Tarihin Jamhuriyar Turkiyya

Daular Ottoman , wacce ta kunshi Girka , Turkiyya da Bulgaria , ta kasance tun kafuwarta a c.1299, yayi mulki a matsayin cikakkiyar masarauta.Tsakanin 1839 zuwa 1876 Daular ta shiga wani lokaci na gyarawa.Matasan Ottoman da ba su gamsu da waɗannan gyare-gyare sun yi aiki tare da Sultan Abdülhamid na biyu don fahimtar wani nau'i na tsarin tsarin mulki a shekara ta 1876. Bayan ɗan gajeren ƙoƙari na mayar da daular zuwa tsarin mulkin tsarin mulki, Sultan Abdülhamid II ya mayar da ita zuwa cikakkiyar sarauta. zuwa 1878 ta hanyar dakatar da tsarin mulki da majalisa.Shekaru biyu bayan haka wani sabon yunkurin kawo sauyi a karkashin sunan Matasan Turkawa ya kulla makirci kan Sultan Abdülhamid II, wanda har yanzu yake rike da daular, ta hanyar fara juyin juya halin matasa na Turkiyya.Sun tilasta wa Sarkin sake dawo da tsarin mulki a shekarar 1908. Wannan ya haifar da karuwar shigar sojoji cikin siyasa.A shekara ta 1909 sun tube sarkin musulmi sannan a shekara ta 1913 suka kwace mulki ta hanyar juyin mulki.A shekara ta 1914 Daular Usmaniyya ta shiga yakin duniya na daya a bangaren masu karfi na tsakiya a matsayin kawancen daular Jamus daga bisani kuma ta yi rashin nasara a yakin.Manufar ita ce ta lashe yanki a Gabas don rama hasarar da aka yi a Yamma a shekarun baya lokacin Yaƙin Italo-Turkiyya da Yaƙin Balkan .A shekara ta 1918 shugabannin matasan Turkawa sun dauki cikakken alhakin yakin basasa kuma suka tsere daga kasar zuwa gudun hijira suna barin kasar cikin rudani.An rattaba hannu kan Armistice na Mudros wanda ya bai wa Allies, a cikin fage mai fadi da rashin fahimta, 'yancin ci gaba da mamaye Anatoliya "idan akwai rikici".A cikin kwanaki ne sojojin Faransa da Birtaniya suka fara mamaye sauran yankunan da Daular Usmaniyya ke iko da su.Mustafa Kemal Atatürk da sauran jami'an soji sun fara wani yunkuri na turjiya.Jim kadan bayan mamayar da Girka ta mamaye yammacin yankin Anatoliya a shekara ta 1919, Mustafa Kemal Pasha ya taka kafarsa a birnin Samsun domin fara yakin neman ‘yancin kai na Turkiyya kan ayyukan da ake yi da kuma gallazawa musulmi a yankin Anatoliya.Shi da sauran hafsoshin sojojin da ke tare da shi sun mamaye siyasar da a karshe ta kafa jamhuriyar Turkiyya daga abin da ya saura daga daular Usmaniyya.An kafa kasar Turkiyya ne bisa akidar da aka samu a tarihin kasar kafin yahudawa daular Usmaniyya, sannan kuma ta karkata zuwa ga tsarin siyasa na zamani domin rage tasirin kungiyoyin addini irinsu Malamai.

An shelanta Jamhuriyar Turkiyya a ranar 29 ga Oktoban 1923 kuma aka zabi Atatürk a matsayin shugaban kasa na farko.An kafa gwamnatin ne daga kungiyar juyin juya hali da ke Ankara, karkashin jagorancin Mustafa Kemal Atatürk da abokan aikinsa.Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa ta amince da kundin tsarin mulki na biyu a ranar 20 ga Afrilu 1924.

Kimanin shekaru 10 masu zuwa, kasar ta ga ci gaba da aiwatar da tsarin kasashen yammaci ta hanyar sauye-sauyen Atatürk, wanda ya hada da hadewar ilimi;dakatar da lakabi na addini da sauran mukamai;rufe kotunan Musulunci da kuma maye gurbin dokokin kundin tsarin mulkin Musulunci da tsarin farar hula wanda aka tsara bisa na Switzerland da kuma kundin penal code wanda aka tsara bisa ka'idar Penal Code na Italiya;amincewa da daidaito tsakanin jinsi da ba da cikakkiyar haƙƙin siyasa ga mata a ranar 5 ga Disamba 1934;gyare-gyaren harshen da sabuwar ƙungiyar Harshen Turkiyya ta fara;maye gurbin haruffan Turkawa na Ottoman da sabon haruffan Turkawa da aka samo daga haruffan Latin;dokar tufafi (sanye da fez, an haramta shi);dokar kan sunayen iyali;da sauran su.

A hankali an bullo da matakan da suka dace na kawar da sanya tufafin addini da sauran alamu na addini.Tun daga shekara ta 1923, jerin dokoki sun ci gaba da iyakance sa tufafin da aka zaɓa.Mustafa Kemal da farko ya sanya hular ta zama tilas ga ma’aikatan gwamnati.Ka'idojin sanya tufafin da suka dace na ɗalibai da ma'aikatan jihar (wurin jama'a da jihar ke sarrafawa) an zartar da shi a lokacin rayuwarsa.Bayan mafi yawan ma'aikatan gwamnati da suka fi kowa ilimi sun rungumi hula da nasu sai a hankali ya kara gaba.A ranar 25 ga Nuwamba 1925 majalisa ta zartar da Dokar Hat wadda ta gabatar da amfani da huluna irin na yammacin Turai maimakon fez.Doka ba ta fito fili ta hana mayafi ko lullubi ba kuma ta mai da hankali a maimakon hana fesa da rawani ga maza.Dokar ta kuma yi tasiri a littattafan rubutu na makaranta.Bayan fitar da dokar Hat, an yi musayar hotuna a cikin litattafan rubutu na makaranta da aka nuna maza da ke da fesa, da hotuna da ke nuna maza masu hula.An zartar da wani iko akan riguna a cikin 1934 tare da dokar da ta shafi sanya 'Tsarin da aka haramta'.Ta kuma haramta tufafin da suka shafi addini, kamar mayafi da rawani, a wajen wuraren ibada, sannan ta bai wa Gwamnati ikon sanya mutum daya kacal a kowane addini ko mazhaba ya sanya tufafin addini a wajen wuraren ibada.

