a cikin 927 ya ci Masarautar York kuma ya jagoranci mamaye ƙasa da na ruwa na Scotland.Wadannan cikowa ne suka kai shi ga daukar lakabin 'King of the English' a karon farko.Sarakunan da suka biyo bayan mulkin Ingila ne suka ci gaba da mulki.Sai 978 da shigar Æthelred the Unready cewa barazanar Danish ta sake kunno kai.

Alfred na Wessex ya mutu a shekara ta 899 kuma dansa Edward the Elder ya gaje shi.Edward, da surukinsa Æthelred na (abin da ya rage na) Mercia, sun fara shirin faɗaɗa, gina garu da garuruwa akan ƙirar Alfredian.A kan mutuwar Æthelred, matarsa ​​('yar'uwar Edward) Æthelflæd ta yi sarauta a matsayin "Lady of the Mercians" kuma ta ci gaba da fadadawa.Da alama Edward ya taso dansa Æthelstan a kotun Mercian.A mutuwar Edward, Æthelstan ya ci nasara zuwa mulkin Mercian, kuma, bayan wani rashin tabbas, Wessex.Æthelstan ya ci gaba da faɗaɗa mahaifinsa da inna kuma shi ne sarki na farko da ya cim ma sarautar kai tsaye na abin da za mu ɗauki Ingila yanzu.Lakabin da aka dangana masa a cikin shata da kuma tsabar kudi suna ba da shawarar ci gaba da yaɗuwar rinjaye.Fadadawarsa ta haifar da rashin jin daɗi a tsakanin sauran masarautun Biritaniya, kuma ya yi galaba a kan haɗin gwiwar sojojin Scotland-Viking a yakin Brunanburh.Duk da haka, hadewar Ingila ba ta tabbata ba.Karkashin magajin Æthelstan Edmund da Eadred sarakunan Ingila sun sha yin asara kuma sun dawo da iko da Northumbria.Duk da haka, Edgar, wanda ya yi sarauta daidai da Æthelstan, ya ƙarfafa masarautar, wadda ta kasance da haɗin kai bayan haka.

An sake samun sabbin hare-haren Scandinavia a Ingila a karshen karni na 10.Sarakunan Danish guda biyu masu ƙarfi (Harold Bluetooth da ɗansa Sweyn) duka sun ƙaddamar da mamayewar Ingila.An yi galaba a kan sojojin Anglo-Saxon sosai a Maldon a shekara ta 991. Ƙarin hare-haren Danish ya biyo baya, kuma ana ci gaba da samun nasara.Ikon Æthelred bisa manyansa ya fara raguwa, kuma ya ƙara matsawa.Maganinsa shine ya biya Danes: kusan shekaru 20 yana ƙara yawan kuɗi ga manyan Danish don kiyaye su daga bakin tekun Ingila.Wadannan kudaden da aka fi sani da Danegelds, sun gurgunta tattalin arzikin Ingila.Æthelred sannan ya kulla kawance da Normandy a cikin 1001 ta hanyar auren 'yar Duke Emma, ​​da fatan karfafa Ingila.Sa'an nan ya yi babban kuskure: a 1002 ya ba da umarnin kashe dukan Danes a Ingila.A cikin martani, Sweyn ya fara kai hare-hare na tsawon shekaru goma akan Ingila.Arewacin Ingila, tare da yawan jama'arta na Danish, sun goyi bayan Sweyn.A shekara ta 1013, London, Oxford, da Winchester sun fada cikin Danes.Æthelred ya gudu zuwa Normandy kuma Sweyn ya kama kursiyin.Sweyn ya mutu ba zato ba tsammani a cikin 1014, kuma Æthelred ya koma Ingila, magajin Sweyn, Cnut ya fuskanta.Koyaya, a cikin 1016, Æthelred shima ya mutu kwatsam.Cnut cikin sauri ya ci nasara da sauran Saxons, ya kashe ɗan Æthelred Edmund a cikin wannan tsari.Cnut ya kwace karagar mulki, ya nada kansa Sarkin Ingila.'Ya'yansa maza ne suka gaje Cnut, amma a cikin 1042 an dawo da daular 'yan asalin tare da shiga Edward the Confessor.Rashin nasarar Edward don samar da magaji ya haifar da rikici mai zafi a kan gadon bayan mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1066. Yaƙin neman mulki da Godwin, Earl na Wessex, da'awar magajin Scandinavia na Cnut, da kuma burin Normans wanda Edward ya gabatar da shi a cikin siyasar Ingila don ƙarfafa matsayinsa ya sa kowannensu ya yi yunƙurin neman iko da mulkin Edward.

Harold Godwinson ya zama sarki, mai yiwuwa Edward ya naɗa shi a lokacin mutuwarsa kuma Witan ya amince da shi.Amma William na Normandy, Harald Hardråde (taimakawa da Tostig ɗan'uwan Harold Godwin) da Sweyn II na Denmark duk sun tabbatar da da'awar sarauta.Ya zuwa yanzu da'awar gado mafi ƙarfi ita ce ta Edgar the Ætheling, amma saboda ƙuruciyarsa da kuma alamun rashin goyon bayansa, bai taka muhimmiyar rawa a gwagwarmayar 1066 ba, kodayake Witan ya naɗa shi sarki na ɗan lokaci kaɗan. bayan mutuwar Harold Godwinson.A cikin Satumba 1066, Harald III na Norway da Earl Tostig sun sauka a Arewacin Ingila tare da rundunonin kusan 15,000 maza da 300 dogaye.Harold Godwinson ya ci nasara a kan maharan kuma ya kashe Harald III na Norway da Tostig a yakin Stamford Bridge.A ranar 28 ga Satumba 1066, William na Normandy ya mamaye Ingila a wani kamfen mai suna Norman Conquest.Bayan tafiya daga Yorkshire, an ci gajiyar sojojin Harold kuma an kashe Harold a yakin Hastings a ranar 14 ga Oktoba.Ƙarin adawa ga William don goyon bayan Edgar Ætheling ba da daɗewa ba ya rushe, kuma William ya zama sarki a ranar Kirsimeti 1066. Shekaru biyar, ya fuskanci jerin tawaye a sassa dabam-dabam na Ingila da kuma mamayewar Danish mai rabin zuciya, amma ya rinjaye su. kuma ya kafa tsarin mulki mai dorewa.

Ko da yake manyan abokan hamayyar William sun tafi, har yanzu ya fuskanci tawaye a cikin shekaru masu zuwa kuma bai kasance a kan karagar Ingila ba sai bayan 1072. An kwace filayen Ingila masu adawa;wasu daga cikin manyan mutane sun gudu zuwa gudun hijira.Don sarrafa sabuwar masarautarsa, William ya ƙaddamar da "Harrying of the North", jerin yaƙin neman zaɓe, wanda ya haɗa da dabarun yaƙin duniya, ba da filaye ga mabiyansa da gina ƙauyuka waɗanda ke ba da umarni ga manyan wuraren yaƙi a duk faɗin ƙasar.Littafin Domesday, wani rubutun rubuce-rubuce na "Babban Bincike" na yawancin Ingila da sassan Wales, an kammala shi a shekara ta 1086. Sauran tasirin cin nasara ya hada da kotu da gwamnati, gabatar da harshen Norman a matsayin harshen manyan mutane. , da canje-canje a cikin abubuwan da ke cikin manyan azuzuwan, yayin da William ya mamaye filayen da za a gudanar da shi kai tsaye daga sarki.Canje-canje a hankali a hankali ya shafi azuzuwan noma da rayuwar ƙauye: babban canjin ya zama kamar kawar da bautar a zahiri, wanda ƙila ko ba a haɗa shi da mamayewa ba.Babu wani canji kaɗan a cikin tsarin gwamnati, yayin da sababbin masu gudanar da Norman suka karɓi yawancin nau'ikan gwamnatin Anglo-Saxon.

Tsakanin Zamanin Ingila ya kasance da yaƙin basasa, yaƙin duniya, tashin hankali lokaci-lokaci, da kuma yaɗuwar siyasa a tsakanin manyan sarakuna da sarakunan sarauta.Ingila ta fi dogaro da kai a hatsi, kayan kiwo, naman sa da naman naman naman naman.Tattalin arzikinta na kasa da kasa ya dogara ne akan cinikin ulu, inda aka fitar da ulu daga hanyoyin tumaki na arewacin Ingila zuwa garuruwan masaku na Flanders, inda aka yi aikin suttura.Manufofin ketare na tsaka-tsaki sun kasance da alaƙa da masana'antar masana'anta ta Flemish kamar yadda ta kasance ta hanyar kasada ta dynastic a yammacin Faransa.An kafa masana'antar masaka ta Ingilishi a cikin karni na 15, wanda ke ba da tushe ga saurin tara babban birnin Ingilishi.Anarchy yaki ne na gadoji wanda ya haifar da mutuwar William Adelin, ɗan halal ɗaya tilo na Sarki Henry I, wanda ya nutse a nutsewar jirgin ruwa a 1120. Henry ya nemi 'yarsa, wanda aka fi sani da Empress Matilda ta gaje shi. , amma wani bangare ne kawai ya yi nasara wajen shawo kan masu martaba don tallafa mata.A lokacin mutuwar Henry a shekara ta 1135, ɗan'uwansa Stephen na Blois ya kama kursiyin, tare da taimakon ɗan'uwan Stephen Henry na Blois, wanda shine bishop na Winchester.Mulkin Stephen na farko ya ga mummunan fada tare da barayin Ingilishi marasa aminci, shugabannin Welsh masu tawaye, da mahara Scotland.Bayan wata babbar tawaye a kudu maso yammacin Ingila, Matilda ta mamaye a 1139 tare da taimakon ɗan'uwanta Robert na Gloucester.A cikin shekarun farko na yakin basasa, babu wani bangare da ya iya cimma wata muhimmiyar fa'ida;Empress ta zo ta mallaki kudu maso yammacin Ingila da kuma yawancin kwarin Thames, yayin da Stephen ya kasance mai iko da kudu maso gabas.Yawancin sauran kasar dai na hannun ‘yan baranda ne wadanda suka ki goyon bayan kowane bangare.Gine-gine na lokacin sun kasance cikin sauƙin karewa, don haka faɗan galibin yaƙe-yaƙe ne wanda ya haɗa da kewaye, hari da fafatawa.Sojoji galibi sun kunshi mayaka masu sulke da sojojin kafa, yawancinsu sojojin haya.A cikin 1141, an kama Stephen bayan yakin Lincoln, wanda ya haifar da rushewar ikonsa akan yawancin ƙasar.Lokacin da Empress Matilda ta yi ƙoƙari ta zama sarauniya, taron maƙiya ya tilasta mata komawa baya daga Landan;Jim kadan bayan haka, an kama Robert na Gloucester a harin Winchester.Bangarorin biyu sun amince da musayar fursunoni, inda suka musanya wadanda aka kama Stephen da Robert.Daga nan sai Stephen ya kusan kama Matilda a cikin 1142 a lokacin da aka kewaye Oxford, amma Empress ya tsere daga Oxford Castle a fadin Kogin Thames daskararre don tsira.Yaƙin ya ci gaba da ɗaukar shekaru masu yawa.Mijin Empress Matilda, Count Geoffrey V na Anjou, ya ci Normandy da sunanta a lokacin 1143, amma a Ingila babu wani bangare da zai iya samun nasara.Barons na 'yan tawaye sun fara samun iko mafi girma a Arewacin Ingila da kuma Gabashin Anglia, tare da barna mai yawa a yankunan manyan fada.A cikin 1148, Empress ta koma Normandy, ta bar yaƙin neman zaɓe a Ingila ga ɗanta ɗanta Henry FitzEmpress.A shekara ta 1152, Stephen ya yi ƙoƙari ya sa babban ɗansa, Eustace, ya zama sarkin Ingila na gaba da Cocin Katolika ta amince da shi, amma Cocin ta ƙi yin haka.A farkon shekarun 1150, yawancin baron da Ikilisiya sun gaji yaki don haka an fi son yin shawarwarin zaman lafiya na dogon lokaci.Henry FitzEmpress ya sake mamaye Ingila a shekara ta 1153, amma babu wani bangare na dakarun da ke sha'awar yin yaki.Bayan ƙayyadaddun yaƙin neman zaɓe, sojojin biyu sun fuskanci juna a kewayen Wallingford, amma cocin ta yi sulhu, ta haka ta hana faɗa.Stephen da Henry sun fara tattaunawar zaman lafiya, inda Eustace ya mutu saboda rashin lafiya, ya cire magajin Stephen.Sakamakon Yarjejeniyar Wallingford ya ba Stephen damar ci gaba da sarauta amma ya gane Henry a matsayin magajinsa.A cikin shekara ta gaba, Stephen ya fara sake tabbatar da ikonsa a kan dukan masarautar, amma ya mutu saboda cututtuka a shekara ta 1154. An naɗa Henry sarauta a matsayin Henry II, Sarkin Angevin na farko na Ingila, sannan ya fara dogon lokaci na sake ginawa.

