Tarihin Jojiya

Al'adun Shulaveri-Shomu, wanda ya bunƙasa tun daga ƙarshen karni na 7 KZ zuwa farkon karni na 5 KZ, ^[1] farkon Neolithic / Eneolithic ^[2] wayewa ne a yankin yanzu ya ƙunshi Jojiya na zamani, Azerbaijan , Armenia , da sassan sassan arewacin Iran .An lura da wannan al'ada don gagarumin ci gabanta a cikin aikin gona da kiwon dabbobi, ^[3] yana mai da shi ɗaya daga cikin farkon misalan ƙungiyoyin noma a cikin Caucasus.Binciken binciken kayan tarihi daga shafukan Shulaveri-Shomu ya bayyana wata al'umma da ta dogara da aikin noma, wanda ke da alaƙa da noman hatsi da kiwo na dabbobin gida kamar awaki, tumaki, saniya, alade, da karnuka tun farkon farkon sa.^[4] Waɗannan nau'in gida suna ba da shawarar canjawa daga farauta zuwa noma da kiwo a matsayin tushen tattalin arzikinsu.Bugu da kari, mutanen Shulaveri-Shomu sun ɓullo da wasu tsarin kula da ruwa na farko na yankin, gami da magudanan ruwa, don tallafawa ayyukan noma.Duk da wadannan ci gaban, farauta da kamun kifi sun ci gaba da taka rawa a dabarun rayuwarsu, duk da cewa sun yi kadan idan aka kwatanta da noma da kiwo.Mazaunan Shulaveri-Shomu sun taru ne a tsakiyar kogin Kura, kwarin Ararat, da filin Nakhchivan.Waɗannan al'ummomin sun kasance akan tudu na wucin gadi, waɗanda aka sani da tells, waɗanda aka samo su daga tarkace na ci gaba da daidaitawa.Yawancin ƙauyuka sun ƙunshi ƙauyuka uku zuwa biyar, kowannensu gabaɗaya ƙasa da hekta 1 kuma suna tallafawa da dama ga ɗaruruwan mutane.Sanannun keɓancewa kamar Khramis Didi Gora sun rufe har zuwa kadada 4 ko 5, mai yuwa gidaje dubu da yawa mazauna.Wasu ƙauyuka na Shulaveri-Shomu an ƙarfafa su da ramuka, waɗanda ƙila sun yi amfani da dalilai na tsaro ko na al'ada.Gine-ginen da ke cikin waɗannan ƙauyuka sun ƙunshi gine-ginen tubalin laka masu siffofi dabam-dabam- madauwari, murabba'i, ko rabin-kwai-da rufin gida.Waɗannan gine-ginen sun kasance da farko bene ɗaya da ɗaki ɗaya, tare da manyan gine-gine (mita 2 zuwa 5 a diamita) waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don wuraren zama da ƙananan (mita 1 zuwa 2 a diamita) waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don ajiya.Hanyoyin shiga galibi kunkuntar kofa ne, kuma an yi wa wasu benaye fentin da jajayen ocher.Furucin rufin yana ba da haske da samun iska, kuma ƙananan, kwandon yumbu na ƙasa da ƙasa sun zama ruwan dare don adana hatsi ko kayan aiki.Da farko, al'ummomin Shulaveri-Shomu suna da ƴan tasoshin yumbura kaɗan, waɗanda aka shigo da su daga Mesofotamiya har sai an fara samar da gida a kusan 5800 KZ.Abubuwan al'adun gargajiya sun haɗa da tukwane na hannu tare da sassaƙaƙƙen kayan ado, wukake na obsidian, burins, scrapers, da kayan aikin da aka yi daga kashi da antler.Hakazalika binciken binciken kayan tarihi ya kuma gano wasu abubuwa na ƙarfe da ragowar tsirrai kamar alkama, sha'ir, da inabi, tare da ƙasusuwan dabbobi daga aladu, awaki, karnuka, da dabbobi, wanda ke nuna dabarun rayuwa iri-iri da aka haɓaka ta hanyar ayyukan noma masu tasowa.Farar ruwan inabiA yankin Shulaveri da ke kudu maso gabashin Jumhuriyar Jojiya, musamman kusa da Gadachrili Gora da ke kusa da ƙauyen Imiri, masu binciken kayan tarihi sun gano farkon shaidar inabi na gida tun daga shekara ta 6000 KZ.^[5] Ƙarin shaidun da ke goyan bayan ayyukan shan inabi na farko sun fito ne daga nazarin sinadarai na ragowar kwayoyin halitta da aka samu a cikin tulun tukwane masu girma a wurare daban-daban na Shulaveri-Shomu.Waɗannan tuluna, waɗanda aka fara a farkon ƙarni na shida KZ, an yi imanin an yi amfani da su don fermentation, maturation, da hidimar ruwan inabi.Wannan binciken ba wai kawai yana nuna ci gaba na samar da yumbu a cikin al'ada ba amma kuma ya kafa yankin a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin sanannun cibiyoyin samar da ruwan inabi a Gabas ta Tsakiya.^[6]

Al'adar Trialeti-Vanadzor ta bunƙasa a ƙarshen 3rd da farkon karni na 2 KZ, ^[7] ta tsakiya a yankin Trialeti na Jojiya da kusa da Vanadzor, Armenia .Masana sun yi nuni da cewa watakila wannan al'adar ta kasance Indo-Turai a cikin alaƙar harshe da al'adu.^[8]An lura da wannan al'ada don manyan ci gaba da ayyukan al'adu da yawa.Yin kone-kone ya fito a matsayin al'adar jana'izar da aka saba yi, wanda ke nuni da sauye-sauyen al'adu masu alaƙa da mutuwa da kuma lahira.Gabatar da fentin tukwane a wannan lokacin yana nuna ci gaba a cikin maganganun fasaha da fasahohin fasaha.Bugu da ƙari, an sami sauyi a fannin ƙarfe tare da tagulla mai tushen gwangwani ya zama babba, wanda ke nuna ci gaban fasaha a cikin kera kayan aiki da makamai.Al'adun Trialeti-Vanadzor su ma sun nuna kyakkyawar alaƙar haɗin gwiwa tare da sauran yankuna na Gabas Kusa, wanda aka tabbatar da kamanceceniya a cikin al'adun kayan aiki.Misali, wani kasko da aka samu a Trialeti yana da kamanceceniya da wanda aka gano a Shaft Grave 4 a Mycenae a Girka , yana ba da shawarar wani matakin tuntuɓar ko tasiri tsakanin waɗannan yankuna masu nisa.Bugu da ƙari, an yi imanin cewa wannan al'ada ta ci gaba zuwa al'adun Lchashen-Metsamor kuma mai yiwuwa ya ba da gudummawa ga kafa ƙungiyar Hayasa-Azzi, kamar yadda aka ambata a cikin rubutun Hittiyawa, da Mushki, wanda Assuriyawa ke magana.

Al'adun Colchian, wanda ya tashi daga Neolithic zuwa Zamanin Iron, ya tattara ne a yammacin Jojiya, musamman a yankin tarihi na Colchis.An raba wannan al'ada zuwa lokutan Proto-Colchian (2700-1600 KZ) da Tsohon Colchian (1600-700 KZ).An san shi don samar da tagulla na ci gaba da fasaha, an gano abubuwa masu yawa na tagulla da tagulla a cikin kaburbura a yankuna kamar Abkhazia, rukunin tsaunin Sukhumi, tsaunukan Racha, da filayen Colchian.A cikin matakan ƙarshe na al'adun Colchian, kusan ƙarni na 8 zuwa na 6 KZ, kaburbura na gama gari sun zama gama gari, suna ɗauke da abubuwan tagulla masu nuni da cinikin waje.Wannan zamanin kuma ya ga karuwar samar da makamai da kayan aikin noma, tare da shaidar hakar tagulla a Racha, Abkhazia, Svaneti, da Adjara.Ana ɗaukar Colchians kakanni na yammacin Georgian na zamani, gami da ƙungiyoyi kamar Megrelian, Laz, da Svans.

Al'adun Colchian, sanannen wayewar zamanin Bronze, yana cikin yankin Gabashin Tekun Bahar Maliya kuma ya fito ta Tsakiyar Bronze Age.Yana da alaƙa da al'adun Koban maƙwabta.A ƙarshen karni na biyu KZ, wasu yankuna a cikin Colchis sun sami gagarumin ci gaban birane.A lokacin Marigayi Bronze Age, wanda ya kai ƙarni na goma sha biyar zuwa na takwas KZ, Colchis ya yi fice a cikin narke karfe da simintin gyare-gyare, ^[10] ya bayyana a cikin nagartattun kayan aikin noma.Kyawawan wurare masu ni'ima na yankin da yanayi mai laushi sun haɓaka ayyukan noma na ci gaba.Sunan "Colchis" ya bayyana a cikin tarihin tarihi tun farkon karni na 8 KZ, wanda mawaƙin Helenanci Eumelus na Koranti ya kira "Κολχίδα" ^[11] , har ma a baya a cikin bayanan Urart kamar "Qulḫa."Sarakunan Urartian sun ambaci nasarar da suka yi na Colchis a kusa da 744 ko 743 KZ, jim kadan kafin yankunansu su fada hannun Daular Neo-Assuriyawa .Colchis yanki ne daban-daban da kabilu da yawa ke zaune a bakin tekun Bahar Maliya.Waɗannan sun haɗa da Machelones, Heniochi, Zydretae, Lazi, Chalybes, Tibareni/Tubal, Mossynoeci, Macrones, Moschi, Marres, Apsilae, Abasci, Sanigae, Coraxi, Coli, Melanchlaeni, Geloni, da Soani (Suani).Majiyoyin da suka gabata sun ba da bayanai daban-daban na asalin waɗannan ƙabilun, wanda ke nuna ɗimbin faifan kabilanci.Mulkin FarisaƘabilun kudancin Colchis, wato Macrones, Moschi, da Marres, an haɗa su cikin Daular Achaemenid a matsayin satrapy na 19.^[12] Ƙabilun arewa sun yi biyayya ga Farisa , suna aika 'yan mata 100 da maza 100 zuwa kotun Farisa a kowace shekara biyar.^[13] A cikin 400 KZ, bayan Dubu Goma sun isa Trapezus, sun ci Colchians a yaƙi.Faɗin kasuwanci da alakar tattalin arziki daular Achaemenid ya yi tasiri sosai ga Colchis, yana haɓaka haɓakar zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙinta a lokacin mulkin Farisa.Duk da haka, Colchis daga baya ya hambarar da mulkin Farisa, ya kafa kasa mai cin gashin kanta tare da Kartli-Iberia, wanda ya yi mulki ta hanyar gwamnonin sarauta da ake kira skeptoukhi.Shaidu na baya-bayan nan sun nuna cewa duka Colchis da Iberia maƙwabta sun kasance ɓangare na Daular Achaemenid, mai yiwuwa a ƙarƙashin satrapy na Armeniya .^[14]Karkashin Dokar PonticA cikin 83 KZ, Mithridates VI na Pontus ya dakatar da tashin hankali a Colchis kuma daga baya ya ba da yankin ga dansa, Mithridates Chrestus, wanda aka kashe daga baya saboda zargin yin makirci ga mahaifinsa.A lokacin Yaƙin Mithridatic na Uku, wani ɗa, Mahares, an naɗa shi sarki na Bosporus da Colchis, kodayake mulkinsa ɗan taƙaitacce ne.Bayan cin nasarar Mithridates VI da sojojin Romawa suka yi a shekara ta 65 K.Z., Janar Pompey na Romawa ya mallaki Colchis.Pompey ya kama shugaban yankin Olthaces kuma ya sanya Aristachus a matsayin daular yankin daga 63 zuwa 47 KZ.Duk da haka, bayan faduwar Pompey, Pharnaces II, wani ɗan Mithridates VI, ya yi amfani da Julius Kaisar da damuwa a Masar don dawo da Colchis, Armeniya, da kuma sassan Kapadokiya.Ko da yake da farko ya ci nasara a kan shugaban Kaisar Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus, nasarar Pharnaces ba ta daɗe ba.Daga baya Polemon I, ɗan Zenon, ya jagoranci Colchis, a matsayin wani yanki na haɗin gwiwar yankunan Pontus da Masarautar Bosporan.Bayan mutuwar Polemon a shekara ta 8 KZ, matarsa ​​ta biyu, Pythodorida na Pontus, ta kula da Colchis da Pontus, ko da yake ta rasa Mulkin Bosporan.Ɗansu, Polemon II na Pontus, Sarkin sarakuna Nero ya tilasta masa yin murabus a shekara ta 63 A.Z., wanda ya kai ga shigar da Pontus da Colchis cikin Lardin Romawa na Galatiya, daga baya kuma zuwa Kapadokiya a shekara ta 81 A.Z..Bayan waɗannan yaƙe-yaƙe, tsakanin 60 zuwa 40 KZ, matsugunan Girka da ke bakin teku kamar Phasis da Dioscurias sun yi gwagwarmaya don farfadowa, kuma Trebizond ya zama sabuwar cibiyar tattalin arziki da siyasa ta yankin.Karkashin Mulkin RomawaA lokacin da Romawa suka mamaye yankunan bakin teku, ba a aiwatar da iko sosai ba, wanda aka tabbatar da rashin nasarar boren da Anicetus ya jagoranta a Pontus da Colchis a shekara ta 69 AZ.Ƙabilun tsaunuka na gida irin su Svaneti da Heniochi, yayin da suke amincewa da mulkin Romawa, sun ci gaba da gudanar da mulkin mallaka da kuma ci gaba da kai hare-hare a kan tudu.Hanyar mulkin Romawa ta samo asali ne a ƙarƙashin Sarkin sarakuna Hadrian, wanda ya nemi fahimtar da kuma sarrafa nau'in kabilanci daban-daban ta hanyar bincike na mai ba shi shawara Arrian a kusa da 130-131 AD.Lissafin Arrian a cikin "Periplus of the Euxine Sea" dalla dalla dalla dalla dalla dalla dalla dalla dalla dalla-dalla ikon da ke tsakanin kabilu kamar Laz, Sanni, da Apsilae, wanda na karshen su ya fara karfafa mulki karkashin wani sarki da wani sunan da Roman tasiri, Julianus.Kiristanci ya fara yin kutse a yankin a kusan karni na 1, wanda alkaluma irin su Andrew Manzo da sauransu suka gabatar, tare da sauye-sauye na al'adu kamar al'adun binnewa da suka kunno kai a karni na 3.Duk da haka, arna na gida da sauran ayyukan addini kamar Mithraic Mysteries sun ci gaba da mamaye har karni na 4.Lazica, wacce aka fi sani da Masarautar Egrisi tun daga 66 BC, tana misalta hadakar dangantakar yankin da Rome, wacce ta fara a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta bayan yakin Caucasian na Rome a karkashin Pompey.Masarautar ta fuskanci ƙalubale kamar farmakin Gothic a shekara ta 253 A.Z., da taimakon sojojin Romawa suka fatattake su, hakan ya nuna cewa an ci gaba da dogara ga kāriya da tasiri na Romawa a yankin.

Diauehi, ƙungiyar ƙabilanci da ke arewa maso gabashin Anatoliya, ta yi fice a cikin tushen tarihin Assuriya na Iron Age da Urarti .^[9] Yawancin lokaci ana gano shi tare da Daiaeni na farko, wanda ya bayyana a cikin rubutun Yonjalu daga shekara ta uku ta Sarkin Assuriya Tiglath-Pileser I (1118 KZ) kuma an sake ambatonsa a cikin bayanan Shalmanesar III (845 KZ).A farkon karni na 8 KZ, Diauehi ya ja hankalin karuwar ikon yanki na Urartu.A ƙarƙashin mulkin Menua (810-785 KZ), Urartu ta faɗaɗa tasirinta ta hanyar cin galaba akan wasu yankuna na Diauehi, gami da manyan biranen kamar Zua, Utu, da Shashilu.Yunkurin na Urarti ya tilasta wa sarkin Diauehi, Utupursi, shiga matsayin haraji, yana bukace shi ya biya haraji na zinariya da azurfa.Magajin Menua, Argishti I (785-763 KZ), ya ƙaddamar da yaƙi da Diauehi a shekara ta 783 KZ kuma ya ci nasara kan Sarki Utupursi, tare da mamaye yankunansa.A madadin rayuwarsa, Utupursi an tilasta masa ya biya haraji mai mahimmanci, gami da karafa da dabbobi iri-iri.