A lokacin daular Usmaniyya, tsarin shari'a na Turkiyya shine Shari'a kamar sauran kasashen musulmi.Kwamitin da Ahmet Cevdet Pasha ke jagoranta a shekara ta 1877 ya tsara dokokin Sharia.Ko da yake wannan ci gaba ne, har yanzu ba shi da ra'ayi na zamani.Baya ga tsarin doka daban-daban guda biyu an karbe su;daya na musulmi daya kuma na wadanda ba musulmi ba na daular.Bayan shelanta Jamhuriyar Turkiyya a ranar 29 ga Oktoban 1923, Turkiyya ta fara amfani da dokokin zamani.Majalisar dokokin Turkiyya ta kafa wani kwamiti da zai kwatanta dokokin farar hula na kasashen Turai.An yi nazarin lambobin jama'a na Austrian, Jamusanci, Faransanci da Switzerland A ƙarshe a ranar 25 ga Disamba 1925 hukumar ta yanke shawara kan kundin farar hula na Switzerland a matsayin abin koyi ga kundin farar hula na Turkiyya.An kafa dokar farar hula ta Turkiyya a ranar 17 ga Fabrairun 1926. Mahmut Esat Bozkurt, ministan shari'a na gwamnati ta 4 ta Turkiyya ne ya rubuta gabatarwar kundin.Duk da cewa kundin ya shafi fannoni da dama na rayuwar zamani, labarai mafi mahimmanci sun shafi yancin mata.A karon farko an yarda mata da maza sun kasance daidai.A karkashin tsarin shari'a da ya gabata, duka rabon mata a cikin gado da nauyin shaidar mata a kotuna rabin na maza ne.A karkashin kundin, an daidaita maza da mata game da gado da shaida.Haka kuma an wajabta auren halal, kuma an hana auren mace fiye da daya.An bai wa matan ‘yancin zabar kowace sana’a.Matan sun sami cikakken zaɓe na duniya, a ranar 5 ga Disamba, 1934.

Haruffa 29 na Turkanci a halin yanzu an kafa shi ne a matsayin wani shiri na mutum wanda ya kafa jamhuriyar Turkiyya Mustafa Kemal Ataturk.Wani muhimmin mataki ne a bangaren al'adu na sauye-sauyen Atatürk, wanda aka gabatar bayan karfafa ikonsa.Bayan da Atatürk ya kafa jam'iyya daya tak a karkashin jam'iyyarsa ta Republican People's Party, Atatürk ya iya kawar da adawar da ta gabata a baya na aiwatar da tsattsauran ra'ayi na sake fasalin haruffa tare da kafa Hukumar Harshe.Hukumar ce ke da alhakin daidaita rubutun Latin don biyan buƙatun sauti na harshen Turkiyya.Sakamakon haruffan Latin an ƙirƙira su ne don nuna ainihin sautunan da ake magana da Turanci, maimakon kawai rubuta tsohon rubutun Ottoman zuwa sabon salo.Atatürk da kansa yana da hannu tare da hukumar kuma ya yi shelar "tattaunawar haruffa" don bayyana canje-canjen.Ya zagaya kasar inda ya bayyana sabon tsarin rubutu tare da karfafa daukar sabbin haruffa cikin hanzari.Hukumar Harshe ta ba da shawarar lokacin mika mulki na shekaru biyar;Atatürk ya ga haka ya yi tsayi da yawa kuma ya rage shi zuwa watanni uku.An tsara wannan sauyi ne da dokar Jamhuriyar Turkiyya mai lamba 1353, dokar karfawa da aiwatar da haruffan Turkanci, wanda aka zartar a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 1928. Daga 1 ga Disamba 1928, jaridu, mujallu, fassarar fina-finai, tallace-tallace da alamu dole ne a rubuta su. tare da haruffan sabon haruffa.Daga ranar 1 ga Janairun 1929, yin amfani da sabbin haruffa ya zama tilas a cikin dukkan hanyoyin sadarwar jama'a da kuma sadarwar cikin gida na bankuna da kungiyoyin siyasa ko zamantakewa.Dole ne a buga littattafai da sabon haruffa har zuwa 1 ga Janairu 1929 kuma.An ƙyale jama'a su yi amfani da tsoffin haruffa a cikin mu'amalarsu da cibiyoyi har zuwa 1 ga Yuni 1929.

Al'ummar Ottoman al'ada ce kuma mata ba su da 'yancin siyasa, ko da bayan Zamanin Tsarin Mulki na Biyu a 1908. A farkon shekarun Jamhuriyar Turkiyya mata masu ilimi sun yi gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin siyasa.Wata fitacciyar mace mai fafutukar siyasa ita ce Nezihe Muhittin wacce ta kafa jam'iyyar mata ta farko a watan Yunin 1923, wanda duk da haka ba a halatta shi ba saboda ba a ayyana Jamhuriyar a hukumance ba.Tare da gwagwarmayar gwagwarmaya, matan Turkiyya sun sami 'yancin kada kuri'a a zabukan cikin gida ta hanyar doka ta 1580 a ranar 3 ga Afrilu 1930. Bayan shekaru hudu, ta hanyar dokar da aka kafa a ranar 5 ga Disamba 1934, sun sami cikakkiyar damar kada kuri'a a duniya, kafin sauran kasashe.Sauye-sauyen da aka yi a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Turkiyya, ciki har da wadanda suka shafi zaben mata, "nasarar ce ba kawai a duniyar Musulunci ba, har ma da kasashen yammacin duniya".A shekarar 1935, a babban zaben 'yan majalisar wakilai mata 18 ne suka shiga majalisar, a daidai lokacin da mata a wasu adadi mai yawa na sauran kasashen Turai ba su da 'yancin kada kuri'a.