Gidan Plantagenet ya rike sarautar Ingila daga 1154 (tare da hawan Henry II a ƙarshen mulkin rashin ƙarfi) zuwa 1485, lokacin da Richard III ya mutu ayaƙi .Sarautar Henry II tana wakiltar juyin mulki daga mulkin mallaka zuwa mulkin sarauta a Ingila;shi ne kuma don ganin irin wannan sake rarraba ikon majalisa daga Ikilisiya, zuwa ga mulkin sarauta.Wannan lokacin kuma ya tsara ingantaccen tsarin doka da kuma jujjuyawar ra'ayi daga feudalism.A cikin mulkinsa, sabon Anglo-Angevin da Anglo-Aquitanian aristocracies sun haɓaka, ko da yake ba daidai ba ne kamar yadda Anglo-Norman ya taɓa yi, kuma manyan Norman sun yi hulɗa da takwarorinsu na Faransa.Magajin Henry, Richard I "Zuciyar Zaki", ya shagaltu da yaƙe-yaƙe na ƙasashen waje, yana shiga cikin yakin Crusade na uku , an kama shi yayin da yake dawowa kuma ya ba da tabbacin gaskiya ga Daular Roma Mai Tsarki a matsayin wani ɓangare na fansa, da kuma kare yankunan Faransanci a kan Philip II. na Faransa.Magajinsa, ƙanensa John, ya rasa yawancin waɗannan yankuna ciki har da Normandy bayan mummunan Yaƙin Bouvines a 1214, duk da cewa a cikin 1212 ya sanya Mulkin Ingila ya zama mai biyan haraji na Mai Tsarki, wanda ya kasance har zuwa karni na 14. lokacin da Masarautar ta ki amincewa da ikon mallakar Mai Tsarki kuma ta sake kafa ikonta.Dan John, Henry III, ya shafe yawancin mulkinsa yana yakar baron kan Magna Carta da yancin sarauta, kuma daga karshe aka tilasta masa ya kira "majalisar" ta farko a 1264. Har ila yau, bai yi nasara ba a nahiyar, inda ya yi ƙoƙari ya sake komawa. kafa ikon Ingilishi akan Normandy, Anjou, da Aquitaine.Yawancin tawaye da yaƙe-yaƙe da yaƙe-yaƙe da yaƙe-yaƙe da yaƙe-yaƙe da yaƙe-yaƙe da yaƙe-yaƙe da yaƙe-yaƙe suka mamaye mulkinsa, sau da yawa yakan haifar da rashin iya aiki da rashin gudanar da mulki a cikin gwamnati da kuma yadda Henry ya yi la’akari da yadda ya dogara ga sarakunan Faransanci (don haka yana hana tasirin ƙwararrun turawan Ingila).Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan tawaye - karkashin jagorancin wani basarake, Simon de Montfort - ya kasance sananne ga taronsa na ɗaya daga cikin farkon masu gabatar da majalisa.Baya ga yaki da yakin Barons na biyu, Henry III ya yi yaki da Louis na IX kuma an sha kaye a lokacin yakin Saintonge, duk da haka Louis bai yi amfani da nasararsa ba, yana mutunta haƙƙin abokin hamayyarsa.

A tsawon lokacin mulkin Sarki John, hadakar haraji mai yawa, yaƙe-yaƙe marasa nasara da rikici da Paparoma ya sa sarki Yahaya ba shi da farin jini a wurin baransa.A cikin 1215, wasu manyan baron sun yi masa tawaye.Ya sadu da shugabanninsu tare da abokansu na Faransa da Scotland a Runnymede, kusa da London a ranar 15 ga Yuni 1215 don hatimi Babban Yarjejeniya (Magna Carta a Latin), wanda ya sanya iyakokin doka a kan ikon sarki.Amma da zaran tashin hankali ya ƙare, John ya sami amincewa daga Paparoma ya karya maganarsa domin ya yi hakan ne a ƙarƙashin tursasawa.Wannan ya tunzura Yaƙin Barons na Farko da mamayewar Faransawa da Yarima Louis na Faransa ya gayyace shi da yawancin baron Ingila ya gayyace shi don ya maye gurbin John a matsayin sarki a Landan a watan Mayu 1216. John ya zagaya ƙasar don adawa da sojojin ‘yan tawaye, yana jagora, da dai sauransu. aiyuka, kawanya na tsawon watanni biyu na ginin katangar Rochester dake hannun 'yan tawaye.A ƙarshen karni na 16, an sami karuwar sha'awar Magna Carta.Lauyoyi da masana tarihi a lokacin sun yi imanin cewa akwai wani tsohon kundin tsarin mulkin Ingila, wanda ya koma zamanin Anglo-Saxon, wanda ya kare ’yancin ɗan adam na Ingilishi.Sun yi iƙirarin cewa mamayewar Norman na 1066 ya hambarar da waɗannan haƙƙoƙin, kuma Magna Carta ya kasance yunƙurin maido da su, wanda ya mai da ƙa'idar ta zama muhimmin tushe ga ikon majalisa na yau da kullun da ka'idodin doka irin su habeas corpus.Duk da cewa wannan labarin na tarihi yana da kura-kurai sosai, malaman fikihu irin su Sir Edward Coke sun yi amfani da Magna Carta sosai a farkon karni na 17, suna jayayya da haƙƙin Allah na sarakuna.Dukansu James I da ɗansa Charles I sun yi ƙoƙarin murkushe tattaunawar Magna Carta.Tatsuniyar siyasa ta Magna Carta da kariyar ta na daɗaɗɗen ƴancin kai sun ci gaba bayan juyin juya hali na 1688 har zuwa karni na 19.Ya yi tasiri ga ’yan mulkin mallaka na farko na Amurka a cikin Mallaka goma sha uku da kuma samar da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka, wanda ya zama babbar doka ta ƙasa a sabuwar jamhuriyar Amurka.Binciken masana tarihi na Victoria ya nuna cewa ainihin yarjejeniyar 1215 ta shafi dangantakar da ke tsakanin sarki da baron, maimakon haƙƙin talakawa, amma yarjejeniyar ta kasance mai ƙarfi, takarda mai mahimmanci, ko da bayan kusan dukkanin abubuwan da ke ciki an soke su daga. littattafan doka a ƙarni na 19 da 20.

Mulkin Edward I (1272–1307) ya fi samun nasara.Edward ya kafa dokoki da yawa da ke ƙarfafa ikon gwamnatinsa, kuma ya kira Majalisar Dokokin Ingila ta farko da aka amince da ita (kamar Majalisar Dokokinsa).Ya ci Wales kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi amfani da rigimar maye gurbinsa don samun iko da Masarautar Scotland, kodayake wannan ya ci gaba zuwa yaƙin soja mai tsada da tsada.Ɗansa, Edward II, ya tabbatar da bala'i.Ya shafe yawancin mulkinsa yana ƙoƙari a banza don ya mallaki masu mulki, wanda kuma ya nuna ƙiyayya a gare shi.A halin yanzu, shugaban Scotland Robert Bruce ya fara kwato duk yankin da Edward I ya ci. A cikin 1314, Scots sun ci sojojin Ingila cikin bala'i a yakin Bannockburn .Faduwar Edward ta zo ne a cikin 1326 lokacin da matarsa, Sarauniya Isabella, ta yi tafiya zuwa ƙasarta ta Faransa, tare da masoyinta Roger Mortimer, suka mamaye Ingila.Duk da kankantar karfin da suke da shi, sun yi gaggawar ba da goyon bayansu ga manufarsu.Sarkin ya gudu daga Landan, kuma abokinsa tun bayan mutuwar Piers Gaveston, Hugh Despenser, an yi masa shari'a a bainar jama'a kuma aka kashe shi.An kama Edward, an tuhume shi da laifin karya rantsuwar nadin sarauta, an tuhume shi kuma aka daure shi a Gloucestershire har sai an kashe shi wani lokaci a cikin kaka na 1327, mai yiwuwa daga wakilan Isabella da Mortimer.A cikin 1315-1317, Babban Yunwar na iya haifar da mutuwar rabin miliyan a Ingila saboda yunwa da cututtuka, fiye da kashi 10 na yawan jama'a.Edward III, dan Edward II, an yi masa rawani yana da shekaru 14 bayan mahaifiyarsa da abokinta Roger Mortimer sun kore mahaifinsa.Yana da shekaru 17, ya jagoranci juyin mulki mai nasara akan Mortimer, mai mulkin kasar, kuma ya fara mulkin kansa.Edward III ya yi sarauta 1327-1377, ya maido da ikon sarauta kuma ya ci gaba da canza Ingila zuwa mafi kyawun ƙarfin soja a Turai.Mulkinsa ya ga muhimman ci gaba a majalisar dokoki da gwamnati-musamman juyin halitta na majalisar dokokin Ingila-da kuma barnar Mutuwar Baƙar fata.Bayan da ya ci nasara, amma ba a karkashin mulkin Scotland ba, ya ayyana kansa a matsayin magajin gadon sarautar Faransa a shekara ta 1338, amma an ki da'awar sa saboda dokar Salic.Wannan ya fara abin da za a san shi da Yaƙin Shekara ɗari .

Edward III ya ayyana kansa a matsayin magajin gadon sarautar Faransa a shekara ta 1338, amma an ƙi da'awar sa saboda dokar Salic.Wannan ya fara abin da za a san shi da Yaƙin Shekara ɗari .Bayan wasu koma baya na farko, yakin ya tafi na musamman ga Ingila;Nasarorin da aka samu a Crécy da Poitiers sun haifar da kyakkyawar yarjejeniya ta Brétigny.Shekarun Edward na baya sun kasance da gazawar kasa da kasa da rigingimun cikin gida, musamman sakamakon rashin aiki da rashin lafiyarsa.Edward III ya mutu sakamakon bugun jini a ranar 21 ga Yuni 1377, kuma jikansa mai shekaru goma, Richard II ya gaje shi.Ya auri Anne ta Bohemia, 'yar Charles IV, Sarkin Roma Mai Tsarki a 1382, kuma ya yi mulki har sai da dan uwansa na farko Henry IV ya kore shi a 1399. A cikin 1381, Tawayen Baƙi da Wat Tyler ya jagoranta ya bazu a manyan sassan Ingila.Richard II ya murkushe shi, tare da mutuwar 'yan tawaye 1500.Henry V ya ci sarauta a shekara ta 1413. Ya sake sabunta yaƙi da Faransa kuma ya fara yaƙin neman zaɓe wanda ake la'akari da shi a matsayin sabon lokaci na Yaƙin Shekaru ɗari, wanda ake kira Yaƙin Lancastrian.Ya ci nasara da dama a kan Faransanci, ciki har da yakin Agincourt.A cikin yarjejeniyar Troyes, an ba Henry V ikon ya gaji mai mulkin Faransa na yanzu, Charles VI na Faransa.Ɗan Henry V, Henry VI, ya zama sarki a 1422 yana jariri.Mulkinsa ya kasance yana fama da rikici akai-akai saboda raunin siyasarsa.Majalisar Masarautar ta yi ƙoƙari ta naɗa Henry VI a matsayin Sarkin Faransa, kamar yadda yarjejeniyar Troyes da mahaifinsa ya sanya wa hannu, kuma ta jagoranci sojojin Ingila don mamaye yankunan Faransa.Da alama za su iya yin nasara saboda mummunan matsayi na siyasa na ɗan Charles VI, wanda ya yi iƙirarin zama sarki na gaskiya a matsayin Charles VII na Faransa.Duk da haka, a cikin 1429, Joan na Arc ya fara ƙoƙari na soja don hana Ingilishi daga samun ikon Faransa.Sojojin Faransa sun sake karbe ikon yankin Faransa.Yaƙi da Faransa sun sake komawa a shekara ta 1449. Lokacin da Ingila ta yi rashin nasara a yakin shekaru ɗari a watan Agustan 1453, Henry ya fada cikin rudani har zuwa Kirsimeti 1454.

