Tarihin Azerbaijan

Zamanin Dutse a Azerbaijan an kasafta shi cikin lokutan Paleolithic, Mesolithic, da Neolithic, yana nuna ci gaban ɗan adam da sauye-sauyen al'adu sama da shekaru dubu.Mahimman binciken binciken kayan tarihi a wurare daban-daban, kamar Karabakh, Gazakh, Lerik, Gobustan, da Nakhchivan, sun haskaka waɗannan zamanin.Lokacin PaleolithicPaleolithic, wanda ya dade har zuwa karni na 12 KZ, an raba shi zuwa ƙananan ƙananan, tsakiya, da na sama na Paleolithic.Ƙananan Paleolithic: A cikin wannan lokaci na farko, an gano babban muƙamuƙi na Azykhantrop a cikin kogon Azikh, yana nuna kasancewar nau'in ɗan adam na farko.Kwarin Guruchay ya kasance wuri mai mahimmanci, tare da mazaunansa suna samar da kayan aiki daga duwatsun da aka samo asali, suna alamar "al'adun Guruchay," wanda ke da kamance da al'adun Olduvai.Tsakiyar Paleolithic: Dating daga shekaru 100,000 zuwa 35,000 da suka gabata, wannan lokacin yana da alaƙa da al'adun Mousterian, an lura da kayan aikin sa masu kaifi.Muhimman wuraren binciken kayan tarihi sun hada da kogon Tağlar, Azokh, da Zar da ke Karabakh, da kogon Damjili da Qazma, inda aka samu kayan aiki masu yawa da kasusuwan dabbobi.Upper Paleolithic: Tsayawa har kusan shekaru 12,000 da suka gabata, wannan lokacin ya ga mutane suna zama a cikin kogo da sansanonin waje.Farauta ya zama na musamman, kuma matsayin zamantakewa ya fara bambanta tsakanin maza da mata.Lokacin MesolithicCanjawa daga Upper Paleolithic a kusa da 12,000 KZ, zamanin Mesolithic a Azerbaijan, musamman shaida a Gobustan da Damjili, ya ƙunshi kayan aikin microlithic kuma ya ci gaba da dogara ga farauta, tare da alamun farkon dabbobi.Kamun kifi kuma ya zama muhimmin aiki.Lokacin NeolithicZamanin Neolithic, wanda ya fara kusan karni na 7 zuwa 6 KZ, alama ce ta zuwan noma, wanda ke haifar da faɗaɗa ƙauyuka a yankunan da suka dace da noma.Shahararrun shafuka sun haɗa da rukunin kayan tarihi na Goytepe a cikin Jamhuriyar Nakhchivan mai cin gashin kanta, inda kayan kamar yumbu da kayan aikin obsidian ke ba da shawarar haɓakar al'adu.Zaman Eneolithic (Chalcolithic).Daga kusan 6th zuwa 4th Millennium KZ, zamanin Eneolithic ya cike gibin da ke tsakanin zamanin dutse da zamanin Bronze.Duwatsun da ke da arzikin tagulla a yankin sun taimaka wajen fara sarrafa tagulla.Matsugunai kamar Shomutepe da Kultepe suna ba da haske ga ci gaban aikin gona, gine-gine, da ƙarfe.

Zamanin Bronze a Azerbaijan, wanda ya tashi daga rabin na biyu na karni na 4 KZ zuwa rabi na biyu na karni na 2 KZ, ya nuna gagarumin ci gaba a cikin tukwane, gine-gine, da ƙarfe.An raba shi zuwa farkon shekarun tagulla, na tsakiya, da marigayi Bronze, tare da ci gaban al'adu da fasaha daban-daban da aka lura a kowane lokaci.^[1]Shekarun Farkon Bronze (3500-2500 KZ)Zamanin Bronze na Farko yana da alaƙa da fitowar al'adun Kur-Araxes, waɗanda ke da tasiri mai yawa a cikin Transcaucasia, Anatoliya ta Gabas, arewa maso yammacin Iran, da bayanta.Wannan lokacin ya sami haɓakar sabbin nau'ikan matsuguni, kamar waɗanda ke kan gangaren dutse da bakin kogi, da haɓaka dabarun ƙarfe.Muhimman sauye-sauye na zamantakewa sun faru, gami da ƙaura daga matrirchal zuwa tsarin ubangida, da raba aikin gona da kiwo.Mahimman wuraren binciken kayan tarihi sun haɗa da Kul-tepe I da II a Nakhchivan, Baba-Dervish a Qazakh, da Mentesh-Tepe a Tovuz, inda aka sami kayan tarihi masu yawa kamar goge-goge, ƙirar yumbu, da abubuwan tagulla.Zamanin Bronze na Tsakiya (Karshen karni na 3 KZ zuwa farkon karni na biyu KZ)Canja wurin Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar,An sami ƙaruwar girman ƙauyuka da sarƙaƙƙiyar tsarin zamantakewa, tare da sanannen dukiya da rashin daidaiton zamantakewa.An lura da wannan lokacin don al'adun "fantin tukwane", wanda aka gani a cikin ragowar da aka samu a Nakhchivan, Gobustan, da Karabakh.Har ila yau, lokacin ya nuna farkon noman inabi da kuma yin ruwan inabi, wanda ya bayyana daga binciken archaeological a Uzerliktepe da Nakhchivan.Gina ƙaƙƙarfan ƙauyuka ta amfani da masonry na cyclopean martani ne na karewa ga haɓakar rikice-rikicen zamantakewa.Late Bronze Age zuwa Iron Age (ƙarni na 15-7 KZ)Shekarun Marigayi Bronze Age da Qarfe na gaba sun kasance suna da alaƙa da faɗaɗa ƙauyuka da kagara, kamar yadda ƙauyukan cyclopean suka tabbatar a yankin Karamar Caucasus.Ayyukan jana'izar sun haɗa da kaburbura na gama-gari da na ɗaiɗaikun mutane, galibi suna tare da arziƙin abubuwa na tagulla, wanda ke nuni da kasancewar manyan sojoji.Wannan lokacin kuma ya ga ci gaba da mahimmancin kiwon dawakai, wani muhimmin al'amari na salon rayuwar makiyaya da ya zama ruwan dare a yankin.Mahimman abubuwan da suka rage na al'adu sun haɗa da kayan al'adun Talish–Mughan, waɗanda ke kwatanta ƙwarewar aikin ƙarfe.

Albaniya na Caucasian, wani tsohon yanki ne wanda yake a yau a cikin Azerbaijan, an yi imanin cewa ya sami tasiri ko shigar da shi cikin manyan dauloli tun farkon karni na 7 ko na 6 KZ.A cewar wata hasashe, wannan haɗaka cikin daular Midiya ^[2] na iya faruwa a wannan lokacin a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin kare kai daga mamayewar makiyaya da ke barazana ga iyakokin Farisa.Matsakaicin wuri na Caucasian Albania, musamman ma game da wucewar Caucasian, zai kasance mahimmanci ga waɗannan matakan tsaro.A cikin karni na 6 KZ, bayan ya ci daular Mediya, Cyrus Mai Girma na Farisa ya haɗa Azerbaijan cikin Daular Achaemenid , ya zama wani ɓangare na Achaemenid satrapy na Media.Wannan ya haifar da yaduwar Zoroastrianism a yankin, wanda ya tabbatar da aikin bautar wuta tsakanin Albaniyawan Caucasian da yawa.Wannan iko yana nuna lokacin ƙara tasirin Farisa a yankin, wanda wataƙila ya haɗa da haɗin kai na soja da na gudanarwa cikin tsarin daular Farisa.

A cikin 330 KZ, Alexander the Great ya ci Achaemenids, wanda ya shafi yanayin siyasa na yankuna kamar Azerbaijan.A wannan lokacin, ɗan tarihin ƙasar Girka Arrian ya fara ambatar Albania na Caucasian a Yaƙin Gaugamela, inda su, tare da Medes, Cadussi, da Sacae, Atropates suka umarce su.^[3]Bayan faduwar daular Seleucid a Farisa a shekara ta 247 KZ, wani yanki na ƙasar Azerbaijan a yau ya kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin Masarautar Armeniya , ^[4] wanda ya kasance daga 190 KZ zuwa 428 CE.A lokacin mulkin Tigranes the Great (95-56 KZ), an lura da Albaniya a matsayin ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta a cikin daular Armeniya.Daga ƙarshe, Masarautar Albaniya ta fito a matsayin wata babbar hukuma a gabashin Caucasus a cikin ƙarni na 2 ko na 1 KZ, wanda ya samar da triad tare da Georgians da Armeniya a matsayin manyan ƙasashe na Kudancin Caucasus, kuma sun kasance ƙarƙashin tasirin al'adu da addini na Armeniya.Asalin yawan jama'a a gefen dama na Kogin Kura kafin cin nasarar Armeniya sun haɗa da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu daban-daban kamar Utians, Mycians, Caspians, Gargarians, Sakasenians, Gelians, Sodia, Lupenians, Balasakanians, Parsians, da Parrasians.Masanin tarihi Robert H. Hewsen ya lura cewa waɗannan ƙabilun ba na Armeniya ba ne;yayin da wasu mutanen Iran za su iya zama a lokacin mulkin Farisa da Mediya, yawancin mutanen ƙasar ba Indo-Turai ba ne.^[5] Duk da haka, tasirin kasancewar Armeniya mai tsawo ya haifar da gagarumin Armenization na waɗannan ƙungiyoyi, tare da da yawa sun zama Armeniya ba tare da bambanci ba a tsawon lokaci.

