Daular Parthia

haruffa

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247 BCE - 224

Daular Parthia



Daular Parthia, wacce aka fi sani da Daular Arsacid, ita ce babbar karfin siyasa da al'adu ta Iran a tsohuwar Iran daga 247 KZ zuwa 224 AD.Sunansa na ƙarshe ya fito ne daga wanda ya kafa ta, Arsaces I, wanda ya jagoranci ƙabilar Parni wajen cin nasara a yankin Parthia a arewa maso gabashin Iran, sai kuma lardi (lardi) a ƙarƙashin Andragoras, a tawaye ga daular Seleucid .Mithridates Na fadada daular sosai ta hanyar kwace Media da Mesopotamiya daga Seleucids.A tsawonsa, daular Parthian ta taso ne daga arewacin kogin Euphrates, a yankin da ke tsakiyar gabashin Turkiyya, zuwa Afghanistan da yammacin Pakistan a yau.Daular wacce ke kan hanyar siliki ta hanyar kasuwanci tsakanin daular Rum a cikin Tekun Bahar Rum da daular Han ta kasar Sin, ta zama cibiyar kasuwanci da kasuwanci.Mutanen Parthians sun karɓi fasaha, gine-gine, akidar addini, da alamar sarauta na daularsu ta al'adu daban-daban, waɗanda suka ƙunshi al'adun Farisa, Hellenistic, da na yanki.Kusan rabin farkon wanzuwarta, kotun Arsacid ta ɗauki wasu abubuwa na al'adun Girka , kodayake daga ƙarshe ta ga farfaɗo da al'adun Iran a hankali.An yi wa sarakunan Arsacid lakabi da "Sarkin Sarakuna", a matsayin da'awar cewa su ne magada daular Achaemenid ;lalle ne, sun yarda da sarakunan gida da yawa a matsayin vassals inda Achaemenids za su kasance sun nada a tsakiya, ko da yake sun kasance masu cin gashin kansu, satraps.Kotun ta nada ƴan satraps kaɗan, galibi a wajen Iran, amma waɗannan satrapies ƙanana ne kuma ba su da ƙarfi fiye da na Achaemenid.Tare da fadada ikon Arsacid, wurin zama na gwamnatin tsakiya ya tashi daga Nisa zuwa Ctesiphon tare da Tigris (kudancin Baghdad na zamani, Iraki), ko da yake wasu wurare da dama kuma sun kasance manyan birane.Maƙiyan Farko na farko su ne Seleucids a yamma da kuma Scythians a arewa.Duk da haka, yayin da Parthia ta faɗaɗa yamma, sun shiga rikici da Masarautar Armeniya, kuma daga ƙarshe ya zama Jamhuriya ta Roma.Roma da Parthia sun yi takara da juna don kafa sarakunan Armeniya a matsayin abokan cinikinsu.Parthians sun halaka sojojin Marcus Licinius Crassus a yakin Carrhae a 53 KZ, kuma a cikin 40-39 KZ, sojojin Parthian sun kama dukan Levant banda Taya daga Romawa.Sai dai Mark Antony ya jagoranci kai wa Parthia hari, duk da cewa an samu nasararsa gaba daya a rashi, karkashin jagorancin Laftanarsa Ventidius.Sarakunan Romawa dabam-dabam ko shugabannin da aka naɗa sun mamaye Mesopotamiya a yayin yakin Roman-Parthan da ya biyo baya na ƴan ƙarnuka masu zuwa.Romawa sun kama garuruwan Seleucia da Ctesiphon a lokuta da yawa a lokacin waɗannan rikice-rikice, amma ba su iya riƙe su ba.Yaƙe-yaƙe na basasa da aka yi tsakanin Parthian masu hamayya da karagar mulki ya kasance mafi haɗari ga kwanciyar hankalin daular fiye da mamayewar ƙasashen waje, kuma ikon Parthia ya ƙafe sa’ad da Ardashir I, mai mulkin Istakhr a Farisa, ya yi tawaye ga Arsacids kuma ya kashe sarkinsu na ƙarshe, Artabanus IV, a shekara ta 224 A.Z. .Ardashir ya kafa daular Sasaniya , wacce ta mulki Iran da yawancin Gabas ta Kusa har zuwa lokacin da musulmi suka ci nasara a karni na 7 AZ, duk da cewa daular Arsacid ta rayu ta hanyar rassan dangin da suka yi mulkin Armeniya ,Iberia , da Albaniya a cikin Caucasus.
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Ziyarci Shago

247 BCE - 141 BCE
Samuwar da Fadada Farkoornament
Parni mamaye na Parthia
Parni mamaye na Parthia ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
247 BCE Jan 1 00:01

Parni mamaye na Parthia

Ashgabat, Turkmenistan
A cikin 245 KZ, Andragoras, gwamnan Seleucid (satrap) na Parthia ya yi shelar 'yancin kai daga Seleucid, lokacin - bayan mutuwar Antiochus II - Ptolemy III ya kwace ikon babban birnin Seleucid a Antakiya, kuma "don haka ya bar makomar daular Seleucid. "A halin yanzu," wani mutum da ake kira Arsaces, na Scythian ko Bactrian asalin, [an] zaba shugaban kabilar Parni."Bayan ballewar Parthia daga Daular Seleucid da sakamakon asarar goyon bayan Seleucid, Andragoras ya sha wahala wajen kiyaye iyakokinsa, kuma kusan shekara ta 238 K.Z. — karkashin jagorancin "Arsaces da ɗan'uwansa Tiridates" - Parni ya mamaye Parthia kuma ya kwace iko. na Astabene (Astawa), yankin arewa na wannan yanki, babban birnin gudanarwa wanda shine Kabuchan (Kuchan a cikin vulgate).Bayan ɗan lokaci kaɗan Parni ya kama sauran Parthia daga Andragoras, ya kashe shi a cikin wannan tsari.Tare da cin nasarar lardin, Arsacids sun zama sanannun da Parthians a cikin Girkanci da na Romawa.Arsaces I ya zama sarki na farko na Parthia sannan kuma shine wanda ya kafa daular Arsacid na Parthia.
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Yakin Antiochus III
Seleucid calvary vs. Roman Infantry ©Igor Dzis
209 BCE Jan 1