A cikin 1437, Henry VI (ɗan Henry V) ya girma kuma ya fara yin sarauta sosai a matsayin sarki.Don samar da zaman lafiya, ya auri mace mai martaba Faransa Margaret na Anjou a shekara ta 1445, kamar yadda aka tanadar a cikin yarjejeniyar yawon shakatawa.Yaƙi da Faransa sun sake komawa a shekara ta 1449. Lokacin da Ingila ta yi rashin nasara a yakin shekaru ɗari a watan Agustan 1453, Henry ya fada cikin rudani har zuwa Kirsimeti 1454.Henry ba zai iya sarrafa manyan masu fada da juna ba, kuma an fara yakin basasa da aka fi sani daWars of the Roses , wanda ya kasance daga 1455 zuwa 1485. Ko da yake fadan ya kasance kadan kuma kadan, an sami raguwa a cikin ikon sarauta.Kotun sarauta da majalisar sun koma Coventry, a cikin yankunan Lancastrian, wanda hakan ya zama babban birnin Ingila har zuwa 1461. Dan uwan ​​Henry Edward, Duke na York, ya kori Henry a 1461 ya zama Edward IV bayan cin nasara a Lancastrian a yakin Mortimer's Cross. .Daga baya an kori Edward a takaice daga karagar mulki a cikin 1470–1471 lokacin da Richard Neville, Earl na Warwick, ya dawo da Henry kan karagar mulki.Bayan watanni shida, Edward ya ci Warwick ya kashe shi a yaƙi kuma ya maido da kursiyin.An tsare Henry a Hasumiyar London kuma ya mutu a can.Edward ya mutu a shekara ta 1483, yana da shekaru 40 kacal, mulkinsa ya yi tafiya kadan don maido da ikon sarauta.Babban dansa kuma magajinsa Edward V, mai shekaru 12, ba zai iya gaje shi ba, saboda ɗan'uwan sarki, Richard III, Duke na Gloucester, ya ayyana auren Edward IV a matsayin babban abin kunya, wanda ya sa dukan 'ya'yansa su zama haram.Daga nan aka ayyana Richard III a matsayin sarki, kuma an tsare Edward V da ɗan’uwansa Richard ɗan shekara 10 a Hasumiyar London.A lokacin rani na 1485, Henry Tudor, namijin Lancastrian na ƙarshe, ya dawo daga gudun hijira a Faransa kuma ya sauka a Wales.Henry ya ci nasara kuma ya kashe Richard III a filin Bosworth a ranar 22 ga Agusta, kuma aka nada Henry VII.

Henry na VIII ya fara mulkinsa da kyakkyawan fata.Babban kotun Henry ta yi gaggawar kwashe dukiyar dukiyar da ya gada.Ya auri gwauruwa Catherine na Aragon, kuma sun haifi ’ya’ya da yawa, amma babu wanda ya tsira daga ƙuruciya sai ’ya mace, Maryamu.A shekara ta 1512, matashin sarki ya fara yaƙi a Faransa.Sojojin Ingila sun sha wahala sosai daga cututtuka, kuma Henry bai ma halarta a babban nasara ɗaya ba, Yaƙin Spurs.A halin da ake ciki, James IV na Scotland, saboda ƙawancensa da Faransanci kuma ya shelanta yaki da Ingila.Yayin da Henry ke yin balaguro a Faransa, an bar Catherine, da mashawartan Henry don magance wannan barazanar.A yakin Flodden a ranar 9 ga Satumba 1513, Scots sun sha kashi gaba daya.An kashe James da yawancin sarakunan Scotland.A ƙarshe, Catherine ba ta iya samun ƙarin ’ya’ya ba.Sarkin ya ƙara nuna fargaba game da yuwuwar 'yarsa Maryamu ta gaji karaga, saboda abin da Ingila ta samu da wata mata mai suna Matilda a ƙarni na 12, ta kasance bala'i.A ƙarshe ya yanke shawarar cewa ya zama dole don saki Catherine kuma ya sami sabuwar sarauniya.Henry ya balle daga Cocin, a cikin abin da aka fi sani da gyare-gyaren Ingilishi, lokacin da kisan aure da Catherine ya yi wuya.Henry ya auri Anne Boleyn a asirce a cikin Janairu 1533 kuma Anne ta haifi 'ya mace, Elizabeth.Sarki ya ɓaci da rashin samun ɗa bayan duk ƙoƙarin da aka yi na ƙara aure.A shekara ta 1536, sarauniya ta haifi ɗa namiji da bai mutu ba.Ya zuwa yanzu, sarkin ya tabbata cewa aurensa ya yi yawa, kuma ya riga ya sami sabuwar sarauniya, Jane Seymour, ya sanya Anne a Hasumiyar London bisa zargin maita.Bayan haka, an fille mata kai tare da wasu mutane biyar da ake zargi da yin zina da ita.Sai aka ce auren bai inganta ba, har Alisabatu, kamar ƙanwarta, ta zama ɗan iska.Nan da nan Henry ya auri Jane Seymour.A ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 1537, ta haifi yaro mai lafiya, Edward, wanda aka gaishe shi da manyan bukukuwa.Duk da haka, sarauniyar ta mutu sakamakon cutar sankarar mahaifa bayan kwanaki goma.Henry ya yi baƙin ciki da mutuwarta da gaske, kuma bayan rasuwarsa shekaru tara, an binne shi kusa da ita.Hankalin Henry da zato ya tsananta a cikin shekarunsa na ƙarshe.Adadin hukuncin kisa a lokacin mulkinsa na shekaru 38 ya kai dubunnan dubunnan.Manufofinsa na cikin gida sun ƙarfafa ikon sarauta don lalata masu mulkin mallaka, kuma sun haifar da yanayi mai aminci, amma abubuwan da ya faru na manufofin harkokin waje bai kara wa Ingila kima a waje ba kuma ya rushe kudaden sarauta da tattalin arzikin kasa, kuma ya harzuka Irish.Ya mutu a cikin Janairu 1547 yana da shekaru 55 kuma ɗansa, Edward VI ya gaje shi.

Edward VI yana da shekara tara kacal sa’ad da ya zama sarki a shekara ta 1547. Kawunsa, Edward Seymour, Duke na Somerset na 1 ya yi wa Henry VIII cikas kuma ya sami haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka wanda ya ba shi ikon sarauta a cikin Maris 1547. Ya ɗauki taken. na Mai tsaro.Somerset, wanda Majalisar Regency ba ta son shi don zama mai mulkin kama karya, John Dudley, wanda aka fi sani da Lord President Northumberland ya tsige shi daga mulki.Northumberland ya ci gaba da karbar mulki ga kansa, amma ya kasance mai sasantawa kuma Majalisar ta amince da shi.A lokacin mulkin Edward Ingila ta sauya daga zama al'ummar Katolika zuwa Furotesta, a cikin rarrabuwar kawuna daga Roma.Edward ya nuna babban alkawari amma ya kamu da cutar tarin fuka a shekara ta 1553 kuma ya mutu a watan Agusta, watanni biyu kafin ranar haihuwarsa ta 16.Northumberland ta yi shirin sanya Lady Jane Gray a kan karagar mulki kuma ya aurar da ita ga dansa, domin ya kasance mai iko a bayan karagar.Makircinsa ya gaza a cikin 'yan kwanaki, an fille kan Jane Gray, kuma Maryamu I (1516-1558) ta hau gadon sarauta a tsakiyar zanga-zangar da ta fi so a London, wanda mutanen zamanin suka bayyana a matsayin mafi girman nuna ƙauna ga sarkin Tudor.Ba a taɓa tsammanin Maryamu ta hau gadon sarauta ba, aƙalla tun lokacin da aka haifi Edward.Ita ƙwararriyar Katolika ce wadda ta gaskata cewa za ta iya sake gyarawa.Komawa Ingila zuwa addinin Katolika ya kai ga kona Furotesta 274, wanda aka rubuta musamman a cikin littafin John Foxe na Shahidai.Sai Maryamu ta auri ɗan uwanta Philip, ɗan Sarkin sarakuna Charles V, da Sarkin Spain lokacin da Charles ya yi murabus a shekara ta 1556. Ƙungiyar ta kasance da wahala domin Maryamu ta riga ta kasance a ƙarshen 30s kuma Philip ya kasance Katolika kuma baƙo, don haka ba a maraba da shi sosai. Ingila.Wannan bikin aure kuma ya haifar da ƙiyayya daga Faransa, wanda ya riga ya yi yaƙi da Spain kuma a yanzu yana jin tsoron kewaye da Habsburgs.Calais, tashar Ingilishi ta ƙarshe a Nahiyar, sannan Faransa ta ɗauke shi.An tarbi Mutuwar Maryamu a watan Nuwamba 1558 da gagarumin biki a titunan birnin Landan.

Bayan da Maryamu ta mutu a shekara ta 1558, Elizabeth na hau kan karagar mulki.Sarautarta ta maido da wani tsari a daular bayan tashe-tashen hankula na mulkin Edward VI da Maryamu I. Batun addini da ya raba kasar tun lokacin da Henry na VIII ya kasance a hanyar da kungiyar Elizabethan Religious Settlement ta kafa, wadda ta sake kafa kasar. Cocin Ingila.Yawancin nasarar da Elizabeth ta samu shine ta daidaita muradun Puritans da Katolika.Duk da bukatar magaji, Elizabeth ta ki yin aure, duk da tayin da wasu masu neman gado suka yi mata a fadin Turai, ciki har da Sarkin Sweden Erik XIV.Wannan ya haifar da damuwa mara iyaka game da gadonta, musamman a cikin 1560s lokacin da ta kusa mutuwa daga cutar sankara.Elizabeth ta kula da kwanciyar hankali na gwamnati.Baya ga Tawayen ‘Yan Arewa a 1569, ta yi tasiri wajen rage karfin tsofaffin masu fada aji da kuma fadada karfin gwamnatinta.Gwamnatin Elizabeth ta yi aiki da yawa don ƙarfafa aikin da aka fara a ƙarƙashin Thomas Cromwell a zamanin Henry na VIII, wato, faɗaɗa aikin gwamnati da aiwatar da doka da mulki a cikin Ingila.A lokacin mulkin Elizabeth da kuma jim kadan bayan haka, yawan jama'a ya karu sosai: daga miliyan uku a 1564 zuwa kusan miliyan biyar a 1616.Sarauniyar ta yi wa dan uwanta Maryamu, Sarauniyar Scots, wadda ta kasance mai kishin Katolika don haka aka tilasta mata ta sauke kursiyin (Scotland ta zama Furotesta kwanan nan).Ta gudu zuwa Ingila, inda nan da nan Elizabeth ta kama ta.Maryamu ta shafe shekaru 19 masu zuwa a tsare, amma ta kasance mai hatsarin gaske don ta rayu, saboda ikon Katolika a Turai sun dauke ta a matsayin halacciyar shugabar Ingila.Daga karshe an yi mata shari'a don cin amanar kasa, aka yanke mata hukuncin kisa, aka fille kai a watan Fabrairun 1587.Zamanin Elizabethan shine lokaci a tarihin Ingila na mulkin Sarauniya Elizabeth ta (1558-1603).Masana tarihi sukan kwatanta shi a matsayin lokacin zinare a tarihin Ingilishi.An fara amfani da alamar Britannia a shekara ta 1572 kuma sau da yawa bayan haka don nuna shekarun Elizabethan a matsayin farfadowa wanda ya karfafa girman kai ta kasa ta hanyar kyawawan manufofi, fadada kasa da kasa, da nasara na ruwa a kan abokan gaba na Spain.Wannan "zamanin zinare" ya wakilci apogee na Renaissance na Ingilishi kuma ya ga furanni na shayari, kiɗa da wallafe-wallafe.Zamanin ya shahara wajen wasan kwaikwayo, kamar yadda William Shakespeare da wasu da dama suka tsara wasannin da suka rabu da salon wasan kwaikwayo na Ingila a baya.Lokaci ne na bincike da faɗaɗawa a ƙasashen waje, yayin da yake komawa gida, gyare-gyaren Furotesta ya zama mafi karɓuwa ga mutane, tabbas bayan an koriArmada na Spain .Har ila yau, ƙarshen lokacin ne lokacin da Ingila ta kasance daula daban kafin tarayyarta ta sarauta da Scotland.Ingila ma tana da kyau idan aka kwatanta da sauran kasashen Turai.Renaissance na Italiya ya ƙare saboda mamayar ƙasashen waje na yankin.Faransa ta shiga fadace-fadacen addini har zuwa dokar Nantes a shekara ta 1598. Har ila yau, an kori turawan Ingila daga sansaninsu na karshe a nahiyar.Saboda waɗannan dalilai, an dakatar da rikici na ƙarni da yawa da Faransa don yawancin mulkin Elizabeth.Ingila a wannan lokacin tana da gwamnati mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, tsari da inganci, musamman saboda sauye-sauyen Henry VII da Henry na VIII.Ta fuskar tattalin arziki, ƙasar ta fara cin moriyar sabon zamanin cinikin tekun Atlantika.A cikin 1585 dangantakar da ke tsakanin Philip II na Spain da Elizabeth ta barke cikin yaki.Elizabeth ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Nonsuch tare da Dutch kuma ta ba Francis Drake damar yin lalata don mayar da martani ga takunkumin Spain.Drake ya yi mamakin Vigo, Spain, a watan Oktoba, sannan ya wuce zuwa Caribbean kuma ya kori Santo Domingo (babban birnin daular Amurka ta Spain da kuma babban birnin Jamhuriyar Dominican a yau) da Cartagena (tashar ruwa mai girma da wadata a arewacin bakin tekun Colombia). wato cibiyar cinikin azurfa).Philip II yayi ƙoƙari ya mamaye Ingila tare da Armada na Sipaniya a 1588 amma an yi nasara da shi sosai.