Atropatene tsohuwar masarauta ce ta Iran wacce Atropates, satrap na Farisa ya kafa kusan 323 KZ.Wannan masarauta tana cikin yankin arewacin Iran a yanzu.Zuriyar Atropates ta ci gaba da mulkin yankin har zuwa farkon karni na 1 AZ, lokacin da daular Parthian Arsacid ta mamaye shi.A cikin 226 AZ, Daular Sasaniya ta ci Atropatene kuma ta rikide zuwa lardin da marzban, ko "margrave" ke kula da shi.Atropatene ya ci gaba da kiyaye ikon addini na Zoroastrian tun daga lokacin Achaemenids har zuwa mamaye Larabawa, tare da katsewa kawai a lokacin mulkin Alexander the Great daga 336 zuwa 323 KZ.Sunan yankin, Atropatene, shi ma ya ba da gudummawa wajen sanya sunan yankin mai tarihi na Azerbaijan a Iran.FageA cikin 331 KZ, a lokacin yakin Gaugamela, kabilu daban-daban da suka hada da Mediya, Albans, Sakasens, da Cadusians sun yi yaki a karkashin kwamandan Achaemenid Atropates, tare da Darius III da Alexander the Great.Bayan nasarar Alexander da faduwar Daular Achaemenid, Atropates ya bayyana amincinsa ga Alexander kuma an nada shi gwamnan Media a 328-327 KZ.Bayan mutuwar Iskandari a shekara ta 323 K.Z., an raba daularsa tsakanin manyan sojojinsa a Rarraba Babila.Media, a baya guda Achaemenid satrapy, an raba kashi biyu: Media Magna, wanda aka bai wa Peithon, da kuma yankin arewa, Media Atropatene, wanda Atropates ke mulki.Atropates, wanda ke da alaƙar dangi da Alexander's regent Perdiccas, ya yi nasarar kafa Media Atropatene a matsayin masarauta mai zaman kanta bayan ya ƙi yin biyayya ga Seleucus, ɗaya daga cikin janar na Alexander.A shekara ta 223 KZ, lokacin da Antiochus III ya hau kan mulki a cikin Daular Seleucid , ya kai wa Media Atropatene hari, wanda ya kai ga mamaye ta na ɗan lokaci a ƙarƙashin ikon Seleucid.Koyaya, Media Atropatene ya kiyaye matakin 'yancin kai na ciki.Yanayin siyasa na yankin ya canza yayin da Daular Roma ta fito a matsayin wani gagarumin karfi a cikin Bahar Rum da Gabas ta Kusa.Wannan ya haifar da rikice-rikice, ciki har da yakin Magnesia a 190 KZ inda Romawa suka ci Seleucids.Ƙungiyoyin dabarun sun sake komawa lokacin da, a cikin 38 KZ, bayan yaƙi tsakanin Roma da Parthia, Antony Janar na Romawa ya kasa kama birnin Atropatenia na Fraaspa duk da tsayin daka.Wannan rikici da ci gaba da barazana daga Parthia ya tura Atropatene kusa da Roma, wanda ya jagoranci Ariobarzan II, sarkin Atropatene a shekara ta 20 KZ, ya shafe kimanin shekaru goma a Roma, yana daidaitawa tare da bukatun Romawa.Yayin da Daular Parthia ta fara raguwa, masu sarauta da manoma na Atropatene sun sami sabon abokin tarayya a cikin Sarkin Sasaniya na Farisa Ardashir I. Taimakawa yakin da ya yi a kan sarakunan Parthian na baya, Atropatene ya taka rawa wajen haɓaka daular Sasaniya.A shekara ta 226 AZ, bayan Ardashir na ci Artabanus IV a yakin Hormozdgan, Atropatene ya mika wuya ga Sasaniyawa tare da juriya kadan, wanda ke nuna sauyin yanayi daga Parthian zuwa mulkin Sasaniya.Wataƙila wannan ƙawancen ya kasance ne ta hanyar sha'awar manyan gari na samun kwanciyar hankali da tsari, da kuma fifikon firistoci don ƙaƙƙarfan ƙungiyar Sasaniya da Zoroastrianism.

Bayan faduwar daular Seleucid a Farisa a shekara ta 247 K.Z., Masarautar Armeniya ta sami iko a kan wani yanki na ƙasar Azerbaijan a yau.^[6]

Mu'amalar Albaniya ta Caucasian da Daular Roma ta kasance mai sarƙaƙƙiya ce kuma mai ban sha'awa, tana da fifikon matsayinta a matsayinta na ƙasar abokin ciniki maimakon cikakkiyar lardi kamar makwabciyar Armeniya .Dangantakar ta fara ne a kusan karni na 1 KZ kuma ta sami matakai daban-daban na alkawari har zuwa kusan 250 AZ, tare da ɗan taƙaitaccen sake dawowa karkashin Sarkin sarakuna Diocletian a kusa da 299 AZ.FageA cikin 65 KZ, Janar Pompey na Romawa, bayan ya ci Armeniya, Iberia, da Colchis , ya shiga Albaniya na Caucasian kuma ya yi nasara da Sarki Oroezes da sauri.Ko da yake Albaniya ta kusa isa Tekun Caspian a ƙarƙashin ikon Romawa, ba da daɗewa ba tasirin daular Parthia ya haifar da tawaye.A cikin 36 KZ, Mark Antony dole ne ya murkushe wannan tawaye, bayan haka Albaniya ta zama mai kariyar Romawa.An ƙarfafa tasirin Romawa a ƙarƙashin Sarkin sarakuna Augustus, wanda ya karɓi jakadu daga sarkin Albaniya, wanda ke nuna hulɗar diflomasiyya da ke gudana.A shekara ta 35 AZ, Albaniya na Caucasian, da ke da alaƙa da Iberia da Roma, sun taka rawa wajen fuskantar ikon Parthia a Armeniya.Shirye-shiryen Emperor Nero a shekara ta 67 AZ don faɗaɗa tasirin Romawa zuwa Caucasus ya dakatar da mutuwarsa.Duk da waɗannan ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce, Albaniya tana da alaƙar al'adu da kasuwanci da Farisa .A karkashin Sarkin sarakuna Trajan a cikin 114 AZ, ikon Romawa ya kusan cika, tare da mahimmancin Romanization a manyan matakan al'umma.Duk da haka, yankin ya fuskanci barazana kamar mamayewar Alans a lokacin mulkin sarki Hadrian (117-138 AZ), wanda ya haifar da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙawance tsakanin Roma da Albaniya na Caucausian.A cikin 297 AZ, Yarjejeniyar Nisibis ta sake kafa tasirin Romawa a kan Albaniya na Caucasian da Iberia, amma wannan iko ya kasance mai wucewa.A tsakiyar karni na 4, yankin ya fada karkashin ikon Sassani kuma ya kasance haka har zuwa karshen karni na 6.A lokacin yakin Turkawa na uku a shekara ta 627, Sarkin sarakuna Heraclius ya yi kawance da Khazars (Gokturks), wanda ya haifar da wani shugaban Khazar ya ayyana mulkin Albaniya tare da aiwatar da haraji daidai da kimar ƙasar Farisa.Daga ƙarshe, Caucasian Albania ya shiga cikin Daular Sassania, tare da sarakunansa suna kula da ci gaba da mulkinsu ta hanyar biyan haraji.Daga karshe sojojin larabawa ne suka mamaye yankin a shekara ta 643 a lokacin da musulmi suka mamaye Farisa , wanda ke nuni da karshen tsohuwar daularsa.

Daga 252-253 AZ, Caucasian Albania ya kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Sassanid Empire , yana riƙe da mulkinsa amma yana aiki a matsayin mai mulkin mallaka tare da iyakacin iyaka.Sarkin Albaniya yana riƙe da madafun iko yayin da mafi yawan ikon farar hula, addini, da soja ke amfani da Marzban wanda Sassanid ya naɗa (gwamnan soja).An nuna mahimmancin wannan haɗin gwiwa a cikin rubutun Shapur I a Naqš-e Rostam na harsuna uku.A lokacin mulkin Shapur II (309-379 AZ), Sarki Urnayr na Albania (343-371 CE) ya ci gaba da samun 'yancin kai, yana daidaitawa da Shapur II a lokacin yakin soja a kan Romawa, musamman ma kewaye da Amida a 359 CE.Bayan da Shapur II ya tsananta wa Kiristoci bayan nasara, Urnayr, abokin yaƙin, ya ji rauni amma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ayyukan soja.A shekara ta 387 AD, bayan rikice-rikice da yawa, yarjejeniya tsakanin Roma da Sassanid sun mayar da larduna da dama zuwa Albaniya da aka yi asara a yaƙe-yaƙe na farko.A shekara ta 450 A.Z., wani tawaye na Kirista da ya yi wa Farisa Zoroastrianism wanda Sarki Yazdegerd II ya jagoranta ya ga manyan nasarori da suka ‘yantar da Albaniya na ɗan lokaci daga sojojin Farisa.Koyaya, a cikin 462 CE, bayan rikicin cikin gida a cikin daular Sassani, Peroz I ya shirya Haylandur (Onoqur) Huns don yakar Albaniya, wanda ya kai ga kawar da Sarkin Albaniya Vache II a shekara ta 463 AD.Wannan lokaci na rashin zaman lafiya ya haifar da shekaru 30 ba tare da wani mai mulki ba, kamar yadda masanin tarihin Albaniya Moisey Kalankatlı ya bayyana.An sake dawo da sarauta a 487 AD lokacin da Sassanid shah Balash (484-488 CE) ya kafa Vachagan III.Vachagan III, wanda aka sani da bangaskiyar Kiristanci, ya maido da 'yancin Kiristanci kuma yana adawa da Zoroastrianism, arna, bautar gumaka, da maita.Duk da haka, a cikin 510 AZ, Sassanids sun kawar da cibiyoyin gwamnati masu zaman kansu a Albaniya, wanda ke nuna farkon dogon lokaci na mulkin Sassanid har zuwa 629 AZ.Marigayi 6th zuwa farkon ƙarni na 7 ya ga Albania ya zama filin yaƙi tsakanin Sassanid Farisa, Daular Byzantine , da Khazar Khanate.A shekara ta 628 AZ, a lokacin Yaƙin Turkawa na Uku na Turkawa, Khazars sun mamaye kuma shugabansu Ziebel ya ayyana kansa Ubangijin Albaniya, yana saka haraji bisa binciken ƙasar Farisa.Daular Mihranid ta mallaki Albaniya daga 630-705 CE, tare da Partav (yanzu Barda) a matsayin babban birninta.Varaz Grigor (628-642 AZ), sanannen mai mulki, da farko ya goyi bayan Sassanids amma daga baya ya daidaita da Daular Byzantine.Duk da kokarinsa na tabbatar da 'yancin kai da huldar diflomasiyya da Halifanci, an kashe Javanshir, dan Varaz Grigor, a shekara ta 681 AD.Mulkin Mihranid ya ƙare a shekara ta 705 AZ lokacin da sojojin Larabawa suka kashe magaji na ƙarshe a Damascus, wanda ke nuna ƙarshen 'yancin kai na cikin gida na Albaniya da farkon mulkin Halifanci kai tsaye.

Daular Arsacid, wadda ta samo asali daga Parthia, ta yi mulkin Albaniya na Caucasian daga karni na 3 zuwa na 6 AD.Wannan daular wani reshe ne na Parthian Arsacids kuma ya kasance wani ɓangare na babbar ƙungiyar dangin Arsacid wacce ta haɗa da sarakunan maƙwabtan Armeniya da Iberia.FageAlbaniya na Caucasian ya zama muhimmiyar rawa a siyasar yanki a ƙarshen karni na 2 KZ, mai yiwuwa saboda rikici tsakanin Sarkin Parthian Mithridates II (r. 124-91 KZ) da Sarkin Artavasdes na Armeniya (r. 159-115 KZ).A cewar Masanin tarihi na zamani Murtazali Gadjiev, a ƙarshen karni na 3 CE lokacin da Romawa suka naɗa Arsacids a matsayin sarakunan Albaniya, da nufin samun ƙarin iko akan Caucasus.Hawayensu kan karagar mulki ya haifar da mamaye al'adun Iran da harshen Parthia a tsakanin masu ilimi a Albaniya.A cikin 330s CE, Sarkin Sasanian Shapur II (r. 309-379) ya tabbatar da ikonsa a kan Sarkin Albaniya Vachagan I, wanda Vachagan II ya gaje shi a kusa da 375 CE.A cikin 387 AD, magudin Sasaniya ya kai ga dakatar da lardunan Armeniya na Artsakh, Utik, Shakashen, Gardman, da Kolt zuwa Albaniya.Duk da haka, a kusan shekara ta 462 AD, Sasanian Shahanshah Peroz I ya soke mulkin Arsacid bayan tawaye da Vache II ya jagoranta, ko da yake an mayar da wannan doka a shekara ta 485 bayan hawan Vachagan III, godiya ga ɗan'uwan Peroz kuma magajin Balash (r. 484-488). ).Vachagan III Kirista ne mai himma wanda ya ba da umarni a dawo da ’yan siyasa Albaniya ’yan ridda zuwa Kiristanci kuma ya yi yaƙi da Zoroastrianism, Paganism, bautar gumaka, da maita.Sarakunan Arsacid na Albaniya suna da dangantaka mai zurfi ta auratayya da ta iyali tare da dangin sarautar Sasaniya, wanda ya ƙarfafa tasirin Sasaniya a yankin.Waɗannan alaƙa sun haɗa da auratayya tsakanin sarakunan Arsacid da membobin gidan sarautar Sasaniya, wanda ya haɓaka shaharar harshe da al'adun Farisa ta Tsakiya a Albaniya.Waɗannan alaƙa sun nuna haɗaɗɗiyar hulɗar siyasa, ta iyali, da al'adu tsakanin Albaniya na Caucasian da Sasaniya Iran, wanda ke tsara tarihi da ainihin yankin.

