Annabi Muhammadu

An haifi Muhammad dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muttalib bn Hashim da matarsa ​​Aminah a shekara ta 570 miladiyya, kimanin a birnin Makkah da ke cikin kasar Larabawa.Ya kasance dan gidan Banu Hashim, reshe mai daraja a cikin babbar kabilar Kuraishawa.

Muhammadu ya kasance maraya tun yana karami.Wasu watanni kafin haihuwar Muhammadu, mahaifinsa ya rasu a kusa da Madina a kan balaguron fatauci zuwa Sham.Lokacin da Muhammadu ya cika shekara shida, ya raka mahaifiyarsa Amina a ziyararta zuwa Madina, watakila don ziyartar kabarin mijinta da ya mutu.Yayin da take komawa Makka, Amina ta rasu a wani kufai mai suna Abwa, kusan rabin hanyar zuwa Makka, aka binne ta a can.Yanzu kakan mahaifinsa Abd al-Muttalib ne ya dauke Muhammad, wanda shi kansa ya rasu yana da shekaru takwas, ya bar shi a hannun kawunsa Abu Talib.

Yayin da yake da shekaru ashirin da biyar, Muhammad ya kasance yana aiki a matsayin mai kula da harkokin kasuwanci na Khadijah, wata fitacciyar matar Kuraishawa mai shekaru 40.Khadijah ta baiwa wata kawarta mai suna Nafisa amana da taje wajen Muhammad ta tambayeshi ko zaiyi aure.A lokacin da Muhammad ya yi shakku saboda ba shi da kudin da zai ciyar da mace, Nafisa ta ce ko zai yi tunanin auren macen da ke da abin dogaro da kanta.Muhammad ya yarda ya gana da Khadijah, kuma bayan wannan taron suka yi shawara da kawunsu.Baffa suka amince da auren, kuma baffan Muhammad sun raka shi don yin shawara ga Khadijah.Kawun Khadijah ya yarda da maganar, aka daura aure.

A cewar wata ruwaya da masanin tarihi Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, Muhammad ya shiga cikin wani sanannen labari na kafa Baƙin Dutse a bangon Ka'aba a shekara ta 605 miladiyya.An cire dutsen Baƙar fata, wani abu mai tsarki a lokacin gyaran dakin Ka'aba.Shugabannin Makka sun kasa yarda da dangin da zai mayar da Bakar Dutse wurinsa.Sai suka yanke shawarar cewa mutumin na gaba da ya zo ta ƙofar ya yanke wannan shawarar;wannan mutumin shi ne Muhammad mai shekaru 35.Wannan lamari ya faru ne shekaru biyar kafin wahayin farko da Jibrilu ya yi masa.Ya nemi a ba shi mayafi ya ajiye Bakar Dutse a tsakiyarsa.Shugabannin dangi sun rike kusurwoyin tufa, tare da daukar Bakar Dutse zuwa daidai wurin da ya dace, sannan Muhammadu ya aza dutsen, ya gamsar da kowa.

Bisa ga imanin musulmi, yana da shekaru 40, Mala'ika Jibrilu ya ziyarce Muhammadu yayin da yake gudun hijira a cikin wani kogo mai suna Hira a Dutsen Jabal al-Nour, kusa da Makka.Mala'ikan yana karanta masa ayoyin Alqur'ani na farko kuma ya sanar da shi cewa shi Annabin Allah ne.Daga baya, an gaya wa Muhammadu cewa ya kira mutanensa zuwa ga bautar Allah ɗaya, amma sai suka yi fushi suka fara tsananta masa da mabiyansa.

Bisa al'adar musulmi, matar Muhammad Khadija ce ta fara gaskata shi Annabi ne.Ta bi ta sai dan uwan ​​Muhammad dan shekara goma, Ali ibn Abi Talib, babban aminin Abubakar, da dan riko Zaid.A wajen shekara ta 613, Muhammadu ya fara yin wa'azi ga jama'a (Quran 26:214).Yawancin mutanen Makka sun yi biris da shi, suka yi masa ba'a, ko da yake wasu kaɗan ne suka zama mabiyansa.Akwai manyan rukunoni uku na farkon musulunta: kanne da 'ya'yan manyan 'yan kasuwa;mutanen da suka fadi daga matsayi na farko a cikin kabilarsu ko kuma suka kasa samunsa;da kuma raunana, galibin baƙi marasa tsaro.