Lokacin da Elizabeth ta mutu, danginta na Furotesta na kusa shine Sarkin Scots, James VI, na House of Stuart, wanda ya zama Sarki James I na Ingila a cikin Ƙungiyar Crowns, wanda ake kira James I da VI.Shi ne sarki na farko da ya mulki duk tsibirin Biritaniya, amma kasashen sun kasance dabam a siyasance.Da ya karbi mulki, James ya yi sulhu da Spain, kuma a farkon rabin karni na 17, Ingila ta kasance ba ta da karfi a siyasar Turai.An yi yunƙurin kisan gilla da yawa akan James, musamman Babban Plot da Bye Plots na 1603, kuma mafi shahara, a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1605, Gunpowder Plot, ta ƙungiyar maƙarƙashiyar Katolika, wanda Robert Catesby ya jagoranta, wanda ya haifar da ƙarin ƙiyayya a Ingila zuwa ga. Katolika.

Yaƙin basasa na farko na Ingilishi ya barke a cikin 1642, galibi saboda rikice-rikicen da ke gudana tsakanin ɗan James, Charles I, da Majalisa.Nasarar da Sojojin Sarauta suka yi a Sabon Model Army na Majalisar a Yaƙin Naseby a watan Yuni 1645 ya lalata sojojin sarki yadda ya kamata.Charles ya mika wuya ga sojojin Scotland a Newark.Daga karshe an mika shi ga majalisar dokokin Ingila a farkon shekara ta 1647. Ya tsere, kuma aka fara yakin basasar Ingila na biyu, amma da sauri New Model Army suka tabbatar da kasar.Kama da shari'ar Charles ya kai ga kisan Charles I a watan Janairu 1649 a kofar Whitehall a London, wanda ya sa Ingila ta zama jamhuriya.Hakan ya girgiza sauran kasashen Turai.Sarkin ya yi gardamar cewa Allah ne kaɗai zai iya hukunta shi.Sabon Sojan Samfura, wanda Oliver Cromwell ya jagoranta, sannan ya ci nasara a kan sojojin Sarauta a Ireland da Scotland.An ba Cromwell lakabin Ubangiji Mai Kare a cikin 1653, wanda ya sa shi 'sarki cikin kowa amma suna' ga masu sukarsa.Bayan ya mutu a 1658, dansa Richard Cromwell ya gaje shi a ofis amma an tilasta masa yin murabus a cikin shekara guda.Na ɗan lokaci kamar za a fara wani sabon yaƙin basasa yayin da Sabuwar Sojojin Model suka rabu gida biyu.Dakarun da aka jibge a Scotland karkashin jagorancin George Monck daga karshe sun yi tattaki zuwa Landan domin dawo da zaman lafiya.A cewar Derek Hirst, a wajen siyasa da addini, shekarun 1640 da 1650 sun sami farfadowar tattalin arzikin da ke nuna ci gaban masana'antu, da fayyace kayan kuɗaɗe da bashi, da kasuwancin sadarwa.'Yan wasan sun sami lokaci don abubuwan nishaɗi, kamar tseren dawakai da wasan ƙwallon ƙafa.A cikin manyan al'adu muhimman sababbin abubuwa sun haɗa da haɓaka kasuwa mai yawa don kiɗa, haɓaka bincike na kimiyya, da fadada wallafe-wallafe.An tattauna duk abubuwan da suka faru a cikin zurfi a sababbin gidajen kofi da aka kafa.

An maido da sarauta a shekara ta 1660, tare da Sarki Charles II ya koma Landan.Duk da haka, ikon kambi ya yi ƙasa da kafin yakin basasa.A karni na 18, Ingila ta goyi bayan Netherlands a matsayin daya daga cikin kasashe mafi 'yanci a Turai.

A cikin 1680, Rikicin Warewa ya ƙunshi ƙoƙarin hana James magajin Charles II, saboda shi Katolika ne.Bayan da Charles II ya mutu a shekara ta 1685 kuma aka nada kaninsa, James II da VII, bangarori daban-daban sun matsa wa diyarsa Furotesta Maryamu da mijinta Yarima William III na Orange don maye gurbinsa a cikin abin da aka sani da juyin juya hali mai girma.A cikin Nuwamba 1688, William ya mamaye Ingila kuma ya yi nasara a matsayin rawani.James yayi kokarin sake karbar karagar mulki a yakin Williamite, amma aka ci nasara a yakin Boyne a shekara ta 1690.A cikin Disamba 1689, daya daga cikin muhimman takardun tsarin mulki a cikin tarihin Turanci, Bill of Rights, an zartar.Kudirin, wanda ya sake nanata kuma ya tabbatar da tanade-tanade da yawa na Bayanin Hakki na farko, ya kafa hani kan haƙƙin sarauta.Alal misali, Sarkin ba zai iya dakatar da dokokin da Majalisar ta zartar ba, ba da harajin haraji ba tare da amincewar majalisa ba, tauye 'yancin yin koke, tada rundunonin soja a lokacin zaman lafiya ba tare da amincewar majalisa ba, hana 'yancin ɗaukar makamai ga al'ummomin Furotesta, yin katsalandan ga zaɓen majalisa ba tare da izini ba. , hukunta ’yan Majalisar Dokoki kan duk wani abu da aka ce a yayin muhawara, na bukatar belin da ya wuce kima ko kuma a hukumta muggan laifuka.William ya yi adawa da irin wannan ƙuntatawa, amma ya zaɓi guje wa rikici da Majalisar kuma ya amince da dokar.A wasu sassan Scotland da Ireland, mabiya darikar Katolika masu biyayya ga James sun ci gaba da ƙudiri aniyar ganin an maido da shi kan karagar mulki, kuma sun gudanar da zanga-zangar zubar da jini.A sakamakon haka, duk wani gazawar yin biyayya ga Sarki William mai nasara, an yi mugun tasiri.Misali mafi banƙyama na wannan manufar shi ne Kisan gillar da aka yi wa Glencoe a shekara ta 1692. Tawayen Yakubu sun ci gaba har zuwa tsakiyar ƙarni na 18 har sai ɗan Katolika na ƙarshe da ya yi da’awar sarauta, James III da VIII, ya yi yaƙin ƙarshe a shekara ta 1745. Jacobite Sojojin Yarima Charles Edward Stuart, "Bonnie Prince Charlie" na almara, sun sha kaye a yakin Culloden a 1746.

Ayyukan Ƙungiyar Ayyukan Majalisa guda biyu ne: Ƙungiyar Tarayyar da Dokar Scotland ta 1706 ta Majalisar Ingila ta zartar, da Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Ingila ta 1707 ta Majalisar Scotland ta zartar.Ta hanyar Ayyukan Manzanni guda biyu, Masarautar Ingila da Masarautar Scotland - waɗanda a lokacin sun kasance jihohi daban-daban tare da majalisu daban-daban, amma tare da sarki iri ɗaya - sun kasance, a cikin kalmomin Yarjejeniyar, "Haɗin kai zuwa Mulki ɗaya da sunan Birtaniya".Kasashen biyu sun yi tarayya da sarauta tun bayan Tarayyar Sarakuna a 1603, lokacin da Sarki James na 6 na Scotland ya gaji sarautar Ingila daga dan uwansa na farko sau biyu da aka cire, Sarauniya Elizabeth I. Ko da yake an bayyana shi a matsayin Ƙungiyar Sarakuna, kuma duk da haka. Yarda da James na kasancewarsa Crown guda ɗaya, Ingila da Scotland sun kasance mulkoki daban-daban a hukumance har zuwa 1707. Kafin Ayyukan Tarayyar Turai an yi ƙoƙari uku a baya (a cikin 1606, 1667, da 1689) don haɗa ƙasashen biyu ta Ayyukan Majalisu. , amma sai a farkon karni na 18, bangarorin biyu na siyasa suka zo suka goyi bayan ra'ayin, duk kuwa da dalilai daban-daban.Dokar Tarayyar Turai ta 1800 ta haɗa Ireland bisa ƙa'ida a cikin tsarin siyasar Burtaniya kuma daga 1 ga Janairu 1801 ta ƙirƙiri sabuwar ƙasa mai suna United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, wacce ta haɗa Burtaniya da Masarautar Ireland don kafa ƙungiya ta siyasa guda ɗaya.Majalisar Ingila a Westminster ta zama majalisar Tarayyar.