Yakin Antiochus III

Turkmenistan
Antiochus na uku ya kaddamar da yakin neman dawo da iko da lardunan gabas, kuma bayan da ya fatattaki 'yan kasar Parthia a yakin, ya samu nasarar dawo da iko da yankin.An tilasta wa Parthiyawa su karɓi matsayin vassal kuma yanzu kawai suna sarrafa ƙasar da ta dace da tsohon lardin Seleucid na Parthia.Duk da haka, ɓarnar da Parthia ta yi ba daidai ba ne kawai kuma saboda sojojin Seleucid suna bakin ƙofarsu.Domin kwato lardunan gabas da kafa iyakokin Seleucid har zuwa gabas kamar yadda suke karkashin Seleucus I Nicator, manyan sarakunan sun ba Antiochus babban mukami.An yi sa'a ga mutanen Parthia, daular Seleucid tana da abokan gaba da yawa, kuma ba a daɗe ba kafin Antiochus ya jagoranci sojojinsa zuwa yamma don yaƙarPtolemaic Masar da Jamhuriyar Roma mai tasowa.'Yan Seleucid sun kasa shiga tsakani a cikin al'amuran Parthia bayan cin nasarar Seleucid a Magnesia a 190 KZ.Priapatius (rc 191-176 KZ) ya gaji Arsaces II, kuma Phraates I (rc 176-171 KZ) ya hau gadon sarautar Parthia.Phrates I ya mulki Parthia ba tare da wani tsangwama na Seleucid ba.
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Barazana daga Gabas
Saka Warriors ©JFoliveras
177 BCE Jan 1

Barazana daga Gabas

Bactra, Afghanistan
Yayin da mutanen Parthia suka dawo da yankunan da suka rasa a yamma, wata barazana ta taso a gabas.A shekara ta 177-176 KZ, kungiyar makiyaya ta Xiongnu ta kori Yuezhi makiyaya daga yankunansu a lardin Gansu a arewa maso yammacinkasar Sin ;Sai Yuezhi ya yi ƙaura zuwa yamma zuwa cikin Bactria kuma ya raba ƙabilun Saka (Scythian).An tilastawa Saka su matsa gaba zuwa yamma, inda suka mamaye iyakokin daular Parthian ta arewa maso gabas.Don haka aka tilasta Mithridates ya yi ritaya zuwa Hyrcania bayan ya ci Mesofotamiya .Wasu daga cikin Saka aka sanya a cikin sojojin Phraates a kan Antiochus.Duk da haka, sun isa a makare don shiga cikin rikicin.Lokacin da Phraates ya ki biyan albashinsu, Saka ya yi tawaye, wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya kashe shi tare da taimakon tsoffin sojojin Seleucid, amma duk da haka su ma sun yi watsi da Phraates, suka shiga tare da Saka.Phrates II ya yi yaƙi da wannan runduna ta haɗin gwiwa, amma an kashe shi a yaƙi.Masanin tarihin Romawa Justin ya ba da rahoton cewa magajinsa Artabanus I (rc 128-124 KZ) ya yi irin wannan rabon yaƙar makiyaya a gabas.
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Yaki a Gabas
©Angus McBride
163 BCE Jan 1 - 155 BCE

Yaki a Gabas

Balkh, Afghanistan
An yi rikodin Phraates I azaman faɗaɗa ikon Parthia bayan Ƙofar Alexander da mamaye Apamea Ragiana.Ba a san wuraren da waɗannan suke ba.Duk da haka mafi girman fadada ikon Parthia da yanki ya faru a lokacin mulkin ɗan'uwansa kuma magajinsa Mithridates I (rc 171-132 KZ), wanda Katouzian ya kwatanta da Cyrus the Great (d. 530 KZ), wanda ya kafa Daular Achaemenid.Mithridates Na juya idonsa akan Masarautar Greco-Bactrian wacce ta yi rauni sosai sakamakon yaƙe-yaƙenta da maƙwabtan Sogdians, Drangianans da Indiyawa.Sabon Sarkin Greco-Bactrian Eucratides I (r. 171-145 KZ) ya kwace sarautar kuma a sakamakon haka ya fuskanci hamayya, kamar tawaye daga Arians, wanda mai yiwuwa Mithridates I ya goyi bayansa, kamar yadda zai yi aiki ga amfaninsa.Wani lokaci tsakanin 163-155 KZ, Mithridates I ya mamaye yankunan Eucratides, wanda ya ci nasara kuma ya kama Aria, Margiana da yammacin Bactria daga.Eucratides da ake zaton an yi shi ne vassal na Parthia, kamar yadda masana tarihi na gargajiya Justin da Strabo suka nuna.Merv ya zama matattarar mamayar Parthia a arewa maso gabas.Wasu tsabar tagulla na Mithridates I suna nuna giwa a baya tare da almara "Babban Sarki, Arsaces."Greco-Bactrians sun haƙa tsabar kudi tare da hotunan giwaye, wanda ke nuna cewa Mithridates I's tsabar kudin mints na dabba zai yiwu don bikin cin nasarar Bactria.
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141 BCE - 63 BCE
Golden Age da Rikice-rikice tare da Romaornament
Fadada zuwa Babila
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
141 BCE Jan 1 00:01

Fadada zuwa Babila

Babylon, Iraq
Da yake mai da hankali kan daular Seleucid , Mithridates I ya mamaye Media kuma ya mamaye Ecbatana a shekara ta 148 ko 147 K.Z.;A kwanan nan yankin ya zama marar kwanciyar hankali bayan da Seleucids suka murkushe tawayen da Timarchus ya jagoranta.Daga baya Mithridates I ya nada dan uwansa Bagasis a matsayin gwamnan yankin.Wannan nasara ta biyo bayan nasarar Parthian na Media Atropatene.A cikin 141 KZ, Mithridates I ya kama Babila a Mesofotamiya , inda ya yi hako tsabar kudi a Seleucia kuma ya gudanar da bikin bincike na hukuma.A can Mithridates I da alama sun gabatar da fareti na bikin Sabuwar Shekara a Babila, inda aka ja-goranci wani mutum-mutumi na allahn Mesopotamiya na d ¯ a Marduk a kan hanyar fareti daga haikalin Esagila ta hanyar riƙe hannuwan allan nan Ishtar.Tare da Mesofotamiya a yanzu a hannun Parthia, tsarin gudanarwa na daular ya koma can maimakon gabashin Iran .Mithridates I ba da daɗewa ba ya yi ritaya zuwa Hyrcania, yayin da sojojinsa suka mamaye masarautun Elymais da Characene kuma suka mamaye Susa.A wannan lokacin, ikon Parthia ya fadada zuwa gabas har zuwa Kogin Indus.
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Nasara na Farisa
Parthian cataphracts ©Angus McBride
138 BCE Jan 1