Yaɗuwar Roma zuwa yankin Caucasus ya fara ne a ƙarshen karni na 2 KZ, inda aka yi niyya ga yankuna kamar Anatoliya da Bahar Maliya.A shekara ta 65 KZ, Jamhuriyar Roma ta lalata Mulkin Pontus, wanda ya haɗa da Colchis (yammacin Jojiya ta zamani), ta haɗa shi cikin Daular Roma.Daga baya wannan yanki ya zama lardin Romawa na Lazicum.A lokaci guda, gabas da gabas, Masarautar Iberia ta zama ƙasa mara kyau ga Roma, tana jin daɗin yancin kai saboda mahimmancin dabarunta da barazanar da ke gudana daga ƙabilun tsaunuka na gida.Duk da mamayar da Romawa ke yi na manyan kagara a bakin tekun, ikonsu a yankin ya ɗan ɗan sassauta.A cikin 69 AZ, wani gagarumin tawaye da Anicetus ya jagoranta a Pontus da Colchis ya ƙalubalanci ikon Romawa amma a ƙarshe ya kasa.A cikin 'yan ƙarnuka masu zuwa, Kudancin Caucasus ya zama fagen fama na Romawa, daga baya kuma Byzantine, tasiri ga ikon Farisa, da farko Parthians sannan kuma Sassanids , a matsayin wani ɓangare na yakin Romawa da Farisa.Kiristanci ya fara yaduwa a yankin a farkon karni na 1st, wanda mutane kamar Saint Andrew da Saint Simon the Zealot suka yi tasiri sosai.Duk da haka, arna na gida da imanin Mithraic sun kasance da yawa har zuwa karni na 4.A cikin karni na farko, sarakunan Iberian kamar Mihdrat I (58-106 CE) sun nuna matsayi mai kyau ga Roma, tare da Sarkin sarakuna Vespasian ya ƙarfafa Mtskheta a 75 AZ a matsayin alamar goyon baya.Karni na 2 ya ga Iberia karkashin Sarki Pharsman II Kveli ya karfafa matsayinsa, inda ya samu cikakken 'yancin kai daga Roma da kuma kwato yankuna daga Armeniya mai tabarbarewa.Masarautar ta sami ƙaƙƙarfan ƙawance da Roma a wannan lokacin.Duk da haka, a cikin karni na 3, rinjaye ya koma ga kabilar Lazi, wanda ya kai ga kafa Masarautar Lazica, wanda kuma aka sani da Egrisi, wanda daga baya ya fuskanci gagarumin kishiyoyin Byzantine da Sassania, wanda ya ƙare a yakin Lazic (542-562 AD). .A ƙarshen karni na 3, Roma dole ne ta amince da ikon Sassaniya akan yankuna kamar Caucasian Albania da Armenia , amma a shekara ta 300 AZ, sarakunan Aurelian da Diocletian sun sake samun iko a kan abin da yake yanzu Jojiya.Lazica ta sami 'yancin kai, daga ƙarshe ta kafa Masarautar Lazica-Egrisi mai cin gashin kanta.A cikin 591 AZ, Byzantium da Farisa sun raba Iberia, tare da Tbilisi ta fada karkashin ikon Farisa da Mtskheta a karkashin Byzantine.Yarjejeniyar ta ruguje a farkon karni na 7, wanda ya jagoranci Yariman Iberian Stephanoz I (kimanin 590-627) zuwa kawance da Farisa a shekara ta 607 AZ don sake hade yankunan Iberian.Duk da haka, yakin da sarki Heraclius ya yi a shekara ta 628 AZ ya sake tabbatar da ikon Romawa har sai da Larabawa suka ci nasara a ƙarshen rabin karni na 7.Bayan yakin Sebastopolis a shekara ta 692 AZ da buhun Sebastopolis (Sukhumi na zamani) da Balarabe mai nasara Marwan II yayi a 736 AD, kasancewar Roman/Byzantine ya ragu sosai a yankin, wanda ke nuna ƙarshen tasirin Roman a Jojiya.

Lazica, asalin wani yanki ne na tsohuwar daular Colchis, ta fito a matsayin wata masarauta dabam a kusan ƙarni na 1 KZ bayan rarrabuwar kawuna na Colchis da haɓakar ƙungiyoyin kabilanci masu cin gashin kansu.A hukumance, Lazica ta sami wani nau'i na 'yanci a cikin 131 AZ lokacin da aka ba ta 'yancin kai na wani yanki a cikin Daular Roma, wanda ya zama mafi tsari mai tsari a tsakiyar karni na 3.A cikin tarihinta, Lazica da farko ta yi aiki a matsayin daular vassal mai mahimmanci ga Byzantium, kodayake ta ɗan faɗi ƙarƙashin ikon Farisa na Sasania a lokacin Yaƙin Lazic, wani babban rikici wanda ya samo asali daga rikice-rikicen tattalin arziƙi kan mulkin mallaka na Romawa a yankin.Waɗannan ƴan mulkin mallaka sun kawo cikas ga ciniki cikin 'yanci wanda ke da mahimmanci ga tattalin arzikin Lazica, wanda ya bunƙasa kasuwancin teku ta babbar tashar jiragen ruwa, Phasis.Masarautar ta tsunduma cikin kasuwanci tare da Pontus da Bosporus (a cikin Crimea), tana fitar da fata, Jawo, sauran albarkatun ƙasa, da bayi.A sakamakon haka, Lazica ta shigo da gishiri, burodi, giya, yadudduka masu daɗi, da makamai.Yaƙin Lazic ya nuna mahimmancin dabaru da tattalin arziƙin Lazica, wanda ke kan mashigar manyan hanyoyin kasuwanci da manyan masarautu ke gwabzawa.A karni na 7, musulmi sun mamaye masarautar daga karshe amma sun yi nasarar fatattakar sojojin Larabawa cikin nasara a karni na 8.Daga baya, Lazica ta zama wani ɓangare na Masarautar Abkhazia mai tasowa a kusa da 780, wanda daga baya ya ba da gudummawa ga kafa haɗin gwiwar Masarautar Jojiya a karni na 11.

Asalin rubutun Jojiya abu ne mai ban mamaki kuma ana muhawara sosai a tsakanin masana, daga Jojiya da kasashen waje.Rubutun farko da aka tabbatar, Asomtavruli, ya samo asali ne tun karni na 5 AZ, tare da wasu rubutun suna tasowa a cikin ƙarni masu zuwa.Yawancin malamai suna danganta farkon rubutun zuwa Kiristanci na Iberia , tsohuwar mulkin Jojiya na Kartli, ^[15] suna yin hasashen cewa an halicce shi wani lokaci tsakanin juyin juya halin Sarki Mirian III a 326 ko 337 CE da kuma rubutun Bir el Qutt na 430 CE.Da farko, sufaye a Jojiya da Falasdinu ne suka yi amfani da rubutun don fassara Littafi Mai Tsarki da wasu nassosin Kirista zuwa harshen Jojiya.Wani al'adar Jojiya da ta daɗe tana nuna asalin haruffa kafin Kiristanci, yana ba da fifiko ga Sarki Pharnavaz na ɗaya daga ƙarni na 3 KZ da halittarsa.^[16] Duk da haka, ana ɗaukar wannan labarin tatsuniya kuma ba ta goyan bayan shaidar archaeological, wanda mutane da yawa ke kallon su azaman martani na ƙasa ga iƙirarin asalin ƙasashen waje na haruffa.Muhawarar ta ta’allaka ne da shigar malaman Armeniya, musamman Mesrop Mashtots, wadanda al’adance aka san su a matsayin wanda ya kirkiro haruffan Armeniya .Wasu majiyoyin Armeniya na tsaka-tsaki sun tabbatar da cewa Mashtots kuma sun ƙirƙiri haruffan Albaniya na Georgian da Caucasian, duk da cewa yawancin malaman Jojiya da wasu malaman Yammacin Turai ne suka yi hamayya da wannan, waɗanda ke tambayar amincin waɗannan asusun.Babban tasirin rubutun Jojiyanci kuma batu ne na takaddamar masana.Yayin da wasu ke ba da shawarar cewa rubutun ya samo asali ne daga haruffan Hellenanci ko Semitic kamar Aramaic, ^[17] binciken kwanan nan ya jaddada kamancensa da haruffan Girkanci, musamman a cikin tsari da ƙimar haruffan.Bugu da ƙari, wasu masu bincike suna ba da shawarar cewa alamun al'adun Jojiya na kafin Kiristanci ko alamomin dangi na iya rinjayar wasu haruffa na haruffa.

Kiristanci na Iberia, tsohuwar daular Jojiya da aka fi sani da Kartli, ta fara ne a farkon ƙarni na 4 saboda ƙoƙarin Saint Nino.Sarki Mirian III na Iberia ya ayyana Kiristanci a matsayin addinin kasa, wanda ya haifar da gagarumin sauye-sauyen al'adu da addini daga gumakan mushirikai da na al'ada na gargajiya da aka fi sani da "Allolin Kartli."Wannan yunƙurin ya nuna ɗaya daga cikin na farko na kiristanci na ƙasa, wanda ya sanya Iberia tare da Armeniya a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin yankuna na farko da suka rungumi bangaskiya a hukumance.Juyawa tana da tasiri mai zurfi na zamantakewa da al'adu, yana tasiri alakar masarautar da fadin duniyar Kirista, musamman kasa mai tsarki.An tabbatar da hakan ta hanyar karuwar kasancewar Jojiya a Falasdinu, wanda alkaluma irin su Peter the Iberian suka bayyana da kuma gano rubuce-rubucen Jojiya a cikin hamadar Yahudiya da sauran wuraren tarihi.Matsayin da Iberia ke da shi a tsakanin daular Rumawa da Sasania ya sa ta zama babban ɗan wasa a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe na wakilai, wanda ya shafi tsarin diflomasiyya da al'adu.Duk da cewa Iberia ta ɗauki addinin da ke da alaƙa da daular Roma, Iberia ta ci gaba da daɗaɗɗen alaƙar al'adu da duniyar Iran , wanda ke nuna dangantakarta da ta daɗe ta hanyar kasuwanci, yaƙi, da auratayya tun zamanin Achaemenid.Tsarin Kiristanci ba wai juzu'i na addini ba ne kawai amma har ma da sauyi na ƙarni da yawa wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga fitowar wani takamaiman Jojiya.Wannan sauyin ya ga yadda ake samun manyan mutane a hankali a hankali, ciki har da sarauta, da maye gurbin shugabannin cocin kasashen waje tare da 'yan asalin Georgian a tsakiyar karni na 6.Duk da haka, Helenawa , Iraniyawa , Armaniyawa , da Siriyawa sun ci gaba da yin tasiri a cikin gudanarwa da ci gaban cocin Jojiya har zuwa wannan lokacin.

Gwagwarmaya ta geopolitical don iko a kan masarautun Jojiya, musamman masarautar Iberia, wani yanki ne na tsakiya na hamayya tsakanin Daular Byzantine da Farisa Sasaniya , tun daga karni na 3.A farkon zamanin Sasaniya, a zamanin Sarki Shapur I (240-270), Sasaniyawa sun fara kafa mulkinsu a Iberia, inda suka dora wani basaraken Iran daga gidan Mihran, wanda aka fi sani da Mirian III, a kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 284. ya fara daular Chosroid, wanda ya ci gaba da mulkin Iberia har zuwa karni na shida.An ƙarfafa tasirin Sasania a cikin 363 lokacin da Sarki Shapur II ya mamaye Iberia, yana sanya Aspacures II a matsayin vassal.Wannan lokacin ya nuna alamar inda sarakunan Iberian sukan rike iko kawai, tare da ainihin iko akai-akai tsakanin Rumawa da Sasaniyawa.A cikin 523, tashin hankalin da Georgians suka yi a karkashin Gurgen wanda bai yi nasara ba ya ba da haske ga wannan mulki mai rikici, wanda ya kai ga halin da ake ciki inda ikon Farisa ya kasance mai kai tsaye kuma masarautar gida ta kasance alama ce ta musamman.Matsayin matsayi na sarauta na Iberian ya zama mafi girma a cikin 520s kuma an ƙare a cikin 580 bayan mutuwar Sarki Bakur III, a ƙarƙashin mulkin Hormizd IV (578-590) na Farisa.Daga nan sai aka mayar da Iberia zuwa lardin Farisa kai tsaye wanda aka nada marzbans ke gudanar da shi, wanda ya daidaita ikon Farisa yadda ya kamata.Dokar Farisa kai tsaye ta sanya haraji mai yawa da haɓaka Zoroastrianism, yana haifar da rashin jin daɗi a tsakanin manyan Kiristocin Iberian.A cikin 582, waɗannan mashahuran sun nemi taimako daga Sarkin Gabas na Romawa Maurice , wanda ya shiga cikin soja.A cikin 588, Maurice ya sanya Guaram I na Guaramids a matsayin mai mulkin Iberia, ba a matsayin sarki ba amma tare da lakabin curoplates, yana nuna tasirin Byzantine.Yarjejeniyar Byzantine-Sassanid na 591 ta sake fasalin mulkin Iberian, ta raba mulkin a Tbilisi a hukumance zuwa sassan Roman da Sasaniya na tasiri, tare da Mtskheta yana zuwa ƙarƙashin ikon Byzantine.Wannan tsari ya sake komawa ƙarƙashin jagorancin Stephen I (Stephanoz I), wanda ya haɗa kai da Farisa a ƙoƙarin sake haɗa Iberia.Duk da haka, wannan sake fasalin ya kai ga mutuwarsa a lokacin harin da Sarkin Bizantium Heraclius ya kai a 626, a tsakiyar yakin Byzantine-Sasania na 602-628.A shekara ta 627-628, sojojin Byzantine sun kafa rinjaye a yawancin Jojiya, matsayin da ya kasance har lokacin da musulmi suka mamaye ya canza yanayin siyasar yankin.

A shekara ta 580 A.Z., mutuwar Sarki Bakur III na Iberia, daular haɗe-haɗe a yankin Caucasus, ta haifar da gagarumin canje-canje na siyasa.Masarautar Sassanid , karkashin Sarkin sarakuna Hormizd IV, ta yi amfani da wannan yanayin wajen kawar da daular Iberia, inda ta mayar da Iberia zuwa lardin Farisa da ke karkashin mulkin Marzpan.Sarakunan Iberian sun yarda da wannan sauyi ba tare da juriya ba, kuma dangin sarki sun koma garuruwansu na tuddai.Mulkin Farisa ya sanya haraji mai yawa kuma ya haɓaka Zoroastrianism, wanda aka nuna rashin jin daɗi a yankin Kiristanci .A cikin martani, a cikin 582 AD, manyan Iberian sun nemi taimako daga Sarkin Roma na Gabas Maurice , wanda ya kaddamar da yaƙin yaƙi da Farisa.A shekara ta 588 AZ, Maurice ya goyi bayan kashi na Guaram I na Guaramids a matsayin sabon shugaban Iberia, ba a matsayin sarki ba amma a matsayin sarki mai mulki tare da lakabi na curoplates, girmamawar Byzantine.Yarjejeniyar Byzantine-Sassanid ta 591 CE ta amince da wannan tsari a hukumance amma ta bar Iberia ta rabu zuwa yankuna da daulolin biyu suka rinjayi, wanda ke kewaye da garin Tbilisi.Wannan lokaci ya yi nuni da hawan dynastic aristocracy a Iberia, a karkashin kulawa mara kyau na Konstantinoful.Sarakunan shugabanni, ko da yake suna da tasiri, an iyakance ikonsu ta wurin manyan sarakunan yankin, waɗanda ke riƙe da hatimi daga duka sarakunan Sassanid da na Byzantine.Kariyar Byzantine da nufin iyakance Sassanid da kuma tasirin Musulunci daga baya a cikin Caucasus.Duk da haka, amincin sarakunan Iberian ya bambanta, wani lokaci suna gane ikon ikon yanki a matsayin dabarun siyasa.Stephen I, magajin Guaram, ya koma mubaya'a ga Farisa a yunƙurin haɗe Iberia, wani yunƙuri da ya yi hasarar rayuwarsa a shekara ta 626 AZ a lokacin harin da Sarkin Ruma Heraclius ya kai masa.Bayan yaƙin Rumawa da Farisa, yaƙin Larabawa a cikin 640s ya ƙara dagula siyasar Iberian.Kodayake gidan Chosroid Pro-Byzantine an dawo da shi, ba da daɗewa ba dole ne su amince da suzerainty na Umayyad Caliphate .A cikin shekarun 680s, tawayen da bai yi nasara ba ga mulkin Larabawa ya haifar da raguwar mulkin Chosroid, wanda ke tsare a Kakheti.A cikin 730s, ikon Larabawa ya ƙarfafa tare da kafa sarkin musulmi a Tbilisi, wanda ya kori Guaramids, waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙari su ci gaba da rike duk wani iko mai mahimmanci.A ƙarshe Nersianids sun maye gurbin Guaramids tsakanin kusan 748 zuwa 780, kuma sun ɓace daga fagen siyasa ta hanyar 786 bayan mummunan murkushe manyan Jojiya da sojojin Larabawa suka yi.Rushewar Guaramids da Chosroids sun kafa matakin haɓakar dangin Bagratid.Ashot I, wanda ya fara mulkinsa a kusa da 786/813, ya yi amfani da wannan vacuum.A shekara ta 888, Adarnase I na Bagratids ya tabbatar da iko a yankin, yana ba da lokacin farfaɗowar al'adu da faɗaɗawa ta hanyar ayyana kansa Sarkin Georgians, ta haka ya maido da ikon sarautar Jojiya.