Karni na 18 ya ga sabuwar Biritaniya da ta hade kanta ta zama babbar kasar da ta mamaye duniya, inda Faransa ta zama babbar abokiyar hamayyarta a matakin daular.Biritaniya, Portugal , Netherlands , da Daular Roma Mai Tsarki sun ci gaba da Yaƙin Mulkin Sipaniya, wanda ya daɗe har zuwa 1714 kuma Yarjejeniyar Utrecht ta kammala.Philip V na Spain ya yi watsi da da'awarsa da zuriyarsa na sarautar Faransa, kumaSpain ta rasa daularta a Turai.Daular Biritaniya ta kara girman yanki: daga Faransa, Biritaniya ta sami Newfoundland da Acadia, kuma daga Spain Gibraltar da Menorca.Gibraltar ya zama sansanin sojan ruwa mai mahimmanci kuma ya ba Biritaniya damar sarrafa mashigin Atlantic da hanyar fita zuwa Bahar Rum.Spain ta ba da haƙƙin ga asiento mai riba (iznin siyar da bayin Afirka a cikin Amurkan Sifen) ga Biritaniya.Tare da barkewar yakin Anglo-Spanish na Kunnen Jenkins a 1739, masu zaman kansu na Spain sun kai hari kan jigilar kayayyaki na Burtaniya tare da hanyoyin kasuwanci na Triangle.A cikin 1746, Mutanen Espanya da Birtaniya sun fara tattaunawar zaman lafiya, tare da Sarkin Spain ya amince da dakatar da duk hare-haren jiragen ruwa na Birtaniya;duk da haka, a cikin yarjejeniyar Madrid Birtaniyya ta rasa haƙƙinta na cinikin bayi a Latin Amurka.A Gabashin Indiya, 'yan kasuwa na Birtaniya da na Holland sun ci gaba da yin gasa a cikin kayan yaji da kayan yaji.Tare da yadudduka sun zama kasuwancin da ya fi girma, ta 1720, dangane da tallace-tallace, kamfanin Birtaniya ya mamaye Dutch.A tsakiyar shekarun da suka gabata na karni na 18, an sami barkewar rikice-rikicen soji da yawa a cikinyankin Indiya , kamar yadda Kamfanin Ingilishi na Gabashin Indiya da takwaransa na Faransa, suka yi gwagwarmaya tare da sarakunan cikin gida don cike gurbin da Mughal ya bari. DaularYakin Plassey a shekara ta 1757, inda turawan ingila suka fatattaki Nawab na Bengal da kawayensa na Faransa, sun bar kamfanin British East India Company a karkashin ikon Bengal kuma a matsayin babbar karfin soja da siyasa a Indiya.An bar Faransa ta mallaki yankunanta amma tare da ƙuntatawa na soja da kuma wajibcin tallafawa ƙasashen abokin ciniki na Birtaniyya, wanda ya kawo karshen fatan Faransanci na sarrafa Indiya.A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya Kamfanin British East India Company ya kara girman yankunan da ke karkashinsa, ko dai ya yi mulki kai tsaye ko ta hanyar sarakunan cikin gida a karkashin barazanar karfi daga Sojojin Fadar Shugaban kasa, mafi yawan wadanda suka hada da Sepoys na Indiya, jagorancin su. Jami'an Burtaniya.Gwagwarmayar Burtaniya da Faransa a Indiya ta zama gidan wasan kwaikwayo guda ɗaya na Yaƙin Shekaru Bakwai na duniya (1756-1763) wanda ya haɗa da Faransa, Biritaniya, da sauran manyan ƙasashen Turai.Sa hannu kan yarjejeniyar Paris na 1763 yana da muhimmiyar sakamako ga makomar daular Burtaniya.A Arewacin Amirka, makomar Faransa a matsayin mulkin mallaka ta ƙare tare da amincewa da ikirarin Birtaniya ga Rupert's Land, da kuma ƙaddamar da Sabuwar Faransa zuwa Birtaniya (barin yawan masu magana da Faransanci a ƙarƙashin ikon Birtaniya) da Louisiana zuwa Spain.Kasar Spain ta mikawa Burtaniya ga Florida.Tare da nasarar da ta samu a kan Faransa a Indiya, yakin shekaru bakwai ya bar Birtaniya a matsayin mafi karfi a teku a duniya.

A cikin karni na 18 Ingila, da kuma bayan 1707 Birtaniya, ta tashi ta zama mulkin mallaka a duniya, tare da Faransa a matsayin babbar abokiyar hamayyarta a matakin daular.Abubuwan mallakar Ingilishi na ƙasashen waje kafin 1707 sun zama jigon daular Biritaniya ta farko.Wani ɗan tarihi WA Speck ya ce: “A shekara ta 1714 an raba masu mulki sosai har da yawa suna fargabar yaƙin basasa zai barke a mutuwar Sarauniya Anne.'Yan ɗaruruwan masu mulki mafi arziki da iyalai na ƙasa sun mallaki majalisar, amma sun rabu sosai, tare da Tories sun himmatu ga haƙƙin Stuart "Tsohon Pretender", sannan a gudun hijira.Whigs sun goyi bayan Hanoverians sosai, don tabbatar da maye gurbin Furotesta.Sabon sarki, George I basarake ne na ƙasar waje kuma yana da ƙaramin sojojin Ingilishi da za su tallafa masa, tare da taimakon soja daga ƙasarsa ta Hanover da kuma abokansa a Netherlands.A cikin tashin Yakubu na 1715, mai tushe a Scotland, Earl na Mar ya jagoranci takwarorinsu na Yakubu goma sha takwas da maza 10,000, da nufin hambarar da sabon sarki da maido da Stuarts.Rashin tsari mara kyau, an yi nasara da shi sosai.Whigs sun hau mulki, karkashin jagorancin James Stanhope, Charles Townshend, Earl na Sunderland, da Robert Walpole.An kori Tories da yawa daga cikin ƙananan hukumomi da na ƙasa, kuma an ƙaddamar da sababbin dokoki don ƙaddamar da babban iko na ƙasa.An tauye haƙƙin habeas corpus;don rage rashin zaman lafiya a zaɓe, Dokar Septennial 1715 ta ƙara yawan rayuwar majalisar daga shekaru uku zuwa bakwai.

Juyin juya halin masana'antu ya fara ne a cikin Burtaniya, kuma yawancin sabbin fasahohin fasaha da na gine-gine sun fito ne daga Birtaniyya.A tsakiyar karni na 18, Biritaniya ita ce kan gaba a fannin kasuwanci a duniya, tana sarrafa daular ciniki ta duniya tare da mazauna Arewacin Amurka da Caribbean.Biritaniya tana da manyan soja da siyasa a yankin Indiya;musamman tare da Mughal Bengal na masana'antu, ta hanyar ayyukan Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya.Haɓaka kasuwanci da haɓakar kasuwanci na daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka haifar da juyin juya halin masana'antu.Juyin juya halin masana'antu ya yi wani babban sauyi a tarihi.Kwatankwacin yadda ɗan adam ya karɓi aikin gona kawai game da ci gaban abin duniya, juyin juya halin masana'antu ya yi tasiri ta wata hanya kusan kowane bangare na rayuwar yau da kullun.Musamman, matsakaitan kudin shiga da yawan jama'a sun fara nuna ci gaban da ba a taɓa ganin irinsa ba.Wasu masana tattalin arziki sun ce muhimmin tasirin juyin juya halin masana'antu shi ne yadda yanayin rayuwar al'ummar yammacin duniya ya fara karuwa akai-akai a karon farko a tarihi.Har yanzu ana ta muhawara a kan ainihin farkon juyin juya halin masana'antu da kuma ƙarshen juyin juya halin masana'antu a tsakanin masana tarihi, kamar yadda ake yin muhawara game da saurin sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki da zamantakewa.Eric Hobsbawm ya yi imanin cewa juyin juya halin masana'antu ya fara ne a Biritaniya a cikin 1780s kuma ba a ji shi sosai ba har zuwa 1830s ko 1840s, yayin da TS Ashton ya yi imanin cewa ya faru kusan tsakanin 1760 zuwa 1830. An fara haɓaka masana'antu cikin sauri a Biritaniya, farawa da injin injina a cikin 1780s, tare da babban rates na girma a tururi ikon da baƙin ƙarfe samar faruwa bayan 1800. Mechanized yadi samar yaduwa daga Birtaniya zuwa nahiyar Turai da kuma Amurka a farkon karni na 19th, tare da muhimman cibiyoyin yadi, baƙin ƙarfe da kuma kwal kunno kai a Belgium da kuma Amurka kuma daga baya masaku a Faransa.

A cikin shekarun 1760 da farkon 1770s, dangantakar da ke tsakanin Turawan Mulki goma sha uku da Biritaniya ta kara tabarbarewa, musamman saboda bacin ran kokarin da Majalisar Birtaniya ke yi na mulki da kuma harajin 'yan mulkin mallaka na Amurka ba tare da izininsu ba.An taƙaita wannan a lokacin da taken "Babu haraji ba tare da wakilci ba", wanda ake ganin ta keta haƙƙoƙin Ingilishi.Juyin juya halin Amurka ya fara da kin amincewa da ikon majalisa kuma ya matsa zuwa ga cin gashin kai.A martanin da ta mayar, Biritaniya ta tura dakaru don su sake yin mulki kai tsaye, wanda ya kai ga barkewar yaki a shekara ta 1775. A shekara ta 1776, Majalisar Nahiyar Nahiyar Nahiyar Nahiyar Nahiyar Nahiyar Nahiyar Nahiyar Nahiyar Nahiyar Nahiyar Nahiyar Nahiyar Nahiyar Nahiyar Nahiyar Nahiyar Nahiyar Nahiyar Nahiyar Nahiyar Nahiyar Nahiyar Nahiyar Nahiyar Nahiyar Nahiyar Nahiyar Nahiyar Nahiyar Nahiyar Nahiyar Nahiyar Nahiyar Nahiyar Nahiyar Nahiyar) ta ba da sanarwar 'yancin kai na sabuwar Amurka. na Amurka .Shigar da sojojin Faransa dana Spain a cikin yakin sun ba da ma'auni na soja a cikin yardar Amurkawa kuma bayan da aka yi nasara a Yorktown a 1781, Birtaniya ta fara yin shawarwarin zaman lafiya.An amince da 'yancin kai na Amurka a zaman lafiya na Paris a 1783.Asarar irin wannan kaso mai tsoka na Amurkan Burtaniya, a lokacin da Birtaniyya ta fi yawan al'umma a ketare, wasu masana tarihi na ganin al'amarin da ke bayyana sauyi tsakanin masarautun "na farko" da "na biyu", inda Birtaniyya ta kau da hankalinta daga gare ta. Amurka zuwa Asiya, Pacific da Afirka daga baya.Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations, wanda aka buga a 1776, ya yi iƙirarin cewa mulkin mallaka ba su da yawa, kuma kasuwancin 'yanci ya kamata ya maye gurbin tsoffin manufofin 'yan kasuwa waɗanda suka nuna lokacin farko na fadada mulkin mallaka, tun daga kariyar Spain da Portugal .Haɓakar kasuwanci tsakanin sabuwar ƴancin kai tsakanin Amurka da Biritaniya bayan 1783 ya zama kamar ya tabbatar da ra'ayin Smith cewa sarrafa siyasa ba lallai ba ne don samun nasarar tattalin arziki.

Tun daga shekara ta 1718, sufuri zuwa yankunan Amurka ya kasance hukunci ga laifuffuka daban-daban a Biritaniya, tare da kai kusan masu laifi dubu ɗaya a kowace shekara.An tilasta wa neman wani wuri bayan asarar Mallaka goma sha uku a 1783, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta juya zuwa Ostiraliya.Turawan Holland ne suka gano bakin tekun Ostiraliya ga Turawa a cikin 1606, amma babu wani yunƙuri na yin mulkin mallaka.A cikin 1770 James Cook ya tsara gabar tekun gabas yayin da yake kan balaguron kimiyya, ya yi iƙirarin nahiyar ga Biritaniya, kuma ya sanya mata suna New South Wales.A shekara ta 1778, Joseph Banks, masanin ilimin halittu na Cook a kan tafiya, ya gabatar da shaida ga gwamnati game da cancantar Botany Bay don kafa hukunci, kuma a cikin 1787 farkon jigilar masu laifi ya tashi, ya isa a 1788. Ba kamar yadda ba, Australia ta kasance. da'awar ta hanyar shela.An ɗauki ƴan asalin ƙasar Australiya marasa wayewa don buƙatar yarjejeniya, kuma mulkin mallaka ya haifar da cututtuka da tashin hankali waɗanda tare da ƙwace filaye da al'adu da gangan sun yi illa ga waɗannan mutane.Biritaniya ta ci gaba da jigilar masu laifi zuwa New South Wales har zuwa 1840, zuwa Tasmania har zuwa 1853 da Yammacin Ostiraliya har zuwa 1868. Ƙasar Australiya ta zama masu fitar da ulu da zinare masu riba, musamman saboda tseren zinare na Victoria, wanda ya mai da babban birninta Melbourne na ɗan lokaci. birni mafi arziki a duniya.A lokacin tafiyarsa, Cook ya ziyarci New Zealand, wanda Turawa suka sani saboda balaguron 1642 na mai binciken Dutch, Abel Tasman.Cook ya yi iƙirarin duka tsibiran Arewa da Kudu don kambin Birtaniyya a 1769 da 1770 bi da bi.Da farko, hulɗar da ke tsakanin al'ummar Maori na asali da mazauna Turai ya iyakance ga cinikin kayayyaki.Matsugunin Turai ya karu a farkon shekarun karni na 19, tare da kafa tashoshin kasuwanci da yawa, musamman a Arewa.A cikin 1839, Kamfanin New Zealand ya sanar da shirin siyan manyan filaye da kafa yankuna a New Zealand.Har ila yau, ’yan Birtaniyya sun faɗaɗa sha’awarsu ta kasuwanci a Arewacin Pacific.Spain da Britaniya sun zama abokan gaba a wannan yanki, inda suka ƙare a rikicin Nootka a shekara ta 1789. Dukansu ɓangarorin biyu sun yi yunƙurin yaƙi, amma lokacin da Faransa ta ƙi goyon bayan Spain, sai aka tilasta musu ja da baya, wanda ya kai ga yarjejeniyar Nootka.Sakamakon abin kunya ne ga Spain, wacce a zahiri ta yi watsi da duk wani ikon mallaka a gabar Tekun Fasifik ta Arewa.Hakan ya bude hanyar fadada yankin Burtaniya, kuma an yi balaguro da dama;Da farko wani balaguron jirgin ruwa wanda George Vancouver ya jagoranta wanda ya binciko mashigin tekun Pacific North West, musamman a kusa da tsibirin Vancouver.A kan ƙasa, balaguro sun nemi gano hanyar kogi zuwa tekun Pasifik don faɗaɗa kasuwancin fur na Arewacin Amurka.Alexander Mackenzie na Kamfanin Arewa maso Yamma ya jagoranci na farko, wanda ya fara a 1792, kuma bayan shekara guda ya zama Bature na farko da ya isa gabar tekun Pacific a arewacin Rio Grande, ya isa tekun kusa da Bella Coola a yau.Wannan ya gabaci balaguron Lewis da Clark da shekaru goma sha biyu.Ba da daɗewa ba, abokin Mackenzie, John Finlay, ya kafa mazaunin Turai na dindindin na farko a British Columbia, Fort St. John.Kamfanin Arewa maso Yamma ya nemi ƙarin bincike da goyan bayan balaguro daga David Thompson, wanda ya fara a 1797, daga baya kuma ta Simon Fraser.Wadannan sun tura zuwa yankunan jeji na Dutsen Rocky da Plateau na cikin gida zuwa mashigin Jojiya a gabar Tekun Fasifik, suna fadada Arewacin Amurka na Burtaniya zuwa yamma.