Bayan Armeniya ta ɗauki Kiristanci a matsayin addininta a shekara ta 301 AZ, Albaniya ta Caucasian ita ma ta fara karɓar Kiristanci a ƙarƙashin Sarki Urnair.An yi masa baftisma da St. Gregory the illuminator, Katolika na farko na Armeniya.Bayan mutuwar Urnayr, Albaniyawan Caucasian sun nemi jikan St. Gregory, St. Gregoris, ya jagoranci cocinsu.Ya taka rawa wajen yada addinin Kiristanci a cikin Albaniya na Albaniya da Iberia, kuma masu bautar gumaka sun yi shahada a arewa maso gabashin Albaniya na Caucasian.An binne gawarsa a kusa da gidan ibada na Amaras, wanda kakansa ya gina a Artsakh.A farkon karni na 5, wani bishop na gida mai suna Jeremy ya fassara Littafi Mai-Tsarki zuwa Old Udi, harshen Albaniya na Caucasian, wanda ke nuna gagarumin ci gaban al'adu.Wannan fassarar ta dogara ne akan nau'ikan Armeniya na farko.A cikin karni na 5, Sarkin Sassanid Yazdegerd II ya yi ƙoƙari ya tilasta Zoroastrianism a kan shugabannin Caucasian Albania, Armenia, da Jojiya .Duk da amincewar farko a Ctesiphon, manyan mutane sun yi tsayin daka bayan sun dawo gida, inda suka ƙare a cikin rashin nasarar tawaye karkashin jagorancin Janar Vardan Mamikonyan na Armeniya a 451 AD.Duk da rashin nasara a yaƙin, Albaniyawa sun ci gaba da riƙe bangaskiyarsu ta Kirista.Bangaskiya ta Kirista ta kai matsayi mafi girma a karkashin Sarki Vachagan the Pious a karshen karni na 5, wanda ya yi tsananin adawa da bautar gumaka kuma ya daukaka addinin Kiristanci a tsawon mulkinsa.A shekara ta 488 AZ, ya kira Majalisar Aghuen, wadda ta tsara tsarin Coci da dangantakarta da jihar.A cikin karni na 6, a lokacin mulkin Javanshir, Albaniya na Caucasian ya ci gaba da kulla dangantaka ta lumana da Huns har zuwa lokacin da aka kashe Javanshir a shekara ta 669, wanda ya kai ga cin zarafi na Hunnic.An yi ƙoƙarin maida Huns zuwa Kiristanci, amma waɗannan sun kasance ɗan gajeren lokaci.A karni na 8, bayan mamayar Larabawa , yankin ya fuskanci matsin lamba wanda ya kai ga musuluntar mazauna yankin.A karni na 11, fitattun masallatai sun tsaya a tsoffin cibiyoyin addinin Kiristanci na Albaniya, kuma Albaniyawa da yawa sun hade cikin kabilu daban-daban, ciki har da Azariya da Iraniyawa .

A lokacin mamayewar Larabawa na Caucasus a tsakiyar karni na 7 AD, Caucasian Albania ya zama mai shiga tsakani ga sojojin Larabawa, amma ya ci gaba da mulkin masarautarsa.Yakin farko na sojojin Larabawa karkashin jagorancin Salman ibn Rabiah da Habib b.Maslama a shekara ta 652 AZ ya haifar da yarjejeniyoyin da suka sanya haraji, jizya (harajin zabe akan wadanda ba musulmi ba), da kharaj (harajin kasa) a kan al'ummomin gida kamar Nakhchevan da Beylagan.Larabawa sun ci gaba da fadada su, inda suka kulla yarjejeniya da gwamnonin wasu muhimman yankuna kamar Gabala, Sheki, Shakashen, da Shirvan.A shekara ta 655 AZ, bayan nasarar da suka samu a Darband (Bāb al-Abwāb), Larabawa sun fuskanci koma baya daga Khazars, ciki har da mutuwar Salman a yaƙi.Khazars, suna cin gajiyar yakin basasar musulmi na farko da kuma shagaltuwar Larabawa da wasu fagage, suka kaddamar da farmaki a cikin Transcaucasia.Ko da yake an tunkude su da farko, Khazars sun yi nasarar kama manyan ganima a wani babban hari a kusa da 683 ko 685 AZ.Martanin Larabawa ya zo ne a farkon karni na 8, musamman a cikin 722-723 CE, lokacin da al-Jarrah al-Hakami ya yi nasarar fatattakar Khazars, har ma a takaice ya kwace babban birninsu, Balanjar.Duk da waɗannan ayyukan soja, al'ummar yankin kamar Caucasian Albania, Armeniya , da Jojiya sau da yawa suna adawa da mulkin Larabawa, wanda yawancin bangaskiyar Kiristanci ya rinjaye su.Wannan juriya ta bayyana musamman a shekara ta 450 A.Z., sa’ad da Sarki Yazdegerd na biyu na Daular Sassanid ya yi ƙoƙari ya mai da waɗannan yankuna zuwa Zoroastrianism, wanda ya haifar da rashin amincewa da alƙawarin sirri na ɗaukaka Kiristanci.Wannan hadadden lokaci na mu'amalar Larabawa, Farisa, da na gida ya yi tasiri sosai ga tsarin gudanarwa, addini, da zamantakewa na yankin.Karkashin Umayyawa , sannan daga baya Abbasiyawa , gwamnatin ta samo asali ne daga rike tsarin Sassanid zuwa gabatar da tsarin masarautu, inda aka raba yankin zuwa mahals ( gundumomi) da mantagas (wasu yankuna), wadanda sarakunan da Halifa ya nada suke gudanarwa.A wannan lokacin, yanayin tattalin arziki kuma ya canza.Samar da amfanin gona irin su shinkafa da auduga, da ingantattun dabarun noman rani, ya haifar da gagarumin ci gaban noma.Fadada kasuwanci ya taimaka wajen bunƙasa masana'antu kamar kiwon raƙuma da saƙa, musamman a birane kamar Barda, wanda ya shahara wajen samar da siliki.A ƙarshe mulkin Larabawa ya haifar da gagarumin sauye-sauyen al'adu da tattalin arziki a Albaniya na Caucasian da kuma yankin Kudancin Caucasus, wanda ya haifar da tasirin Musulunci wanda zai tsara yanayin tarihin yankin shekaru aru-aru.