Nasara na Farisa

Persia
Da farko mai mulkin Seleucid Demetrius II Nicator ya yi nasara a farkon ƙoƙarinsa na sake mamaye Babila, duk da haka, Seleucids sun ci nasara a ƙarshe kuma sojojin Parthia suka kama Demetrius da kansa a 138 KZ.Bayan haka an yi masa fareti a gaban Girkawa na Media da Mesofotamiya da nufin sa su yarda da mulkin Parthia.Bayan haka, Mithridates na sa aka aika Demetrius zuwa ɗaya daga cikin fādojinsa a Hyrcania.A can Mithridates na yi wa fursuna da kyakkyawar karimci;Har ma ya auri 'yarsa Rhodogune ga Demetrius.A cewar Justin, Mithridates I na da tsare-tsare don Siriya, kuma ya shirya yin amfani da Demetrius a matsayin kayan aikin sa ga sabon shugaban Seleucid Antiochus VII Sidetes (r. 138-129 KZ).Aurensa da Rhodogune a haƙiƙanin yunƙuri ne na Mithridates I don haɗa ƙasashen Seleucid cikin faɗaɗa daular Parthia.Mithridates Na kuma azabtar da mulkin Parthian vassal na Elymais don taimakon Seleucids - ya sake mamaye yankin kuma ya kama biyu daga cikin manyan garuruwansu.A daidai wannan lokacin, Mithridates I ya ci yankin kudu maso yammacin Iran na Farisa tare da sanya Wadfradad II a matsayin frataraka;ya ba shi ƙarin 'yancin kai, mai yuwuwa a ƙoƙarin kiyaye kyakkyawar dangantaka da Farisa yayin da Daular Parthian ke cikin rikici akai-akai tare da Saka, Seleucids, da Mesenians.Da alama shi ne sarkin Parthia na farko da ya yi tasiri a al'amuran Farisa.Tsabar kuɗin Wadfradad II yana nuna tasiri daga tsabar kuɗin da aka haƙa a ƙarƙashin Mithridates I. Mithridates Na mutu a c.132 KZ, kuma ɗansa Phrates II ya gaje shi.
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Rushewar Daular Seleucid
Sojojin Parthia suna harbi a wurin abokan gaba ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
129 BCE Jan 1

Rushewar Daular Seleucid

Ecbatana, Hamadan Province, Ir
Antiochus VII Sidetes, ɗan'uwan Demetrius, ya ɗauki kursiyin Seleucid kuma ya auri matar Cleopatra Thea.Bayan ya ci Diodotus Tryphon, Antiochus ya fara yaƙin neman zaɓe a shekara ta 130 K.Z. don sake karɓo Mesofotamiya , yanzu a ƙarƙashin mulkin Phraates II (rc 132-127 KZ).An ci nasara da Indates na Parthian tare da Babban Zab, sannan aka yi tawaye a cikin gida inda aka kashe gwamnan Parthia na Babila.Antiochus ya ci Babila kuma ya mamaye Susa, inda ya haƙa tsabar kudi.Bayan shigar da sojojinsa zuwa Media, Parthians sun ingiza zaman lafiya, wanda Antiochus ya ƙi yarda da shi, sai dai idan Arsacids sun bar masa duk ƙasar sai dai Parthia daidai, ya biya haraji mai yawa, kuma ya saki Demetrius daga zaman talala.Arsaces ya saki Dimitiriyas ya aika shi zuwa Syria, amma ya ƙi sauran buƙatun.A lokacin bazara na shekara ta 129 K.Z., Mediya sun yi tawaye a fili ga Antiyaku, wadda sojojinta suka yi amfani da albarkatun karkara a lokacin sanyi.Yayin da ake ƙoƙarin kawo ƙarshen tawaye, babban sojojin Parthian ya shiga yankin kuma ya kashe Antiochus a yakin Ecbatana a shekara ta 129 KZ.An mayar da gawarsa zuwa Sham a cikin akwatin gawa na azurfa;An yi garkuwa da ɗansa Seleucus ɗan Parthia kuma wata 'yar ta shiga cikin harem na Fir'auna.
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Mithradates II
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
124 BCE Jan 1 - 115 BCE

Mithradates II

Sistan, Afghanistan
A cewar Justin, Mithridates II ya rama wa mutuwar “iyaye ko kakanninsa” (ultor iniuriae parentum), wanda ke nuni da cewa ya yi yaki kuma ya ci Tochariyawa, wadanda suka kashe Artabanus I da Phraates II.Mithridates II kuma sun sake mamaye yammacin Bactria daga Scythians.Ƙididdigar Parthian da rahotanni da aka warwatse suna nuna cewa Mithridates II ya mallaki Bactra, Kampyrtepa, da Termez, wanda ke nufin cewa ya sake mamaye ƙasashen da sunansa Mithridates I (r. 171 – 132 KZ).Sarrafa kan tsakiyar Amu Darya ciki har da Amul yana da mahimmanci ga Parthians, don dakile kutse daga makiyaya daga Transoxiana, musamman daga Sogdia.Ana ci gaba da hako tsabar tsabar Parthian a yammacin Bactria da kuma tsakiyar Amu Darya har zuwa mulkin Gotarzes II (r. 40-51 CE).Har ila yau, mamayewar makiyaya ya kai lardin Drangiana na gabashin Parthia, inda aka kafa masarautun Saka masu karfi, wanda hakan ya ba da sunan Sakastan ("ƙasar Saka").Wataƙila waɗannan makiyaya sun yi ƙaura zuwa yankin saboda matsin lambar da Artabanus I da Mithridates II suka yi musu a arewa.Wani lokaci tsakanin 124 zuwa 115 KZ, Mithridates II ya aika da sojoji karkashin jagorancin janar na House of Suren don sake kamawa zuwa yankin.Bayan an haɗa Sakastan zuwa cikin daular Parthia, Mithridates II ya ba wa yankin kyauta ga Surenid janar a matsayin fiefdom.Gabas iyakar daular Parthia karkashin Mithridates II ya kai har zuwa Arachosia.
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Alakar kasuwanci ta Han-Parthiya
Samarkand tare da hanyar siliki ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
121 BCE Jan 1