A lokacin Yaƙin Haɗin Kan Na Biyu (1799-1801), William Pitt ƙaramin (1759-1806) ya ba da jagoranci mai ƙarfi a London.Biritaniya ta mamaye mafi yawan mallakar Faransawa da Dutch na ketare, Netherlands ta zama ƙasar tauraron dan adam ta Faransa a 1796. Bayan ɗan gajeren zaman lafiya, a cikin Mayu 1803, an sake shelanta yaƙi.Shirye-shiryen Napoleon na mamaye Birtaniya ya ci tura, musamman saboda karancin sojojin ruwansa.A cikin 1805 Rundunar Lord Nelson ta yi nasara a kan Faransanci da Mutanen Espanya a Trafalgar , wanda ya kawo karshen duk wani fata na Napoleon ya kwace iko da tekuna daga Birtaniya.Sojojin Birtaniyya sun kasance 'yar barazana ga Faransa;Ya ci gaba da kasancewa mai tsayin daka na maza 220,000 kawai a tsayin Yaƙin Napoleon, yayin da sojojin Faransa suka zarce maza miliyan - ban da sojojin ƙawance da yawa da masu gadin ƙasa dubu ɗari da yawa waɗanda Napoleon zai iya rubutawa cikin sojojin Faransa lokacin da suke. ake bukata.Ko da yake rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Royal Navy ta kawo cikas ga kasuwancin Faransa na nahiyoyi da kyau - ta hanyar kamawa da yin barazana ga jigilar Faransawa da kuma kwace kayan mulkin mallaka na Faransa - ba zai iya yin komai ba game da kasuwancin Faransa tare da manyan tattalin arzikin nahiyoyi da kuma haifar da ƙarancin barazana ga yankin Faransa a Turai.Yawan al'ummar Faransa da aikin noma ya zarce na Biritaniya.A shekara ta 1806, Napoleon ya kafa Tsarin Nahiyar don kawo karshen kasuwancin Birtaniya tare da yankunan da Faransa ke sarrafawa.Duk da haka Biritaniya tana da babban ƙarfin masana'antu da ƙware a teku.Ya haɓaka ƙarfin tattalin arziki ta hanyar kasuwanci kuma Tsarin Nahiyar bai da tasiri sosai.Kamar yadda Napoleon ya gane cewa kasuwanci mai yawa yana tafiya taSpain da Rasha , ya mamaye waɗannan ƙasashe biyu.Ya ɗaure sojojinsa a cikin Yaƙin Peninsular a Spain, kuma ya yi rashin nasara sosai a Rasha a 1812 .Tashin Spain a 1808 a ƙarshe ya ba Biritaniya damar samun gindin zama a Nahiyar.Duke na Wellington da sojojinsa na Birtaniya da Portuguese a hankali sun kori Faransawa daga Spain, kuma a farkon 1814, kamar yadda Prussians, Austrians, da Rasha suka kori Napoleon zuwa gabas, Wellington ya mamaye kudancin Faransa.Bayan da Napoleon ya mika wuya da gudun hijira zuwa tsibirin Elba, da alama zaman lafiya ya dawo, amma lokacin da ya tsere zuwa Faransa a 1815, dole ne Birtaniya da abokansu suka sake yakar shi.Sojojin Wellington da Blucher sun ci Napoleon sau ɗaya kuma gaba ɗaya a Yaƙin Waterloo .A lokaci guda tare da Yaƙin Napoleon, rikice-rikicen kasuwanci da kuma burge Birtaniyya na matuƙan jirgin ruwa na Amurka ya haifar da Yaƙin 1812 tare da Amurka .Wani lamari na tsakiya a tarihin Amurka, ba a lura da shi ba a Biritaniya, inda dukkanin hankali ya mayar da hankali kan gwagwarmaya da Faransa.Birtaniyya za ta iya ba da wasu albarkatu kadan don rikicin har zuwa faduwar Napoleon a shekara ta 1814. Sojojin Amurka kuma sun yi wa sojojin ruwan Burtaniya daman cin galaba a kansu, wanda ke da karancin ma'aikata saboda rikici a Turai.An yi galaba a kan wani gagarumin hari na Birtaniyya a jihar New York.Yarjejeniyar Ghent daga baya ta ƙare yaƙin ba tare da wani canji na yanki ba.Shi ne yaki na karshe tsakanin Birtaniya da Amurka.

Kalmar "British Malaya" a sako-sako tana siffanta jerin jahohi a tsibirin Malay da tsibirin Singapore waɗanda aka kawo ƙarƙashin mulkin Burtaniya ko iko tsakanin ƙarshen 18th da tsakiyar 20th.Ba kamar kalmar "Indiya ta Biritaniya", wacce ta keɓance jihohin sarakunan Indiya, ana amfani da Malaya ta Burtaniya sau da yawa don yin la'akari da Tarayyar Tarayya da Jihohin Malay waɗanda ba su da haɗin kai, waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin ikon Birtaniyya tare da nasu sarakunan, da kuma Matsugunan Matsugunai, waɗanda suka kasance. karkashin ikon mallaka da mulkin kai tsaye na masarautar Burtaniya, bayan wani lokaci na sarrafawa ta Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya.Kafin kafa kungiyar Malayan a shekarar 1946, ba a sanya yankunan karkashin gwamnati guda daya ba, in ban da lokacin bayan yakin da wani jami'in sojan Birtaniya ya zama mai kula da Malaya na wucin gadi.Madadin haka, Malaya ta Birtaniyya ta ƙunshi Matsugunan Matsaloli, Ƙasar Malayyar Tarayya, da Jihohin Malay ɗin da ba su da tarayya.Karkashin mulkin Birtaniyya, Malaya na daya daga cikin yankunan da suka fi samun riba a Daular, kasancewar ita ce kasa mafi girma a duniya wajen kera kwano da kuma roba.A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu ,Japan ta mallaki wani yanki na Malaya a matsayin raka'a daya daga Singapore.Ƙungiyar Malayan ba ta da farin jini kuma a cikin 1948 ta rushe kuma ta maye gurbinsa da Tarayyar Malaya, wadda ta sami cikakken 'yancin kai a ranar 31 ga Agusta 1957. A ranar 16 ga Satumba 1963, tarayya, tare da Arewacin Borneo (Sabah), Sarawak, da Singapore, sun kafa kungiyar. babbar tarayyar Malaysia.

Babban Wasan ya kasance adawa ce ta siyasa da diflomasiyya wacce ta kasance mafi yawan karni na 19 da farkon karni na 20 tsakanin Daular Burtaniya da Daular Rasha a kan Afganistan da yankuna makwabta a Tsakiya da Kudancin Asiya, kuma tana da sakamako kai tsaye a Farisa .Birtaniya Indiya , da Tibet.Biritaniya ta ji tsoron cewa Rasha na shirin mamaye Indiya kuma wannan ita ce manufar fadada Rasha a tsakiyar Asiya , yayin da Rasha ke tsoron fadada muradun Burtaniya a tsakiyar Asiya.Sakamakon haka, an yi wani yanayi mai zurfi na rashin yarda da maganar yaƙi tsakanin manyan dauloli biyu na Turai.A cewar wani babban ra'ayi, Babban Wasan ya fara ne a ranar 12 ga Janairu, 1830, lokacin da Lord Ellenborough, shugaban hukumar kula da Indiya, ya dora wa Lord William Bentinck, babban gwamna alhakin kafa sabuwar hanyar kasuwanci zuwa Masarautar Bukhara. .Biritaniya ta yi niyya don samun iko a kan Masarautar Afganistan kuma ta mai da shi kariya, kuma ta yi amfani da Daular Ottoman , daular Farisa, da Khanate na Khiva, da Masarautar Bukhara a matsayin jihohin da ke hana yaduwar Rasha.Wannan zai kare Indiya da ma mahimman hanyoyin kasuwancin teku na Birtaniyya ta hanyar hana Rasha samun tashar jiragen ruwa a Tekun Farisa ko Tekun Indiya.Rasha ta ba da shawarar Afghanistan a matsayin yankin tsaka tsaki.Sakamakon ya hada da yakin farko na Anglo-Afghanistan na 1838, yakin Anglo-Sikh na farko na 1845, yakin Anglo-Sikh na biyu na 1848, yakin Anglo-Afghanistan na 1878, da kuma mamaye Kokand da Rasha.Wasu masana tarihi sunyi la'akari da ƙarshen Babban Wasan shine 10 Satumba 1895 sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Pamir Boundary Commission, lokacin da aka ayyana iyaka tsakanin Afganistan da Daular Rasha.Wani jami'in diflomasiyyar Burtaniya Arthur Conolly ne ya kirkiro kalmar Great Game a cikin 1840, amma littafin 1901 Kim na Rudyard Kipling ya sanya kalmar ta shahara, kuma ta haɓaka haɗin gwiwa tare da babbar hamayya.