A duk tsawon rayuwarsa, Atatürk ya kasance mai matsakaita-zuwa mai yawan shan giya, sau da yawa yana shan rabin lita na rakı a rana;ya kuma sha taba, galibi a sigar sigari.A cikin shekara ta 1937, alamun cewa lafiyar Atatürk ya fara bayyana.A farkon 1938, yayin da yake tafiya zuwa Yalova, ya sha wahala daga rashin lafiya mai tsanani.Ya je Istanbul ne don jinya, inda aka gano cewa yana fama da cutar cirrhosis.A zaman da ya yi a birnin Istanbul, ya yi kokarin ci gaba da gudanar da rayuwarsa ta yau da kullum, amma daga bisani ya yi fama da rashin lafiya.Ya rasu a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 1938, yana da shekaru 57 a duniya, a fadar Dolmabahçe.Jana'izar Atatürk ya bayyana bakin ciki da alfahari a kasar Turkiyya, kuma kasashe 17 sun aike da wakilai na musamman, yayin da tara suka ba da gudummawar sojoji masu dauke da makamai ga tawagar.Tun da farko an binne gawar Atatürk a gidan tarihi na Ethnography na Ankara, amma an dauke su a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 1953 (shekaru 15 bayan rasuwarsa) a cikin wani sarcophagus mai nauyin ton 42 zuwa wani kabari da ke kallon Ankara, Anıtkabir.A cikin wasiyyarsa, Atatürk ya ba da gudummawar duk abin da ya mallaka ga jam'iyyar Republican People's Party, idan har za a yi amfani da ribar kudadensa na shekara don kula da 'yar uwarsa Makbule da 'ya'yansa da suka yi reno, da kuma ba da tallafin karatu na manyan yara na İsmet İnönü.Ragowar an bayar da ita ga Ƙungiyar Harshen Turkiyya da Ƙungiyar Tarihi ta Turkiyya.

Manufar Turkiyya ita ce ta kiyaye tsaka tsaki a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu .Jakadun kasashen Axis da kawance sun yi cudanya a Ankara.İnönü ya rattaba hannu kan wata yerjejeniya ta rashin cin zali da Jamus a ranar 18 ga watan Yunin 1941, kwanaki 4 kafin dakarun Axis su mamaye Tarayyar Soviet .Mujallu masu kishin kasa Bozrukat da Chinar Altu sun yi kira da a ayyana yaki da Tarayyar Soviet da Girka.A cikin Yuli 1942, Bozrukat ya buga taswirar Babban Turkiyya, wanda ya haɗa da Caucasus da Tarayyar Soviet ke iko da Jamhuriyar Asiya ta Tsakiya.A lokacin rani na 1942, babban kwamandan Turkiyya ya ɗauki yaƙi da Tarayyar Soviet kusan ba zai yuwu ba.An shirya wani aiki, inda Baku ya kasance farkon harin.Turkiyya ta yi ciniki da bangarorin biyu tare da sayen makamai daga bangarorin biyu.Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin sun yi ƙoƙari su dakatar da sayen chrome na Jamus (wanda aka yi amfani da shi wajen yin mafi kyawun karfe).Haushi ya yi tsada yayin da farashin ya ninka sau biyu.A watan Agustan 1944, Axis ya kasance a fili yana rasa yakin kuma Turkiyya ta yanke dangantaka.Sai a watan Fabrairun 1945, Turkiyya ta shelanta yaki a kan Jamus daJapan , wani mataki na alama da ya ba Turkiyya damar shiga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a nan gaba.

Brigade na Turkiyya wata birgediya ce ta sojojin Turkiyya da ta yi aiki a karkashin Dokar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a lokacin yakin Koriya (1950-1953).Turkiyya na daya daga cikin kasashe 22 da suka ba da gudummawar ma'aikata ga dakarun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kuma daya daga cikin goma sha shida don samar da jami'an soji.Sojojin Turkiyya 5,000 na farko sun isa ne a ranar 19 ga Oktoban 1950, jim kadan bayan barkewar tashin hankali a watan Yuni, kuma sun kasance cikin karfi daban-daban har zuwa lokacin rani na 1954. A hade da runduna ta 25 ta Amurka , Birged ta Turkiyya ita ce kadai kungiyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Girmansa na dindindin yana manne da sashin Amurka a duk lokacin yakin Koriya.Dakarun Turkiyya sun gudanar da ayyuka da dama, musamman a yakin Kunuri, inda tsananin tsayin daka da suka yi ya yi tasiri wajen kawo tsaiko ga makiya.Ayyukanta sun sami Cibiyoyin Rukunin Brigade daga Koriya da Amurka, kuma daga baya ta sami suna don iya yaƙi, taurin kai, sadaukar da kai ga manufa, da jaruntaka.

A cikin 1945, Nuri Demirağ ya kafa Jam'iyyar Ci gaban Kasa (Milli Kalkınma Partisi).A shekara ta gaba, an kafa jam'iyyar Democrat, kuma an zabe shi a shekara ta 1950. A cikin shekaru 10 na wa'adinsa na Firayim Minista, tattalin arzikin Turkiyya yana karuwa da kashi 9% a kowace shekara.Ya goyi bayan kawancen soji daga karshe da kasashen Yamma kuma a lokacin mulkinsa, Turkiyya ta shiga kungiyar tsaro ta NATO a shekarar 1952. Tare da taimakon tattalin arzikin Amurka ta hanyar shirin Marshall Plan, an sarrafa aikin noma;kuma sufuri, makamashi, ilimi, kiwon lafiya, inshora da kuma banki ci gaba.Sauran bayanan tarihi sun nuna matsalar tattalin arziki a tsakiyar shekarun 1950, a lokacin Menderes, wanda ya ga kwangilar tattalin arzikin Turkiyya (tare da raguwar 11% GDP / capita a 1954), a matsayin daya daga cikin dalilan da gwamnati ta kitsa na Istanbul pogrom a kan tsarin mulki. Ƙananan ƙabilun Girka (duba ƙasa).Gwamnatin ta kuma yi yunkurin amfani da sojoji wajen murkushe abokan hamayyarta na siyasa.Sojojin sun yi tawaye a juyin mulkin 1960, wanda ya kawo karshen gwamnatin Menderes, kuma ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka ya koma mulkin farar hula.An yi masa shari’a tare da rataye shi a karkashin mulkin soja bayan juyin mulkin shekarar 1960, tare da wasu mambobin majalisar ministoci biyu, Fatin Rüştü Zorlu da Hasan Polatkan.