Lokacin mulkin Larabawa a Jojiya, wanda aka fi sani da "Araboba", ya kasance tun daga farkon hare-haren Larabawa a tsakiyar karni na 7 har zuwa kashin karshe na Masarautar Tbilisi da sarki David IV ya yi a shekara ta 1122. Ba kamar sauran yankunan da musulmi ya shafa ba. , Tsarin al'adu da siyasa na Jojiya ya kasance da ɗanɗano.Al'ummar Jojiya galibi sun riƙe imaninsu na Kirista , kuma manyan mutane sun ci gaba da kula da 'yan uwansu, yayin da sarakunan Larabawa suka fi mai da hankali kan fitar da haraji, wanda galibi sukan yi gwagwarmaya don aiwatar da su.Duk da haka, yankin ya fuskanci mummunar barna saboda yawan yakin neman zabe, kuma Khalifofin sun ci gaba da yin tasiri a kan al'amuran cikin gida na Jojiya na tsawon wannan zamani.Tarihin mulkin Larabawa a Jojiya yawanci ya kasu zuwa manyan lokuta uku:1. Yakin Larabawa na farko (645-736) : Wannan lokaci ya fara ne da bayyanar sojojin Larabawa na farko a shekara ta 645, karkashin mulkin Umayyawa , kuma ya ƙare da kafa Masarautar Tbilisi a shekara ta 736. An yi alama da ci gaba da tabbatar da cewa ikon siyasa a kan ƙasashen Georgian.2. Masarautar Tbilisi (736-853) : A wannan lokaci, Masarautar Tbilisi ta mamaye dukkan Gabashin Jojiya.Wannan lokaci ya ƙare lokacin da Khalifancin Abbasiyawa suka lalata Tbilisi a shekara ta 853 don murkushe tawayen da sarkin yankin ya yi, wanda ke nuna ƙarshen mamayar Larabawa a yankin.3. Rushewar Mulkin Larabawa (853-1122) : Bayan rugujewar Tbilisi, ikon Masarautar ya fara raguwa, sannu a hankali ya yi kasa a gwiwa ga kasashe masu cin gashin kai na Jojiya.Daular Seljuq mai girma a ƙarshe ta maye gurbin Larabawa a matsayin mafi rinjaye a Gabas ta Tsakiya a rabin na biyu na karni na 11.Duk da haka, Tbilisi ta ci gaba da kasancewa ƙarƙashin mulkin Larabawa har zuwa lokacin da Sarki Dauda na IV ya 'yantar da ita a shekara ta 1122.Yakin Larabawa na farko (645–736)A farkon karni na 7, Masarautar Iberia, wacce ta mamaye mafi yawan Jojiya ta yau, ta zagaya cikin hadadden yanayin siyasa da Daular Byzantine da Sassanid suka mamaye.Ta hanyar canza ƙawance kamar yadda ya cancanta, Iberia ta sami damar kiyaye matakin 'yancin kai.Wannan ma'auni mai laushi ya canza a cikin 626 lokacin da Sarkin Byzantine Heraclius ya kai hari Tbilisi kuma ya shigar da Adarnase I na daular Chosroid Pro-Byzantine, wanda ke nuna lokacin gagarumin tasirin Byzantine.To sai dai bullowar halifancin musulmi da mamaya da suka yi a gabas ta tsakiya nan da nan ya kawo cikas ga wannan matsayi.Farawa na farko da Larabawa suka shiga cikin yankin da ake kira Jojiya a tsakanin 642 da 645, a lokacin da Larabawa suka mamaye Farisa , tare da Tbilisi ta fada hannun Larabawa a shekara ta 645. Ko da yake yankin ya shiga cikin sabon lardin Armīniya, da farko sarakunan yankin sun ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayin matakin. 'yancin kai kamar abin da suke da shi a karkashin kulawar Byzantine da Sassanid.Shekarun farko na mulkin Larabawa sun kasance da rashin kwanciyar hankali a siyasance a cikin halifanci, wanda ke fafutukar tabbatar da iko da yankuna masu fadi.Babban kayan aiki na hukumomin Larabawa a wannan yanki shi ne sanya jizya, harajin da ake yi wa wadanda ba musulmi ba, wanda ke nuni da mika wuya ga mulkin Musulunci da kuma ba da kariya daga ci gaba da kai hari ko kuma daukar mataki na ladabtarwa.A Iberia, kamar a makwabciyar Armeniya , tawaye ga wannan haraji sun kasance akai-akai, musamman lokacin da Halifanci ya nuna alamun rauni na ciki.Wani gagarumin tashin hankali ya faru a cikin 681-682, wanda Adarnase II ya jagoranta.Wannan tawaye, wani bangare na babban tashin hankali a fadin Caucasus, an murkushe shi daga karshe;An kashe Adarnase, kuma Larabawa sun kafa Guaram II daga daular Guaramid.A wannan lokacin, Larabawa kuma dole ne su yi gwagwarmaya da wasu masu iko na yanki, musamman daular Byzantine da Khazars - ƙungiyar kabilun Turkawa.Yayin da Khazars suka fara kawance da Byzantium a kan Farisa, daga baya sun taka rawa biyu ta hanyar taimakawa Larabawa wajen murkushe tawayen Jojiya a shekara ta 682. Muhimmancin mahimmancin ƙasashen Georgian, wanda aka kama tsakanin waɗannan maƙwabta masu karfi, ya haifar da kutsawa mai maimaitawa da halakarwa. musamman ta Khazars daga arewa.Daular Byzantine, da nufin sake tabbatar da tasirinta a kan Iberia, ta mayar da hankali kan karfafa ikonta a kan yankunan bakin tekun Black Sea kamar Abkhazia da Lazica, yankunan da Larabawa ba su kai ba.A cikin 685, Sarkin sarakuna Justinian II ya yi shawarwari tare da Halifa, inda suka amince da mallakar Iberia da Armeniya.Duk da haka, wannan tsari bai daɗe ba, domin nasarar Larabawa a yaƙin Sebastopolis a shekara ta 692 ya canza yanayin yankin sosai, wanda ya haifar da wani sabon zaɓe na mamayar Larabawa.A kusan shekara ta 697, Larabawa sun mamaye daular Lazica kuma sun mika kai zuwa Tekun Bahar Rum, inda suka kafa wani sabon matsayi wanda ya fifita Halifanci kuma ya karfafa kasancewarsa a yankin.Masarautar Tbilisi (736-853)A cikin 730s, Khalifancin Umayyad ya tsananta ikonsa a kan Jojiya saboda barazanar Khazars da ci gaba da tuntuɓar da ke tsakanin shugabannin Kirista na gida da na Byzantium.A karkashin Halifa Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik da Gwamna Marwan ibn Muhammad, an kaddamar da kamfe mai tsanani ga Jojiya da Khazars, wanda ya shafi Jojiya sosai.Larabawa sun kafa masarautu a Tbilisi, wacce ta ci gaba da fuskantar turjiya daga manyan mutane na cikin gida da kuma jujjuyawar iko saboda rashin zaman lafiyar siyasa a cikin Halifanci.A tsakiyar karni na 8, Khalifancin Abbasiyawa ya maye gurbin Umayyawa, inda ya kawo tsarin mulki da tsauraran matakai don tabbatar da haraji da tabbatar da mulkin Musulunci, musamman karkashin jagorancin wali Khuzayma ibn Khazim.Duk da haka, Abbasiyawa sun fuskanci tawaye, musamman daga sarakunan Jojiya, wanda suka danne da jini.A wannan lokacin, dangin Bagrationi, mai yiwuwa na asalin Armeniya ne, sun yi fice a yammacin Jojiya, inda suka kafa tushe mai ƙarfi a Tao-Klarjeti.Duk da mulkin Larabawa, sun yi nasarar samun ‘yancin cin gashin kai, inda suka ci gajiyar rigingimun Larabawa da na Bizantine da kuma sabani na cikin gida a tsakanin Larabawa.A farkon karni na 9, Masarautar Tbilisi ta shelanta 'yancin kai daga Khalifancin Abbasiyawa, wanda ya haifar da ƙarin rikice-rikicen da suka shafi Bagrationi, wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin waɗannan gwagwarmayar iko.A shekara ta 813, Ashot I na daular Bagrationi ya mayar da mulkin Iberia tare da amincewa daga duka khalifanci da Rumawa.Yankin ya ga hadadden tsarin mulki, tare da halifancin lokaci-lokaci yana tallafawa Bagrationi don kiyaye daidaiton iko.Wannan zamanin dai ya kare ne da gagarumin shan kashi na Larabawa da kuma raguwar tasiri a yankin, wanda hakan ya ba da damar Bagrationi ya zama babban karfi a Jojiya, wanda ya kafa hanyar hada kan kasar a karkashin jagorancinsu.Rage mulkin LarabawaA tsakiyar karni na 9, tasirin Larabawa a Jojiya yana raguwa, wanda aka yi masa alama da raunin da Masarautar Tbilisi ta yi da kuma tasowar daular Kiristoci masu karfi a yankin, musamman Bagratids na Armeniya da Jojiya.Maido da sarautar da aka yi a Armeniya a shekara ta 886, karkashin Bagratid Ashot I, ya yi daidai da nadin sarautar dan uwansa Adarnase IV a matsayin sarkin Iberia, wanda ke nuni da sake farfado da ikon Kiristanci da cin gashin kai.A cikin wannan lokaci, daular Rumawa da Khalifanci sun nemi amincewa ko tsaka tsaki na waɗannan ƙasashe na Kirista masu tasowa don daidaita tasirin juna.Daular Byzantine, karkashin Basil na farko na Macedonia (r. 867-886), ta sami farfadowar al'adu da siyasa wanda ya sanya ta zama abokiyar abokiyar Caucasians Kirista, ta janye su daga Halifanci.A shekara ta 914, Yusuf Ibn Abi'l-Saj, sarkin Azarbaijan kuma hamshakin halifanci, ya jagoranci gagarumin yakin larabawa na karshe na sake tabbatar da mulkin Kaucasus.Wannan mamayewa, wanda aka sani da mamayewar Sajid na Jojiya, ya gaza kuma ya kara lalata kasashen Jojiya amma ya karfafa kawance tsakanin Bagratids da Daular Byzantine.Wannan ƙawance ya ba da damar bunƙasa tattalin arziki da fasaha a Jojiya, ba tare da tsoma bakin Larabawa ba.Tasirin Larabawa ya ci gaba da raguwa a cikin karni na 11.Tbilisi ta ci gaba da zama a karkashin tsarin sarauta na sarauta, amma tsarin mulkin birnin yana karuwa a hannun majalisar dattawan da aka sani da "birebi."Tasirinsu ya taimaka wajen kula da masarautun a matsayin mai hana haraji daga sarakunan Jojiya.Duk da yunkurin da Sarki Bagrat IV ya yi na kwace Tbilisi a shekara ta 1046, 1049, da 1062, ya kasa rike iko.A cikin 1060s, Babban Daular Seljuk ta maye gurbin Larabawa a matsayin babbar barazanar Musulmi ga Jojiya.Babban canji ya zo a cikin 1121 lokacin da David IV na Jojiya, wanda aka sani da "Mai gini," ya ci nasara da Seljuks a yakin Didgori, ya ba shi damar kama Tbilisi a shekara mai zuwa.Wannan nasara ta kawo karshen zaman Larabawa kusan karni biyar a Jojiya, wanda ya hade Tbilisi a matsayin hedkwatar masarautar, ko da yake yawanta ya kasance Musulmi ne na wani lokaci.Wannan ya nuna farkon sabon zamanin ƙarfafa Jojiya da faɗaɗa ƙarƙashin mulkin ɗan ƙasa.

Abkhazia, a tarihi a ƙarƙashin rinjayar Byzantine kuma yana kusa da bakin tekun Bahar Black na abin da ke arewa maso yammacin Jojiya a yanzu kuma wani yanki na Krasnodar Krai na Rasha, an gudanar da shi ta hanyar gadon gado wanda ke aiki da gaske a matsayin mataimakin na Byzantine.Ya kasance babban Kirista tare da birane kamar Pityus wanda ke karbar bakuncin manyan limaman cocin kai tsaye a karkashin sarki na Konstantinoful.A shekara ta 735 AZ, yankin ya fuskanci wani mummunan hari na Larabawa karkashin jagorancin Marwan wanda ya kai 736. An dakile harin da Archon Leon I, tare da taimakon abokan kawance daga Iberia da Lazica.Wannan nasara ta ƙarfafa ƙarfin tsaron Abkhazia kuma auren Leon I na gaba a cikin gidan sarautar Jojiya ya ƙarfafa wannan ƙawancen.A cikin 770s, Leon II ya fadada yankinsa don haɗawa da Lazica, yana haɗa shi cikin abin da ake kira Egrisi a cikin majiyoyin Georgian.A karshen karni na 8, karkashin Leon II, Abkhazia ya sami cikakken 'yanci daga ikon Byzantine , yana bayyana kansa a matsayin masarauta kuma ya canza babban birnin zuwa Kutaisi.Wannan lokacin shine farkon babban ƙoƙarin gina ƙasa, gami da kafa ƴancin cocin gida daga Konstantinoful, sauya harshen liturgical daga Girkanci zuwa Jojiya.Masarautar ta sami mafi kyawun lokacinta tsakanin 850 zuwa 950 CE, tana faɗaɗa yankunanta zuwa gabas a ƙarƙashin sarakuna kamar George I da Constantine III, waɗanda na ƙarshensu ya kawo babban yanki na tsakiya da gabashin Jojiya a ƙarƙashin ikon Abkhazian kuma ya yi tasiri a yankuna makwabta na Alania. da Armeniya .Sai dai kuma, a karshen karni na 10, karfin mulkin ya ragu a karshen karni na 10, sakamakon rikicin cikin gida da yakin basasa karkashin sarakuna irinsu Demetrius na uku da Theodosius na Uku Makaho, wanda ya kai ga koma baya da ya kai ga shigarta cikin jihar Jojiya da ta kunno kai.A cikin 978, Bagrat (daga baya Sarki Bagrat na Uku na Jojiya), basarake na zuriyar Bagratid da Abkhazian, ya hau gadon sarautar Abkhazian tare da taimakon mahaifinsa David III na Tao.A shekara ta 1008, bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa Gurgen, Bagrat kuma ya zama "Sarkin Iberia," yana hade daular Abkhazian da Jojiya a karkashin mulkin guda ɗaya, wanda ke nuna tushen haɗin gwiwar Masarautar Jojiya.