Zamanin Victoria shine lokacin sarautar Sarauniya Victoria, daga 20 ga Yuni 1837 har zuwa mutuwarta a ranar 22 ga Janairu 1901. Akwai ƙaƙƙarfan yunƙurin addini don ɗabi'un ɗabi'a da majami'u marasa daidaituwa suka jagoranta, irin su Methodist da reshen bishara na kafaffen. Cocin Ingila .A akida, zamanin Victoria ya shaida juriya ga ra'ayin da ya ayyana lokacin Jojiya, da kuma karuwar jujjuyawar soyayya har ma da sufanci a cikin addini, dabi'un zamantakewa, da fasaha.Wannan zamanin ya ga ɗimbin sabbin fasahohi waɗanda suka tabbatar da mabuɗin ƙarfi da wadatar Biritaniya.Likitoci sun fara nisa daga al'ada da sufanci zuwa tsarin tushen kimiyya;magani ya ci gaba godiya ga karbuwar ka'idar kwayoyin cuta da bincike na farko a cikin ilimin cututtuka.A cikin gida, tsarin siyasa ya kasance mai sassaucin ra'ayi, tare da sauye-sauye da yawa a cikin alkiblar sake fasalin siyasa a hankali, ingantacciyar gyare-gyaren zamantakewa, da faɗaɗa ikon ikon amfani da ikon mallaka.An sami canje-canjen alƙaluman da ba a taɓa yin irinsa ba: yawan mutanen Ingila da Wales kusan sun ninka daga miliyan 16.8 a 1851 zuwa miliyan 30.5 a 1901. Tsakanin 1837 da 1901 kusan miliyan 15 sun yi hijira daga Burtaniya, galibi zuwa Amurka , da kuma wuraren da ke cikin masarautar. Kanada, Afirka ta Kudu, New Zealand, da Australia.Godiya ga gyare-gyaren ilimi, al'ummar Biritaniya ba wai kawai sun kusanci ilimin duniya ba har zuwa ƙarshen zamani amma har ma suna ƙara samun ilimi;Kasuwar kayan karatu iri-iri ta tashi.Dangantakar Biritaniya da sauran Manyan Mahukunta ta kasance ta hanyar adawa da Rasha , ciki har da Yakin Crimea da Babban Wasan.Pax Britannica na kasuwanci cikin lumana ya kasance ƙarƙashin ikon sojojin ruwa da masana'antu na ƙasar.Birtaniya ta fara fadada daular duniya, musamman a Asiya da Afirka, wanda ya sanya daular Burtaniya ta zama daula mafi girma a tarihi.Amincewar kasa ta kai kololuwa.Biritaniya ta ba da yancin cin gashin kai na siyasa ga ƙasashen Australia, Kanada, da New Zealand.Baya ga yakin Crimean, Biritaniya ba ta da hannu a wani rikici na makami da wata babbar kasa.

Yakin Opium na farko shi ne jerin ayyukan soji da aka yi tsakanin Burtaniya da daular Qing tsakanin 1839 zuwa 1842. Batun nan da nan shi ne kwace hannun jarin opium masu zaman kansu na kasar Sin a Canton, don tilasta musu haramcin cinikin opium, wanda ya samu riba ga 'yan kasuwa na Burtaniya. , da kuma barazanar hukuncin kisa ga masu laifi nan gaba.Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta dage kan ka'idojin ciniki cikin 'yanci da amincewar diflomasiyya daidai gwargwado tsakanin kasashe, tare da goyan bayan bukatun 'yan kasuwa.Sojojin ruwan Burtaniya ne suka fara wannan rikici tare da fatattakar Sinawa ta hanyar amfani da jiragen ruwa da makamai masu karfin fasaha, sannan Birtaniyya ta kafa wata yerjejeniya wadda ta bai wa Birtaniyya yankin da kuma bude kasuwanci da kasar Sin.Masu kishin kasa a karni na ashirin sun dauki shekarar 1839 farkon karni na wulakanci, kuma masana tarihi da yawa sun dauke shi farkon tarihin kasar Sin na zamani.A karni na 18, bukatar kayayyakin alatu na kasar Sin (musamman siliki, adon, da shayi) ya haifar da rashin daidaiton ciniki tsakanin Sin da Burtaniya.Azurfa ta Turai ta shiga cikin kasar Sin ta hanyar Canton System, wanda ya kebe kasuwancin waje mai shigowa zuwa birnin Canton mai tashar jiragen ruwa na kudancin kasar.Don magance wannan rashin daidaituwa, Kamfanin British East India Company ya fara noman opium a Bengal kuma ya ba wa 'yan kasuwa masu zaman kansu damar sayar da opium ga masu fasa-kwauri na kasar Sin don sayarwa ba bisa ka'ida ba a China.Yaduwar ta'ammali da miyagun kwayoyi ya mayar da rarar kudin cinikayyar kasar Sin, da kawar da tattalin arzikin azurfa, da kuma kara yawan masu shaye-shaye a cikin kasar, sakamakon da ya sanya jami'an kasar Sin matukar damuwa.A cikin 1839, Sarkin Daoguang, ya ki amincewa da shawarwarin halattawa da harajin opium, ya nada Viceroy Lin Zexu ya je Canton don dakatar da cinikin opium gaba daya.Lin ta rubuta budaddiyar wasika zuwa ga Sarauniya Victoria, inda ta yi kira ga alhakin da ya rataya a wuyanta na dakatar da cinikin opium.Daga nan Lin ya koma yin amfani da karfi a yankin 'yan kasuwa na yamma.Ya isa birnin Guangzhou a karshen watan Janairu kuma ya shirya wani shirin tsaron bakin teku.A cikin Maris, dillalan opium na Burtaniya an tilasta su mika fam miliyan 2.37 na opium.A ranar 3 ga watan Yuni, Lin ya ba da umarnin lalata opium a bainar jama'a a bakin Tekun Humen don nuna aniyar Gwamnati na hana shan taba.An kwace duk wasu kayayyaki kuma an ba da umarnin killace jiragen ruwa na kasashen waje a kogin Pearl.Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta mayar da martani ta hanyar aike da wata rundunar soji zuwa kasar Sin.A cikin rikicin da ya biyo baya, rundunar sojojin ruwa ta sarki ta yi amfani da karfinta na sojan ruwa da na bindiga wajen kai gagarumin nasara a kan Daular China.A shekara ta 1842, an tilasta wa daular Qing ta rattaba hannu kan yerjejeniyar Nanking - na farko na abin da Sinawa suka kira yarjejeniyar da ba ta dace ba - wanda ya ba da ramuwa da yanki ga al'ummomin Birtaniya a kasar Sin, bude tashar jiragen ruwa biyar ga 'yan kasuwa na Birtaniya, kuma ya ba da Hong Kong. Tsibirin Kong zuwa Daular Burtaniya.Rashin nasarar yarjejeniyar don gamsar da manufofin Birtaniyya na inganta kasuwanci da huldar diflomasiyya ya haifar da yakin Opium na biyu (1856-60).Sakamakon tashin hankalin al'umma shi ne tushen tawayen Taiping, wanda ya kara raunana tsarin mulkin Qing.

An yi yakin Crimean daga Oktoba 1853 zuwa Fabrairu 1856 inda Rasha ta yi rashin nasara a hannun kawancen Daular Ottoman , Faransa , Burtaniya da Piedmont-Sardinia.Abin da ya haifar da yakin nan take ya shafi yancin Kiristoci tsiraru a Falasdinu (sa'an nan kuma wani bangare na Daular Ottoman) tare da Faransawa na tallata haƙƙin Roman Katolika, kuma Rasha tana haɓaka na Cocin Orthodox na Gabas.Dalilai masu dadewa sun hada da durkushewar daular Usmaniyya, da fadada daular Rasha a yakin Rasha da Turkiyya da suka gabata, da kuma fifikon Birtaniya da Faransa don kiyaye daular Usmaniyya don kiyaye daidaiton iko a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Turai.A cikin Yuli 1853, sojojin Rasha sun mamaye Danubian Principalities (yanzu wani ɓangare na Romania amma sai a karkashin Ottoman suzerainty).A cikin Oktoba 1853, bayan samun alkawurran tallafi daga Faransa da Birtaniya, daular Usmaniyya ta shelanta yaki da Rasha.Omar Pasha ya jagoranta, Ottomans sun yi yaƙi mai ƙarfi na karewa kuma suka dakatar da ci gaban Rasha a Silistra (yanzu a Bulgaria ).Tsoron rugujewar Ottoman, Birtaniya da Faransa sun sa jiragensu shiga cikin Bahar Maliya a watan Janairu 1854. Sun ƙaura zuwa arewa zuwa Varna a watan Yuni 1854 kuma sun isa daidai lokacin da Rashawa za su yi watsi da Silistra.Kwamandojin kawancen sun yanke shawarar kai hari kan babban sansanin sojin ruwa na Rasha da ke tekun Bahar Rum, Sevastopol da ke gabar tekun Crimea.Bayan tsawaita shirye-shirye, dakarun kawance sun sauka a gabar tekun a watan Satumba na shekara ta 1854. Sojojin Rasha sun sake kai hari a ranar 25 ga Oktoba, a lokacin da ya zama yakin Balaclava kuma aka fatattaki su, amma sojojin Birtaniya sun yi rauni sosai sakamakon haka.Wani hari na biyu na Rasha, a Inkerman (Nuwamba 1854), ya ƙare a cikin rashin daidaituwa kuma.Gaban gaba ya zauna a cikin kewayen Sevastopol, wanda ya shafi mummunan yanayi ga sojoji a bangarorin biyu.A ƙarshe Sevastopol ya faɗi bayan watanni goma sha ɗaya, bayan Faransawa sun kai hari ga Fort Malakoff.Kasar Rasha ta kebe da kuma fuskantar mummunan fata na mamayewar kasashen Yamma idan yakin ya ci gaba, Rasha ta kai karar neman zaman lafiya a watan Maris na shekara ta 1856. Faransa da Biritaniya sun yi maraba da ci gaban, saboda rashin farin jini a cikin gida.Yarjejeniyar Paris, da aka sanya hannu a ranar 30 ga Maris 1856, ta kawo karshen yakin.Ya haramtawa kasar Rasha sansanin jiragen ruwan yaki a tekun Black Sea.Kasashen Ottoman vassal na Wallachia da Moldavia sun zama masu cin gashin kansu.Kiristoci a Daular Ottoman sun sami digiri na daidaito a hukumance, kuma Cocin Orthodox ya sake samun iko da majami'un Kirista a cikin takaddama.

Biritaniya Raj ita ce mulkin masarautar Burtaniya a cikin yankin Indiya kuma ya kasance daga 1858 zuwa 1947. Yankin da ke ƙarƙashin ikon Burtaniya ana kiransa Indiya a cikin amfani da zamani kuma ya haɗa da yankunan da Burtaniya ke gudanarwa kai tsaye, waɗanda ake kira Burtaniya Indiya gabaɗaya. da yankunan da sarakunan ƴan asalin ƙasar ke mulka, amma a ƙarƙashin mulkin Biritaniya, waɗanda ake kira daular sarakuna.An kafa wannan tsarin mulki a ranar 28 ga Yuni 1858, lokacin da, bayan Tawayen Indiya na 1857, mulkin kamfani a Indiya na Kamfanin British East India Company ya koma Crown a cikin mutumin Sarauniya Victoria.Ya kasance har zuwa 1947, lokacin da Raj na Biritaniya ya rabu gida biyu na mulkin mallaka: Ƙungiyar Indiya da Masarautar Pakistan .

Gwamnatin Biritaniya taMasar da Cape Colony sun ba da gudummawar da aka damu game da tabbatar da tushen kogin Nilu.Turawan mulkin mallaka sun karbe Masar a shekara ta 1882, inda suka bar daular Usmaniyya a matsayin da ba a san su ba har zuwa 1914, lokacin da Landan ta mai da ta mai karewa.Masar ba ta kasance ainihin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya ba.Sudan, Najeriya, Kenya, da Uganda an yi wa mulkin mallaka a shekarun 1890 da farkon karni na 20;kuma a kudanci, Cape Colony (wanda aka fara samu a shekara ta 1795) ya samar da tushe don mamaye makwaftan kasashen Afirka da kuma mazauna Afrikaner na Dutch wadanda suka bar Cape don gujewa Birtaniya sannan suka kafa nasu jumhuriyar.Theophilus Shepstone ya mamaye Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Kudu a cikin 1877 don daular Burtaniya, bayan da ta sami 'yancin kai tsawon shekaru ashirin.A shekara ta 1879, bayan yakin Anglo-Zulu, Biritaniya ta karfafa ikonta a yawancin yankunan Afirka ta Kudu.Boers sun yi zanga-zangar, kuma a cikin Disamba 1880 suka yi tawaye, wanda ya kai ga yakin Boer na farko.Yaƙin Boer na Biyu, wanda aka yi yaƙi tsakanin 1899 zuwa 1902, ya kasance game da sarrafa masana'antun zinariya da lu'u-lu'u;Jamhuriyar Boer mai cin gashin kanta ta Orange Free State da Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Kudu a wannan karon sun sha kaye tare da mamaye daular Burtaniya.Sudan dai ita ce mabudin cimma wannan buri, musamman ganin cewa Masar ta riga ta kasance karkashin ikon Birtaniya.Wannan "layin ja" ta Afirka an fi shahara da Cecil Rhodes.Tare da Lord Milner, ministan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya a Afirka ta Kudu, Rhodes ya ba da shawarar irin wannan daular "Cape zuwa Alkahira", ta danganta mashigin Suez zuwa Afirka ta Kudu mai arzikin ma'adinai ta hanyar jirgin kasa.Ko da yake Jamus ta mamaye Tanganyika har zuwa ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya , Rhodes ya yi nasara a madadin irin wannan daular Afirka.