Turkiyya ta nemi zama mamba a kungiyar tsaro ta NATO saboda tana son a ba da tabbacin tsaro a kan yuwuwar mamayewar Tarayyar Sobiyet, wanda ya yi ta kai hare-hare da dama wajen sarrafa mashigin Dardanelles.A watan Maris na shekara ta 1945, Tarayyar Soviet ta kawo karshen yerjejeniyar abokantaka da rashin cin zarafi da Tarayyar Soviet da Turkiyya suka amince da ita a shekara ta 1925. A watan Yunin 1945, Tarayyar Soviet ta bukaci kafa sansanonin Tarayyar Soviet a mashigin ruwa domin musanya maido da wannan yarjejeniya. .Shugaban kasar Turkiyya Ismet Inönu da kakakin majalisar sun mayar da martani da kakkausan harshe, inda suka bayyana cewa Turkiyya a shirye take ta kare kanta.A cikin 1948, Turkiyya ta fara nuna sha'awarta na kasancewa memba na NATO, kuma a cikin 1948 da 1949 jami'an Amurka sun mayar da martani mara kyau ga bukatun Turkiyya na shiga.A watan Mayun shekara ta 1950, lokacin Ismet Inönü yana shugabancin Turkiyya, Turkiyya ta yi yunkurin shiga a hukumance na farko, wanda kasashe mambobin kungiyar tsaro ta NATO suka musanta.A cikin watan Agusta na wannan shekarar da kuma kwanaki kadan bayan da Turkiyya ta yi alkawarin tura tawagar Turkiyya a yakin Koriya , an kuma yi karo na biyu.Bayan da mataimakin sakataren harkokin wajen Amurka Dean Acheson ya yi hadin gwiwa da Faransa da Birtaniya a watan Satumba na shekarar 1950, rundunar tsaro ta NATO ta gayyaci kasashen Girka da Turkiyya da su gabatar da shirinsu na yin hadin gwiwa a fannin tsaro.Turkiyya ta amince da hakan, amma ta nuna rashin jin dadin ta cewa ba a yi la'akari da kasancewar cikakken memba a cikin NATO ba.A lokacin da ma’aikacin ofishin jakadancin Amurka George McGhee ya ziyarci Turkiyya a watan Fabrairun shekarar 1951, shugaban kasar Turkiyya Celal Bayar ya jaddada cewa Turkiyya na sa ran samun cikakken mamba, musamman bayan tura sojoji zuwa yakin Koriya.Turkiyya na son a ba da garantin tsaro idan rikici da Tarayyar Soviet ya taso.Bayan da aka ci gaba da tantancewa a hedkwatar NATO da jami'an hukumar leken asiri ta CIA da na sojojin Amurka, a watan Mayun shekara ta 1951 aka yanke shawarar baiwa Turkiyya cikakken mamba.Ana ganin yuwuwar rawar da Turkiyya za ta iya takawa a yakin da ake yi da Tarayyar Soviet na da matukar muhimmanci ga kungiyar tsaro ta NATO.A cikin 1951, Amurka ta yi aiki don shawo kan 'yan uwanta na NATO game da fa'idar kasancewar Turkiyya da Girka a cikin kawance.A watan Fabrairun 1952, Bayar ya sanya hannu kan takardar da ke tabbatar da shiga cikinta.Tashar jiragen sama ta Incirlik ta kasance sansanin sojin sama tun a shekarun 1950 kuma tun daga lokacin ya kara samun mahimmanci.An gina shi a tsakanin 1951 zuwa 1952 ta hannun ‘yan kwangilar sojan Amurka kuma yana aiki tun 1955. A sansanin an ajiye makaman nukiliya kimanin 50.An kafa tashar jirgin saman Konya a cikin 1983 kuma tana ɗaukar jiragen sama na sa ido na AWACS don NATO.Tun daga Disamba 2012, hedkwatar Rundunar Sojojin NATO tana Buca kusa da İzmir akan Tekun Aegean.Rundunar Sojan Sama don Kudancin Turai ta kasance a Buca tsakanin 2004 da 2013. Tun daga 2012, tashar radar Kürecik da ke da nisan kilomita 500 daga Iran , tana aiki a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin tsaro na makami mai linzami na NATO.

Kamar yadda taimakon Amurka daga koyarwar Truman da shirin Marshall ke kurewa don haka Firayim Minista Adnan Menderes ya shirya ya ziyarci Moscow a cikin bege na kafa madadin hanyoyin bashi.Kanar Alparslan Türkeş na cikin jami'an da suka jagoranci juyin mulkin.Ya kasance memba na mulkin soja (Kwamitin hadin kan kasa) kuma yana cikin jami'ai 16 na farko da Amurka ta horas da su a shekarar 1948 don samar da zaman lafiya.Don haka, ya fito karara ya bayyana kyamar gurguzu da imaninsa da amincewarsa ga NATO da CENTO a cikin gajeren jawabin da ya yi wa al’ummar kasar, amma ya kasa fahimtar dalilan juyin mulkin.A wani taron manema labarai da ya kira a wannan rana, Cemal Gürsel ya jaddada cewa "manufa da makasudin juyin mulkin shi ne kawo kasar cikin sauri ga dimokuradiyya mai tsafta da tsafta.... Ina so in mika mulki da gwamnati. na al'ummar kasar ga 'yancin zabi na jama'a" Ko da yake, wata ƙungiyar matasa a cikin gwamnatin mulkin sojan da ke kewaye da Türkeş ta goyi bayan jagorancin soja mai tsayi, mulkin kama-karya kamar yadda ya kasance a cikin kwamitin Tarayyar da Ci gaba ko lokacin gwamnatin Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.Sannan wannan kungiya ta yi yunkurin sallamar malaman jami’o’i 147 daga ofisoshinsu.Hakan ya haifar da martani daga jami'an gwamnatin mulkin sojan da suka bukaci a dawo da tsarin dimokuradiyya da tsarin jam'iyyu da yawa, inda aka tura Turkiyya da kungiyarsa kasashen waje.Gwamnatin mulkin soji ta tilastawa janar-janar 235 da wasu jami’an hukumar fiye da 3,000 yin ritaya;ya wanke alkalai sama da 500 da masu gabatar da kara na gwamnati da malaman jami’o’i 1400 tare da tsare shugaban ma’aikatan fadar shugaban kasa, shugaban kasa, firaministan kasar da sauran jami’an gwamnati a tsare.Kotun ta kawo karshen hukuncin kisa kan ministan harkokin wajen kasar Fatin Rüştü Zorlu da ministan kudi Hasan Polatkan a tsibirin İmralı a ranar 16 ga watan Satumban shekarar 1961 da Adnan Menderes a ranar 17 ga watan Satumban shekarar 1961. Wata daya bayan aiwatar da hukuncin kisa kan Menderes da sauran mambobin gwamnatin Turkiyya. , an gudanar da babban zaɓe a ranar 15 ga Oktoba 1961. An mayar da ikon gudanarwa ga farar hula, amma sojoji sun ci gaba da mamaye fagen siyasa har zuwa Oktoba 1965.