Yayin da mulkin soja da na siyasa na Khalifancin Larabawa ke raguwa a karni na tara da goma, larduna da dama sun fara tabbatar da ‘yancinsu daga gwamnatin tsakiya.Wannan lokacin ya ga bullar jahohin feudal irin su Shirvanshahs, Shaddadids, Salarids, da Sajids a yankin Azarbaijan.Shirvanshahs (861-1538)Shirvanshahs, masu mulki daga 861 zuwa 1538, sun yi fice a matsayin daya daga cikin dauloli masu dorewa a duniyar Musulunci.Lakabin "Shirvanshah" a tarihi yana da alaƙa da sarakunan Shirvan, wanda aka ruwaito cewa Sarkin Sassanid na farko, Ardashir I ya ba shi. A cikin tarihinsu, sun kasance suna ɓata tsakanin 'yancin kai da mulkin mallaka a ƙarƙashin daular makwabta.A farkon karni na 11, Shirvan ya fuskanci barazana daga Derbent kuma ya kori hare-hare daga Rus' da Alans a cikin 1030s.Daular Mazyadid a ƙarshe ta ba da damar Kasranid a cikin 1027, waɗanda suka yi mulkin kansu har sai da Seljuk suka mamaye 1066. Duk da amincewa da Seljuk suzerainty, Shirvanshah Fariburz I ya sami damar ci gaba da samun yancin kai na cikin gida har ma ya fadada yankinsa har ya haɗa da Arran, nada gwamna a Ganja. shekaru 1080.Kotun Shirvan ta zama alakar al'adu, musamman a cikin karni na 12, wanda ya zana fitattun mawakan Farisa kamar Khaqani, Nizami Ganjavi, da Falaki Shirvani, wanda ya samar da lokaci mai yawa na bunƙasa adabi.Daular ta ga manyan ci gaba tun daga 1382 tare da Ibrahim I, wanda ya fara layin Darbandi na Shirvanshahs.Koli na tasirinsu da wadatar su ya kasance a cikin ƙarni na 15, musamman a ƙarƙashin mulkin Khalilullah I (1417-1463) da Farrukh Yasar (1463-1500).Duk da haka, raguwar daular ta fara ne da shan kashi da mutuwar Farrukh Yasar a hannun shugaban Safavid Ismail I a shekara ta 1500, wanda ya kai ga Shirvanshahs suka zama 'yan uwa Safavid vassals.Sajid (889-929)Daular Sajid, wacce ta yi mulki daga 889 ko 890 zuwa 929, ta kasance daya daga cikin manyan dauloli a Azarbaijan na da.Muhammad bn Abil-Saj Diwdad, wanda khalifancin Abbasiyawa ya nada a matsayin shugaba a shekara ta 889 ko 890, shine farkon mulkin Sajid.Mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a karkashin manyan sojoji da kuma Halifanci, inda ya samu mukamin gwamnan Azarbaijan a matsayin ladan aikin soja.Rauni na tsakiyar Abbasiyawa ya baiwa Muhammad damar kafa kasa mai cin gashin kanta a Azarbaijan.A karkashin mulkin Muhammadu, daular Sajid ta hako tsabar kudi da sunansa kuma ta fadada yankinta sosai a Kudancin Caucasus, tare da Maragha a matsayin babban birninta na farko, daga baya kuma ta koma Barda.Magajinsa Yusuf bn Abil-Saj ya kara mayar da babban birnin kasar zuwa Ardabil ya rusa katangar Maragha.Zamansa dai ya kasance yana da tabarbarewar alaka da khalifancin Abbasiyawa, wanda hakan ya haifar da arangama da sojoji.A shekara ta 909, bayan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da waziri Abul-Hasan Ali ibn al-Furat ya jagoranta, Yusuf ya samu karbuwa daga halifa da kuma kujerar gwamna na Azarbaijan, wanda ya karfafa mulkinsa da kuma fadada tasirin Sajid.Mulkin Yusuf ya kuma yi fice saboda ayyukan da ya yi na tsaro da kuma karfafa iyakokin arewa na yankin Sajid a kan kutsen da Rasha ta yi daga Volga a 913-914.Ya gyara katangar Derbent kuma ya sake gina sassan da ke fuskantar teku.Yakin sojan nasa ya kai Georgia, inda ya kame yankuna da dama da suka hada da Kakheti, Ujarma, da Bochorma.Daular Sajid ta kare da sarki na karshe, Deysam bn Ibrahim, wanda Marzban bn Muhammad daga Daylam ya ci nasara a shekara ta 941.Wannan shan kashi ya kawo karshen mulkin Sajid da hawan daular Sallarid tare da babban birninta a Ardabil, wanda ke nuna gagarumin sauyi a fagen siyasar yankin.Salarid (941-979)Daular Salarid, wacce Marzuban ibn Muhammad ya kafa a shekara ta 941, ta yi mulkin Azerbaijan da Iran Azabaijan har zuwa shekara ta 979. Marzuban, dan zuriyar Musafirid, da farko ya hambarar da mahaifinsa a Daylam, sannan ya fadada ikonsa zuwa manyan garuruwan Azarbaijan da suka hada da Ardabil, Tabriz. Barda, and Derbent.A karkashin jagorancinsa, Shirvanshahs sun zama masu yi wa Sallaids, sun yarda su biya haraji.A cikin 943-944, wani mummunan yakin Rasha ya kai hari ga yankin Caspian, wanda ya yi tasiri sosai ga Barda kuma ya canza yankin zuwa Ganja.Sojojin Sallarid sun sami galaba mai yawa, kuma Barda ya sha wahala a ƙarƙashin ikon Rasha tare da ɗimbin ganima da buƙatun fansa.Sai dai kuma mamayar kasar Rasha ta samu cikas sakamakon barkewar cutar amai da gudawa, lamarin da ya baiwa Marzuban damar kwace iko bayan sun ja da baya.Duk da nasarorin farko da aka samu, kama Marzuban a shekara ta 948 da Rukn al-Dawla, sarkin Hamadan ya yi, ya kawo sauyi.Daurin da aka yi masa ya haifar da rikicin cikin gida a tsakanin danginsa da sauran manyan yankuna kamar Rawadids da Shaddadids, wadanda suka yi amfani da damar da za su tabbatar da iko a yankunan Tabriz da Dvin.Jagoranci ya kai ga Ibrahim, ƙaramin ɗan Marzuban, wanda ya mulki Dvin daga 957 zuwa 979, kuma ya yi mulkin Azerbaijan na ɗan lokaci har sai da wa'adinsa na biyu ya ƙare a 979. Ya yi nasarar sake tabbatar da ikon Sallarid a kan Shirvan da Darband.A shekara ta 971, Salarids sun fahimci hawan Shaddadid a Ganja, yana nuna canjin iko.Daga qarshe, tasirin daular Sallarid ya ragu, kuma Turkawa Seljuk sun hade su a karshen karni na 11.Shaddadids (951-1199)Shaddadid dai fitattun daular musulmi ne da ke mulkin yankin tsakanin kogin Kura da Araxes daga 951 zuwa 1199 Miladiyya.Muhammad bn Shaddad ya assasa daular ne ta hanyar yin amfani da karfin daular Salarid mai rauni don kwace ikon Dvin, ta haka ne ya kafa mulkinsa wanda ya fadada har ya hada da manyan garuruwa kamar Barda da Ganja.A karshen shekarun 960, Shaddadiyya a karkashin Laskari ibn Muhammad da dan uwansa Fadl ibn Muhammad, sun kara karfafa matsayinsu ta hanyar kame Ganja tare da kawo karshen tasirin Musafirid a Arran a shekara ta 971. Fadl ibn Muhammad, wanda ya yi mulki daga 985 zuwa 1031, ya taka rawa wajen fadada mulkin. Yankunan Shaddadid, musamman ta hanyar gina gada ta Khodaafarin a kan kogin Aras don haɗa bankunan arewa da kudu.Shaddadid sun fuskanci kalubale da dama, ciki har da wani gagarumin hari da sojojin kasar Rasha suka kai a shekara ta 1030. A wannan lokacin kuma, an samu fadace-fadacen cikin gida, kamar tawayen da dan Fadl I Askuya ya yi a Beylagan, wanda aka kashe da taimakon Rasha da wani dan Fadl I ya shirya. Musa.Koli na zamanin Shaddadid ya zo ne karkashin Abulaswar Shavur, wanda ake ganin shi ne sarki Shaddadid mai cin gashin kansa na karshe.An lura da mulkinsa don kwanciyar hankali da ƙawancen dabarun, gami da amincewa da ikon Seljuk sultan Togrul da haɗin gwiwa tare da Tbilisi kan barazanar Byzantine da Alan.Duk da haka, bayan mutuwar Shavur a shekara ta 1067, ikon Shaddadid ya ragu.Fadl III ya ci gaba da mulkin daular a takaice har zuwa shekara ta 1073, lokacin da Alp Arslan na daular Seljuq ya mamaye sauran yankunan Shaddadid a shekara ta 1075, inda ya raba su a matsayin fief ga mabiyansa.Wannan ya kawo karshen mulkin 'yancin kai na Shaddadids, duk da cewa reshe ya ci gaba da zama vassals a masarautar Ani karkashin mulkin Seljuq.

A cikin karni na 11, daular Seljuk ta asalin Oghuz Turkic ta fito ne daga tsakiyar Asiya, ta ratsa kogin Araz tare da samun ci gaba mai mahimmanci a cikin yankunan Gilan sannan Arran.A shekara ta 1048, tare da hadin guiwar sarakunan Azarbaijan, sun yi nasarar fatattakar kawancen kiristoci na jihohin Byzantine da Kudancin Caucasus.Toghrul Beg, mai mulkin Seljuk, ya tabbatar da ikonsa a Azarbaijan da Arran a shekara ta 1054, tare da shugabannin gida irin su shugaban Rawwadid Vahsudan a Tebriz, daga bisani Abulasvar Shavur a Ganja, ya karbi ikonsa.Bayan mutuwar Toghrul Beg, magajinsa, Alp Arslan da wazirinsa Nizam ul-Mulk, sun ci gaba da tabbatar da ikon Seljuk.Bukatunsu daga sarakunan yankin sun hada da gagarumin haraji, kamar yadda ya tabbata a cikin mu’amalarsu da Fazl Muhammad na biyu na Shaddadid.Ko da yake an soke yakin da aka yi da Alans saboda yanayin hunturu, a shekara ta 1075, Alp Arslan ya mamaye yankunan Shaddadid.Shaddadids sun ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayin vassals a Ani da Tbilisi har zuwa 1175.A farkon karni na 12, sojojin Jojiya , karkashin jagorancin Sarki David IV da Janar dinsa Demetrius I, sun yi gagarumin kutse a cikin Shirvan, inda suka kwace wurare masu mahimmanci da kuma tasiri ga daidaiton iko na yanki.Duk da haka, bayan mutuwar Sarki Dauda a shekara ta 1125, tasirin Jojiya ya ragu.A tsakiyar karni na 12, Shirvanshahs, karkashin Manuchehr III, sun daina biyan kudaden haraji, wanda ya haifar da rikici da Seljuks.Duk da haka, bayan fafatawar, sun sami damar ci gaba da samun 'yancin kai, kamar yadda aka nuna idan babu sunan Sultan a kan tsabar kudin daga baya, wanda ke nuna raunin tasirin Seljuk.A cikin 1160, bayan mutuwar Manuchehr III, gwagwarmayar iko ta shiga cikin Shirvan, tare da Tamar na Jojiya tana ƙoƙarin tabbatar da tasiri ta hanyar 'ya'yanta, ko da yake wannan bai yi nasara ba.Harkokin iko a yankin ya ci gaba da bunkasa, tare da Shirvanshahs suna ba da karin 'yancin kai yayin da ikon Seljuk ya ragu.A cikin lokacin Seljuk, an sami gagarumin ci gaba na al'adu da gine-gine a Azerbaijan, tare da gagarumar gudunmawa ga adabin Farisa da kuma salon gine-gine na Seljuk na musamman.Mutane irin su Nizami Ganjavi da masu gine-gine irin su Ajami Abubakr oglu Nakhchivani sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunƙasa al'adun yankin, inda suka bar gado mai ɗorewa a cikin adabi da gine-gine, wanda ke bayyana a cikin filaye da gudunmawar adabi na lokacin.