Masarautar Iberia, wacce aka kafa a shekara ta 888 CE a karkashin daular Bagrationi, ta bullo a yankin tarihi na Tao-Klarjeti, wanda ya mamaye wasu sassan kudu maso yammacin Jojiya da arewa maso gabashin Turkiyya.Wannan masarauta ta gaji Sarautar Iberia, wanda ke nuna sauyi daga sarauta zuwa mafi girman masarautu a yankin.Yankin Tao-Klarjeti yana da mahimmancin dabara, wanda ke tsakanin manyan daulolin Gabas da Yamma kuma wani reshe na Titin Siliki ya ratsa shi.Wannan wurin ya ba shi tasirin al'adu da siyasa daban-daban.Yanayin ƙasa, wanda ke da ƙaƙƙarfan tsaunin Arsiani da tsarin kogi kamar Çoruh da Kura, sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsaro da ci gaban masarautar.A cikin 813, Ashot I na daular Bagrationi ya ƙarfafa ikonsa a Klarjeti, yana maido da kagara mai tarihi na Artanuji da samun karɓuwa da kariya daga Daular Byzantine .A matsayinsa na yarima mai jiran gado na Iberia, Ashhot I ya yi gwagwarmaya da tasirin Larabawa, da kwato yankuna da inganta sake tsugunar da Jojiya.Ƙoƙarin nasa ya taimaka wajen mayar da Tao-Klarjeti zuwa cibiyar al'adu da addini, inda ya sauya tsarin siyasa da ruhaniya na Iberia daga yankunan tsakiya zuwa kudu maso yamma.Mutuwar Ashhot I ta kai ga raba yankunansa a tsakanin 'ya'yansa maza, wanda ya kafa fagen fama da rigingimu na cikin gida da kuma kara fadada yankin.Wannan lokaci ya ga sarakunan Bagrationi suna gudanar da ƙawance masu sarƙaƙiya da rigingimu da sarakunan Larabawa makwabta da hukumomin Rumawa, tare da gudanar da rigingimu na daular da suka yi tasiri a fagen siyasar yankin.A karshen karni na 10, masarautar ta fadada sosai a karkashin jagorancin sarakunan Bagrationi daban-daban.Haɗin kai na ƙasar Jojiya an sami babban tasiri a cikin 1008 a ƙarƙashin Bagrat III, wanda ya daidaita tsarin mulki yadda ya kamata tare da rage cin gashin kansa na sarakunan daular.Wannan hadin kai ya kawo karshen jerin dabarun fadada dabaru da hadin gwiwar siyasa wadanda suka kara karfi da kwanciyar hankali a jihar Jojiya, wanda ya kafa tarihi ga ci gaban da za a samu a tarihin yankin nan gaba.

Haɗin kai daular Jojiya a ƙarni na 10 ya ba da wani muhimmin lokaci a tarihin yankin, wanda ya ƙare a lokacin kafuwar Masarautar Jojiya a shekara ta 1008. Wannan motsi, wanda manyan sarakunan yankin da aka fi sani da eristavs suka jagoranci, ya taso ne daga juriyar gwagwarmayar iko. da yaƙe-yaƙe tsakanin sarakunan Jojiya, waɗanda al'adun mulkinsu masu zaman kansu sun samo asali tun zamanin d ¯ a da kuma sarakunan zamanin Hellenistic na Colchis da Iberia.Mabuɗin wannan haɗin kai shine Dauda na uku mai girma na daular Bagrationi, babban mai mulki a cikin Caucasus a lokacin.Dauda ya sanya danginsa da ɗan reno, yarima Bagrat, a kan kursiyin Iberian.Nadin sarautar Bagrat a matsayin Sarkin duk Jojiya ya kafa mataki na rawar daular Bagrationi a matsayin zakara na haɗin kan ƙasa, kamar Rurikids a Rasha ko Capetians a Faransa .Duk da ƙoƙarin da suka yi, ba dukan siyasar Jojiya ba ne suka shiga haɗin kai da son rai;tsayin daka ya ci gaba, inda wasu yankuna ke neman tallafi daga Daular Rumawa da Khalifancin Abbasiyawa .A shekara ta 1008, haɗewar ta kasance galibi ta haɗa ƙasashen yammaci da tsakiyar Jojiya.Tsarin ya kara gabas a karkashin Sarki Dauda na IV Mai Gine, wanda ya kai ga kammala duka kuma ya kai ga Golden Age na Jojiya.Wannan zamanin ya ga Jojiya ta fito a matsayin daular Pan-Caucasian ta tsakiya, wacce ta sami mafi girman yankinta da mamaye Caucasus a cikin ƙarni na 11 zuwa 13.Koyaya, ikon tsakiya na kambin Jojiya ya fara raguwa a ƙarni na 14.Ko da yake Sarki George V the Brilliant a takaice ya juyar da wannan koma baya, hadewar daular Jojiya a karshe ta wargaje sakamakon mamayewar Mongols da Timur , wanda ya kai ga rugujewarta gaba daya a karni na 15.Wannan lokaci na haɗin kai da rarrabuwar kawuna na baya sun yi tasiri sosai ga yanayin tarihin jihar Jojiya, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban al'adu da siyasa.

Masarautar Jojiya, wacce kuma a tarihi ake kiranta daular Jojiya, ta kasance fitacciyar daular Eurasia ta tsakiyar zamanin da aka kafa a kusan 1008 CE.Ta bayyana shekarunta na zinare a zamanin Sarki Dauda IV da Sarauniya Tamar Mai Girma tsakanin ƙarni na 11 zuwa 13, wanda ke nuna wani lokaci mai mahimmanci na siyasa da tattalin arziki.A wannan zamanin, Jojiya ta fito a matsayin babbar iko a Gabas ta Kirista, ta fadada tasirinta da isa ga yanki mai fadin gaske wanda ya hada da Gabashin Turai, Anatoliya, da iyakokin arewacin Iran .Masarautar ta kuma kula da dukiyoyin addini a ƙasashen waje, musamman sufi na Cross a Urushalima da kuma gidan sufi na Iviron a Girka .Tasirin Jojiya da wadata, duk da haka, ya fuskanci ƙalubale masu tsanani da suka fara a ƙarni na 13 tare da mamayar Mongol .Kodayake Masarautar ta yi nasarar sake tabbatar da ikonta a cikin 1340s, lokutan da suka biyo baya sun yi fama da Mutuwar Baƙar fata da maimaita barnar da mamayar Timur ta yi.Waɗannan bala'o'i sun yi tasiri sosai ga tattalin arzikin Georgia, yawan jama'a, da cibiyoyin birane.Yanayin yanayin siyasar Jojiya ya yi girma fiye da kima bayan cin nasarar daular Byzantine da daular Trebizond da Turkawa Ottoman suka yi.A ƙarshen karni na 15, waɗannan masifu sun ba da gudummawa ga rarrabuwar Jojiya zuwa jerin ƙananan ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu.Wannan rarrabuwar kawuna ta kai ga rugujewar hukuma ta tsakiya a shekara ta 1466, wanda ya kai ga amincewa da masarautu masu zaman kansu kamar Kartli, Kakheti, da Imereti, kowannensu yana karkashin rassa daban-daban na daular Bagrationi.Bugu da kari, an raba yankin zuwa wasu kananan hukumomi masu cin gashin kansu da suka hada da Odishi, Guria, Abkhazia, Svaneti, da Samtskhe, wanda ke nuna karshen hadewar jihar Jojiya tare da kafa wani sabon yanayi a tarihin yankin.

Babban mamayewar Turkiyya, ko Babban Matsalolin Turkiyya, ya bayyana hare-hare da matsugunan kabilun Turkawa da Seljuq suka yi a kasashen Jojiya a cikin shekarun 1080, karkashin Sarki George II.An samo asali daga tarihin Jojiya na ƙarni na 12, wannan kalmar ana san shi sosai a cikin malanta na Georgian na zamani.Waɗannan mamayar sun raunana Masarautar Jojiya sosai, wanda ya haifar da raguwar yawan jama'a a larduna da dama tare da rage ikon sarauta.Lamarin ya fara inganta ne bayan hawan Sarki Dauda na hudu a shekara ta 1089, wanda ya sauya ci gaban Seljuq ta hanyar nasarar soja, ya tabbatar da mulkin.FageSeljuks sun fara mamaye Jojiya a cikin 1060s, karkashin jagorancin Sultan Alp Arslan, wanda ya lalata lardunan kudu maso yammacin kasar kuma ya shafi Kakheti.Wannan mamayar wani bangare ne na faffadan yunkurin Turkiyya wanda kuma ya yi galaba a kan sojojin Rumawa a yakin Manzikert a shekara ta 1071. Duk da koma bayan da aka samu na farko, Jojiya ta sami nasarar murmurewa daga hare-haren Alp Arslan.Sai dai kuma janyewar Daular Rumawa daga yankin Anatoliya bayan shan kaye da suka yi a Manzikert ya sa Jojiya ta kara fuskantar barazanar Seljuk.A cikin 1070s, Jojiya ta fuskanci ƙarin mamayewa a ƙarƙashin Sultan Malik Shah I. Duk da waɗannan ƙalubalen, Sarki George II na Jojiya yana samun nasara lokaci-lokaci wajen haɓaka tsaro da kai hare-hare kan Seljuks.mamayewaA cikin 1080, George II na Jojiya ya fuskanci koma baya na soja lokacin da wani babban sojojin Turkiyya ya yi mamaki a kusa da Queli.Wannan runduna Ahmad na daular Mamlān ne ya jagoranta, wanda aka kwatanta a tarihin Jojiya a matsayin "babban sarki mai karfi kuma maharba."Yakin ya tilastawa George II gudu ta Adjara zuwa Abkhazia, yayin da Turkawa suka kwace Kars suka washe yankin, suka koma sansanoninsu da wadata.Wannan haduwar ita ce farkon jerin hare-hare masu muni.A ranar 24 ga Yuni, 1080, ɗimbin Turkawa makiyaya sun shiga lardunan kudancin Jojiya, cikin hanzari suna ci gaba da yin barna a duk faɗin Asispori, Klarjeti, Shavsheti, Adjara, Samtskhe, Kartli, Argueti, Samokalako, da Chqondidi.An lalata muhimman wurare irin su Kutaisi da Artanuji, da kuma wuraren tarihi na Kirista a Klarjeti.'Yan Georgia da yawa da suka tsere daga harin farko sun halaka saboda sanyi da yunwa a tsaunuka.Dangane da daularsa da ta durkushe, George II ya nemi mafaka da taimako a Isfahan tare da Malik Shah, shugaban Seljuq, wanda ya ba shi kariya daga ci gaba da kutsawa na makiyaya don musanya haraji.Koyaya, wannan tsarin bai daidaita Georgia ba.Dakarun Turkiyya na ci gaba da kutsawa cikin yankunan Jojiya a lokutan lokaci don yin amfani da wuraren kiwo na kwarin Kura, kuma dakarun Seljuq sun mamaye manyan sansanonin tsaro a duk yankunan kudancin Jojiya.Waɗannan mamayewa da ƙauyuka sun rushe tsarin tattalin arziki da siyasa na Georgia.An mayar da filayen noma zuwa wuraren kiwo, lamarin da ya tilasta wa manoma yin gudun hijira zuwa tsaunuka domin tsira.Rashin zaman lafiya na yau da kullun ya haifar da mummunar lalacewar al'umma da muhalli, tare da rikodin tarihin tarihin Georgian cewa ƙasar ta yi barna sosai sai ta yi girma kuma ta zama ba kowa, wanda ya tsananta wa mutane.Wannan lokaci na tashin hankali ya kara dagulewa da girgizar kasa mai tsanani a ranar 16 ga Afrilu, 1088, wadda ta afkawa lardunan kudanci, wanda ya kara lalata Tmogvi da yankunan da ke kewaye.A cikin wannan hargitsi, sarakunan Jojiya sun yi amfani da raunin ikon sarauta don ingiza samun 'yancin cin gashin kai.Kokarin maido da kamanni na iko, George II ya nemi yin amfani da alakarsa da Malik Shah don cin galaba a kan Aghsartan I, sarkin Kakheti mai tsaurin kai a gabashin Jojiya.Amma duk da haka kokarinsa ya ci karo da manufofinsa da ba su dace ba, kuma Aghsartan ya sami nasarar tabbatar da matsayinsa ta hanyar mika wuya ga Malik Shah da musulunta, ta haka ne ya sayi zaman lafiya da tsaro a mulkinsa.Bayan hakaA shekara ta 1089, a cikin tashin hankali da barazanar waje daga Turkawa Seljuq, George II na Jojiya, ko dai ta zabi ko kuma matsin lamba daga manyansa, ya nada dansa mai shekaru 16, David IV, a matsayin sarki.David IV, wanda aka sani da kuzarinsa da basirarsa, ya yi amfani da hargitsin da ya biyo bayan mutuwar Seljuq Sultan Malik Shah a shekara ta 1092 da kuma sauye-sauyen yanayi da yakin Crusade na farko ya haifar a 1096.David IV ya fara wani gagarumin garambawul da yaƙin neman zaɓe na soji da nufin ƙarfafa ikonsa, da kakkaɓe ikon sarakuna, da kuma korar dakarun Seljuq daga yankunan Jojiya.A shekara ta 1099, a wannan shekarar da 'yan Salibiyya suka kama Urushalima, Dauda ya ƙarfafa mulkinsa sosai don ya daina biyan harajin shekara-shekara ga Seljuqs, wanda ke nuna haɓakar 'yancin kai na Georgia da ƙarfin soja.Ƙoƙarin Dauda ya kai ga samun gagarumar nasara a yaƙin Didgori a shekara ta 1121, inda dakarunsa suka yi galaba a kan sojojin musulmi.Wannan nasara ba wai kawai ta tabbatar da iyakokin Jojiya ba, har ma ta kafa masarautar a matsayin babban iko a cikin Caucasus da Gabashin Anatoliya, wanda ya kafa mataki na tsawon lokaci na fadadawa da bunƙasa al'adu wanda zai bayyana lokacin Zinare na Jojiya.

David IV na Jojiya, wanda aka fi sani da David the Builder, ya kasance jigo a tarihin Jojiya, wanda ya yi mulki daga shekara ta 1089 zuwa 1125. A lokacin da yake matashi dan shekara 16, ya hau mulkin da mamayewar Seljuk da rikicin cikin gida suka raunana.David ya ƙaddamar da sauye-sauye na soja da na gudanarwa wanda ya sake farfado da Jojiya, wanda ya ba shi damar korar Turkawa Seljuk kuma ya fara Zaman Zinare na Jojiya.Mulkinsa ya nuna sauyi tare da nasara a yakin Didgori a 1121, wanda ya rage tasirin Seljuk sosai a yankin kuma ya fadada ikon Georgia a cikin Caucasus.Sauye-sauyen da David ya yi ya ƙarfafa sojoji da gwamnatin tsakiya, tare da haɓaka lokaci na ci gaban al'adu da tattalin arziki.Dauda kuma ya haɓaka dangantaka ta kud da kud da Cocin Orthodox na Jojiya, yana haɓaka tasirinta na al’adu da na ruhaniya.Ƙoƙarinsa na sake gina al’ummar da bangaskiyarsa ta sa Cocin Orthodox na Jojiya ya naɗa shi a matsayin tsarkaka.Duk da kalubale daga durkushewar Daular Byzantine da kuma ci gaba da barazana daga yankunan musulmi da ke makwabtaka da ita, David IV ya yi nasarar ci gaba da fadada ikon mulkin masarautarsa, inda ya bar gadon da ya sanya Jojiya a matsayin babbar ikon yanki a yankin Caucasus.