Yayin da mabiyansa suka karu, Muhammadu ya zama barazana ga kabilun yankin da masu mulkin birnin, wadanda arzikinsu ya rataya a kan Ka'aba, tushen rayuwar addinin Makka da Muhammadu ya yi barazanar kifar da shi.Hadisi ya yi dogon bayani kan zalunci da musgunawa Muhammadu da mabiyansa.Sumayyah bint Khayyat, bawan wani fitaccen shugaban Makka Abu Jahal, ta shahara a matsayin shahidan Musulunci na farko;maigidanta ya kashe shi da mashi sa’ad da ta ƙi barin bangaskiyarta.Shi kuma Bilal, wani bawa musulmi, Umayyah bn Khalaf ya azabtar da shi wanda ya dora wani dutse mai nauyi a qirjinsa don tilasta masa musulunta.

A shekara ta 615, wasu daga cikin mabiyan Muhammad sun yi hijira zuwa Masarautar Aksum ta Habasha inda suka kafa wani karamin yanki karkashin kariya daga Sarkin Habasha Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar.Ibn Sa’ad ya ambaci hijira guda biyu daban-daban.A cewarsa, mafi yawan musulmi sun koma Makka kafin Hijira, yayin da wata kungiya ta biyu ta koma Madina.Amma Ibn Hisham da Tabari, sun yi magana ne a kan hijira ɗaya kawai zuwa Habasha.Waɗannan labaran sun yarda cewa zaluncin Makka ya taka rawa sosai a shawarar Muhammadu na ba da shawarar cewa da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa sun nemi mafaka a tsakanin Kiristocin Abyssiniya.

A al’adar Musulunci shekarar bakin ciki ita ce shekarar Hijira da matar Muhammadu Khadijah da kawunsa kuma mai kare shi Abu Talib suka rasu.Shekarar ta yi kusan shekara ta 619 CE ko kuma shekara ta goma bayan bayyanar Muhammadu na farko.

Hadisin Islama ya nuna cewa a cikin 620, Muhammadu ya fuskanci Isra'i da Mi'raj, tafiya mai banmamaki na dare wanda aka ce ya faru tare da mala'ika Jibrilu.A farkon tafiya, Isra’i, an ce ya yi tafiya daga Makka a kan wata doguwar fikafikai zuwa “masallaci mafi nisa”.Daga baya, a lokacin Mi'iraji, an ce Muhammadu ya zagaya sama da jahannama, kuma ya yi magana da annabawan farko, kamar Ibrahim, Musa, da Isa.Ibn Ishaq, mawallafin tarihin Muhammadu na farko, ya gabatar da lamarin a matsayin kwarewa ta ruhaniya;daga baya masana tarihi irin su Al-Tabari da Ibn Kathir sun gabatar da ita a matsayin tafiya ta zahiri.Wasu malaman yammaci suna ganin cewa tafiyar Isra'i da Mi'iraji ta yi tafiya ta cikin sammai daga harami mai alfarma a Makka zuwa sararin samaniyar al-Baytu al-Ma'mur (misali na Ka'aba na sama);daga baya hadisai sun nuna tafiyar Muhammadu daga Makka zuwa Kudus.

A cikin watan Yuni na 622, aka yi gargadin cewa za a kashe shi, Muhammad ya fice daga Makka a asirce tare da Abubakar kuma ya tura mabiyansa zuwa garin Yathrib da ke kusa (daga baya aka fi sani da Madina) a wani babban filin noma, inda mutanen wurin suka yarda. Musulunci.Wadanda suka yi hijira daga Makka tare da Muhammadu an san su da muhajirun.Wannan ke nuna “Hijira” ko “Hijira” da farkon kalandar Musulunci.

Muhammadu ya yi matukar sha'awar kamo ayarin Makka bayan hijirarsa zuwa Madina, yana ganin hakan a matsayin lada ga mutanensa, Muhajirun.Kwanaki kadan kafin yakin, lokacin da ya samu labarin cewa ayarin Makka na dawowa daga hannun Basarake karkashin jagorancin Abu Sufyan bn Harb, Muhammad ya tara wata ‘yar karamar runduna ta yaki domin kwace shi.Duk da cewa sun zarce uku zuwa daya, musulmi sun yi nasara a yakin, inda suka kashe mutanen Makka akalla arba'in da biyar tare da kashe musulmi goma sha hudu.Haka kuma sun yi nasarar kashe shugabanin Makka da dama ciki har da Abu Jahal.Nasarar musulmi ta ƙarfafa matsayin Muhammadu;Madina sun bi sahun balaguronsa na gaba da kuma kabilun da ke wajen Madina a fili suke kawance da Muhammadu.Yakin ya zama farkon yakin shekaru shida tsakanin Muhammad da kabilarsa.