Bayan da Adnan Menderes ya ayyana shi a matsayin wanda zai iya zama firaminista a nan gaba, an zabe Demirel a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar Adalci a 1964 kuma ya yi nasarar rushe gwamnatin İsmet İnönü a 1965 duk da cewa ba dan majalisa ba ne.Demirel ya zabi babban hafsan hafsan hafsoshin kasar, Cevdet Sunay a matsayin shugaban kasa domin ya sassauta halin sojojin ga jam'iyyar Justice Party, wanda ya zama shugaban kasa a 1966.A zabuka masu zuwa a ranar 10 ga Oktoban 1969, Jam'iyyar Justice Party ce ta sake lashe zaben da gagarumin rinjaye.Demirel ya jagoranci aza harsashin ginin madatsar ruwan Keban, gadar Bosphorus da bututun mai tsakanin Batman da İskenderun.Sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki ya daidaita hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, kuma Turkiyya ta zama daya daga cikin kasashe masu saurin bunkasar tattalin arziki.Sai dai kauracewa shiga da yajin aikin da daliban jami'a suka yi a shekarar 1968 ya fara tabarbarewar siyasa wanda ya shafi sojojin Turkiyya.Har ila yau, matsin lamba yana karuwa daga Amurka , yayin da gwamnatin Nixon ta bukaci Turkiyya ta hana noman opium, wanda zai kasance da tsada a siyasance Demirel ya aiwatar.Sojojin sun fitar da wata takarda ta gargadi gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1971, wanda ya kai ga wani juyin mulki wanda ya yi sanadin faduwar gwamnatin Demirel tare da kafa gwamnatocin wucin gadi.

Yayin da shekarun 1960 ke ci gaba da yin tashe tashen hankula da rashin zaman lafiya sun addabi Turkiyya.Tabarbarewar tattalin arziki a ƙarshen wannan shekaru goma ya haifar da tarzomar zamantakewar jama'a da ke nuna zanga-zangar tituna, yajin aikin ma'aikata da kashe-kashen siyasa.An kafa ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata na hagu da na ɗalibai, waɗanda ƙungiyoyin Islama da masu fafutuka masu kishin ƙasa na Turkiyya suka yi ta hannun dama.Hagu sun kai harin bama-bamai da fashi da garkuwa da mutane;daga ƙarshen 1968, kuma ƙara a cikin 1969 da 1970, tashin hankalin hagu ya daidaita kuma ya zarce tashin hankali na dama, musamman daga Grey Wolves.A bangaren siyasa kuma, gwamnatin Firayim Minista Süleyman Demirel ta jam'iyyar Justice Party, wadda aka sake zabe a shekarar 1969, ita ma ta fuskanci matsala.Bangarorin daban-daban na jam’iyyarsa ne suka sauya sheka suka kafa gungun ‘yan jam’iyyar nasu, inda a sannu a hankali suka rage masa rinjaye a majalisar tare da dakatar da harkokin majalisar.Ya zuwa watan Janairun 1971, Turkiyya ta bayyana cewa tana cikin rudani.Jami'o'in sun daina aiki.Dalibai, suna yin koyi da ’yan daba na biranen Latin Amurka, sun yi wa bankuna fashi da kuma yin garkuwa da ma’aikatan Amurka, suna kai wa Amurka hari.An kai harin bam a gidajen malaman jami'o'i da ke sukar gwamnati da 'yan ta'addar neo-fascist.Masana'antu sun yi yajin aiki kuma an yi asarar ranakun aiki tsakanin 1 ga Janairu da 12 ga Maris 1971 fiye da na kowace shekara.Harkar Islama ta kara kaimi kuma jam'iyyarta ta National Order Party ta fito fili ta yi watsi da Atatürk da Kemalism, lamarin da ya harzuka sojojin Turkiyya.Gwamnatin Demirel, ta raunana saboda masu sauya sheka, da alama ta gurgunce ta fuskar harabar jami'a da tashe-tashen hankulan tituna, kuma ta kasa zartar da wata babbar doka kan sake fasalin zamantakewa da na kudi.Yarjejeniyar sojan Turkiyya ta shekarar 1971 (Turkiyya: 12 Mart Muhtırası), da aka bayar a ranar 12 ga Maris na wannan shekarar, ita ce shiga tsakani na soja na biyu a Jamhuriyar Turkiyya, wanda ya zo shekaru 11 bayan wanda ya gabace ta a shekarar 1960.An san shi da "juyin mulki ta sanarwa", wanda sojoji suka yi a madadin aika tankokin yaki, kamar yadda suka yi a baya.Lamarin dai ya zo ne a daidai lokacin da rikicin cikin gida ke kara ta'azzara, amma a karshe bai kawo karshen wannan lamari ba.