Tamar the Great, yana mulki daga 1184 zuwa 1213, babban sarki ne na Jojiya, wanda ke nuna kololuwar Zamanin Zinare na Jojiya.A matsayinta na mace ta farko da ta yi sarautar al’umma ba tare da ’yancin kai ba, an yi mata lakabi da “mepe” ko “sarki,” yana mai jaddada ikonta.Tamar ta hau kan karagar mulki a matsayin mai mulki tare da mahaifinta, George III, a shekara ta 1178, suna fuskantar juriya ta farko daga masu fada a ji a kan hawanta ta daya bayan mutuwar mahaifinta.A tsawon mulkinta, Tamar ta yi nasarar murkushe 'yan adawa tare da aiwatar da manufofin ketare mai tsauri, da cin gajiyar raunanar Turkawa Seljuk .Aurenta na dabaru da farko da yarima Yuri na Rus , da kuma bayan rabuwarsu, da yariman Alan David Soslan, sun kasance muhimmai, inda suka karfafa mulkinta ta hanyar kawancen da suka fadada daularta.Auren da ta yi da David Soslan ya haifi 'ya'ya biyu, George da Rusudan, wanda ya gaje ta, ya ci gaba da mulkin Bagrationi.A cikin 1204, karkashin Sarauniya Tamar ta Jojiya, an kafa daular Trebizond a bakin tekun Black Sea.Sojojin Jojiya ne suka goyi bayan wannan dabarar yunkurin kuma 'yan uwan ​​Tamar, Alexios I Megas Komnenos da ɗan'uwansa David, waɗanda suka kasance sarakunan Byzantine da 'yan gudun hijira a kotun Jojiya.Kafuwar Trebizond ya zo ne a lokacin rashin zaman lafiya na Byzantine, wanda yakin Crusade na hudu ya tsananta.Taimakon Tamar ga Trebizond ya yi daidai da manufofinta na geopolitical na fadada tasirin Jojiya da samar da wata kasa a kusa da Jojiya, yayin da ta kuma tabbatar da rawar da ta taka wajen kare muradun Kirista a yankin.Karkashin jagorancin Tamar, Jojiya ta sami ci gaba, inda ta sami gagarumin nasara na soja da al'adu wanda ya fadada tasirin Jojiya a cikin Caucasus.Koyaya, duk da waɗannan nasarorin, daularta ta fara raguwa a ƙarƙashin mamayar Mongol jim kaɗan bayan mutuwarta.Gadon Tamar ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar al'adun Jojiya a matsayin alama ce ta girman kai da nasara na ƙasa, wanda aka yi bikin a zane-zane da shahararriyar al'adu a matsayin abin koyi mai mulki da alamar asalin ƙasar Jojiya.

Mamayewar Mongol na Jojiya, wanda ya faru a cikin ƙarni na 13, ya nuna babban lokacin tashin hankali ga yankin, sannan ya ƙunshi Georgia daidai, Armenia , da yawancin Caucasus.Tuntuɓar farko da sojojin Mongol ta zo ne a cikin 1220 lokacin da Janar Subutai da Jebe, masu bin Muhammad II na Khwarezm a cikin lalata daular Khwarezmian , suka gudanar da jerin hare-hare.Wadannan karo na farko sun ga yadda hadin gwiwar sojojin Jojiya da Armeniya suka sha kashi, inda suka nuna irin gagarumin karfin soja na Mongols.Babban lokaci na faɗaɗa Mongol zuwa cikin Caucasus da gabashin Anatoliya ya fara a cikin 1236. Wannan yaƙin neman zaɓe ya kai ga mamaye Masarautar Jojiya, Sultanate of Rum, da daular Trebizond.Bugu da ƙari, Masarautar Armeniya ta Cilicia da sauran jihohin Crusader sun zaɓi karɓar ɓarkewar Mongol da son rai.Mongols kuma sun kawar da Assassins a wannan lokacin.Mamayewar Mongol a cikin Caucasus ya ci gaba har zuwa ƙarshen 1330s, duk da cewa ɗan taƙaitaccen maido da 'yancin kai na Jojiya a ƙarƙashin Sarki George V the Brilliant ya kasance.Duk da haka, ci gaba da zaman lafiyar yankin ya rushe ta hanyar mamayewar da Timur ya jagoranta, wanda ya haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna na Jojiya.Wannan lokacin mulkin Mongol ya yi tasiri sosai ga yanayin siyasar Caucasus kuma ya tsara yanayin tarihin yankin.Mamayewar MongolKutsen Mongol na farko a cikin yankunan Masarautar Jojiya ya faru ne a cikin faduwar shekara ta 1220, karkashin jagorancin janar Subutai da Jebe.Wannan tuntuɓar ta farko wani ɓangare ne na aikin bincike da Genghis Khan ya ba da izini a lokacin da suke neman Shah na Khwarezm.Mongols sun kutsa kai cikin Armeniya, karkashin ikon Jojiya a lokacin, kuma sun yi nasara a kan sojojin Georgia da Armeniyawa a yakin Khunan, inda suka raunata Sarki George IV na Jojiya.Duk da haka, ci gabansu zuwa Caucasus ya kasance na ɗan lokaci yayin da suka dawo don mayar da hankali kan yakin Khwarezmian.Sojojin Mongol sun sake ci gaba da tursasawa zuwa yankunan Jojiya a shekara ta 1221, inda suka yi amfani da rashin juriyar Jojiya don lalata yankunan karkara, inda suka kai ga wata gagarumar nasara a yakin Bardav.Duk da nasarorin da suka samu, wannan balaguron ba wai na cin galaba ba ne, sai dai leken asiri da ganima, kuma sun ja da baya daga yankin bayan yakin neman zabe.Ivane I Zakarian, a matsayinsa na Atabeg da Amirspasalar na Jojiya, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen adawa da Mongols daga 1220 zuwa 1227, ko da yake ba a lissafta ainihin bayanan juriyarsa ba.Duk da rashin fayyace ainihin maharan daga tarihin Jojiya na wannan zamani, ya bayyana cewa Mongols maguzawa ne duk da cewa tun da farko sun zaci Kiristanci saboda adawarsu ta farko da sojojin musulmi.Wannan kuskuren har ma ya shafi dangantakar kasa da kasa, yayin da Jojiya ta kasa tallafawa yakin Crusade na biyar kamar yadda aka tsara tun farko saboda mummunan tasirin hare-haren Mongol a kan karfin sojojinta.Wani abin sha'awa shi ne, Mongols sun yi amfani da fasahohi na zamani na kawanya, mai yiwuwa sun hada da makaman foda, wanda ke nuni da dabarun da suka yi amfani da dabarun sojan kasar Sin da kayan yaki a lokacin da suke kai farmaki.Halin da ake ciki a Jojiya ya kara tabarbarewa sakamakon harin da Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu, dan gudun hijira Khwarezmian Shah ya kai, wanda ya kai ga kwace Tbilisi a shekara ta 1226, wanda ya yi rauni sosai a Jojiya kafin farmakin Mongol na uku a shekara ta 1236. Wannan farmaki na karshe ya wargaza juriyar masarautar Jojiya sosai. .Yawancin sarakunan Jojiya da Armeniya ko dai sun mika wuya ga Mongols ko kuma sun nemi mafaka, wanda hakan ya bar yankin cikin hadari ga ci gaba da barna da ci.Mahimman ƙididdiga kamar Ivane I Jaqeli daga ƙarshe sun ƙaddamar bayan tsayin daka.A shekara ta 1238, Jojiya ya fadi a karkashin ikon Mongol, tare da amincewar da aka yi na babban Khan na mulkin mallaka da ke zuwa a shekara ta 1243. Wannan amincewa ya haɗa da haraji mai nauyi da wajibai na goyon bayan soja, wanda ke nuna farkon lokacin mulkin Mongol a yankin, wanda ya canza sosai. tsarin tarihin Jojiya.Mulkin MongolA lokacin mulkin Mongol a cikin Caucasus, wanda ya fara a farkon karni na 13, yankin ya sami gagarumin canje-canje na siyasa da gudanarwa.Mongols sun kafa Vilayet na Gurjistan, wanda ya ƙunshi Jojiya da dukan Kudancin Caucasus, suna gudanar da mulki a kaikaice ta wurin masarautar Jojiya na gida.Wannan sarki yana buƙatar tabbaci daga Babban Khan don hawa karagar mulki, tare da haɗa yankin sosai cikin daular Mongol.Bayan mutuwar Sarauniya Rusudan a shekara ta 1245, Jojiya ta shiga cikin lokaci na interregnum.Mongols sun yi amfani da rigimar gado, suna goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin hamayya waɗanda ke goyon bayan 'yan takara daban-daban na kambin Jojiya.Waɗannan 'yan takarar su ne David VII "Ulu", ɗan shege na George IV, da David VI "Narin", ɗan Rusudan.Bayan tawayen Jojiya da bai yi nasara ba kan mamayar Mongol a shekara ta 1245, Güyük Khan, a shekara ta 1247, ya yanke shawarar yin sarakunan Davids biyu, suna mulkin gabas da yammacin Jojiya.Mongols sun soke tsarin farko na gundumomin gudanarwa na soja (tumens) amma sun kula sosai don tabbatar da kwararar haraji da haraji.An yi amfani da Georgian sosai a yakin soja na Mongol a Gabas ta Tsakiya, ciki har da manyan yaƙe-yaƙe kamar waɗanda ke Alamut (1256), Baghdad (1258), da Ain Jalut (1260).Wannan babban aikin soji ya yi matuƙar rage kariyar Jojiya, wanda ya bar ta cikin haɗari ga tawaye na cikin gida da barazanar waje.Musamman ma, tawagar Georgian kuma sun halarci nasarar Mongol a Köse Dag a shekara ta 1243, wanda ya ci nasara da Seljuks na Rüm.Wannan ya kwatanta irin rawar da Georgian ta taka a cikin ayyukan soja na Mongol, yayin da suke fafatawa tare da abokan hamayyarsu na gargajiya ko abokan gaba a cikin wadannan fadace-fadacen.A cikin 1256, Mongol Ilkhanate , wanda ke zaune a Farisa, ya mallaki Jojiya kai tsaye.Wani gagarumin tawaye na Jojiya ya faru a 1259-1260 karkashin David Narin, wanda ya yi nasarar kafa 'yancin kai ga Imereti a yammacin Jojiya.Duk da haka, martanin Mongol ya yi sauri kuma mai tsanani, tare da David Ulu, wanda ya shiga cikin tawaye, an ci nasara da kuma sake cin nasara.Ci gaba da tashe-tashen hankula, haraji mai yawa, da aikin soja na dole sun haifar da rashin gamsuwa da yawa kuma sun raunana ikon Mongol akan Jojiya.A ƙarshen karni na 13, tare da raguwar ikon Ilkhanate, Jojiya ta ga dama don maido da wasu fannoni na cin gashin kanta.Duk da haka, rarrabuwar kawuna na siyasa da Mongols suka jawo ya haifar da tasiri mai dorewa a matsayin jihar Jojiya.Ƙarfafa ikon da manyan sarakuna suka yi da cin gashin kai na yanki ya ƙara rikitar da haɗin kan ƙasa da gudanar da mulki, wanda ya haifar da lokaci na kusa da zaman lafiya tare da baiwa Mongols damar yin amfani da shugabannin gida don ci gaba da mulki.Daga ƙarshe, tasirin Mongol a Jojiya ya ragu yayin da Ilkhanate ta wargaje a Farisa, amma gadon mulkinsu ya ci gaba da tasiri a fagen siyasar yankin, yana ba da gudummawa ga rashin zaman lafiya da rarrabuwa.

George V, wanda aka fi sani da "Mai Haihuwa," ya kasance jigon tarihi a tarihin Jojiya, yana mulki a lokacin da Masarautar Jojiya ke murmurewa daga mamayar Mongol da rikicin cikin gida.An haife shi ga Sarki Demetrius II da Natela Jaqeli, George V ya shafe shekarunsa na farko a kotun kakansa na uwa da ke Samtskhe, yankin da ke karkashin ikon Mongol.Mongols ne suka kashe mahaifinsa a shekara ta 1289, wanda ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayin George game da mamayar kasashen waje.A shekara ta 1299, a lokacin rashin zaman lafiya na siyasa, Ilkhanid khan Ghazan ya nada George a matsayin sarki mai adawa da dan uwansa David VIII, duk da cewa mulkinsa ya kasance a babban birnin kasar, Tbilisi, wanda ya sa aka yi masa lakabi da "The Shadow King of Tbilisi."Mulkinsa ya kasance takaice, kuma a shekara ta 1302, ɗan'uwansa Vakhtang III ya maye gurbinsa.George kawai ya koma ga gagarumin iko bayan mutuwar 'yan uwansa, a ƙarshe ya zama mai mulki ga ɗan'uwansa, kuma daga baya ya sake hawa kan karagar mulki a 1313.Karkashin mulkin George V, Jojiya ta ga yunƙurin maido da martabar yankinta da ikonta na tsakiya.Da basira ya yi amfani da raunin Mongol Ilkhanate , ya daina biyan haraji ga Mongols kuma ya kori su daga Jojiya a shekara ta 1334. Mulkinsa ya nuna farkon ƙarshen tasirin Mongol a yankin.George V ya kuma aiwatar da sauye-sauye na cikin gida masu mahimmanci.Ya sake duba tsarin shari'a da gudanarwa, yana inganta ikon sarauta da daidaita tsarin mulki.Ya sake fitar da tsabar kudin Jojiya tare da kula da alakar al'adu da tattalin arziki, musamman tare da Daular Byzantine da jumhuriyar ruwa na Genoa da Venice .Wannan lokacin ya ga farfaɗowar rayuwar zuhudu ta Jojiya da fasaha, wani ɓangare saboda dawo da kwanciyar hankali da sake kafa girman kai da ainihi na ƙasa.A cikin manufofin ketare, George V ya yi nasarar sake tabbatar da tasirin Jojiya a kan yankin Samtskhe mai cike da cece-kuce a tarihi da kuma yankunan Armeniya , tare da shigar da su cikin daular Jojiya.Ya kuma yi huldar diflomasiyya da kasashe makwabta har ma ya kara alaka da MasarautarMamluk Sultanate , inda ya ba da hakki ga gidajen ibada na Jojiya a Falasdinu.

Timur, wanda aka fi sani da Tamerlane , ya jagoranci jerin hare-haren wuce gona da iri a cikin Jojiya a ƙarshen ƙarshen 14th da farkon ƙarni na 15, wanda ya yi mummunar tasiri ga masarautar.Duk da yawan mamayewa da yunƙurin maida yankin zuwa Musulunci, Timur bai taɓa samun nasarar mamaye Jojiya gabaɗaya ba ko canza ainihin Kiristanci.Rikicin ya fara ne a shekara ta 1386 lokacin da Timur ya kama babban birnin Jojiya, Tbilisi, da kuma Sarki Bagrat V, wanda ke nuna farkon mamayewar Georgia guda takwas.Yaƙin neman zaɓe na soja na Timur ya kasance da tsananin zalunci, gami da kisan kiyashin da aka yi wa farar hula, kona garuruwa, da barna mai yawa wanda ya bar Jojiya cikin rugujewa.Kowane yaƙin neman zaɓe yawanci ya ƙare tare da Georgian dole ne su karɓi tsauraran sharuɗɗan zaman lafiya, gami da biyan haraji.Wani abin lura a lokacin wadannan hare-haren shi ne kama dan lokaci da kuma tilasta musuluntar Sarki Bagrat na V, wanda ya yi imani da tuba don a sake shi kuma daga baya ya kitsa nasarar yin tawaye ga sojojin Timurid a Jojiya, tare da tabbatar da bangaskiyar Kiristanci da ikon mallakar Jojiya.Duk da ci gaba da mamayewa, Timur ya fuskanci tsayin daka daga Georgians, karkashin jagorancin sarakuna irin su George VII, wanda ya shafe yawancin mulkinsa yana kare mulkinsa daga sojojin Timur.Yunkurin ya kai ga gaggarumin fadace-fadace, kamar tsananin tsayin daka a kagara na Birtvisi da yunkurin Jojin na sake kwato yankunan da suka bata.A ƙarshe, ko da yake Timur ya amince da Jojiya a matsayin ƙasar Kirista kuma ya ƙyale ta ta riƙe wani nau'i na cin gashin kai, yawan mamayewa ya bar mulkin ya raunana.Mutuwar Timur a shekara ta 1405 ta kawo karshen barazanar nan da nan ga Jojiya, amma barnar da aka yi a lokacin yakin neman zabensa na da tasiri mai dorewa kan kwanciyar hankali da ci gaban yankin.