Tun lokacin da Biritaniya ta karbe ikon Afirka ta Kudu daga Netherlands a Yaƙin Napoleon , ta yi fatali da mazauna Holland waɗanda suka yi nisa kuma suka ƙirƙiri jumhuriyarsu biyu.Tunanin daular Birtaniyya ya yi kira da a sarrafa sabbin kasashe da masu magana da harshen Holland "Boers" (ko "Afrikaners" martanin Boer ga matsin lamba na Burtaniya shine ya shelanta yaki a ranar 20 ga Oktoba 1899. Boers 410,000 sun fi yawa, amma abin mamaki sun gudanar da yakin neman zabe cikin nasara, wanda ya baiwa turawan Ingila fada mai wahala, Boers ba su da kasa, kuma ba su da damar samun taimako daga waje, nauyin lambobi, da kayan aiki masu inganci, da kuma dabarun mugunyar da aka saba kawowa a karshe ya kawo nasara a Birtaniya. 'Yan ta'addan, Birtaniya sun tara mata da 'ya'yansu zuwa sansanonin tara jama'a, inda da yawa suka mutu sakamakon cututtuka, abin da ya sa duniya ta mayar da hankali kan sansanonin, karkashin jagorancin wani babban bangare na jam'iyyar Liberal Party a Birtaniya, amma Amurka ta ba da goyon baya. An hade Jamhuriyar Boer zuwa Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu a cikin 1910; tana da mulkin kai na cikin gida amma London ce ke sarrafa manufofinta na ketare kuma wani bangare ne na daular Burtaniya.

A cikin 1912 House of Commons ya zartar da sabon lissafin Dokokin Gida.A karkashin dokar majalisa ta 1911 House of Lords tana da ikon jinkirta doka har zuwa shekaru biyu, don haka daga karshe aka kafa ta a matsayin Dokar Gwamnatin Ireland ta 1914, amma an dakatar da ita na tsawon lokacin yakin.Yaƙin basasa ya yi barazana lokacin da Furotesta-Unionists na Arewacin Ireland suka ƙi a sanya su ƙarƙashin ikon Katolika-Nationalist.An kafa ƙungiyoyin soji a shirye don yin yaƙi-Ƙungiyoyin sa kai na Ulster na Unionist suna adawa da Dokar da takwarorinsu na kishin ƙasa, Masu sa kai na Irish suna goyan bayan Dokar.Barkewar yakin duniya a shekara ta 1914 ya sa rikicin ya tsaya cik a siyasance.Wani tashin hankali na Ista a cikin 1916 Turawan mulkin mallaka sun murkushe su da mugun nufi, wanda ke da tasiri na ci gaba da neman 'yancin kai na kasa.Firayim Minista Lloyd George ya kasa gabatar da Dokar Gida a 1918 kuma a cikin watan Disamba na 1918 Babban Zaɓen Sinn Féin ya lashe mafi yawan kujerun Irish.'Yan majalisar ta sun ki karbar kujerunsu a Westminster, a maimakon haka sun zabi zama a majalisar dokokin Dail ta farko a Dublin.Dáil Éireann, majalisar dokoki ta jamhuriya mai cin gashin kanta ta amince da shelanta 'yancin kai a watan Janairun 1919. An yi yaƙin Anglo-Irish tsakanin sojojin Crown da kuma sojojin Republican na Irish tsakanin Janairu 1919 da Yuni 1921. Yaƙin ya ƙare da Anglo-Irish. Yarjejeniyar Disamba 1921 wacce ta kafa Jihar 'Yanci ta Irish.Gundumomi shida na arewa, galibin Furotesta sun zama Ireland ta Arewa kuma sun ci gaba da zama wani yanki na Burtaniya tun daga lokacin, duk da bukatar tsirarun Katolika na su hada kai da Jamhuriyar Ireland.Biritaniya a hukumance ta karɓi sunan "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland" ta Dokar Sarauta da 'Yan Majalisu ta 1927.

Ƙasar Ingila ita ce jagorar Ƙarfin Ƙarfafawa a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Farko na 1914-1918.Sun yi yaki ne da manyan kasashen tsakiya, musamman Jamus.An faɗaɗa sojoji sosai tare da sake tsara su—yaƙin ya yi nuni da kafuwar Rundunar Sojan Sama.Gabatarwa mai cike da cece-kuce, a cikin Janairu 1916, na shiga aikin soja a karon farko a tarihin Biritaniya, ya biyo bayan samar da daya daga cikin manyan sojojin sa kai a tarihi, wanda aka fi sani da Kitchener's Army, na mazaje sama da 2,000,000.Barkewar yaki wani lamari ne na hada kan al'umma.Sha'awa ta yadu a cikin 1914, kuma ta yi kama da na Turai.Tsoron karancin abinci da gazawar aiki, gwamnati ta zartar da doka kamar Tsaron Dokar Mulki ta 1914, don ba ta sabbin iko.Yakin ya ga an kawar da ra'ayin "kasuwanci kamar yadda aka saba" karkashin Firayim Minista HH Asquith, da kuma zuwa yanayin yakin gaba daya (cikakkiyar shiga tsakani na gwamnati a cikin harkokin jama'a) a shekara ta 1917 karkashin jagorancin David Lloyd George;a karon farko da aka ga hakan a Biritaniya.Yakin ya kuma shaida tashin bama-bamai na farko da aka yi ta jiragen sama a biranen Biritaniya.Jaridu sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tabbatar da goyon bayan jama'a ga yakin.Ta hanyar daidaitawa da sauye-sauyen kididdigar ma'aikata, masana'antun da ke da alaka da yaki sun karu cikin sauri, kuma samar da kayayyaki ya karu, yayin da aka yi gaggawar yin rangwame ga kungiyoyin kwadago.Dangane da haka kuma wasu na ganin yakin ya jawo mata shiga aikin yi a karon farko.Ana ci gaba da muhawara kan tasirin da yakin ya yi wajen ‘yantar da mata, ganin cewa an bai wa mata da yawa kuri’u a karon farko a shekarar 1918.Yawan mace-macen fararen hula ya karu saboda karancin abinci da mura na kasar Sipaniya, wanda ya addabi kasar a shekarar 1918. An kiyasta mutuwar sojoji ta haura 850,000.Masarautar ta kai kololuwarta a karshen shawarwarin zaman lafiya.Koyaya, yaƙin ya haɓaka ba kawai biyayyar daular ba har ma da ainihin asalin ƙasa a cikin Dominions (Kanada, Newfoundland, Australia, New Zealand da Afirka ta Kudu) da Indiya.Masu kishin ƙasar Irish bayan 1916 sun ƙaura daga haɗin gwiwa tare da London zuwa buƙatun samun 'yancin kai kai tsaye, wani yunƙuri da Rikicin Ƙaddamarwa na 1918 ya ba da babban kwarin gwiwa.

Yaƙin Duniya na biyu ya fara ne a ranar 3 ga Satumbar 1939 tare da ayyana yaƙi da Burtaniya da Faransa , kan Jamus na Nazi a matsayin martani ga mamayewar Poland da Jamus ta yi.Ƙungiyoyin Anglo-Faransa sun taimaka wa Poland .Yaƙin Phoney ya ƙare a cikin Afrilu 1940 tare da mamayewar Jamus na Denmark da Norway.Winston Churchill ya zama firaminista kuma shugaban gwamnatin hadin gwiwa a watan Mayun 1940. Kashin sauran kasashen Turai ya biyo baya - Belgium, Netherlands , Luxembourg da Faransa - tare da Sojojin Biritaniya wanda ya kai ga kwashe Dunkirk.Daga watan Yunin 1940, Biritaniya da daularta sun ci gaba da yakar Jamus ita kadai.Churchill ya tsunduma cikin masana'antu, masana kimiyya da injiniyoyi don ba da shawara da goyan bayan gwamnati da sojoji a cikin tuhumar ƙoƙarin yaƙi.Dakarun Sojin sama na Royal sun dakile shirin da Jamus ta yi na mamaye kasar Birtaniya, inda ta musanta cewa Luftwaffe ta fi karfin iska a yakin Biritaniya, da kuma gazawarta a karfin sojan ruwa.Bayan haka, yankunan Biritaniya sun sha fama da tashin bama-bamai a lokacin Blitz a karshen 1940 da farkon 1941. Sojojin ruwa na Royal sun nemi tarewa Jamus tare da kare jiragen ruwa na kasuwanci a yakin Atlantic.Sojojin sun kai farmaki a tekun Mediterrenean da Gabas ta Tsakiya, gami da yakin Arewa-Afurka da Gabashin-Afurka, da kuma yankin Balkan.Churchill ya amince da kawance da Tarayyar Soviet a watan Yuli kuma ya fara aika kayayyaki zuwa USSR.A cikin watan Disamba,daular Japan ta kai hari kan mallakar Birtaniyya da Amurka tare da kai hare-hare kusa-kusa da juna kan kudu maso gabashin Asiya da yankin Pacific ta Tsakiya ciki har da harin da jiragen ruwan Amurka a Pearl Harbor.Biritaniya da Amurka sun shelanta yaki akan Japan, inda suka bude yakin Pacific.An kafa Grand Alliance na Birtaniya, Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet kuma Birtaniya da Amurka sun amince da babbar dabara ta farko ta Turai don yaki.Birtaniya da ƙawayenta sun sha fama da mugun rauni a yaƙin Asiya da Fasifik a cikin watanni shida na farkon 1942.An sami nasara mai tsanani a cikin 1943 a yakin Arewacin Afirka, wanda Janar Bernard Montgomery ya jagoranta, da kuma yakin Italiya na gaba.Sojojin Birtaniyya sun taka rawa sosai wajen samar da bayanan sirri na Ultra, harin bama-bamai na Jamus, da saukar jiragen Normandy na Yuni 1944. 'Yantar da Turai ya biyo baya a ranar 8 ga Mayu 1945, wanda aka samu tare da Tarayyar Soviet, Amurka da sauran kasashen kawance. .Yaƙin Tekun Atlantika shi ne yaƙin neman zaɓe na soja mafi dadewa na yaƙin.A gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kudu-maso-Gabas na Asiya, jiragen ruwan Gabas sun kai farmaki a tekun Indiya.Sojojin Burtaniya sun jagoranci yakin Burma na fatattakar Japan daga hannun turawan Ingila.Haɗin dakaru miliyan ɗaya a kololuwar sa, wanda aka zana da farko dagaBurtaniya Indiya , yaƙin neman zaɓe ya yi nasara a ƙarshe a tsakiyar 1945.Rundunar ruwan tekun Pasifik ta Biritaniya ta shiga yakin Okinawa da kuma harin da sojojin ruwa na karshe suka kaiwa Japan.Masana kimiyya na Burtaniya sun ba da gudummawa ga aikin Manhattan don kera makamin nukiliya.An sanar da mika wuya na Japan a ranar 15 ga Agusta 1945 kuma an sanya hannu kan 2 Satumba 1945.

Biritaniya ta yi nasara a yakin, amma ta rasaIndiya a cikin 1947 kuma kusan dukkanin sauran daular ta 1960s.Ta yi muhawara game da rawar da take takawa a cikin harkokin duniya kuma ta shiga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a 1945, NATO a 1949, kuma ta zama abokiyar kut da kut da Amurka .Arziki ya dawo a cikin 1950s, kuma London ta kasance cibiyar kuɗi da al'adu ta duniya, amma al'ummar ba ta kasance babbar ƙasar duniya ba.A cikin 1973, bayan doguwar muhawara da kin amincewa da farko, ta shiga kasuwar gama gari.