Alakar kasuwanci ta Han-Parthiya

China
Bayan aikin diflomasiyya da Zhang Qian ya yi zuwa tsakiyar Asiya a zamanin sarki Wu na Han (r. 141-87 KZ), daular Han takasar Sin ta aika da tawaga zuwa kotun Mithridates II a shekara ta 121 KZ.Ofishin jakadancin Han ya bude huldar kasuwanci a hukumance tare da Parthia ta hanyar siliki duk da haka bai cimma wani kawancen soja da ake so a kan kungiyar Xiongnu ba.Daular Parthia ta sami wadatar ta ta hanyar harajin harajin ayari na Eurasia a siliki, kayan alatu mafi tsada da Romawa ke shigo da su.Lu'u-lu'u kuma wani abu ne mai kima da ake shigo da su daga kasar Sin, yayin da Sinawa suka sayi kayan kamshi na Parthia, turare, da 'ya'yan itatuwa.An kuma ba da dabbobi masu ban mamaki a matsayin kyauta daga Arsacid zuwa kotunan Han;a shekara ta 87 AZ Pacorus na biyu na Parthia ya aika zakoki da barewa na Farisa zuwa ga Sarkin sarakuna Zhang na Han (r. 75-88 CE).Bayan siliki, kayan Parthian da 'yan kasuwan Romawa suka saya sun haɗa da baƙin ƙarfe daga Indiya, kayan yaji, da fata mai kyau.Ayarin da ke tafiya ta cikin daular Parthian sun kawo kayayyakin gilasai na yammacin Asiya da na Roman a wasu lokutan zuwa kasar Sin.'Yan kasuwa na Sogdia, masu magana da harshen Gabashin Iran, sun kasance farkon farkon wannan muhimmin ciniki na siliki tsakanin Parthia da Han China.
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Ctesiphon ya kafa
Archway na Ctesiphon ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
120 BCE Jan 1

Ctesiphon ya kafa

Salman Pak, Madain, Iraq
An kafa Ctesiphon a ƙarshen 120s KZ.An gina shi a wurin wani sansanin soja da Mithridates I na Parthia ya kafa daga Seleucia.Mulkin Gotarzes Na ga Ctesiphon ya kai kololuwa a matsayin cibiyar siyasa da kasuwanci.Birnin ya zama babban birnin daular kusan shekara ta 58 KZ a zamanin Orodes II.Sannu a hankali, birnin ya haɗu da tsohuwar babban birnin Hellenistic na Seleucia da sauran ƙauyuka na kusa don samar da babban birni.
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Armeniya ta zama vassal na Parthia
Mayakan Armeniya ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
120 BCE Jan 1

Armeniya ta zama vassal na Parthia

Armenia
A cikin kusan 120 KZ, Sarkin Parthian Mithridates II (r. 124-91 KZ) ya mamaye Armeniya kuma ya sanya sarkinta Artavasdes I yarda da suzerainty Parthia.Artavasdes An tilasta ni in ba Parthians Tigranes, wanda ko dai ɗansa ne ko ɗan'uwansa, a matsayin garkuwa.Tigranes ya zauna a kotun Parthia a Ctesiphon, inda ya yi karatu a al'adun Parthia.Tigranes ya kasance da garkuwa a kotun Parthian har zuwa c.96/95 KZ, lokacin da Mithridates II ya sake shi kuma ya naɗa shi Sarkin Armeniya.Tigranes sun ba da wani yanki da ake kira "kwaruruka saba'in" a cikin Caspiane zuwa Mithridates II, ko dai a matsayin jingina ko kuma saboda Mithridates II ya bukaci hakan.'Yar Tigranes Ariazate ita ma ta auri dan Mithridates II, wanda masanin tarihin zamani Edward Dąbrowa ya ce ya faru ne jim kadan kafin ya hau kan karagar Armeniya a matsayin tabbacin amincinsa.Tigranes zai kasance vassal na Parthia har zuwa ƙarshen 80's BC.
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Saduwa da Romawa
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
96 BCE Jan 1

Saduwa da Romawa

Rome, Metropolitan City of Rom
A shekara mai zuwa, Mithridates II ya kai hari kan Adiabene, Gordyene da Osrhoene kuma ya ci waɗannan jahohin birni, ya karkata iyakar yammacin daular Parthia zuwa Euphrates.A can ne ’yan Parthia suka ci karo da Romawa a karon farko.A cikin 96 KZ Mithridates II ya aika da ɗaya daga cikin jami'ansa, Orobazus, a matsayin manzo zuwa Sulla.Yayin da Romawa suke ƙaruwa da iko da tasiri, mutanen Parthia sun nemi dangantakar abokantaka da Romawa don haka suna son cimma yarjejeniya da ta tabbatar da mutunta juna tsakanin masu iko biyu.Tattaunawa ta biyo baya wanda da alama Sulla ya sami rinjaye, wanda ya sa Orobazus da Parthians zama kamar masu addu'a.Daga baya za a kashe Orobazus.
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Parthian Dark Age
Parthian Dark Age ©Angus McBride
91 BCE Jan 1 - 57 BCE