A ranar 20 ga watan Yulin shekarar 1974 ne Turkiyya ta mamaye kasar Cyprus kuma ta ci gaba a matakai biyu a wata mai zuwa.Sakamakon rikicin kabilanci da ya barke tsakanin Girka da Turkiyya, da kuma mayar da martani ga juyin mulkin da sojojin Girka suka yi kwanaki biyar da suka gabata, lamarin da ya kai ga kame arewacin tsibirin da kuma mamaye yankin arewacin kasar Turkiyya.Rundunar sojan kasar Girka ce ta ba da umarnin juyin mulkin da kuma rundunar sojojin kasar ta Cyprus tare da hadin gwiwar EOKA B. Ta kori shugaban Cyprus Archbishop Makarios III tare da nada Nikos Sampson.Manufar juyin mulkin ita ce haɗin kai (enosis) na Cyprus tare da Girka, da kuma Jamhuriyar Hellenic ta Cyprus da za a ayyana.Sojojin Turkiyya sun sauka a kasar Cyprus a ranar 20 ga watan Yuli inda suka kwace kashi 3% na tsibirin kafin a tsagaita bude wuta.Gwamnatin mulkin soja ta Girka ta ruguje, aka maye gurbinsu da gwamnatin farar hula.Bayan rugujewar tattaunawar zaman lafiya, wani harin da Turkiyya ta kai a watan Agustan shekarar 1974 ya haifar da kwace kusan kashi 36% na tsibirin.Layin tsagaita wuta daga watan Agustan 1974 ya zama Yankin Buffer na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Cyprus kuma ana kiransa da Green Line.Kusan mutane 150,000 (wanda ya kai sama da kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na yawan jama'ar Cyprus, kuma zuwa kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yawan jama'ar Cyprus ta Girka) an kori su daga arewacin tsibirin, inda 'yan Cypriots na Girka suka zama 80% na yawan jama'a.A cikin shekara mai zuwa, kusan 60,000 na Turkawa Cyprus, wanda ya kai rabin al'ummar Cyprus, sun yi gudun hijira daga kudu zuwa arewa.An kawo karshen mamayar da Turkiyya ta yi ne a yankin kasar Cyprus da ke kan layin koren da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ke sa ido a kai, wanda har yanzu ya raba kasar Cyprus, da kuma kafa wata hukuma mai cin gashin kanta ta Turkiyya a arewacin kasar.A shekara ta 1983, Jamhuriyar Cyprus ta Turkiyya (TRNC) ta ayyana 'yancin kai, duk da cewa Turkiyya ce kadai kasar da ta amince da ita.Kasashen duniya sun dauki yankin TRNC a matsayin yankin Jamhuriyar Cyprus da Turkiyya ta mamaye.Ana kallon mamayar a matsayin haramtacciyar doka a karkashin dokokin kasa da kasa, wanda ya kai matsayin mamaye yankin Tarayyar Turai ba bisa ka'ida ba tun lokacin da Cyprus ta zama mamba.

Kungiyar daliban Kurdawa karkashin jagorancin Abdullah Öcalan ta kafa wata kungiyar juyin juya hali mai suna Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) a shekarar 1978 a kauyen Fis, Lice.Dalilin farko da PKK ta bayar akan haka shi ne zaluncin Kurdawa a Turkiyya.A lokacin, an hana amfani da yaren Kurdawa, tufafi, tatsuniyoyi, da sunaye a yankunan da Kurdawa ke zaune.A yunƙurin ƙaryata wanzuwarsu, gwamnatin Turkiyya ta sanya Kurdawa a matsayin "Turkawa Tudun" a shekarun 1930 da 1940.Gwamnatin Turkiyya ta haramta amfani da kalmomin "Kurd", "Kurdistan", ko "Kurdawa" a hukumance.Bayan juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi a shekara ta 1980, an haramta yaren Kurdawa a hukumance a cikin jama'a da na sirri har zuwa shekara ta 1991. An kama mutane da yawa waɗanda suka yi magana, da bugawa, ko waƙa cikin Kurdawa kuma an ɗaure su.An kafa PKK ne a kokarin tabbatar da hakkin yare, al'adu da siyasa ga tsirarun Kurdawa na Turkiyya.Sai dai kuma ba a fara gwabza fadan ba sai a ranar 15 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1984, lokacin da PKK ta sanar da yunkurin tayar da Kurdawa.Tun lokacin da aka fara rikicin, sama da 40,000 ne suka mutu, mafi yawansu fararen hula Kurdawa ne.An zargi bangarorin biyu da cin zarafin bil adama da dama a lokacin rikicin.Duk da cewa rikicin Kurdawa da Turkiyya ya bazu zuwa yankuna da dama, yawancin rikicin ya faru ne a Arewacin Kurdistan, wanda yayi daidai da kudu maso gabashin Turkiyya.Kasancewar PKK a yankin Kurdistan na Iraki ya sa Dakarun Turkiyya na ci gaba da kai hare-hare ta kasa da kuma kai hare-hare ta sama da na manyan bindigogi a yankin, kuma tasirin da take da shi a Kurdistan na Siriya ya haifar da irin wannan aiki a can.Rikicin dai ya janyo asarar tattalin arzikin Turkiyya dala biliyan 300 zuwa 450, akasari na kudin aikin soji.

A lokacin yakin cacar baka, Turkiyya ta ga tashin hankalin siyasa (1976-1980) tsakanin hagu na dama, na dama (Grey Wolves), kungiyoyin gwagwarmayar Islama, da kuma jiha.Rikicin dai ya gamu da koma baya na tsawon wani lokaci bayan juyin mulkin, wanda wasu suka yi maraba da maido da oda ta hanyar gaggawar aiwatar da hukuncin kisa ga mutane 50 tare da kame 500,000 da daruruwan za su mutu a gidan yari.Juyin mulkin da Turkiyya ta yi a shekarar 1980 karkashin jagorancin babban hafsan hafsoshin sojojin kasar Janar Kenan Evren, shi ne juyin mulki na uku a tarihin jamhuriyar Turkiyya.Tsawon shekaru uku masu zuwa rundunar sojin Turkiyya ta yi mulkin kasar ta hannun kwamitin tsaron kasar, kafin a maido da dimokuradiyya da babban zaben kasar Turkiyya a shekarar 1983.Wannan lokacin ya ga karuwar kishin kasar Turkiyya na kasar, ciki har da haramta yaren Kurdawa.Turkiyya ta koma kan tafarkin dimokuradiyya a 1983 kuma a 1989 gaba daya.