An yi yakin Uhud ne a ranar Asabar 23 ga Maris 625 Miladiyya a kwari da ke arewacin Dutsen Uhud.Kuraishawan Makka, karkashin jagorancin Abu Sufyan bn Harb, sun jagoranci runduna ta mutum 3,000 zuwa ga sansanin Muhammad a Madina.Yakin shi ne kadai yaki a tsawon yakin musulmi da Quraishawa wanda musulmi ba su samu nasarar fatattakar makiyansu ba kuma ya zo ne bayan yakin Badar watanni tara kacal.

Yakin mahara ya kasance garkuwa ce ta kwanaki 27 da musulmin Yathrib (yanzu Madina) daga kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa suka yi.Ƙarfin dakarun haɗin gwiwar an kiyasta kimanin mutane 10,000 da dawakai ɗari shida da wasu raƙuma, yayin da masu kare Madina suka kai 3,000.A cikin kewayen Madina, mutanen Makka sun yi iya bakin kokarinsu don ruguza al'ummar musulmi.Rashin gazawar ya haifar da babbar asarar martaba;kasuwancinsu da Siriya ya bace.

Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah wata muhimmiyar yarjejeniya ce tsakanin Muhammad mai wakiltar jihar Madina da kuma kabilar Kuraishawa ta Makka a watan Janairun 628. Bayan sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar, Kuraishawa na Makka ba su sake daukar Muhammadu a matsayin dan tawaye ko dan gudun hijira daga Makkah.Ya taimaka wajen rage tashe-tashen hankula a tsakanin garuruwan biyu, da tabbatar da zaman lafiya na tsawon shekaru 10, kuma ya ba wa mabiya Muhammad izinin komawa shekara mai zuwa cikin aikin hajji na lumana, daga baya aka fi sani da Hajjin Farko.

Tsawon Hudaibiyyah ya kasance tsawon shekaru biyu har sai da wani kisan kabilanci ya haifar da wata matsala.Bayan wannan waki’ar, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka da sharudda guda uku, inda ya bukace su da su karbi daya daga cikinsu.Wadannan su ne: ko dai mutanen Makka su biya kudin jinin wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, su barranta daga Banu Bakir, ko kuma su shelanta sulhun Hudaibiyyah.Sai mutanen makka suka amsa da cewa sun yarda da sharadi na karshe.Muhammad ya yi tattaki zuwa Makka tare da musulmi 10,000 da suka musulunta.Ya shiga garin lami lafiya, kuma daga karshe dukkan mutanen garin sun karbi Musulunci.Annabi yana share gumaka da siffofi daga cikin Ka'aba kuma ya mayar da ita ga bautar Allah Shi kadai.Yakin ya kawo karshen yake-yake tsakanin mabiya Muhammad da kabilar Kuraishawa.

Bayan da aka ci Makka, Muhammadu ya firgita da barazanar soja daga ƙabilun Hawazin masu haɗaka waɗanda suke tara sojoji ninki biyu na girman Muhammad.Banu Hawazin sun kasance tsoffin makiyan Makka.Banu Thaqif (mazauna birnin Ta'if) ne suka shiga tare da su, suka riki manufofin Makka saboda tabarbarewar martabar mutanen Makka.Muhammad ya yi nasara akan kabilar Hawazin da Thaqif a yakin Hunain.

Muhammadu da dakarunsa sun yi tattaki zuwa arewa zuwa Tabuka, kusa da Tekun Aqaba a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 630. Shi ne balaguron soja mafi girma kuma na karshe.Bayan sun isa Tabuka suka yada zango a wurin, sojojin Muhammadu sun shirya tunkarar mamayar Rumawa.Muhammad ya kwashe kwanaki ashirin a Tabuka, yana leko yankin, yana kulla kawance da sarakunan yankin.Ba tare da alamar sojojin Rumawa ba, sai ya yanke shawarar komawa Madina.Duk da cewa Muhammadu bai ci karo da sojojin Rumawa a Tabuka ba, a cewar Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World, "wannan nunin karfi ya nuna aniyarsa ta kalubalantar Rumawa don sarrafa yankin arewacin hanyar ayari daga Makka zuwa Syria".

Muhammad ya rasu bayan doguwar jinya a ranar Litinin 8 ga watan Yuni 632 a Madina yana da shekaru 62 ko 63 a gidan matarsa ​​Aisha.Al'ummar Musulmi suna zabar surukinsa kuma na kusa, Abubakar , a matsayin halifa, ko magajinsa.