Parthian Dark Age

Turkmenistan
Abin da ake kira "Parthian Dark Age" yana nufin tsawon shekaru talatin a cikin tarihin Daular Parthia tsakanin mutuwar (ko shekarun karshe) na Mithridates II a 91 KZ, da hawan gadon sarauta na Orodes II a 57 KZ. tare da nau'o'in kwanan wata da malamai suka ambace su.Ana kiransa da "Duhu Age" saboda rashin cikakkun bayanai kan abubuwan da suka faru a wannan lokaci a cikin daular, sai dai jerin gwano, da alama sun mamaye su.Babu wata majiya a rubuce da ta bayyana wannan lokaci da ta wanzu, kuma malamai sun kasa sake gina gadon sarautar da kuma shekarun mulkinsu a fili ta hanyar amfani da madogaran ƙididdiga da ake da su saboda shubuha.Babu wata doka ko takaddar gudanarwa daga wannan lokacin da aka adana.An gabatar da ra'ayoyi da yawa don magance wannan matsala ta adadi.Dangane da asali na gargajiya, sunayen masu mulki a wannan lokacin sune Sinatruces da ɗansa Phraates (III), Mithridates (III / IV), Orodes (II), 'ya'yan Phraates III, da wani Darius (I). mai mulkin Media (ko Media Atropatene?).Wasu sunaye biyu, Gotarzes (I) da Orodes (I) an tabbatar dasu a cikin allunan cuneiform na zamani daga Babila.
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An saita iyakar Parthia-Rome
Yaƙin Tigranocerta ©Angus McBride
69 BCE Oct 6

An saita iyakar Parthia-Rome

Euphrates River, Iraq
Bayan barkewar yakin Mithridatic na uku, Mithridates VI na Pontus (r. 119-63 KZ), abokin Tigranes II na Armeniya, ya nemi taimako daga Parthia a kan Roma, amma Sinatruces ya ƙi taimako.Lokacin da kwamandan Romawa Lucullus ya yi yaƙi da babban birnin Armenia Tigranocerta a shekara ta 69 KZ, Mithridates VI da Tigranes II sun nemi taimakon Phraates III (rc 71-58).Phraates bai aika da taimako ga ko wannensu ba, kuma bayan faduwar Tigranocerta ya sake tabbatar da Lucullus Kogin Furat a matsayin iyaka tsakanin Parthia da Roma.
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53 BCE Jan 1

Carrhae

Harran, Şanlıurfa, Turkey
Marcus Licinius Crassus, ɗaya daga cikin masu nasara, wanda yanzu ya zama sarkin Siriya, ya mamaye Parthia a cikin 53 KZ don goyon bayan Mithridates.Yayin da sojojinsa suka yi tattaki zuwa Carrhae (Harran ta zamani, kudu maso gabashin Turkiyya), Orodes II suka mamaye Armeniya, inda suka yanke goyon baya daga abokin tarayyar Roma Artavasdes II na Armeniya (r. 53-34 KZ).Orodes ya rinjayi Artavasdes zuwa kawancen aure tsakanin sarki Pacorus I na Parthia (d. 38 KZ) da 'yar'uwar Artavasdes.Surena, tare da sojoji gaba ɗaya akan doki, sun hau don saduwa da Crassus.Surena's 1,000 cataphracts (makamai da lances) da 9,000 maharba dawakai sun fi yawa fiye da hudu zuwa daya ta sojojin Crassus, wanda ya hada da runduna bakwai na Roman da mataimaka ciki har da Gauls da aka saka da wuta.Ta hanyar amfani da jirgin jakunkuna na raƙuma kusan 1,000, sojojin Parthian sun ba wa maharba dawakai kayan kibau akai-akai.Maharban doki sun yi amfani da dabarar "harbin Parthian": suna nuna ja da baya don fitar da abokan gaba, sannan su juya da harbe su lokacin da aka fallasa su.Wannan dabarar, wacce aka aiwatar da manyan bakuna masu tarin yawa akan fili, ta lalata sojojin Crassus.Tare da wasu Romawa 20,000 da suka mutu, kimanin 10,000 aka kama, kuma kusan wasu 10,000 suna tserewa yamma, Crassus ya gudu zuwa cikin karkarar Armenia.A shugaban sojojinsa, Surena ya kusanci Crassus, yana ba da fa'ida, wanda Crassus ya yarda.Sai dai kuma an kashe shi ne lokacin da wani karamin jami’insa da ake zargin tarko ya yi yunkurin hana shi hawa sansanin Surena.Crassus ya sha kashi a Carrhae yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi munin cin nasara na soja na tarihin Roman.Nasarar da Parthia ta samu ya tabbatar da sunanta a matsayin mai girma idan ba daidai ba da Rome.Tare da mabiyansa na sansani, waɗanda aka kama yaƙi, da ganima mai tamani na Romawa, Surena ya yi tafiyar kilomita 700 (mil 430) zuwa Seleucia inda aka yi bikin nasararsa.Duk da haka, saboda tsoron burinsa har da kursiyin Arsacid, Orodes ya kashe Surena ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka.
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50 BCE - 224
Zaman Rashin Zaman Lafiya Da Rikicin Cikin Gidaornament
Yaƙin Ƙofar Kilisiya
Romawa suna fada da Parthians ©Angus McBride
39 BCE Jan 1

Yaƙin Ƙofar Kilisiya

Mersin, Akdeniz/Mersin, Turkey
Sojojin Parthian sun kai hare-hare da dama zuwa cikin yankin Roman bayan cin nasara da sojojin Romawa karkashin Crassus suka yi a yakin Carrhae.Romawa karkashin Gaius Cassius Longinus sun kare kan iyaka daga wadannan kutse na Parthian cikin nasara.Duk da haka, a shekara ta 40 K.Z., sojojin Parthian da ke da alaƙa da sojojin Roma na tawaye da suka yi aiki a ƙarƙashin Quintus Labienus sun kai farmaki a lardin Roma na gabas, sun yi nasara sosai yayin da Labienus ya ɗauki dukan Asiya Ƙarama sai dai wasu ƴan garuruwa, yayin da matashin sarki Pacorus na Parthia. ya mamaye Siriya da Hasmon a Yahudiya.Bayan waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru Mark Antony ya ba da umarnin sojojin Roma na gabas ga laftanarsa, Publius Ventidius Bassus, ƙwararren Janar na soja wanda ya yi aiki a ƙarƙashin Julius Kaisar.Ventidius ya sauka ba zato ba tsammani a bakin tekun Asiya Ƙarama, wanda ya tilasta Labienus ya koma Cilicia inda ya sami ƙarin ƙarfafa Parthian daga Pacorus.Bayan Labienus ya sake haɗuwa tare da ƙarin sojojin Pacorus, sojojinsa da na Ventidius sun hadu a wani wuri a Dutsen Taurus.Yaƙin Ƙofar Cilician a shekara ta 39 K.Z., nasara ce mai mahimmanci ga Janar Janar na Roma Publius Ventidius Bassus a kan sojojin Parthia da abokansa na Romawa waɗanda suka yi aiki a ƙarƙashin Quintus Labienus a Asiya Ƙarama.
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Antony's Parthian yaƙin neman zaɓe ya gaza
©Angus McBride
36 BCE Jan 1