Lakabin "Atabeg" ya samo asali ne daga kalmomin Turkawa "ata" (baba) da "bey" (Ubangiji ko shugaba), wanda ke nuna matsayin gwamna inda mai rike da shi yake aiki a matsayin majiyyaci da jagoranci ga wani matashin yarima mai jiran gado yayin da yake mulkin lardi ko yanki. .Wannan lakabi yana da mahimmanci a lokacin daular Seljuk , musamman tsakanin 1160 zuwa 1181, lokacin da ake kira Atabegs a matsayin "Babban Atabaks" na Sultan na Iraqi Seljuks, suna yin tasiri mai yawa a kan su kansu sarakunan.Shams ad-Din Eldiguz (1136-1175)Shams ad-Din Eldiguz, bawa Kipchak, Sultan Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud ya ba shi lardin Seljuq na Arran a shekara ta 1137 a matsayin iqta (nau'in fiefdom).Ya zabi Barda a matsayin mazauninsa, a hankali ya samu amincewar sarakunan yankin, ya kuma kara fadada ikonsa har ya zama mai mulkin kasar Azarbaijan ta yau a shekara ta 1146. Auren da ya yi da Mumine Khatun da kuma shigansa a rikicin daular Seljuk. ya karfafa matsayinsa.An yi shelar Eldiguz a matsayin Babban Atabeg na Arslanshah a shekara ta 1161, kuma ya ci gaba da rike wannan matsayi a matsayin mai tsaro da kuma babban dillali mai karfi a Masarautar Sarkin Musulmi, yana sarrafa sarakunan yankin daban-daban a matsayin masu fada aji.Yaƙin neman zaɓe na soja ya haɗa da karewa daga hare-haren Jojiya da kuma kiyaye ƙawancen, musamman tare da Ahmadilis, har zuwa mutuwarsa a Nakhchivan a 1175.Muhammad Jahan Pahlavan (1175-1186)Bayan rasuwar Eldiguz, dansa Muhammad Jahan Pahlavan ya mayar da babban birnin kasar daga Nakhchivan zuwa Hamadan a yammacin kasar Iran tare da fadada mulkinsa, inda ya nada dan uwansa Qizil Arslan Uthman a matsayin sarkin Arran.Ya yi nasarar wanzar da zaman lafiya da yankunan da ke makwabtaka da su, ciki har da 'yan kabilar Jojiya, sannan ya kulla kawance da Khwarazm Shah Tekish.Mulkinsa ya sami kwanciyar hankali da ƙayyadaddun wuce gona da iri, babban nasara a cikin lokacin da ake yawan rigingimu na daula da yanki.Qizil Arslan (1186-1191)Bayan mutuwar Muhammad Jahan Pahlavan, ɗan'uwansa Qizil Arslan ya hau mulki.Zamansa ya ci gaba da gwabzawa da raunanan ikon tsakiyar sarakunan Seljuq.Ƙaddarar da ya yi ya haɗa da nasarar mamaye Shirvan a 1191 da kuma hambarar da Toghrul III, mai mulkin Seljuq na ƙarshe.Duk da haka, mulkinsa bai daɗe ba saboda gwauruwar ɗan'uwansa, Innach Khatun, ta kashe shi a watan Satumba 1191.Gudunmawar Al'aduZamanin Atabegs a Azerbaijan ya sami gagarumin nasarorin gine-gine da na adabi.Fitattun masanan gine-gine irin su Ajami Abubakr oglu Nakhchivani sun ba da gudummawa ga abubuwan gine-ginen yankin, tare da zayyana muhimman gine-gine kamar Mausoleum na Yusif ibn Kuseyir da Mausoleum Momine Khatun.Waɗannan abubuwan tarihi na tarihi, waɗanda aka sansu da ƙayyadaddun ƙira da mahimmancin al'adu, suna nuna ci gaban fasaha da gine-gine a wannan lokacin.A cikin adabi, mawaƙa kamar Nizami Ganjavi da Mahsati Ganjavi sun taka rawar gani sosai.Ayyukan Nizami, ciki har da sanannen "Khamsa," sun taimaka wajen tsara wallafe-wallafen Farisa , sau da yawa suna murna da goyon bayan sarakunan Atabegs, Seljuk, da Shirvanshah.Mahsati Ganjavi, wacce aka fi sani da rubaiyat, ta yi bikin jin daɗin rayuwa da ƙauna, tare da ba da gudummawa sosai ga kaset ɗin al'adu na lokacin.

Mamayewar Mongol na Azerbaijan , wanda ya faru a cikin ƙarni na 13th da 14th, ya yi tasiri sosai a yankin, wanda ya haifar da gagarumin sauyi a fagen siyasarta da kuma shigar da Azarbaijan cikin ƙasar Hulagu.Ana iya raba wannan jerin mamaya zuwa manyan matakai masu mahimmanci, kowannensu yana da ƙaƙƙarfan kamfen na soji da canje-canjen zamantakewa da siyasa na gaba.Mamaye na Farko (1220-1223)Tashin farko na mamayar Mongol ya fara ne a shekara ta 1220, bayan fatattakar 'yan Khorezmshahs, inda Mongols karkashin janar-janar Jebe da Subutai suka jagoranci sojojin dakaru 20,000 zuwa Iran sannan suka shiga Azarbaijan.Manyan garuruwa irin su Zanjan, Qazvin, Maragha, Ardebil, Bailagan, Barda, da Ganja sun fuskanci halaka sosai.Wannan lokacin ya kasance cikin rikice-rikicen siyasa a cikin jihar Atabegs na Azerbaijan, wanda Mongols suka yi amfani da su don kafa iko cikin sauri.Zaman farko na Mongols a cikin Mughan steppe a lokacin hunturu da kuma dabarun soji da suka jajirce ya haifar da hasarar rayuka da tashe-tashen hankula a cikin jama'ar yankin.Mamaye Na Biyu (1230s)Mamaya na biyu, karkashin jagorancin Chormagan Noyon a cikin 1230s bisa umarnin Ögedei Khan, ya nufi Jalâl ad-Dîn Khwârazmshâh wanda ya mamaye yankin bayan ja da baya na farko na Mongols.Dakarun Mongol da ke da karfi a yanzu sun kai 30,000, cikin sauki sun yi galaba a kan dakarun Jalal Ad-Din, lamarin da ya kai ga kara karfafa ikon Mongol a arewacin Iran da kuma yankunan Azarbaijan.An kama garuruwa kamar Maragha, Ardabil, da Tabriz, tare da Tabriz daga baya ya kawar da halaka gabaɗaya ta hanyar amincewa da biyan haraji mai yawa.Mamaye na uku (1250s)Babban mamayewa na uku shi ne Hulagu Khan ya jagoranci jagorancin bin umarnin dan uwansa Möngke Khan na cin nasarar Halifancin Abbasiyawa .Bayan da aka nada shi da farko a Arewacin kasar Sin, Hulagu ya mayar da hankali kan gabas ta tsakiya.A cikin 1256 da 1258, ba wai kawai ya hambarar da gwamnatin Nizari Ismaili da Halifancin Abbasiyawa ba, har ma ya shelanta kansa Ilkhan, ya kafa kasar Mongol da ta hada da Iran ta zamani, Azarbaijan, da wasu sassan Turkiyya da Iraki .An yi wannan zamanin ne ta hanyar yunƙurin gyara barnar da mamayar Mongol ɗin suka yi a baya.Ci gaba daga bayaBayan Hulagu, tasirin Mongol ya ci gaba da kasancewa tare da masu mulki irin su Ghazan Khan, wanda ya ayyana kansa a matsayin mai mulkin Tabriz a 1295 kuma ya yi ƙoƙarin maido da dangantaka da al'ummomin da ba musulmi ba, duk da cewa yana da nasarori daban-daban.Musuluntar Ghazan zuwa Musulunci Sunni ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a yanayin addini na Ilkhanate.Mulkinsa ya ƙare a 1304, ɗan'uwansa Öljaitü ya gaje shi.Wafatin Abu Sa'id a shekara ta 1335 ba tare da magaji ba ya kai ga wargajewar Ikhlasi .Yankin dai ya samu karuwar dauloli irin su Jalayirids da Chobanid, wadanda suka mallaki sassa daban-daban na Azarbaijan da kewaye har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 14.Gadon Mongol a Azerbaijan yana da alaƙa da lalacewa da kafa sabbin tsarin gudanarwa waɗanda suka yi tasiri ga ci gaban yankin a ƙarnin da suka biyo baya.

A cikin shekarun 1380, Timur, wanda aka fi sani da Tamerlane , ya tsawaita daularsa ta Eurasian zuwa Azerbaijan, yana hade ta a matsayin wani yanki na fadada yankinsa.Wannan lokacin ya nuna gagarumin aikin soja da siyasa, tare da sarakunan gida irin su Ibrahim I na Shirvan sun zama vassals ga Timur.Ibrahim I musamman ya taimaka wa Timur a yakin da ya yi na yaki da Tokhtamysh na Golden Horde , wanda ya kara hada kan Azarbaijan da mamayar Timurid.Haka kuma wannan zamanin ya kasance da tashe-tashen hankula a cikin al'umma da rigingimun addini, wanda bullowa da kuma yaɗuwar ƙungiyoyin addini daban-daban kamar Hurufism da Daular Bektashi.Wadannan ƙungiyoyi sukan haifar da rikicin bangaranci, wanda ke yin tasiri sosai ga al'ummar Azerbaijan.Bayan mutuwar Timur a shekara ta 1405, dansa Shah Rukh ya gaji daularsa, wanda ya yi mulki har zuwa shekara ta 1447. Sarautar Shah Rukh ya ga an daidaita yankunan Timurid har zuwa wani lokaci, amma bayan mutuwarsa, yankin ya shaida daular Turkawa biyu masu adawa da juna. zuwa yammacin tsoffin yankunan Timurid.Qara Qoyunlu, da ke kusa da tafkin Van, da Aq Qoyunlu, da ke kewayen Diyarbakır, sun zama manyan iko a yankin.Wadannan dauloli, kowannensu yana da yankinsa da burinsa, ya nuna yadda aka raba madafun iko a wannan yanki da kuma kafa fagen fama da rikici da sake daidaitawa a nan gaba a Azarbaijan da yankunan da ke kewaye.

Aq Qoyunlu, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Farin Tumaki Turkoman, ƙungiyar kabilar Turkoman Sunni ce wadda ta yi fice a ƙarshen karni na 14 da farkon karni na 15.Su Farisa ne a al'adance kuma sun yi mulki a kan wani yanki mai faɗi wanda ya haɗa da sassan gabashin Turkiyya a yau, Armeniya , Azerbaijan, Iran , Iraki , har ma sun ba da tasirinsu ga Oman a ƙarshen karni na 15.Daularsu ta kai matsayi mafi girma a karkashin jagorancin Uzun Hasan, wanda ya yi nasarar fadada yankunansu sosai tare da kafa Aq Qoyunlu a matsayin yanki mai girma.Bayan Fage da Tashi zuwa ƘarfiQara Yuluk Uthman Beg ne ya kafa shi a yankin Diyarbakir, Aq Qoyunlu da farko sun kasance yanki na gundumar Bayburt da ke kudu da tsaunin Pontic kuma an fara ba da shaida a cikin 1340s.Da farko sun yi aiki a matsayin ƴan yaƙi a ƙarƙashin Ilkhan Ghazan kuma sun sami suna a yankin ta hanyar yaƙin neman zaɓe na soja, gami da kewayen da ba a yi nasara ba kamar na Trebizond.Fadadawa da RikiciA shekara ta 1402, Timur ya ba da Aq Qoyunlu dukan Diyarbakir, amma sai da jagorancin Uzun Hasan suka fara fadada yankinsu.An nuna irin bajintar da Uzun Hasan ke da shi na soji a shan kashin da ya sha a kan Turkoman Bakar Tumaki (Qara Qoyunlu) a shekara ta 1467, wanda ya kasance wani sauyi da ya baiwa Aq Qoyunlu damar mamaye da yawa daga cikin Iran da yankunan da ke kewaye.Kokarin Diflomasiya da RikiciMulkin Uzun Hasan ya kasance ba kawai ta hanyar cin nasarar soja ba, har ma da gagarumin kokarin diflomasiyya, wanda ya hada da kawance da rikici da manyan kasashe kamar Daular Usmaniyya da Karamanid.Duk da samun alkawurran taimakon soja daga Venice a kan Ottomans, goyon bayan bai samu ba, wanda ya kai ga shan kashi a yakin Otlukbeli a 1473.Mulki da Haɓaka Al'aduA ƙarƙashin Uzun Hasan, Aq Qoyunlu ba kawai ya faɗaɗa yanki ba amma ya sami farfadowar al'adu.Uzun Hasan ya rungumi al'adun Iran don gudanar da mulki, tare da kiyaye tsarin mulki da dauloli da suka gabata suka kafa tare da inganta al'adun kotuna da suka yi kama da na sarautar Iran.Wannan lokacin ya ga tallafin fasaha, adabi, da gine-gine, yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga yanayin al'adun yankin.Ragewa da LegacyMutuwar Uzun Hasan a shekara ta 1478 ta kai ga samun wasu shuwagabanni marasa inganci, wanda daga karshe ya kai ga rikicin cikin gida da raunana jihar Aq Qoyunlu.Wannan tashin hankali na cikin gida ya ba da damar haɓakar Safawiyawa , waɗanda suka yi amfani da faɗuwar Aq Qoyunlu.A shekara ta 1503, shugaban Safavid Isma'il na I ya yi nasara a kan Aq Qoyunlu, wanda ke nuni da kawo karshen mulkinsu da kuma farkon mamayar Safavid a yankin.Gadon Aq Qoyunlu ya shahara saboda rawar da suka taka wajen tsara tsarin siyasa da al'adu na Gabas ta Tsakiya a cikin karni na 15.Tsarin mulkinsu, wanda ya haɗa al'adun Turkoman makiyaya da na zaman kashe wando na Farisa, ya kafa daulolin da za su kasance a nan gaba a yankin, ciki har da Safawiwa, waɗanda za su yi koyi da Aq Qoyunlu don kafa daularsu ta dindindin.