A cikin shekaru biyu bayan juyin mulkin da Turkiyya ta yi a shekarar 1980, sojoji sun mayar da gwamnati hannun farar hula, duk da cewa sun ci gaba da rike madafun iko a fagen siyasa.Tsarin siyasa ya zo a karkashin mulkin jam'iyya daya a karkashin Jam'iyyar Motherland Party (ANAP) na Turgut Özal (Firayim Minista daga 1983 zuwa 1989).ANAP ta haɗu da shirin tattalin arziƙin duniya mai daidaitacce tare da haɓaka ƙimar zamantakewar mazan jiya.A karkashin Özal, tattalin arzikin ya bunkasa, yana mai da garuruwa kamar Gaziantep daga kananan manyan larduna zuwa manyan biranen bunkasar tattalin arziki.An fara kawo karshen mulkin soji ne a karshen shekarar 1983. Musamman a lardunan kudu maso gabashin Turkiyya an maye gurbinsa da dokar ta-baci.

Tansu Çiller 'yar kasar Turkiyya ce mai ilimi, masanin tattalin arziki, kuma 'yar siyasa wacce ta rike mukamin Firaministan Turkiyya na 22 daga 1993 zuwa 1996. Ita ce mace ta farko kuma mace daya tilo da ta taba zama Firai minista a Turkiyya.A matsayinta na shugabar jam'iyyar ta gaskiya, ta ci gaba da zama mataimakiyar firaministan Turkiyya a lokaci guda kuma a matsayin ministar harkokin waje tsakanin 1996 zuwa 1997.Shugabancinta ya kasance gabanin kazamin fadan da ake yi tsakanin dakarun Turkiyya da 'yan ta'addar PKK, lamarin da ya sa Çiller ya aiwatar da sauye-sauye da dama kan tsaron kasa da aiwatar da shirin Castle.Tare da ingantattun kayan aikin soja, gwamnatin Çiller ta sami damar shawo kan Amurka da Tarayyar Turai su yi wa PKK rajista a matsayin kungiyar ta’addanci.Duk da haka, Çiller yana da alhakin laifukan yaki da laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama da sojojin Turkiyya, jami'an tsaro, da kuma jami'an tsaro suka aikata kan al'ummar Kurdawa.Jim kadan bayan lashe zaben kananan hukumomi na shekarar 1994, babban jirgin sama saboda rashin amincewa da gibin kasafin kudi na Çiller ya kai kudin Turkiyya Lira da kudaden waje sun kusa durkushewa.A cikin rikicin tattalin arziki da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu gwamnatinta ta rattaba hannu kan kungiyar kwastam ta Tarayyar Turai da Turkiyya a shekarar 1995. Ana zargin gwamnatinta da goyon bayan yunkurin juyin mulkin Azeri na 1995 tare da jagorantar wani tashin hankali tsakaninta da kasar Girka bayan da ta yi ikirarin samun 'yancin kan kasar. Imia/Kaddak tsibiri.

Tashin hankali na tattalin arziki ya haifar da sabon zabe a 2002, wanda ya kawo jam'iyyar Justice and Development Party (AKP) mai ra'ayin mazan jiya.Tsohon magajin garin Istanbul Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ne ya jagoranta.Sauye-sauyen siyasa na jam'iyyar AKP ya tabbatar da fara tattaunawa da Tarayyar Turai.Jam'iyyar AKP ta sake lashe zaben shekarar 2007, wanda ya biyo bayan zaben shugaban kasa mai cike da cece-kuce a watan Agustan 2007, inda aka zabi dan jam'iyyar AKP Abdullah Gül a matsayin shugaban kasa a zagaye na uku.Abubuwan da suka faru na baya-bayan nan a Iraki (wanda aka bayyana a karkashin matsayi kan ta'addanci da tsaro), matsalolin duniya da addini, tsoma bakin sojoji a cikin lamuran siyasa, dangantaka da EU, Amurka , da duniyar musulmi sune manyan batutuwa.Sakamakon zaben da ya kawo jam'iyyun kabilanci/na kishin kasa na Turkiyya da Kurdawa (MHP da DTP) cikin majalisar, ya shafi yunkurin Turkiyya na zama mamba a Tarayyar Turai.Jam'iyyar AKP dai ita ce gwamnati daya tilo a tarihin siyasar Turkiyya da ta yi nasarar lashe zabuka uku a jere tare da samun karin kuri'u a kowane daya.Jam'iyyar AKP ta sanya kanta a tsakiyar fagen siyasar Turkiyya, sakamakon kwanciyar hankali da ci gaban tattalin arziki ya kawo tun bayan da suka hau karagar mulki a shekara ta 2002.

A ranar 10 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 2015 da karfe 10:04 agogon GMT a Ankara, babban birnin kasar Turkiyya, an tayar da bama-bamai biyu a wajen tashar jirgin kasa ta Ankara.Tare da mutuwar fararen hula 109, harin ya zarce harin bam na Reyhanli na 2013 a matsayin harin ta'addanci mafi muni a tarihin Turkiyya.Wasu mutane 500 kuma sun jikkata.Babu wata kungiya da ta taba daukar alhakin kai harin.Babban mai shigar da kara na birnin Ankara ya bayyana cewa, suna gudanar da bincike kan yiwuwar samun wasu hare-haren kunar bakin wake guda biyu.A ranar 19 ga Oktoba, daya daga cikin ‘yan kunar bakin wake biyu an bayyana a hukumance a matsayin kanin wanda ya kai harin bam na Suruç;'Yan uwan ​​biyu sun yi zargin suna da alaka da kungiyar ISIL da kuma kungiyar Dokumacılar da ke da alaka da ISIL.