Antony's Parthian yaƙin neman zaɓe ya gaza

Lake Urmia, Iran
Antony's Parthian yakin yaƙin neman zaɓe ne na Mark Antony, mai mulkin gabashin jamhuriyar Romawa, akan Daular Parthian ƙarƙashin Phraates IV.Julius Kaisar ya shirya mamaye Parthia amma an kashe shi kafin ya aiwatar da shi.A shekara ta 40 K.Z., sojojin Pompeian suka haɗu da Parthians kuma suka kama yawancin Gabas ta Roma a taƙaice, amma rundunar da Antony ya aika ya ci su kuma ya sake cin nasara.Antony yana da alaƙa da masarautu da yawa, gami da Armeniya , Antony ya fara yaƙi da Parthia da ƙarfi mai ƙarfi a cikin 36 KZ.An gano gaban Euphrates yana da ƙarfi don haka Antony ya zaɓi hanyar Armeniya.Bayan shiga Atropatene, jirgin da ke ɗauke da kaya na Romawa da injinan kewaye, waɗanda suka bi ta wata hanya dabam, sojojin dawakai na Parthia suka lalata su.Antony har yanzu ya kewaye babban birnin Atropatene amma bai yi nasara ba.Tafiyar ja da baya zuwa kasar Armeniya sannan kuma kasar Siriya ta kara yi wa dakarun nasa asara mai yawa.Majiyoyin Romawa sun zargi Sarkin Armeniya da shan kashi mai tsanani, amma majiyoyin zamani sun lura da rashin kulawa da tsare-tsaren Antony.Daga baya Antony ya mamaye kasar Armeniya ya kuma kashe sarkinta.
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Masarautar Indo-Parthiya
Masarautar Indo-Parthian wanda Gondophares ya kafa ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
19 Jan 1 - 226

Masarautar Indo-Parthiya

Taxila, Pakistan
Masarautar Indo-Parthian masarautar Parthia ce ta Gondophares ta kafa, kuma tana aiki daga 19 CE zuwa c.226 CE.A matsayinsu na farko, sun yi mulkin wani yanki da ya shafi sassan gabashin Iran , sassa daban-daban na Afganistan da yankunan arewa maso yammacinnahiyar Indiya (mafi yawan Pakistan na zamani da kuma sassan arewa maso yammacin Indiya).Mai yiwuwa sarakunan sun kasance membobin gidan Suren, kuma wasu mawallafa sun kira masarautar "Suren Kingdom." An kafa masarautar a cikin 19 lokacin da gwamnan Drangiana (Sakastan) Gondophares ya ayyana 'yancin kai daga Daular Parthia.Daga baya zai yi balaguro zuwa gabas, ya ci ƙasar daga Indo-Scythians da Indo-Greeks, don haka ya mai da mulkinsa ya zama daula.Yankunan Indo-Parthians sun ragu sosai bayan mamayewar Kushan a rabin na biyu na 1st.karni.Sun yi nasarar ci gaba da rike Sakastan, har sai da Daular Sasaniya ta ci nasara a cikin c.224/5.A Baluchistan, Paratarajas, daular Indo-Parthian na gida, ta fada cikin kewayen Daular Sasaniya kusan 262 CE.
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Yakin Ci Gaban Armeniya
©Angus McBride
58 Jan 1 - 63

Yakin Ci Gaban Armeniya

Armenia
Yaƙin Roman-Parthiya na 58-63 ko yaƙin nasarar Armeniya an yi yaƙi tsakanin Daular Rum da Daular Parthia akan ikon Armeniya, ƙasa mai mahimmanci tsakanin masarautun biyu.Armeniya ta kasance ƙasar Romawa tun a zamanin Sarkin sarakuna Augustus, amma a shekara ta 52/53, ’yan Parthia sun yi nasarar naɗa ɗan takararsu, Tiridates, a kan kursiyin Armeniya.Waɗannan al’amura sun zo daidai da hawan Nero kan kujerar sarauta a Roma, kuma matashin sarkin ya yanke shawarar mayar da martani sosai.Yaƙin, wanda shi ne kawai babban yaƙin yaƙi na ƙasashen waje na mulkinsa, ya fara ne tare da nasara cikin sauri ga sojojin Roma, wanda babban kwamandan Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo ya jagoranta.Sun ci nasara kan sojojin da ke biyayya ga Tiridates, suka naɗa ɗan takararsu, Tigranes VI a kan karagar Armeniya, kuma suka bar ƙasar.Rumawa sun taimaki Romawa da gaskiyar cewa Sarkin Parthia Vologases ya shiga cikin murkushe jerin tawaye a kasarsa.Da zaran an yi maganin wadannan, sai mutanen Parthia suka karkata akalarsu ga Armeniya, kuma bayan shekaru biyu na yakin neman zabe ba tare da cimma matsaya ba, suka yi wa Romawa mummunar kaye a yakin Rhandeia.Rikicin ya ƙare ba da daɗewa ba, a cikin ingantacciyar matsala da sasantawa ta yau da kullun: Basaraken Parthia na layin Arsacid zai zauna a kan karagar Armeniya, amma dole ne Sarkin Roma ya amince da nadin nasa.Wannan rikici shine karo na farko kai tsaye tsakanin Parthia da Romawa tun lokacin balaguron balaguron Crassus da yakin Mark Antony a karni daya baya, kuma zai kasance farkon jerin yaƙe-yaƙe tsakanin Roma da Iran akan Armeniya.
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Mamaye Alans
©JFoliveras
72 Jan 1