Qara Qoyunlu, ko Kara Koyunlu, sarauta ce ta Turkoman da ke mulki a kan yankuna da suka hada da Azerbaijan a yau, sassan Caucasus, da kuma bayan kimanin 1375 zuwa 1468. Da farko vassals na Sultanate Jalairid a Baghdad da Tabriz, sun yi fice. da 'yancin kai karkashin jagorancin Qara Yusuf, wanda ya kame Tabriz ya kawo karshen mulkin Jalairid.Tashi zuwa ƘarfiQara Yusuf ya gudu zuwa Daular Usmaniyya don tsira a lokacin hare-haren Timur amma ya dawo bayan mutuwar Timur a shekara ta 1405. Sannan ya sake kwato yankuna ta hanyar cin galaba a kan magajin Timur a yaƙe-yaƙe irin su gagarumin yakin Nakhchivan a 1406 da Sardrud a 1408, inda ya sami nasara mai mahimmanci. kuma ya kashe Miran Shah, ɗan Timur.Ƙarfafawa da RigingimuƘarƙashin Qara Yusuf da magajinsa, Qara Qoyunlu ya ƙarfafa iko a Azerbaijan kuma ya ba da ikonsu zuwa Iraki , Fars, da Kerman.Mulkin nasu ya kasance ta hanyar yunƙurin siyasa da aikin soja don kiyayewa da faɗaɗa yankinsu.Jahan Shah, wanda ya hau mulki a shekara ta 1436, musamman ya fadada yanki da tasirin Kara Koyunlu.Ya yi nasarar yin shawarwari tare da yaki da yake-yake, inda ya sanya Kara Koyunlu a matsayin mai iko a yankin, har ma ya bijirewa matsin lamba da barazana daga jihohin da ke makwabtaka da su da kuma dauloli masu gaba da juna kamar Ak Koyunlu.Ragewa da FaɗuwaMutuwar Jahan Shah a shekara ta 1467 yayin yakin da aka yi da Uzun Hasan na Ak Koyunlu ya zama farkon raguwar Kara Koyunlu.Masarautar ta yi gwagwarmaya don kiyaye haɗin kai da yankunanta a cikin rikice-rikice na cikin gida da matsin lamba na waje, wanda ya kai ga rushewa.MulkiTsarin mulki na Qara Qoyunlu ya yi tasiri sosai daga magabata, Jalayirids da Ilkhanids .Sun ci gaba da gudanar da tsarin gudanarwa inda larduna ke karkashin jagorancin gwamnonin soja ko beys, sau da yawa suna wucewa daga uba zuwa ɗa.Gwamnatin tsakiya ta hada da jami’an da aka fi sani da darugh, wadanda ke tafiyar da harkokin kudi da gudanarwa da kuma rike madafun iko na siyasa.An yi amfani da laƙabi irin su sultan, khan, da padishah, suna nuna ikonsu da mulkinsu.Sarautar Qara Qoyunlu tana wakiltar lokaci mai cike da tashin hankali amma mai tasiri a cikin tarihin Azarbaijan da yanki mai faɗi, wanda ya sami nasarar mamaye sojoji, gwagwarmayar daular, da gagarumin ci gaban al'adu da gudanarwa.

Tsarin Safavid, asalin ƙungiyar addinin Sufanci wanda Safi-ad-din Ardabili ya kafa a cikin 1330s a Iran, ya samo asali sosai a kan lokaci.A karshen karni na 15, tsari ya koma Musulunci Shi'a goma sha biyu, wanda ya nuna babban sauyi a tsarin akida da siyasa.Wannan sauyi ya kafa harsashin hawan daular Safawiyya da gagarumin tasirin da take da shi a fagen addini da siyasar Iran da yankunan da ke kewaye.Samuwar da Canjin AddiniSafi-ad-din Ardabili ne ya kafa shi, da farko tsarin na Safawi ya bi Sufi Islam.Canji zuwa tsarin Shi'a zuwa karshen karni na 15 ya kasance muhimmi.Safawiwa sun yi iƙirarin zuri'ar Ali da Fatima 'yarMuhammadu , wanda ya taimaka musu wajen tabbatar da halaccin addini da roƙo a tsakanin mabiyansu.Wannan ikirari ya yi tasiri matuka da Qizilbash, wata kungiya mai fafutuka ta mabiya wadanda suke da matukar muhimmanci a fagen soja da dabarun siyasa na Safavid.Fadadawa da ƘarfafawaA karkashin jagorancin Ismail I, wanda ya zama shah a shekara ta 1501, Safawiyawa sun sauya sheka daga tsarin addini zuwa daular mulki.Ismail I yayi amfani da kishin Qizilbash don cin galaba a Azarbaijan, Armeniya, da Dagestan tsakanin 1500 zuwa 1502, yana faɗaɗa yankin Safavid sosai.Shekarun farko na mulkin Safavid an yi su ne da yaƙin neman zaɓe na soja wanda kuma ya shafi yankuna kamar Caucasus, Anatoliya, Mesopotamiya, Asiya ta Tsakiya, da sassan Kudancin Asiya.Tsarin Addini da Theocracy na FeudalIsmail I da magajinsa, Tahmasp I, sun dora Musuluncin Shi'a a kan al'ummar Sunni mafi rinjaye a yankunansu, musamman a yankuna kamar Shirvan.Wannan matsayar ta kan haifar da gaggarumin rigima da tsayin daka a tsakanin al'ummar yankin amma daga karshe ya aza harsashi ga Iran mai rinjayen 'yan Shi'a.Ƙasar Safavid ta samo asali ne zuwa tsarin mulkin feudal, tare da Shah a matsayin duka na allahntaka da kuma shugaban siyasa, wanda sarakunan Qizilbash ke goyan bayansa a matsayin masu kula da larduna.Rikici da OttomanDaular Safawiyya ta kasance akai-akai tana rikici da Daular Usmaniyya ta Sunni, wanda ke nuna zurfin rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin masu iko biyu.Wannan rikici ba kawai na yanki ba ne, har ma da addini, wanda ya yi tasiri a tsarin siyasa da dabarun soja na yankin.Canje-canjen al'adu da zamantakewa a ƙarƙashin Abbas Mai GirmaSarautar Abbas Mai Girma (1587-1630) ana ganin sau da yawa a matsayin zenith na ikon Safawida.Abbas ya aiwatar da sauye-sauye na soji da na gudanarwa, tare da takaita karfin Qizilbash ta hanyar inganta ghlams - 'yan kabilar Caucas wadanda suka tuba wadanda suke da cikakken biyayya ga Shah kuma suka yi aiki a wurare daban-daban a cikin daular.Wannan manufar ta taimaka wajen ƙarfafa ikon tsakiya da haɗa yankuna daban-daban na daular a cikin tsarin gudanarwa na jihar Safawad.Legacy a AzerbaijanTasirin Safavids a Azarbaijan ya yi yawa, inda ya tabbatar da wanzuwar Shi'a mai ɗorewa wanda ke ci gaba da yin tasiri ga alƙaluman addini na yankin.Kasar Azerbaijan ta kasance daya daga cikin kasashen da ke da mabiya mazhabar Shi'a, gadon juyin juya halinta a farkon karni na 16 karkashin mulkin Safavid.Gabaɗaya, Safawwa sun rikiɗe daga ɗariƙar Sufaye zuwa wata babbar hukuma ta siyasa, inda suka kafa addinin Shi'a a matsayin wani ma'anar ma'anar Iraniyawa tare da sake fasalin yanayin al'adu da addini na yankin.Abubuwan da suka gada a bayyane yake a ci gaba da ayyukan addini da al'adu a Iran da yankuna kamar Azarbaijan.

Bayan kisan gillar da aka yi wa Nader Shah a shekara ta 1747, daular Afsharid ta wargaje, lamarin da ya kai ga bullowar khanatin Turkawa daban-daban a yankin, kowanne yana da matakai daban-daban na cin gashin kansa.Wannan lokacin ya nuna rarrabuwar kawuna ne da ya kafa matakin hawan Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar, wanda ke da nufin maido da yankunan da suka kasance na daulolin Safawad da Afsharid.Kokarin Maidowa Daga Agha Mohammad Khan QajarAgha Mohammad Khan Qajar, bayan da ya karfafa ikonsa a Tehran a shekara ta 1795, ya tattara wata gagarumar runduna tare da sanya aniyarsa ta sake mamaye tsoffin yankunan Iran a yankin Caucasus, wadanda suka fada karkashin ikon Ottomans da daular Rasha .Wannan yanki ya haɗa da manyan khanates da yawa irin su Karabakh, Ganja, Shirvan, da Christian Gurjistan (Georgia), duk suna ƙarƙashin suzerainty na Farisa amma galibi suna shiga cikin rikice-rikice na tsaka-tsaki.Yakin Sojoji da Yakin DuniyaA yakin neman zabensa na soja, Agha Mohammad Khan ya samu nasara da farko, inda ya kwato yankunan da suka hada da Shirvan, Erivan, Nakhchivan, da sauransu.Babban nasarar da ya samu ya zo ne a cikin 1795 tare da buhun Tiflis, wanda ke nuna taƙaitaccen sake hadewar Jojiya cikin ikon Iran .Kokarin nasa ya kai ga nadin sarautarsa ​​a matsayin shah a shekara ta 1796, inda ya danganta kansa ga gadon Nader Shah.Gangamin Yakin Jojiya Da SakamakonsaBukatun Agha Mohammad Khan ga Sarkin Jojiya, Heraclius II, da ya yi watsi da yerjejeniyar Georgievsk da Rasha da kuma karɓar saƙon Farisa yana misalta faɗuwar gwagwarmayar siyasa a yankin.Duk da rashin goyon bayan Rasha, Heraclius II ya yi tsayin daka, wanda ya kai ga mamayewar Agha Mohammad Khan da kuma buhunan Tiflis da ya biyo baya.Kisa da GadoAn kashe Agha Mohammad Khan a shekara ta 1797, wanda ya dakatar da ci gaba da yakin neman zabe tare da barin yankin cikin rashin kwanciyar hankali.Mutuwarsa da sauri ya biyo bayan shigar da Rashawa Jojiya a cikin 1801, yayin da Rasha ta ci gaba da fadada yankin Caucasus.Fadada Rasha da Ƙarshen Tasirin FarisaA farkon karni na 19, an ga katsewar yankunan Caucasus da yawa daga Iran zuwa Rasha ta hanyar yarjejeniyoyin Gulistan (1813) da Turkmenchay (1828), bayan jerin yakin Rasha da Farisa.Wadannan yarjejeniyoyin ba wai sun kawo karshen gagarumin da'awar yankin Farisa a yankin Caucasus kadai ba, har ma sun sake fasalin yanayin yankin, tare da yanke alakar al'adu da siyasa da ta dade a tsakanin Iran da yankunan Caucasus.