Bayan mummunan mamayewar da Timur ya yi, Jojiya ta fuskanci sabbin ƙalubale tare da haɓakar ƙungiyoyin Qara Qoyunlu da Aq Qoyunlu Turkoman a cikin Caucasus da Farisa ta Yamma.Rashin wutar lantarki da daular Timur ta bari ya haifar da karuwar rashin zaman lafiya da rikice-rikice a yankin, wanda ya shafi Georgia sosai.Kara Qoyunlu MamayeQara Qoyunlu, a karkashin jagorancin Qara Yusuf, sun yi amfani da raunin da jihar Jojiya ta samu bayan mamayewar Timur.A cikin 1407, a lokacin daya daga cikin hare-harensu na farko, Qara Yusuf ya kama ya kashe George VII na Jojiya, ya kama fursunoni da dama, ya kuma yi barna a yankunan Jojiya.Mamaye daga baya ya biyo baya, tare da cin nasara da Constantine I na Jojiya aka kashe bayan an kama shi a yakin Chalagan, wanda ya kara lalata yankin.Alexander I's ReconquestsAlexander I na Jojiya, da nufin maido da kare mulkinsa, ya sami nasarar kwato yankuna irin su Lori daga Turkoman a shekara ta 1431. Ƙoƙarinsa ya taimaka wajen daidaita iyakokin na ɗan lokaci kuma ya ba da damar samun ɗan murmurewa daga ci gaba da hare-haren.Jahan Shah's InvasionsA tsakiyar karni na 15, Jahan Shah na Qara Qoyunlu ya kaddamar da mamayewa da yawa a cikin Jojiya.Mafi shahara shi ne a cikin 1440, wanda ya haifar da korar Samshvilde da babban birnin kasar, Tbilisi.Waɗannan hare-haren sun ci gaba da tafiya a kai a kai, kowannensu yana tauye albarkatun Georgia sosai tare da raunana tsarin siyasarsa.Kamfen na Uzun HasanDaga baya a cikin karni, Uzun Hasan na Aq Qoyunlu ya ci gaba da kai hare-hare zuwa Jojiya, yana ci gaba da kai farmakin da magabata suka kafa.Yaƙin neman zaɓe a cikin 1466, 1472, da kuma yiwuwar 1476-77 ya mayar da hankali kan tilasta rinjaye akan Jojiya, wanda daga baya ya zama rarrabuwa da rashin kwanciyar hankali a siyasance.Yunkurin YakubA ƙarshen karni na 15, Yaqub na Aq Qoyunlu shi ma ya kai hari ga Jojiya.Yakin da ya yi a shekara ta 1486 da 1488 ya hada da hare-hare kan manyan biranen Jojiya kamar Dmanisi da Kveshi, wanda ke kara nuna kalubalen da Jojiya ke fuskanta wajen kiyaye ikonta da yankinta.Ƙarshen Barazanar TurkomanBarazanar Turkoman ga Jojiya ta ragu sosai bayan hawan daular Safavid karkashin Ismail I, wanda ya kayar da Aq Qoyunlu a shekara ta 1502. Wannan nasara ta kawo karshen hare-haren da Turkoman suka yi a yankin Jojiya, tare da canza yanayin ikon yankin, wanda ya ba da dama ga dangi. kwanciyar hankali a yankin.A cikin wannan lokacin, Jojiya ta yi gwagwarmaya tare da tasirin ci gaba da yakin neman zabe da kuma manyan sauye-sauye na siyasa da suka sake fasalin Caucasus da Yammacin Asiya.Wadannan rikice-rikice sun lalata albarkatun Georgia, sun haifar da hasarar rayuka, kuma sun kawo cikas ga ci gaban tattalin arziki da zamantakewar masarautar, wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga rarrabuwar kawuna zuwa kananan hukumomin siyasa.

Rarrabuwa da rugujewar masarautar Jojiya a ƙarshen karni na 15 ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a fagen tarihi da siyasa na yankin.Mamayewar Mongol ne suka fara shi a karni na 13, wannan rarrabuwar kawuna ya haifar da bullar wata masarauta mai cin gashin kanta ta Yammacin Jojiya karkashin Sarki David VI Narin da magajinsa.Duk da yunƙurin sake haɗuwa da juna, rarrabuwar kawuna da rikice-rikicen cikin gida sun haifar da ƙara tarwatsewa.Ya zuwa lokacin mulkin Sarki George na VIII a cikin shekarun 1460, rarrabuwar kawuna ta rikide zuwa wani tsarin mulkin kama-karya mai cike da rudani, wanda ya hada da kishiya mai tsanani da rikici tsakanin bangarori daban-daban na gidan sarautar Bagrationi.Wannan lokacin yana da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin 'yan aware na Masarautar Samtskhe da ci gaba da rikici tsakanin gwamnatin tsakiya a Kartli da ikon yanki a Imereti da Kakheti.Wadannan rikice-rikice sun ta'azzara saboda matsin lamba na waje, kamar hawan Daular Usmaniyya da ci gaba da barazanar dakarun Timurid da Turkoman, wadanda suka yi amfani da kuma zurfafa rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin Jojiya.Lamarin ya kai wani mahimmin lokaci a shekara ta 1490 lokacin da yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta gamayya da yaƙe-yaƙe ta hanyar raba tsohuwar daular haɗin kai zuwa masarautu guda uku: Kartli, Kakheti, da Imereti.An tsara wannan rarrabuwa a cikin majalisar sarauta wacce ta fahimci yanayin rarrabuwar kawuna.Masarautar Jojiya da ta taɓa zama mai ƙarfi, wacce aka kafa a cikin 1008, don haka ta daina wanzuwa a matsayin ƙasa ɗaya, wanda ya haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna da mamaye ƙasashen waje.Wannan lokaci na tarihin Jojiya yana kwatanta babban tasirin ci gaba da mamayewa na waje da fafatawa na cikin gida a kan daular tsakiyar zamanin da, yana nuna ƙalubalen kiyaye haɗin kai na 'yancin kai ta fuskar cin zarafi na waje da rarrabuwar kawuna.Rugujewar masarautar ta yi matukar canza yanayin siyasar yankin Caucasus, wanda ya kafa mataki na ci gaba da sauye-sauyen yanayin siyasa tare da fadada masarautun makwabta.

Masarautar Imereti, wacce ke yammacin Jojiya, ta fito a matsayin sarauta mai cin gashin kanta a shekara ta 1455 bayan rarrabuwar kawuna na masarautar Jojiya zuwa wasu masarautu da dama.Wannan rarrabuwar ta samo asali ne saboda rikice-rikice na dynastic na ciki da kuma matsin lamba na waje, musamman daga Ottoman .Imereti, wanda ya kasance yanki na musamman har ma a lokacin babbar masarautar Jojiya, reshen gidan sarauta na Bagrationi ne ke mulki.Da farko, Imereti ya ɗanɗana lokutan cin gashin kai da haɗin kai a ƙarƙashin mulkin George V the Brilliant, wanda ya maido da haɗin kai na ɗan lokaci a yankin.Duk da haka, bayan 1455, Imereti ya zama filin yaƙi mai maimaitawa wanda rigingimun cikin gida na Jojiya da ci gaba da mamaye Ottoman suka yi.Wannan rikice-rikicen da ke ci gaba da haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa da raguwa a hankali.Matsayin da masarautar ke da shi ya sanya ta zama mai rauni amma kuma tana da mahimmanci a siyasar yankin, wanda ya sa sarakunan Imereti neman kawancen kasashen waje.A cikin 1649, neman kariya da kwanciyar hankali, Imereti ya aika da jakadu zuwa Tsardom na Rasha , ya kafa tuntuɓar farko waɗanda aka karɓa a cikin 1651 tare da aikin Rasha zuwa Imereti.A lokacin wannan manufa, Alexander III na Imereti ya yi alkawarin yin mubaya'a ga Tsar Alexis na Rasha, yana mai nuni da yadda masarautar ta sauya yanayin siyasar kasar zuwa tasirin Rasha.Duk da waɗannan ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce, Imereti ya kasance cikin rarrabuwar kawuna a siyasance da rashin kwanciyar hankali.Ƙoƙarin Alexander III na ƙarfafa iko akan Yammacin Jojiya ya kasance mai ban mamaki, kuma mutuwarsa a 1660 ya bar yankin yana cike da rikice-rikice na rikici.Archil na Imereti, wanda ya yi mulki na wucin gadi, shi ma ya nemi taimako daga Rasha, har ma ya tunkari Paparoma Innocent XII, amma kokarinsa bai yi nasara ba a karshe, wanda ya kai ga gudun hijira.Karni na 19 ya nuna gagarumin sauyi lokacin da Sulemanu na II na Imereti ya yarda da suzerainty na Rasha a 1804 karkashin matsin lamba daga Pavel Tsitsianov.Duk da haka, mulkinsa ya ƙare a cikin 1810 lokacin da Daular Rasha ta hambarar da shi, wanda ya kai ga mamaye Imereti.A cikin wannan lokaci, sarakunan gida irin su Mingrelia, Abkhazia, Guria, sun yi amfani da damar su tabbatar da 'yancin kansu daga Imereti, wanda ya kara wargaza yankunan Jojiya.

Masarautar Kakheti wata sarauta ce ta tarihi a gabashin Jojiya, wacce ta fito daga rarrabuwar kawuna na Masarautar Jojiya a cikin 1465. Da farko an kafa shi tare da babban birninta a Gremi sannan daga baya Telavi, Kakheti ta jure a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta wanda manyan manyan yankuna suka rinjayi tasiri sosai. , musamman Iran da kuma lokaci-lokaci daular Ottoman .Tushen FarkoSigar farko ta Masarautar Kakheti za a iya samo ta tun daga karni na 8 lokacin da kabilun yankin Tzanaria suka yi tawaye ga ikon Larabawa, inda suka kafa daular Jojiya ta farko ta tsakiya.Sake kafawa da RaboA tsakiyar karni na 15, Jojiya ta fuskanci rikice-rikice na cikin gida da suka kai ga rarraba.A cikin 1465, bayan kamawa da tsige Sarki George VIII na Jojiya ta hannun ɗan tawaye Qvarqvare III, Duke na Samtskhe, Kakheti ya sake zama wani yanki na daban a ƙarƙashin George VIII.Ya yi sarauta a matsayin wani nau'i na adawa da sarki har mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1476. A shekara ta 1490, an kafa ƙungiyar sa'ad da Constantine II ya gane Alexander I, ɗan George na VIII, a matsayin sarkin Kakheti.Lokutan 'Yanci da MulkiA cikin karni na 16, Kakheti ya fuskanci lokutan 'yanci da wadata a karkashin Sarki Levan.Masarautar ta amfana daga wurin da take a kan hanyar siliki mai mahimmanci ta Ghilan-Shemakha-Astrakhan, wanda ke haɓaka kasuwanci da haɓakar tattalin arziki.Duk da haka, mahimmancin dabarun Kakheti kuma yana nufin cewa ya kasance manufa ga faɗaɗa daulolin Ottoman da Safawad.A cikin 1555, Yarjejeniyar Aminci ta Amasya ta sanya Kakheti a cikin tasirin Safavid Iran, duk da haka shugabannin yankin sun ci gaba da cin gashin kansu ta hanyar daidaita dangantaka tsakanin manyan kasashe.Safavid Control da ResistanceA farkon karni na 17 ya kawo sabon kokarin da Shah Abbas na Iran ya yi na shigar da Kakheti sosai cikin daular Safawiyya .Waɗannan ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce sun ƙare cikin mummunan mamayewa a cikin 1614-1616, waɗanda suka lalata Kakheti, wanda ya haifar da raguwar yawan jama'a da raguwar tattalin arziki.Duk da haka, an ci gaba da tsayin daka, kuma a shekara ta 1659, 'yan kabilar Kakhet sun gudanar da zanga-zangar nuna adawa da shirin tsugunar da Turkomawa a yankin.Tasirin Iran da OttomanA cikin karni na 17 da farkon 18, an kama Kakheti akai-akai tsakanin burin Iran da Ottoman.Gwamnatin Safawad ta yi yunƙurin tabbatar da ikonta ta hanyar sake mamaye yankin da ƙabilun Turkawa makiyaya tare da sanya shi ƙarƙashin gwamnonin Iran kai tsaye.Haɗin kai ƙarƙashin Erekle IIA tsakiyar karni na 18, yanayin siyasa ya fara canzawa yayin da Nader Shah na Iran ya ba da lada ga amincin yariman Kakhetian Teimuraz II da dansa Erekle II ta hanyar ba su sarautar Kakheti da Kartli a 1744. Bayan rasuwar Nader Shah a shekara ta 1744. 1747, Erekle II ya yi amfani da hargitsin da ya biyo baya don tabbatar da 'yancin kai, kuma a shekara ta 1762, ya yi nasara wajen hada kan gabashin Jojiya, ya kafa Masarautar Kartli-Kakheti, yana nuna ƙarshen Kakheti a matsayin masarauta daban.

Masarautar Kartli mai cibiya a gabashin Jojiya mai babban birninta a Tbilisi, ta fito ne daga rarrabuwar kawuna na hadaddiyar daular Jojiya a shekarar 1478 kuma ta wanzu har zuwa 1762 lokacin da ta hade da masarautar Kakheti makwabciyarta.Wannan hadewar da aka samu ta hanyar gadon sarauta, ta kawo yankunan biyu karkashin mulkin reshen Kakhetian na daular Bagrationi.A cikin tarihinta, Kartli akai-akai ya sami kansa a matsayin mai ba da izini ga manyan yankuna na Iran da kuma, a ɗan ƙarami, daular Usmaniyya , kodayake ta sami lokutan samun yancin kai, musamman bayan 1747.Bayan Fage da RugujewaLabarin Kartli yana da alaƙa sosai tare da ɓarkewar Masarautar Jojiya tun daga shekara ta 1450. Masarautar ta yi fama da rikice-rikice na cikin gida a cikin gidan sarauta da manyan mutane, wanda ya kai ga rarraba ta ƙarshe.Muhimmin lokaci ya zo bayan 1463 lokacin da George na VIII ya ci nasara a yakin Chikhori, wanda ya kai ga kama shi a cikin 1465 ta Qvarqvare II, Yariman Samtskhe.Wannan taron ya haifar da rabuwar Jojiya zuwa masarautu daban-daban, tare da Kartli yana ɗaya daga cikinsu.Zamanin rarrabuwa da rikiciBagrat VI ya ayyana kansa Sarkin duk Jojiya a shekara ta 1466, wanda ya mamaye burin Kartli.Constantine, mai da'awar kishiya kuma ɗan'uwan George VIII, ya kafa mulkinsa a kan wani yanki na Kartli a shekara ta 1469. Wannan zamanin ya kasance alama ce ta rigingimu da rikice-rikice na feudal, ba kawai a cikin Jojiya ba har ma da barazanar waje kamar Ottomans da Turkomans.Ƙoƙarin Haɗuwa da Ci gaba da RikiciA ƙarshen karni na 15, an yi ƙoƙarin sake haɗa yankunan Jojiya.Misali, Constantine ya sami ikon sarrafa Kartli kuma ya sake haɗa shi da Yammacin Jojiya a taƙaice.Duk da haka, waɗannan ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce galibi ba su daɗe ba saboda rikice-rikice na cikin gida da ke gudana da kuma sabbin ƙalubale na waje.Subjugation da Semi-IndependenceA tsakiyar karni na 16, Kartli, kamar sauran sassan Jojiya, ya zo karkashin ikon Iran, tare da Aminci na Amasya a 1555 ya tabbatar da wannan matsayi.Ko da yake an san shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na Daular Farisa Safavid , Kartli ya ci gaba da samun yancin kai, yana tafiyar da harkokin cikin gida har zuwa wani lokaci kuma yana shiga cikin siyasar yanki.Tashi na House of Kartli-KakhetiA cikin karni na 18, musamman bayan kisan gillar da aka yi wa Nader Shah a shekara ta 1747, sarakunan Kartli da Kakheti, Teimuraz II da Heraclius II, sun yi amfani da hargitsin da ya biyo baya a Farisa don tabbatar da 'yancin kai.Wannan lokacin ya ga gagarumin farfaɗo a cikin dukiyar masarautar da kuma tabbatar da al'adu da siyasar Jojiya.Haɗin kai da Mulkin RashaHaɗin kai Kartli da Kakheti a ƙarƙashin Irakli II a cikin 1762 shine alamar kafa daular Kartli-Kakheti.Wannan Masarautar da ta haɗe-haɗe ta yi ƙoƙari ta ci gaba da ɗorewa mulkinta daga ƙara matsa lamba daga masarautun maƙwabta, musamman Rasha da Farisa.Yarjejeniyar Georgievsk a shekara ta 1783 ta nuna alamar daidaitawa tare da Rasha, wanda a ƙarshe ya kai ga mamaye daular ta Rasha a 1800.