Mamaye Alans

Ecbatana, Hamadan Province, Ir
An kuma ambaci Alani a cikin mahallin da makiyaya suka kai wa Daular Parthia a shekara ta 72 miladiyya.Sun ratsa yankin Parthian daga arewa maso gabas kuma suka isa Media a yammacin Iran a yau, inda suka kama gidan sarauta na sarkin Arsacid mai mulki, Vologeses I (Valakhsh I).Daga Media, sun kai wa Armeniya hari kuma suka fatattaki sojojin Tiridates, waɗanda aka kusa kama su.Mutanen Parthia da Armeniya sun firgita da barnar da waɗannan mahara makiyaya suka yi, har suka roƙi Roma don neman agajin gaggawa, amma Romawa sun ƙi taimakon (Frye: 240).An yi sa'a ga mutanen Parthia da Armeniya, Alani ya koma cikin lungu da saqo na Eurasia bayan sun tattara ganima mai yawa (College: 52).
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Ofishin Jakadancin China a Rome
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
97 Jan 1

Ofishin Jakadancin China a Rome

Persian Gulf (also known as th
A shekara ta 97 AZ, janar na kasar Han na kasar Sin Ban Chao, babban mai ba da kariya ga yankunan yammacin duniya, ya aika da wakilinsa Gan Ying zuwa aikin diflomasiyya don isa daular Roma.Gan ya ziyarci kotun Pacorus II a Hecatompylos kafin ya tashi zuwa Roma.Ya yi tafiya zuwa yamma har zuwa Tekun Fasha, inda mahukuntan Parthia suka tabbatar masa da cewa tafiya mai tsananin wahala ta teku ta kewaye yankin Larabawa ita ce kawai hanyar zuwa Roma.Da wannan ya karaya, Gan Ying ya koma kotun Han kuma ya ba Sarkin Han na Han (r. 88-105 A.Z.) cikakken rahoto game da Daular Roma bisa bayanan baka na rundunarsa ta Parthia.William Watson ya yi hasashen cewa, da 'yan kasar Parthia za su samu sauki a kokarin da masarautar Han ta yi na bude huldar diflomasiyya da birnin Rome, musamman bayan nasarar da Ban Chao ya samu kan 'yan kabilar Xiongnu a gabashin tsakiyar Asiya.
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Trajan's Parthian yaƙin neman zaɓe
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
115 Jan 1 - 117

Trajan's Parthian yaƙin neman zaɓe

Levant
Sarkin Roma Trajan ya yi yaƙin neman zaɓe na Parthian Trajan a cikin 115 a kan Daular Parthia a Mesopotamiya .Yaƙin ya fara nasara ga Romawa, amma jerin koma baya, ciki har da manyan tawaye a Gabashin Bahar Rum da Arewacin Afirka da mutuwar Trajan a 117, ya ƙare a janyewar Romawa.A cikin 113, Trajan ya yanke shawarar cewa lokaci ya yi don ƙuduri na ƙarshe na "tambayar gabas" ta hanyar cin nasara mai tsanani na Parthia da haɗin gwiwar Armeniya .Nasarar da ya yi alama ce da gangan canji na manufofin Romawa zuwa Parthia da kuma sauyin nanata a cikin "babban dabarar" daular.A cikin 114, Trajan ya mamaye Armenia;ya hade shi a matsayin lardin Romawa kuma ya kashe Parthamasiris, wanda danginsa Parthia King Osroes I ya dora a kan karagar Armeniya.A cikin 115, Sarkin Roma ya mamaye arewacin Mesopotamiya kuma ya haɗa shi da Roma kuma.An yi la'akari da cin nasararsa ya zama dole tun da in ba haka ba, ƙwararrun Armeniya za su iya yankewa daga kudu.Daga nan sai Romawa suka kwace babban birnin Parthia, Ctesiphon, kafin su tashi daga gabar tekun Farisa.Duk da haka, a waccan shekarar an yi tawaye a Gabashin Bahar Rum, da Arewacin Afirka da kuma arewacin Mesofotamiya, yayin da wata babbar tawaye ta Yahudawa ta barke a yankin Romawa, wanda ya yi wa sojojin Roma mugun yawa.Trajan ya kasa daukar Hatra, wanda ya kaucewa shan kashi na Parthia.Sojojin Parthian sun kai hari kan muhimman wurare na Romawa, kuma jama'ar yankin sun kori sojojin Roma a Seleucia, Nisibis da Edessa.Trajan ya fatattaki 'yan tawaye a Mesopotamiya;ya kafa wani yariman Parthia, Parthamaspates, a matsayin mai mulkin abokin ciniki kuma ya koma Siriya.Trajan ya mutu a shekara ta 117 kafin ya sake sabunta yakin
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Yaƙin Parthian na Lucius Verus
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
161 Jan 1 - 166

Yaƙin Parthian na Lucius Verus

Armenia
Yaƙin Roman-Parthiya na 161-166 (wanda kuma ake kira Yaƙin Parthian na Lucius Verus) an yi yaƙi tsakanin Daular Rumawa da Parthia akan Armeniya da Mesofotamiya ta Sama.Ya ƙare a cikin 166 bayan da Romawa suka yi nasarar yaƙin neman zaɓe a cikin Mesofotamiya na ƙasa da Media kuma suka kori Ctesiphon, babban birnin Parthia.
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Yaƙin Roman-Parthian na Severus
Siege na Hatra ©Angus McBride
195 Jan 1