Yaƙe-yaƙe na Russo-Persian (1804-1813 da 1826-1828) sun kasance masu mahimmanci wajen sake fasalin iyakokin siyasa na Caucasus.Yarjejeniyar Gulistan (1813) da yerjejeniyar Turkmenchay (1828) ta haifar da babbar asarar yankuna ga Iran.Waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin sun ba Dagestan, Jojiya , da kuma yawancin abin da ke Azerbaijan yanzu ga Daular Rasha .Yarjejeniyoyi sun kuma kafa kan iyakokin zamani tsakanin Azerbaijan da Iran tare da rage tasirin Iran a yankin Caucasus sosai.Ƙasar Rasha ta sauya tsarin mulkin yankin.Khanates na gargajiya irin su Baku da Ganja ko dai an soke su ko kuma an kawo su ƙarƙashin ikon Rasha.Gwamnatin Rasha ta sake tsara waɗannan yankuna zuwa sabbin larduna, waɗanda daga baya suka kafa mafi yawan Azerbaijan a yau.Wannan sake fasalin ya haɗa da kafa sabbin gundumomin gudanarwa, kamar Elisavetpol (yanzu Ganja) da gundumar Shamakhi.Juyin mulkin daga Iran zuwa Rasha ya kuma haifar da sauye-sauyen al'adu da zamantakewa.Duk da shigar da dokokin Rasha da tsarin gudanarwa, tasirin al'adun Iran ya kasance mai ƙarfi a tsakanin ƙungiyoyin ilimi na musulmi a garuruwa kamar Baku, Ganja, da Tbilisi a tsawon ƙarni na 19.A cikin wannan lokacin, asalin ƙasar Azabaijan ya fara haɗuwa, wanda duka Farisa na yankin da kuma sabon tsarin siyasar Rasha suka rinjayi.Gano man fetur a Baku a karshen karni na 19 ya mayar da Azerbaijan zuwa wani babban yanki na masana'antu da tattalin arziki a cikin daular Rasha.Haɓakar man fetur ya jawo hannun jarin waje da kuma haifar da ci gaban tattalin arziki cikin sauri.Duk da haka, ya kuma haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin 'yan jari hujja na Turai da ma'aikatan musulmi na cikin gida.Wannan lokacin ya sami gagarumin ci gaban ababen more rayuwa, ciki har da kafa layin dogo da layukan sadarwa da suka kara shigar da kasar Azarbaijan cikin yanayin tattalin arzikin Rasha.

Yakin Armeniya da Azabaijan na 1918 – 1920 wani gagarumin rikici ne da ya faru a lokacin tashin hankali bayan yakin duniya na daya da kuma cikin faffadan yakin basasar Rasha da wargajewar Daular Usmaniyya .Wannan rikici ya kunno kai tsakanin sabuwar jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Azerbaijan da ta kafu da Jamhuriyar Armeniya , wanda ya haifar da rikitattun korafe-korafe na tarihi da gasa na kishin kasa a kan yankuna masu gauraye da al'umma.Yakin dai ya ta'allaka ne a yankunan da a yanzu Armeniya da Azerbaijan suke a wannan zamani, musamman kan yankunan Erivan da Karabakh, wanda bangarorin biyu suka yi iƙirari bisa dalilai na tarihi da na kabilanci.Rashin wutar lantarki da rugujewar daular Rasha ta bari ya baiwa ƙungiyoyin kishin ƙasa a Armeniya da Azabaijan su kafa jamhuriyarsu, kowannensu yana da iƙirarin yanki da ya mamaye sosai.Rikicin dai ya sha fama da kazamin fada, inda dakarun Armeniya da Azabaijan suka aikata ta'addanci da ta'addanci da suka hada da kisan kiyashi da kuma kisan kare dangi.Mummunan abubuwan da suka faru a cikin wannan lokacin sun haɗa da kisan kiyashin na Ranakun Maris da na Satumba, da kisan kiyashin Shusha, wanda kowannensu ya ba da gudummawa ga gagarumin wahala ga farar hula da kuma canza fasalin al'umma na yankin.Rikicin daga ƙarshe ya ƙare tare da ci gaban Soviet Red Army zuwa Caucasus.Tarayyar Soviet na Armeniya da Azerbaijan a cikin 1920 ya kawo ƙarshen tashin hankali ta hanyar kafa sabon tsarin siyasa a yankin.Hukumomin Soviet sun sake gyara iyakokin, sau da yawa ba tare da la'akari da ƙabilun ƙabilun gargajiya ba, waɗanda suka shuka iri don rikice-rikice na gaba.

Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Azerbaijan (ADR), wacce aka kafa a ranar 28 ga Mayu, 1918, a Tiflis, ita ce jamhuriyar dimokuradiyya ta farko a cikin kasashen Turkawa da Musulmi.An kafa ta ne bayan rugujewar Jamhuriya Demokraɗiyya ta Transcaucasian.ADR ya kasance har zuwa Afrilu 28, 1920, lokacin da sojojin Soviet suka mamaye shi.ADR tana iyaka da Rasha zuwa arewa, Jojiya a arewa maso yamma, Armenia a yamma, da Iran a kudu, wanda ya ƙunshi kusan mutane miliyan 3.Ganja ya kasance babban birninta na wucin gadi saboda ikon Bolshevik akan Baku.Musamman ma, jam'iyyar Musavat ta zaɓi kalmar "Azerbaijan" ga jamhuriyar saboda dalilai na siyasa, sunan da a baya ke da alaƙa da yankin da ke kusa da shi a arewa maso yammacin Iran na wannan zamani.Tsarin mulki na ADR ya haɗa da Majalisa a matsayin babbar hukuma ta jaha, wanda aka zaɓa ta hanyar wakilci na duniya, 'yanci, da daidaito.Majalisar Ministoci ta kasance alhakin wannan Majalisar.An nada Fatali Khan Khoyski a matsayin Firayim Minista na farko.Majalisar ta kasance daban-daban, ciki har da wakilai daga jam'iyyar Musavat, Ahrar, Ittihad, da Muslim Social Democrats, da kuma wakilan tsiraru daga al'ummomin Armeniya, Rasha, Poland, Jamus, da Yahudawa.Muhimman nasarorin da ADR ta samu sun hada da ba wa mata damar zabar kuri'a, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama daya daga cikin kasashe na farko kuma mafi rinjayen al'ummar musulmi wajen baiwa mata 'yancin siyasa daidai da maza.Bugu da kari, kafa jami'ar jihar Baku ya nuna cewa an kafa jami'a irin ta zamani ta farko a kasar Azabaijan, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban ilimi a yankin.

Bayan da gwamnatin Azerbaijan ta mika wuya ga sojojin Bolshevik, an kafa Azerbaijan SSR a ranar 28 ga Afrilu, 1920. Duk da 'yancin kai na ra'ayin mazan jiya, Moscow tana da iko sosai a cikin jamhuriyar kuma ta shiga cikin Tarayyar Soviet Socialist ta Transcaucasian (TSFSR) tare da Armenia da Georgia a cikin Maris. 1922. Daga baya wannan tarayyar ta zama ɗaya daga cikin jahohi huɗu na Tarayyar Soviet a watan Disamba 1922. TSFSR ta narke a cikin 1936, ta mai da yankunanta zuwa jamhuriyar Soviet daban.A cikin 1930s, tsarkakewar Stalinist ya yi tasiri sosai ga Azerbaijan, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar dubban mutane, gami da fitattun mutane kamar Huseyn Javid da Mikail Mushfig.A duk lokacin yakin duniya na biyu , Azerbaijan na da matukar muhimmanci ga Tarayyar Soviet don samar da mai da iskar gas mai yawa, wanda ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga kokarin yaki.A lokacin bayan yakin, musamman a shekarun 1950, Azerbaijan ta sami saurin bunkasuwar birane da masana'antu.Sai dai kuma, a shekarun 1960, masana'antar mai ta Azerbaijan ta fara raguwa, sakamakon sauyin da ake samu a hako mai na Tarayyar Soviet, da kuma raguwar albarkatun kasa, lamarin da ya haifar da kalubalen tattalin arziki.Rikicin kabilanci, musamman tsakanin Armeniya da Azabaijan, ya yi kamari, amma da farko an danne shi.A shekara ta 1969, an nada Heydar Aliyev a matsayin sakataren farko na Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Azerbaijan, inda ya inganta yanayin tattalin arziki na dan lokaci ta hanyar karkatar da masana'antu kamar auduga.A shekarar 1982 Aliyev ya hau ofishin siyasa a Moscow, matsayi mafi girma da Azeri ya samu a Tarayyar Soviet.Ya yi ritaya a shekarar 1987 a lokacin da Mikhail Gorbachev ya fara gyare-gyaren perestroika.A ƙarshen 1980s an ga karuwar tashin hankali a cikin Caucasus, musamman a yankin Nagorno-Karabakh mai cin gashin kansa, wanda ya haifar da rikice-rikice na kabilanci da pogroms.Duk da kokarin da Moscow ke yi na shawo kan lamarin, hargitsin ya ci gaba da wanzuwa, wanda ya kai ga bullowar ‘yan tawayen Azarbaijan da kuma tashe tashen hankula a Baku.Azerbaijan ta ayyana 'yancin kanta daga Tarayyar Soviet a ranar 30 ga Agusta, 1991, tare da shiga cikin Commonwealth of Independent States.Ya zuwa karshen shekara, an fara yakin Nagorno-Karabakh na farko, wanda ya kai ga kafa Jamhuriyar Artsakh mai cin gashin kanta, wanda ke nuna tsawan lokaci na rikici da rashin zaman lafiya a yankin.