A ranar 6 ga Oktoba, 2019, gwamnatin Trump ta umarci sojojin Amurka da su janye daga arewa maso gabashin Syria, inda Amurka ke goyon bayan kawayenta na Kurdawa.An fara aikin soji ne a ranar 9 ga watan Oktoban 2019 lokacin da sojojin saman Turkiyya suka kaddamar da hare-hare ta sama a garuruwan kan iyaka.Rikicin ya yi sanadin raba mutane sama da 300,000 da matsugunansu, ya kuma yi sanadin mutuwar fararen hula sama da 70 a Syria da kuma fararen hula 20 a Turkiyya.A cewar shugaban kasar Turkiyya Recep Tayyip Erdoğan an yi wannan farmaki ne domin korar SDF da Turkiyya ta ayyana a matsayin kungiyar ta'addanci "saboda alakar da ke tsakaninta da kungiyar Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK)", amma ta dauki matakin a matsayin kawance da kungiyar ISIL ta hadin gwiwa. Sojoji – Operation Inherent Resolve — daga yankin kan iyaka da kuma samar da “yanki mai aminci” mai zurfin kilomita 30 (mita 20) a Arewacin Siriya inda wasu daga cikin ‘yan gudun hijirar Siriya miliyan 3.6 da ke Turkiyya za su sake tsugunar da su.Kasancewar yankin da ake shirin zama na Kurdawa ne, an soki wannan aniyar a matsayin wani yunkuri na kawar da kabilanci, sukar da gwamnatin Turkiyya ta yi watsi da ita wadda ta yi iƙirarin "gyara" alƙaluman alƙaluman da ta yi zargin cewa SDF ta sauya.Da farko dai gwamnatin Syria ta soki SDF kan harin da Turkiyya ta kai, tana mai zarginta da ballewa da kuma rashin sulhuntawa da gwamnatin kasar, yayin da kuma ta yi Allah wadai da farmakin da kasashen waje suka yi wa yankin na Syria.Sai dai kuma bayan 'yan kwanaki SDF ta cimma yarjejeniya da gwamnatin Siriya, inda za ta ba wa sojojin Siriya damar shiga garuruwan Manbij da Kobanî da ke hannun SDF a wani yunkuri na kare garuruwan daga farmakin Turkiyya.Jim kadan bayan haka, kafar yada labarai ta kasar Syria SANA ta sanar da cewa, sojojin kasar Syria sun fara aikewa da su zuwa arewacin kasar.A wannan rana ne Turkiyya da SNA suka kaddamar da farmaki domin kame Manbij.A ranar 17 ga Oktoba, 2019, mataimakin shugaban kasar Amurka Mike Pence ya sanar da cewa, Amurka da Turkiyya sun amince da yarjejeniyar tsagaita bude wuta na kwanaki biyar a kasar Siriya, a matsayin mayar da martani ga janyewar SDF baki daya daga matsayinta na Siriya da Turkiyya. iyaka.A ranar 22 ga Oktoba, 2019, shugaban kasar Rasha Vladimir Putin da takwaransa na Turkiyya Recep Tayyip Erdoğan sun cimma yarjejeniyar tsawaita tsagaita bude wuta da karin sa'o'i 150 idan SDF za ta yi nisan kilomita 30 daga kan iyakar, da kuma daga Tal Rifaat da Manbij.Sharuɗɗan yarjejeniyar kuma sun haɗa da sintiri na hadin gwiwa tsakanin Rasha da Turkiyya da ke da nisan kilomita 10 zuwa Siriya daga kan iyaka, sai dai a birnin Qamishli.Sabuwar tsagaita wutar ta fara ne da karfe 12 na dare agogon kasar a ranar 23 ga watan Oktoba.Har yanzu dai yankin da aka kwace wani bangare ne na mamayar da Turkiyya ke yi a arewacin Siriya.

A ranar 6 ga Fabrairu, 2023, da karfe 04:17 TRT (01:17 UTC), girgizar kasa mai karfin awo 7.8 ta afku a kudanci da tsakiyar Turkiyya da arewaci da yammacin Siriya.Girgizar ta kasance kilomita 37 (23 mi) yamma – arewa maso yamma na Gaziantep.Girgizar kasar tana da matsakaicin karfin Mercalli na XII (Extreme) a sassan Antakya da ke lardin Hatay.Girgizar kasa mai karfin awo 7.7 ta biyo bayansa da karfe 13:24.Wannan girgizar kasa ta kasance a tsakiya mai nisan kilomita 95 (59 mi) arewa-maso-gabas daga farko.An yi barna sosai tare da kashe dubunnan mutane.Girgizar kasa mai karfin Mw 7.8 ita ce mafi girma da aka taba samu a Turkiyya tun bayan afkuwar girgizar kasa ta Erzincan a shekarar 1939, kuma tare da hadin gwiwarta ita ce ta biyu mafi karfi da aka samu a kasar, bayan girgizar kasa ta Arewacin Anatoliya a shekarar 1668.Hakanan yana ɗaya daga cikin girgizar ƙasa mafi ƙarfi da aka taɓa samu a cikin Levant.An ji shi har zuwaMasar , Isra'ila , Falasdinu, Lebanon, Cyprus, da Tekun Black Sea na Turkiyya.An sami girgizar kasa sama da 10,000 a cikin makonni uku da suka biyo baya.Jerin girgizar kasa ya kasance sakamakon kuskuren yajin aiki mara zurfi.An sami barna mai yawa a wani yanki mai nisan kilomita kusan 350,000 (kilomita 140,000) (kimanin girman Jamus).Kimanin mutane miliyan 14, wato kashi 16 cikin 100 na al'ummar Turkiyya, abin ya shafa.Masana ci gaba daga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun yi kiyasin cewa mutane kusan miliyan 1.5 ne suka rasa matsuguni.Ya zuwa ranar 10 ga Maris, 2023, an tabbatar da mutuwar sama da 55,100: sama da 47,900 a Turkiyya, sama da 7,200 a Siriya.Ita ce girgizar kasa mafi muni a kasar Turkiyya a yau tun bayan girgizar kasar Antakiya a shekara ta 526, wadda ta zama bala'i mafi muni a tarihinta na zamani.Haka kuma ita ce mafi muni a Siriya tun bayan girgizar kasa ta Aleppo a shekara ta 1822;mafi muni a duniya tun bayan girgizar ƙasar Haiti na 2010;kuma na biyar mafi mutuwa a cikin karni na 21st.An yi kiyasin barnar da aka yi a Turkiyya sama da dalar Amurka biliyan 100 da kuma dalar Amurka biliyan 5.1 a Siriya, wanda hakan ya zama girgizar kasa ta hudu mafi tsada da aka samu.