Yaƙin Roman-Parthian na Severus

Baghdad, Iraq
A farkon 197 Severus ya bar Roma ya tashi zuwa gabas.Ya hau Brundisium kuma wataƙila ya sauka a tashar jiragen ruwa na Aegeae a Kilicia, yana tafiya ta ƙasa zuwa Siriya.Nan take ya tattara sojojinsa ya haye Euphrates.Abgar IX, Sarkin Osroene mai titular amma ainihin mai mulkin Edessa ne kawai tun bayan haye mulkinsa a matsayin lardin Romawa, ya mika 'ya'yansa a matsayin garkuwa kuma ya taimaka wa balaguron Severus ta hanyar samar da maharba.Sarki Khosrov na 1 na Armeniya shi ma ya aika da masu garkuwa da mutane da kudi da kuma kyaututtuka.Severus yayi tafiya zuwa Nisibis, wanda Janar Julius Laetes ya hana fadawa hannun Parthia.Bayan haka Severus ya koma Siriya don tsara wani gagarumin yakin neman zabe.A shekara mai zuwa ya jagoranci wani yaƙin neman zaɓe na yaƙi da Daular Parthia, wanda aka ruwaito a matsayin ramuwar gayya ga goyon bayan da ta bai wa Pescennius Nijar.Sojojinsa sun kori birnin Ctesiphon na masarautar Parthia kuma ya mai da rabin arewacin Mesopotamiya zuwa daular;Severus ya ɗauki taken Parthicus Maximus, yana bin misalin Trajan.Duk da haka, bai iya kwace sansanin Hatra ba, ko da bayan tsawon lokaci guda biyu—kamar Trajan, wanda ya yi ƙoƙari kusan ɗari ɗari a baya.A lokacin da yake a gabas, ko da yake, Severus ya kuma fadada Limes Arabicus, yana gina sababbin garu a cikin Hamadar Larabawa daga Basie zuwa Dumatha.Waɗannan yaƙe-yaƙe sun kai ga mallakar arewacin Mesopotamiya, har zuwa yankunan Nisibis da Singara.
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Parthian War na Caracalla
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
216 Jan 1 - 217

Parthian War na Caracalla

Antakya, Küçükdalyan, Antakya/
Yaƙin Parthian na Caracalla yaƙin neman zaɓe ne da Daular Romawa a ƙarƙashin Caracalla ta yi yaƙi da Daular Parthia a 216-17 CE.Ya kasance ƙarshen lokacin shekaru huɗu, farawa a cikin 213, lokacin da Caracalla ya bi dogon yaƙin neman zaɓe a tsakiya da gabashin Turai da Gabas Kusa.Bayan ya shiga tsakani don hambarar da masu mulki a masarautun abokan ciniki da ke kusa da Parthia, ya mamaye a cikin 216 ta hanyar amfani da shawarar auren zubar da ciki ga 'yar Sarkin Parthian Artabanus a matsayin casus belli.Sojojinsa sun yi kamfen na kisan kiyashi a yankunan arewacin daular Parthia kafin su janye zuwa Asiya Ƙarama, inda aka kashe shi a watan Afrilu 217. Yaƙin ya ƙare a shekara ta gaba bayan nasarar Parthia a yaƙin da aka yi a Nisibis, Romawa sun biya kuɗi. adadi mai yawa na diyya na yaki ga Parthians.
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217 Jan 1

Yakin Nisibis

Nusaybin, Mardin, Turkey
An yi yakin Nisibis a lokacin rani na shekara ta 217 tsakanin sojojin daular Roma karkashin sabon sarki Macrinus da ya hau kan sojojin Parthia na Sarki Artabanus IV.An kwashe kwanaki uku ana yi, kuma an kare da zubar da jini a cikin nasara ta Parthia, inda bangarorin biyu suka samu raunuka masu yawa.A sakamakon yakin, Macrinus ya tilasta neman zaman lafiya, ya biya Parthians da yawa kuma ya watsar da mamaye Mesofotamiya da Caracalla ya fara a shekara guda.A watan Yuni 218, sojojin da ke goyon bayan Elagabalus suka ci Macrinus a wajen Antakiya, yayin da Artabanus ya fuskanci tawaye na dangin Sassanid na Farisa a karkashin Ardashir I. Nisibis don haka ya kasance babban yaki na karshe tsakanin Roma da Parthia, kamar yadda Ardashir 'yan kaɗan ya rushe daular Parthia. bayan shekaru.Duk da haka, ba da daɗewa ba yaƙin Rum da Farisa ya sake komawa, yayin da Ardashir da magajin Macrinus Alexander Severus suka yi yaƙi a kan Mesofotamiya, kuma an ci gaba da tashe tashen hankula har sai da musulmi suka ci nasara .
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224 - 226
Raba kuma Faɗuwa ga Sassanidsornament
Ƙarshen Daular Parthia
©Angus McBride
224 Jan 1 00:01

Ƙarshen Daular Parthia

Fars Province, Iran
Daular Parthia, wanda rikicin cikin gida da yaƙe-yaƙe da Roma suka raunana, ba da daɗewa ba daular Sasaniya za ta bi shi.Hakika, ba da jimawa ba, Ardashir I, mai mulkin ƙasar Iran na ƙasar Farisa (Lardin Fars na zamani, Iran) daga Istakhr ya fara murkushe yankunan da ke kewaye da shi don nuna adawa da mulkin Arsacid.Ya fuskanci Artabanus IV a yakin Hormozdgan a ranar 28 ga Afrilu 224 AD, watakila a wani wuri kusa da Isfahan, ya ci shi da kafa daular Sasaniya.Akwai shaida, duk da haka, yana nuna cewa Vologases VI ya ci gaba da yin tsabar kudi a Seleucia har zuwa 228 AZ.Sassaniyawa ba kawai za su ɗauki gadon Parthia a matsayin Nemesis na Farisa na Roma ba, amma kuma za su yi ƙoƙari su maido da iyakokin Daular Achaemenid ta hanyar cin nasara a takaice Levant, Anatolia, daMasar daga Daular Roma ta Gabas a zamanin mulkin Khosrau II (r. 590-628 CE).Duk da haka, za su rasa wadannan yankuna zuwa Heraclius-na karshe Roman sarki kafin Larabawa conquests.Duk da haka, na fiye da shekaru 400, sun gaji daular Parthia a matsayin babban abokin hamayyar Roma.
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Characters



Artabanus IV of Parthia

Artabanus IV of Parthia

Last Ruler of the Parthian Empire

Ardashir I

Ardashir I

Founder of the Sasanian Empire

Arsaces I of Parthia

Arsaces I of Parthia

Founder of the Arsacid dynasty of Parthia

Orodes II

Orodes II

King of the Parthian Empire

Mithridates I of Parthia

Mithridates I of Parthia

King of the Parthian Empire

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