Rikicin Nagorno-Karabakh ya kasance rikicin kabilanci da yanki da aka dade tsakanin Armeniya da Azarbaijan kan yankin Nagorno-Karabakh, wanda galibin kabilun Armeniyawa ne ke zaune, da kuma yankunan da ke makwabtaka da Azarbaijan mafi yawan mazaunawa har zuwa lokacin da aka kore su a shekarun 1990.An amince da Nagorno-Karabakh a matsayin wani yanki na Azerbaijan na duniya, kuma Jamhuriyar Artsakh mai cin gashin kanta ce ke iko da shi.A lokacin Tarayyar Soviet, mazauna yankin Nagorno-Karabakh mai cin gashin kansa na Armeniya sun fuskanci wariya, ciki har da kokarin da hukumomin Azabaijan na Tarayyar Soviet suka yi na murkushe al'adun Armeniya da karfafa matsugunan Azarbaijan, duk da cewa Armeniyawa sun sami rinjaye.A shekara ta 1988, kuri'ar raba gardama a Nagorno-Karabakh ta goyi bayan mayar da yankin zuwa Tarayyar Soviet Armeniya, wanda ya yi daidai da dokokin Soviet game da 'yancin kai.Wannan matakin ya haifar da kiyayyar 'yan kabilar Armen a duk fadin Azerbaijan, wanda ya karu zuwa tashin hankalin kabilanci.Bayan rugujewar Tarayyar Sobiet, rikicin ya yi kamari zuwa ga cikakken yaki a farkon shekarun 1990.An kammala wannan yakin da nasara ga Artsakh da Armeniya, wanda ya haifar da mamaye yankunan Azarbaijan da ke kewaye da kuma yawan gudun hijirar jama'a, ciki har da korar 'yan kabilar Armeniyawa daga Azarbaijan da Azabaijan daga Armeniya da yankunan Armeniya.Dangane da mayar da martani, kwamitin sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekarar 1993 ya zartas da kudurin tabbatar da yankin Azarbaijan tare da neman janyewar sojojin Armeniya daga kasashen Azabaijan.Tsagaita wuta a shekarar 1994 ya kawo kwanciyar hankali, ko da yake tashin hankali ya kaure.Sabunta rikici a cikin Afrilu 2016, wanda aka sani da Yaƙin Kwanaki Hudu, ya haifar da asarar rayuka da yawa amma ƙananan canje-canjen yanki.Lamarin ya tabarbare sosai yayin yakin Nagorno-Karabakh na biyu a karshen shekarar 2020, wanda ya haifar da dimbin nasarorin Azerbaijan karkashin yarjejeniyar tsagaita bude wuta a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 2020, gami da dawo da yankunan da ke kewaye da Nagorno-Karabakh da wani yanki na yankin da kansa.Ci gaba da keta haddin tsagaita bude wuta ya yi alama bayan-2020.A cikin Disamba 2022, Azerbaijan ta ƙaddamar da wani shinge na Artsakh, kuma a cikin Satumba 2023, ta ƙaddamar da wani ƙaƙƙarfan harin soji wanda ya kai ga mamaye hukumomin Artsakh.Bayan wadannan abubuwan da suka faru, akasarin 'yan kabilar Armeniya sun tsere daga yankin, kuma an rushe Artsakh a hukumance a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2024, wanda ya kawo karshen 'yancin kai tare da sake tabbatar da ikon Azarbaijan a yankin.

A shekarar 1991, Ayaz Mutallibov, shugaban kasar Azerbaijan SSR, tare da shugaban kasar Jojiya Zviad Gamsakhurdia, sun goyi bayan yunkurin juyin mulkin da Tarayyar Soviet ta yi.Mutallibov ya kuma ba da shawarar yin kwaskwarima ga kundin tsarin mulkin kasar don ba da damar gudanar da zaben shugaban kasa kai tsaye a Azarbaijan.Daga baya aka zabe shi a matsayin shugaban kasa a ranar 8 ga Satumba, 1991, a zaben da aka yi ta suka da rashin adalci da ‘yanci.Bayan zabensa, babbar Tarayyar Soviet ta Azabaijan ta ayyana 'yancin kai a ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 1991, wanda ya kai ga rugujewar Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci, ko da yake da yawa daga cikin mambobinta ciki har da Mutallibov, sun ci gaba da rike mukamansu.An tabbatar da wannan sanarwar ne ta hanyar kuri'ar raba gardama ta kasa a watan Disamba na 1991, kuma Azerbaijan ta sami karbuwa a duniya jim kadan bayan haka, inda Amurka ta amince da shi a ranar 25 ga Disamba.Rikicin Nagorno-Karabakh da ke ci gaba da ruruwa ya tsananta a farkon shekara ta 1992 lokacin da gwamnatin Karabakh ta Armeniya ta ayyana jamhuriya mai cin gashin kanta, lamarin da ya zafafa rikicin ya zama babban yaki.Armeniya, tare da goyon bayan boye daga Sojojin Rasha, sun sami fa'ida ta dabaru.A cikin wannan lokaci, an tabka munanan laifuka, ciki har da kisan kiyashin da aka yi a Khojaly a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu, 1992, inda aka kashe fararen hular Azarbaijan, lamarin da ke jawo suka ga gwamnati kan gazawarta.Akasin haka, sojojin Azabaijan ne suka dauki alhakin kisan kiyashin da aka yi a Maraga da ya shafi fararen hular Armeniya.A karkashin matsin lamba, musamman daga jam'iyyar Popular Front Azerbaijan, da kuma fuskantar suka saboda gazawarsa ta kafa soja mai inganci, Mutallibov ya yi murabus a ranar 6 ga Maris, 1992. To sai dai bayan bincike kan kisan kiyashin na Khojaly, wanda ya wanke shi daga alhakin, murabus din nasa. An kifar da shi kuma aka maido da shi a ranar 14 ga Mayu. Wannan mayar da shi aiki bai daɗe ba, saboda an hambarar da Mutallibov a washegarin ranar 15 ga Mayu, da dakarun Azerbaijan Popular Front suka yi, wanda ya kai ga jirginsa zuwa Moscow.Bayan wadannan abubuwan, an rusa majalisar kasa aka maye gurbinta da majalisar dokokin kasar, wadda ta kunshi Popular Front members da tsoffin ‘yan gurguzu.A ci gaba da samun koma baya na soji, yayin da sojojin Armeniya suka kame Lachin, an zabe Isa Gambar a matsayin shugaban majalisar dokokin kasar a ranar 17 ga watan Mayu, kuma ya zama shugaban kasa har sai an gudanar da zabukan da aka shirya yi a ranar 17 ga watan Yunin 1992. Wannan lokacin ya sami saurin sauye-sauyen siyasa da ci gaba da rikici. a yankin.

A zaben shugaban kasar Azabaijan na 1992, tsoffin 'yan gurguzu sun kasa gabatar da dan takara mai karfi, wanda ya kai ga zaben Abulfaz Elchibey, shugaban Popular Front of Azarbaijan (PFA) kuma tsohon fursunan siyasa.Elchibey ya yi nasara da sama da kashi 60% na kuri'un.Shugaban nasa dai ya nuna tsayuwar daka wajen nuna adawa da kasancewar Azarbaijan a cikin kungiyar kasashe renon Ingila, da yunkurin kulla alaka da Turkiyya, da kuma sha'awar kyautata alaka da al'ummar Azarbaijan a Iran.A halin da ake ciki, Heydar Aliyev, wani babban jigo na siyasa kuma tsohon shugaba a cikin tsarin Tarayyar Soviet, ya fuskanci gazawa a burinsa na shugaban kasa saboda takurawar shekaru.Duk da waɗannan hane-hane, ya ci gaba da yin tasiri sosai a cikin Nakhchivan, ƙawancen Azabaijan da ke ƙarƙashin shingen shingen Armenia.Dangane da rikicin da ke ci gaba da yi da Armeniya kan yankin Nagorno-Karabakh, Azabaijan ta yanke mafi yawan alakar kasar ta Armeniya ta hanyar dakatar da zirga-zirgar jiragen kasa, lamarin da ke nuni da dogaro da tattalin arzikin yankin na Transcaucasian.Shugabancin Elchibey nan da nan ya fuskanci ƙalubale masu tsanani irin na wanda ya gabace shi, Mutallibov.Rikicin Nagorno-Karabakh ya ƙara fifita Armeniya, wanda ya yi nasarar kwace kusan kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na ƙasar Azarbaijan tare da raba sama da mutane miliyan guda a cikin Azarbaijan.Halin da ya tabarbare ya haifar da tawayen soja a watan Yuni 1993, wanda Surat Huseynov ya jagoranta a Ganja.Tare da PFA na gwagwarmaya saboda koma baya na soja, tabarbarewar tattalin arziki, da hauhawar adawa - gami da kungiyoyin da ke da alaƙa da Aliyev - Matsayin Elchibey ya raunana sosai.A babban birnin Baku Heydar Aliyev ya yi amfani da damar da ya samu wajen karbar mulki.Bayan tabbatar da matsayinsa, kuri'ar raba gardama a watan Agusta ta tabbatar da shugabancin Aliyev, tare da cire Elchibey daga shugabancin kasar yadda ya kamata.Wannan ya nuna wani gagarumin sauyi a siyasar Azabaijan, domin hawan Aliyev ya wakilci ci gaba da gyare-gyaren yanayin siyasa, wanda ya jagoranci kasar ta lokutan tashin hankali da ke fama da rikici da sauyi.

Ilham Aliyev, dan Heydar Aliyev, ya gaji mahaifinsa a matsayin shugaban kasar Azarbaijan a zaben shekara ta 2003 da aka yi fama da tashe-tashen hankula da masu sa ido na kasa da kasa suka yi ta suka da kura-kurai a zaben.Ana ci gaba da adawa da gwamnatin Aliyev, inda masu suka suka yi kira da a samar da tsarin mulkin dimokradiyya.Duk da wannan cece-kuce, an sake zaben Aliyev a shekara ta 2008 da kashi 87% na kuri'un da aka kada a zaben da manyan jam'iyyun adawa suka kauracewa zaben.A cikin 2009, kuri'ar raba gardama ta tsarin mulki ta kawar da iyakokin wa'adin shugaban kasa yadda ya kamata tare da sanya takunkumi kan 'yancin 'yan jarida.Zaben 'yan majalisar dokokin da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2010 ya kara karfafa ikon Aliyev, lamarin da ya sa majalisar dokokin kasar ba ta da wakilai daga manyan jam'iyyun adawa, wato Azerbaijan Popular Front da Musavat.Wannan ya sa Azerbaijan ta zama mai mulki ta The Economist a cikin Fihirisar Dimokuradiyya ta 2010.A cikin 2011, Azerbaijan ta fuskanci gagarumin tashin hankali a cikin gida yayin da zanga-zangar neman sauye-sauyen demokradiyya.Gwamnati ta mayar da martani da wani kakkausar murya na jami’an tsaro, inda ta kame mutane sama da 400 da ke da hannu a zanga-zangar da aka fara a watan Maris.Duk da murkushe 'yan sanda, shugabannin adawa kamar Musavat Isa Gambar sun sha alwashin ci gaba da zanga-zangar.A cikin waɗannan ƙalubalen cikin gida, an zaɓi Azerbaijan a matsayin mamba na dindindin a Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a ranar 24 ga Oktoba, 2011. Rikicin da ke ci gaba da yi da Armeniya kan Nagorno-Karabakh ya sake haifar da gagarumin rikici a cikin Afrilu 2016. Ilham Aliyev ya ƙara tsawaita shugabancinsa. a watan Afrilun shekarar 2018, inda aka tabbatar da wa'adi na hudu a jere a zaben da 'yan adawa suka kauracewa zaben, wadanda suka ce an tafka magudi.