A tsakiyar karni na 15, manyan sauye-sauyen yanayin siyasa da rarrabuwar kawuna sun haifar da faduwar Masarautar Jojiya.Faduwar Konstantinoful a shekara ta 1453, da Turkawa Ottoman suka kama, wani muhimmin al'amari ne da ya kebe Jojiya daga Turai da kuma duniyar Kiristanci, wanda ya kara ta'azzara rauninsa.An kawar da wannan warewar wani bangare ta hanyar ci gaba da huldar kasuwanci da huldar diflomasiyya tare da mazauna yankin Crimea, wanda ya zama hanyar da ta rage a Jojiya zuwa yammacin Turai.Rarrabuwar daular Jojiya wacce ta kasance da haɗin kai a baya zuwa ƙananan hukumomi da yawa ya nuna wani gagarumin sauyi a tarihinta.A cikin 1460s, an raba mulkin zuwa: ^[18.]Masarautun 3 na Kartli, Kakheti da Imereti.5 Shugabannin Guria, Svaneti, Meskheti, Abkhazeti da Samegrelo.A cikin karni na 16, ikon yanki na Daular Ottoman da Safavid Farisa sun yi amfani da rarrabuwar kawuna na Georgia don kafa iko a kan yankunanta.Aminci na Amasya a cikin 1555, wanda ya biyo bayan yakin Ottoman-Safavid na tsawon lokaci, ya ba da damar yin tasiri a Jojiya tsakanin wadannan dauloli guda biyu, wanda ya kebe Imereti ga Ottomans da Kartli-Kakheti ga Farisawa.Duk da haka, ma'auni na iko ya rinjayi akai-akai tare da rikice-rikicen da suka biyo baya, wanda ya haifar da sauye-sauyen lokaci na mulkin Turkiyya da Farisa.Ƙaddamar da Farisa na ikon mallakar Jojiya ya kasance mummuna musamman.A shekara ta 1616, bayan tawayen Jojiya, Shah Abbas na farko na Farisa ya ba da umarnin a kai wani mummunan yaƙin neman zaɓe a kan Tbilisi, babban birnin ƙasar.An yi wannan kamfen ɗin da wani mummunan kisan kiyashi wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane kusan 200,000 ^[19] da kuma korar dubbai daga Kakheti zuwa Farisa.Har ila yau, lokacin ya shaida mummunan makomar Sarauniya Ketevan, wadda aka azabtar da ita kuma aka kashe ta ^[20] saboda ƙin yin watsi da addininta na Kirista, wanda ke nuna mummunan zalunci da Jojiyanci ya fuskanta a karkashin mulkin Farisa.Yaƙe-yaƙe na yau da kullun, haraji mai yawa, da magudin siyasa daga ikon waje ya sa Georgia ta kasance cikin talauci kuma yawanta ya lalace.Wani abin lura da matafiya irin su Jean Chardin na Turai suka yi a karni na 17 ya nuna irin mugun halin da manoma ke ciki, da cin hanci da rashawa na manyan mutane, da kuma gazawar malaman addini.Domin mayar da martani ga waɗannan ƙalubalen, sarakunan Jojiya sun nemi ƙarfafa dangantakarsu da ƙawayen waje, ciki har da Tsardom na Rasha .A shekara ta 1649, Masarautar Imereti ta isa Rasha, wanda ya kai ga ofisoshin jakadanci da kuma yin mubaya'a ta Alexander III na Imereti ga Tsar Alexis na Rasha.Duk da wannan yunƙurin, rikicin cikin gida ya ci gaba da addabar Jojiya, kuma ba a sami cikas ba a cikin wannan lokacin da ake fatan samun kwanciyar hankali a ƙarƙashin kariyar Rasha.Don haka, ya zuwa ƙarshen karni na 17, Jojiya ta kasance yanki mai wargajewa da ƙayatarwa, tana fafutuka a ƙarƙashin karkiyar mamayar ƙasashen waje da rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin gida, wanda ya kafa matakin ƙarin gwaji a cikin ƙarni masu zuwa.

A farkon zamani na zamani, Jojiya ta kasance filin yaƙi tsakanin musulmi Ottoman da Safavid Persian daulolin.Jojiya ta rabu zuwa masarautu da masarautu dabam-dabam, ta nemi kwanciyar hankali da kāriya.A karni na 18, daular Rasha , da ke raba bangaskiyar Kirista ta Orthodox tare da Jojiya, ta fito a matsayin aboki mai karfi.A cikin 1783, Masarautar Kartli-Kakheti ta Gabashin Jojiya, a ƙarƙashin Sarki Heraclius II, ta sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da ta mai da ita kariyar Rasha, a hukumance ta yanke hulda da Farisa.Duk da wannan kawancen, Rasha ba ta cika cika sharuddan yarjejeniyar ba, wanda ya kai ga hade Kartli-Kakheti a shekara ta 1801 tare da mayar da ita gwamnatin Jojiya.Masarautar Imereti ta yammacin Jojiya ta biyo baya, wacce Rasha ta mamaye a shekarar 1810. A cikin karni na 19, a hankali Rasha ta hade sauran yankunan Jojiya, tare da halatta mulkinsu a yarjejeniyoyin zaman lafiya daban-daban da Farisa da Daular Usmaniyya.A karkashin mulkin Rasha har zuwa 1918, Jojiya ta sami sauye-sauye na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, ciki har da bayyanar sabbin nau'o'in zamantakewa.’Yantar da ‘yan ta’adda a shekara ta 1861 da kuma zuwan jari-hujja ya haifar da ci gaban ajin aikin birane.Duk da haka, waɗannan canje-canjen kuma sun haifar da rashin jin daɗi da tashin hankali, wanda ya ƙare a cikin juyin juya halin 1905.Mensheviks mai ra'ayin gurguzu, ya sami karbuwa a tsakanin jama'a, ya jagoranci turawa ga mamayar Rasha.Samun 'yancin kai na Jojiya a 1918 ya kasance ƙasa da nasara na ƙungiyoyin kishin ƙasa da na gurguzu da ƙari sakamakon rugujewar Daular Rasha a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya .Yayin da mulkin Rasha ya ba da kariya daga barazanar waje, sau da yawa ana nuna shi da mulkin zalunci, yana barin gadon tasiri ga al'ummar Jojiya.FageA karni na 15, Masarautar Kirista ta Jojiya da ta kasance da haɗin kai ta rabu zuwa ƙanana da yawa, ta zama abin da ya fi mayar da hankali kan jayayya tsakanin Daulolin Ottoman da Safavid Farisa.Zaman lafiya na 1555 na Amasya a hukumance ya raba Jojiya tsakanin waɗannan iko guda biyu: sassan yamma, gami da Masarautar Imereti da Masarautar Samtskhe, sun faɗi ƙarƙashin ikon Ottoman, yayin da yankunan gabas, irin su masarautun Kartli da Kakheti, suka kasance ƙarƙashin Farisa. sarrafawa.A cikin waɗannan matsi na waje, Jojiya ta fara neman tallafi daga sabon ikon da ke tasowa a arewa— Muscovy (Rasha), wanda ke da bangaskiyar Kiristan Orthodox na Jojiya.Tuntuɓar farko a cikin 1558 ƙarshe ya haifar da tayin kariya daga Tsar Fyodor I a 1589, kodayake babban taimako daga Rasha ya yi jinkirin samuwa saboda nisan yanki da yanayin siyasa.Sha'awar dabarun Rasha a yankin Caucasus ya karu a farkon karni na 18.A cikin 1722, a lokacin hargitsi a cikin daular Farisa na Safavid, Peter Mai Girma ya kaddamar da balaguro zuwa yankin, yana daidaitawa da Vakhtang VI na Kartli.Duk da haka, wannan ƙoƙarin ya yi rauni, kuma Vakhtang ya ƙare rayuwarsa a gudun hijira a Rasha.Karshen rabin karnin an sake sabunta yunƙurin Rasha a ƙarƙashin Catherine Mai Girma, wanda ke da nufin ƙarfafa tasirin Rasha ta hanyar ci gaban soja da ci gaban ababen more rayuwa, gami da gina garu da ƙaura na Cossacks don zama masu tsaron kan iyaka.Barkewar yaki tsakanin Rasha da daular Usmania a shekara ta 1768 ya kara dagula ayyukan soji a yankin.Kamfen na Janar Tottleben na Rasha a wannan lokacin ya aza harsashin ginin babbar hanyar soja ta Jojiya.Harkokin dabarun ya ɗauki wani muhimmin juzu'i a cikin 1783 lokacin da Heraclius II na Kartli-Kakheti ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Georgievsk tare da Rasha, tare da tabbatar da kariya daga barazanar Ottoman da Farisa don musanya mubaya'a ta musamman ga Rasha.Duk da haka, a lokacin 1787 Russo-Turkish War, Rasha sojojin da aka janye, barin Heraclius ta mulkin m.A shekara ta 1795, bayan kin amincewa da wa'adin da Farisa ta yi na yanke alaka da Rasha, Agha Mohammad Khan na Farisa ya kori Tbilisi, wanda ke nuna irin gwagwarmayar da yankin ke ci gaba da yi da kuma rashin dogaro da goyon bayan Rasha a wannan lokaci mai tsanani.Haɗin RashaDuk da gazawar Rasha don girmama yarjejeniyar Georgievsk da mummunan buhun Farisa na Tbilisi a 1795, Jojiya ta kasance mai dogaro da dabarun Rasha.Bayan kashe shugaban Farisa Agha Mohammad Khan a shekara ta 1797, wanda ya raunana ikon Farisa na dan lokaci, sarki Heraclius na biyu na Jojiya ya ci gaba da bege ga goyon bayan Rasha.Duk da haka, bayan mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1798, rikice-rikice na cikin gida da kuma raunin jagoranci a karkashin dansa, Giorgi XII, ya haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankali.A ƙarshen 1800, Rasha ta matsa kaimi don tabbatar da iko akan Jojiya.Tsar Paul I ya yanke shawarar kin lashe ko wanne daga cikin magadan Jojiya, kuma, a farkon 1801, ya shigar da Mulkin Kartli-Kakheti a cikin Daular Rasha a hukumance - shawarar da Tsar Alexander I ya tabbatar daga baya a waccan shekarar.Sojojin Rasha sun karfafa ikonsu ta hanyar tilastawa manyan sarakunan Jojiya tare da kawar da masu da'awar Jojiya a kan karagar mulki.Wannan haɗin gwiwa ya inganta matsayi mai mahimmanci na Rasha a cikin Caucasus, wanda ya haifar da rikici na soja tare da Farisa da Daular Ottoman.Yakin Russo-Persian (1804-1813) da Yakin Russo-Turkish (1806-1812) ya kara tabbatar da ikon Rasha a yankin, wanda ya kai ga yerjejeniyoyin da suka amince da ikon Rasha kan yankunan Jojiya.A Yammacin Jojiya, juriya ga haɗin kai na Rasha ya jagoranci Sulemanu II na Imereti.Duk da yunƙurin yin shawarwarin cin gashin kai a cikin daular Rasha, kin amincewarsa ya kai ga mamayewar Imereti a 1804.Yunkurin da Sulemanu ya yi na tsayin daka da sasantawa da Ottoman daga ƙarshe ya ci tura, wanda ya kai ga ƙaddamar da shi da gudun hijira a shekara ta 1810. Nasarar da sojojin Rasha suka ci gaba da yi a wannan lokacin sun yi nasara a kan juriya na cikin gida tare da kawo ƙarin yankuna, kamar Adjara da Svaneti, ƙarƙashin ikon Rasha ta hannun karshen karni na 19.Farkon Mulkin RashaA farkon karni na 19, Jojiya ta sami sauye-sauye masu mahimmanci a karkashin mulkin Rasha, wanda a farkon mulkin soja ya sanya yankin a matsayin kan iyaka a yakin Rasha-Turkish da Russo-Persiya.Ƙoƙarin haɗin kai ya kasance mai zurfi, tare da daular Rasha tana neman haɗakar da Jojiya ta hanyar gudanarwa da kuma al'ada.Duk da ra'ayin Kiristanci na Orthodox da aka raba da kuma irin wannan matsayi na feudal, ƙaddamar da ikon Rasha sau da yawa yana cin karo da al'adun gida da mulki, musamman lokacin da aka soke autocephaly na Cocin Orthodox na Jojiya a 1811.Rarraba manyan sarakunan Jojiya ya haifar da juriya mai mahimmanci, gami da gazawar makircin aristocratic a cikin 1832 wanda aka yi wahayi ta hanyar manyan tawaye a cikin Daular Rasha.Irin wannan tsayin daka ya nuna rashin jin daɗi a tsakanin 'yan Georgia a ƙarƙashin mulkin Rasha.Duk da haka, nada Mikhail Vorontsov a matsayin mataimakin a 1845 ya nuna wani canji a manufofin.Hanyar da ta fi dacewa da Vorontsov ta taimaka wajen sulhunta wasu daga cikin manyan mutanen Jojiya, wanda ya haifar da haɓakar al'adu da haɗin kai.Ƙarƙashin sarauta, ƙauyen Jojiya sun rayu cikin yanayi mai tsauri, wanda ya tsananta da lokutan mamayar ƙasashen waje da tabarbarewar tattalin arziki.Yunwa akai-akai da kuma tsaurin ra'ayi sun haifar da tawaye na lokaci-lokaci, irin su babbar tawaye a Kakheti a shekara ta 1812. Batun ƙwazo ya kasance mai mahimmanci, kuma an magance shi sosai daga baya fiye da na Rasha daidai.Dokar 'yanci ta Tsar Alexander II ta 1861 ta mika zuwa Jojiya ta 1865, ta fara aiwatar da sannu-sannu inda aka canza masu safa zuwa manoma masu kyauta.Wannan gyare-gyaren ya ba su ƙarin ƴancin kai da kuma samun damar mallakar ƙasa daga ƙarshe, ko da yake ya sanya matsalolin tattalin arziki ga manoman biyu, waɗanda ke kokawa da sabon nauyin kuɗi, da kuma manyan mutane, waɗanda suka ga ikonsu na gargajiya sun ragu.A wannan lokacin, Jojiya kuma ta ga yawan ƙabilanci da addinai dabam-dabam, waɗanda gwamnatin Rasha ta ƙarfafa su.Wannan wani bangare ne na dabarun da ya fi fadi don karfafa iko a kan Caucasus da rage juriya na gida ta hanyar canza kayan shafa na al'umma.Ƙungiyoyi irin su Molokans, Doukhobors, da sauran tsiraru Kiristoci daga ƙasar Rasha, tare da Armeniya da Caucasus Helenawa, sun zauna a wurare masu mahimmanci, suna ƙarfafa sojojin Rasha da al'adu a yankin.Daga baya Dokar RashaKisan Tsar Alexander II a shekara ta 1881 ya kawo sauyi ga Jojiya a karkashin mulkin Rasha.Magajinsa, Alexander III, ya ɗauki tsarin mulkin kama-karya kuma ya nemi ya murkushe duk wani buri na samun 'yancin kai na ƙasa a cikin daular.Wannan lokacin ya ga ƙara haɓakawa da ƙoƙarin Russification, kamar ƙuntatawa akan yaren Jojiyanci da murkushe al'adu da ainihi na gida, wanda ya ƙare da gagarumin juriya daga jama'ar Jojiya.Lamarin ya ta'azzara tare da kashe shugaban makarantar hauza na Tbilisi da wani dalibi dan kasar Jojiya ya yi a shekara ta 1886, da kuma bakar mutuwar Dimitri Kipiani, mai sukar majami'ar Rasha, wanda ya haifar da manyan zanga-zangar adawa da Rasha.Rashin gamsuwa a Jojiya wani bangare ne na babban tsarin tarzoma a duk fadin Daular Rasha, wanda ya barke cikin juyin juya halin 1905 bayan murkushe masu zanga-zanga a Saint Petersburg.Jojiya ta zama wuri mai zafi na ayyukan juyin juya hali, wanda bangaren Menshevik na jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party ta Rasha ya yi tasiri sosai.Menshevik, karkashin jagorancin Noe Zhordania, kuma manoma da ma'aikata ne suka fi samun goyon bayansu, sun shirya gagarumin yajin aiki da tawaye, kamar babban boren manoma a Guria.Dabarun nasu, duk da haka, ciki har da ayyukan tashin hankali a kan Cossacks, daga ƙarshe ya haifar da koma baya da wargajewa a cikin kawance da sauran kabilu, musamman Armeniya.Lokacin juyin juya halin bayan juyin juya hali ya ga kwanciyar hankali a karkashin mulkin Count Ilarion Vorontsov-Dashkov, tare da Menshevik sun nisanta kansu daga tsauraran matakai.Yanayin siyasa a Jojiya ya kasance mai siffa ta hanyar iyakantaccen tasirin Bolsheviks, wanda aka iyakance ga cibiyoyin masana'antu kamar Chiatura.Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya ya gabatar da sababbin abubuwa.Wurin da Jojiya ke da dabara ya sa an ji tasirin yakin kai tsaye, kuma yayin da yakin farko bai haifar da kishi ba a tsakanin 'yan Georgia, rikici da Turkiyya ya kara kaimi ga tsaron kasa da cin gashin kai.Juyin juya halin Rasha na 1917 ya kara dagula al'amura a yankin, wanda ya kai ga kafa Jamhuriyar Demokaradiyya ta Transcaucasian a watan Afrilun 1918, wata ƙungiya mai ɗan gajeren lokaci da ta ƙunshi Jojiya, Armeniya, da Azerbaijan, kowannensu yana haifar da maƙasudai daban-daban da matsin lamba na waje.Daga karshe dai a ranar 26 ga watan Mayun shekarar 1918, a ci gaba da fuskantar sojojin Turkiyya da kuma rugujewar jamhuriyar tarayya, Jojiya ta ayyana 'yancin kai, inda ta kafa jamhuriyar Demokaradiyyar Jojiya.Wannan 'yancin kai, duk da haka, ya kasance mai wucewa, yayin da matsin lamba na geopolitical ya ci gaba da siffata ɗan gajeren rayuwarsa har zuwa mamayewar Bolshevik a 1921. Wannan lokaci na tarihin Jojiya yana kwatanta abubuwan da ke tattare da samuwar asali na kasa da kuma gwagwarmayar cin gashin kai a kan bango na babban tsarin mulkin mallaka da na gida. rigingimun siyasa.

Jamhuriyar Demokradiyar Jojiya (DRG), wacce ta kasance daga Mayu 1918 zuwa Fabrairu 1921, tana wakiltar wani babi mai mahimmanci a tarihin Jojiya a matsayin farkon kafa jamhuriyar Jojiya ta zamani.An ƙirƙira shi bayan juyin juya halin Rasha na 1917, wanda ya haifar da rugujewar Daular Rasha , DRG ta ayyana 'yancin kai a cikin mubaya'a da hargitsi na bayan daular Rasha.Jam'iyyar Jojiya Social Democratic Party mai sassaucin ra'ayi, galibin Mensheviks ne ke gudanar da ita, ta samu karbuwa a duniya daga manyan kasashen Turai.Da farko, DRG ta yi aiki a ƙarƙashin kariyar daular Jamus , wanda ya ba da alamar kwanciyar hankali.Duk da haka, wannan tsari ya ƙare sa’ad da Jamus ta sha kaye a Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya .Bayan haka, sojojin Birtaniya sun mamaye wasu sassan Georgia don hana Bolshevik mamayewa amma sun janye a shekara ta 1920 bayan yarjejeniyar Moscow, inda Soviet Rasha ta amince da 'yancin kai na Jojiya bisa wasu takamaiman sharuddan don kauce wa gudanar da ayyukan adawa da Bolshevik.Duk da amincewa da goyon baya na duniya, rashin kariyar kariyar waje mai ƙarfi ya sa DRG ta kasance cikin rauni.A watan Fabrairun 1921, Rundunar Red Army ta Bolshevik ta mamaye Jojiya, wanda ya kai ga rugujewar DRG a watan Maris na 1921. Gwamnatin Jojiya, karkashin jagorancin Firayim Minista Noe Zhordania, ta yi gudun hijira zuwa Faransa kuma ta ci gaba da gudanar da harkokin gudun hijira, wanda kasashe irin su Faransa, Birtaniya suka amince da su. , Belgium, da Poland a matsayin halaltacciyar gwamnatin Jojiya har zuwa farkon 1930s.Ana tunawa da DRG saboda manufofinta na ci gaba da dabi'un dimokuradiyya, musamman a farkon fara karbar mata da shigar da kabilu da dama a cikin majalisarta - abubuwan da suka ci gaba na wannan lokacin kuma sun ba da gudummawa ga gadonta na jam'i da hada kai.Har ila yau, ya nuna gagarumin ci gaban al'adu, kamar kafa babbar jami'a ta farko a Jojiya, da cika dogon buri a tsakanin masu ilimin Georgian da suka tauye karkashin mulkin Rasha.Duk da ɗan gajeren kasancewarta, Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Jojiya ta kafa ginshiƙan ƙa'idodin demokradiyya waɗanda ke ci gaba da ƙarfafa al'ummar Jojiya a yau.FageBayan juyin juya halin Fabrairu na 1917, wanda ya rushe gwamnatin Tsarist a cikin Caucasus, kwamitin Transcaucasian na musamman (Ozakom), ya karbi ragamar mulkin yankin a karkashin gwamnatin wucin gadi ta Rasha.Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party ta Georgian, wacce ke da iko mai ƙarfi a kan ƙasashen Soviet na gida, ta goyi bayan Gwamnatin wucin gadi, tare da haɗin kai tare da babban motsi na juyin juya hali wanda Petrograd Soviet ke jagoranta.Juyin juya halin Oktoba na Bolshevik daga baya waccan shekarar ya canza yanayin siyasa sosai.Soviets na Caucasian ba su amince da sabon tsarin mulkin Bolshevik na Vladimir Lenin ba, wanda ke nuna sarƙaƙƙiya da ɗabi'un siyasa na yankin.Wannan ƙin yarda, haɗe da hargitsin da sojojin da suka tsere suka haifar waɗanda suka zama masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, da kuma rikice-rikicen kabilanci da rikice-rikice na gabaɗaya, ya sa shugabannin Georgia, Armenia , da Azerbaijan suka kafa wata hukuma ta yanki mai haɗin kai, da farko a matsayin Transcaucasian Commissariat a watan Nuwamba. 1917, kuma daga baya aka tsara shi zuwa wata majalisa da aka sani da Sejm a ranar 23 ga Janairu, 1918. Sejm, wanda Nikolay Chkheidze ya jagoranta, ta ayyana 'yancin kai na Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Dimokaradiyya ta Transcaucasian a ranar 22 ga Afrilu, 1918, tare da Evgeni Gegechkori da Akaki Chkheidze. jagorancin gwamnatin zartaswa.Masu tunani na kishin kasa irin su Ilia Chavchavadze sun yi tasiri sosai kan yunkurin samun 'yancin kai na Jojiya, wanda ra'ayoyinsa suka yi tasiri a wannan lokacin na farkawa ta al'adu.Muhimman cibiyoyi kamar su maido da autocephaly na Cocin Orthodox na Jojiya a watan Maris 1917 da kuma kafa jami’a ta ƙasa a Tbilisi a shekara ta 1918 sun ƙara rura wutar kishin ƙasa.Duk da haka, Menshevik na Jojiya, wadanda suka taka rawar gani a fagen siyasa, suna kallon 'yancin kai daga Rasha a matsayin wani mataki na hakika kan 'yan Bolshevik maimakon ballewa na dindindin, dangane da karin kiraye-kirayen neman cikakken 'yancin kai a matsayin masu son kai da 'yan aware.Ƙungiyar Transcaucasian ta kasance ɗan gajeren lokaci, ta rushe ta hanyar tashin hankali na cikin gida da matsin lamba daga waje daga daulolin Jamus da Ottoman.Ta wargaje ne a ranar 26 ga Mayu, 1918, lokacin da Jojiya ta ayyana ‘yancin kai, jim kadan da irin wannan sanarwar daga Armeniya da Azerbaijan a ranar 28 ga Mayu, 1918.'YanciDa farko Jamus da Daular Ottoman suka amince da ita, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Jojiya (DRG) ta sami kanta a karkashin kariya amma takurawa daular Jamus ta yarjejeniyar Poti, kuma an tilasta ta mika yankuna ga Ottomans kamar yadda yarjejeniyar Batum ta tanada. .Wannan tsari ya ba Georgia damar kare ci gaban Bolshevik daga Abkhazia, godiya ga goyon bayan soja na sojojin Jamus wanda Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein ya ba da umarni.Bayan da Jamus ta sha kashi a yakin duniya na daya, sojojin Birtaniya sun maye gurbin Jamusawa a Jojiya.Dangantakar da ke tsakanin sojojin Birtaniyya da al'ummar Jojiya na cikin gida ta yi tsami, kuma ana ci gaba da gwabzawa a kan manyan yankunan Batumi har zuwa shekara ta 1920, wanda ke nuna kalubalen da ke ci gaba da samun zaman lafiyar yankin.A cikin gida, Jojiya ta yi fama da rikicin yanki da rikicin kabilanci, musamman da Armeniya da Azarbaijan, da kuma tawaye na cikin gida da ’yan gwagwarmayar Bolshevik suka ingiza su.Wadannan tashe-tashen hankula sun kasance lokaci-lokaci ta hanyar shiga tsakani ta hanyar ayyukan soja na Birtaniyya da ke da nufin karfafa dakarun anti-Bolshevik a cikin Caucasus, amma gaskiyar geopolitical sau da yawa ya rushe waɗannan ƙoƙarin.A fagen siyasa, jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party ta Jojiya, wadda ke jagorantar gwamnati, ta yi nasarar kafa muhimman gyare-gyare da suka hada da gyare-gyaren filaye da inganta tsarin shari'a, wanda ke nuna kudurin DRG na bin ka'idojin dimokuradiyya.DRG ta kuma bai wa Abkhazia 'yancin cin gashin kai a kokarin da take yi na magance korafe-korafen kabilanci, duk da cewa an ci gaba da zaman dar-dar da 'yan tsiraru irin na Ossetian.Ragewa da FaɗuwaYayin da 1920 ke ci gaba, yanayin yanayin siyasa na Jojiya ya ƙara tsananta.Tarayyar Soviet Tarayyar Socialist Jamhuriyar (SFSR), da ya ci nasara a kan White motsi, ya ci gaba da tasiri a cikin Caucasus.Duk da tayin daga shugabancin Soviet don ƙawance da sojojin White, Georgia ta ci gaba da kasancewa na tsaka-tsaki da rashin tsangwama, tare da fatan yin sulhu a siyasance wanda zai iya tabbatar da amincewa da 'yancin kai daga Moscow.Duk da haka, lamarin ya ta'azzara a lokacin da sojojin Red Army na 11 suka kafa gwamnatin Soviet a Azerbaijan a cikin watan Afrilun 1920, kuma Bolsheviks na Jojiya, karkashin jagorancin Sergo Orjonikidze, suka tsananta yunkurinsu na tada zaune tsaye a Jojiya.An yi yunkurin juyin mulki a watan Mayun 1920 da sojojin Jojiya karkashin Janar Giorgi Kvinitadze suka dakile, wanda ya kai ga gamuwa da takaitacciyar arangama ta soji.Tattaunawar zaman lafiya da ta biyo baya ta haifar da yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta Moscow a ranar 7 ga Mayu, 1920, inda Soviet Rasha ta amince da 'yancin kai na Jojiya a karkashin wasu sharudda, ciki har da halatta kungiyoyin Bolshevik a cikin Jojiya da kuma haramta kasancewar sojojin kasashen waje a kasar Jojiya.Duk da wannan rangwame, matsayin Jojiya ya kasance mai rauni, wanda aka nuna shi ta hanyar shan kayen da aka yi na neman zama memban Jojiya a cikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kuma amincewa da hukuma ta Allied a watan Janairu 1921. Rashin samun gagarumin goyon bayan kasa da kasa, hade da matsi na ciki da na waje, ya bar. Jojiya mai saukin kamuwa da ci gaban Tarayyar Soviet.A farkon 1921, kewaye da makwabta Sovietized da rashin goyon bayan waje bayan ficewar Birtaniya, Jojiya ta fuskanci karuwar tsokana da kuma zargin keta yarjejeniya, wanda ya ƙare a hade da Red Army, wanda ke nuna ƙarshen gajeren lokacin 'yancin kai.Wannan lokacin yana nuna ƙalubalen ƙalubalen da ƙananan al'ummomi ke fuskanta wajen wanzar da 'yancin kai a tsakanin manyan gwagwarmayar siyasa.

Bayan juyin juya halin Oktoba a Rasha, an kafa Transcaucasian Commissariat a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba, 1917, a Tiflis, inda ya rikide zuwa Jamhuriyar Demokaradiyya ta Transcaucasian a ranar 22 ga Afrilu, 1918. Duk da haka, wannan tarayyar ba ta daɗe ba, ta rushe cikin wata guda zuwa uku daban-daban. jihohin: Georgia, Armenia , da Azerbaijan .A cikin 1919, Jojiya ta ga Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party ta hau kan karagar mulki a cikin yanayin ƙalubale na tawaye na cikin gida da barazanar waje, wanda ya haɗa da rikice-rikice da Armeniya da ragowar daular Ottoman .Tawayen manoma masu goyon bayan Soviet sun daidaita yankin, wanda ke nuni da yaduwar tsarin gurguzu na juyin juya hali.Rikicin ya ƙare a cikin 1921 lokacin da sojojin Red Army na 11 suka mamaye Jojiya, wanda ya kai ga faduwar Tbilisi a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu, da shelar Jamhuriyar Socialist ta Jojiya.An tilasta wa gwamnatin Jojiya zuwa gudun hijira, kuma a ranar 2 ga Maris, 1922, aka amince da tsarin mulkin farko na Soviet Jojiya.Yarjejeniyar Kars, wadda aka rattaba hannu a ranar 13 ga Oktoba, 1921, ta sake sabunta iyakokin Turkiyya da Jamhuriyar Transcaucasian, wanda ya haifar da gyare-gyaren yankuna.An shigar da Jojiya a cikin Tarayyar Soviet a 1922 a matsayin wani ɓangare na Transcaucasian SFSR, wanda kuma ya haɗa da Armeniya da Azerbaijan, kuma yana ƙarƙashin rinjayar fitattun mutane kamar Lavrentiy Beria.Wannan lokacin ya kasance alama da matsanancin danniya na siyasa, musamman a lokacin Babban Purges, wanda ya ga dubun-dubatar 'yan Georgian da aka kashe ko kuma aka aika zuwa Gulags.Yaƙin Duniya na II ya kawo gagarumar gudunmawa daga Jojiya ga ƙoƙarin yaƙin Soviet, kodayake yankin ya tsira daga mamayewar Axis kai tsaye.Bayan yakin, Joseph Stalin, wanda shi kansa dan asalin Georgia ne, ya zartar da tsauraran matakai da suka hada da korar al'ummar Caucasian daban-daban.A cikin shekarun 1950, karkashin jagorancin Nikita Khrushchev, Jojiya ta sami wani mataki na nasarar tattalin arziki amma kuma ta kasance sananne ga manyan matakan cin hanci da rashawa.Eduard Shevardnadze, wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekarun 1970, an gane shi ne saboda kokarinsa na yaki da cin hanci da rashawa da kuma kiyaye zaman lafiyar Jojiya.A shekara ta 1978, zanga-zangar da aka yi a Tbilisi ta yi nasarar nuna adawa da rage girman yaren Jojiya, tare da tabbatar da matsayinta na tsarin mulki.A ƙarshen 1980s an ga tashin hankali da ƙungiyoyin kishin ƙasa, musamman a Kudancin Ossetia da Abkhazia.Yunkurin da sojojin Soviet suka yi a ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 1989, kan masu zanga-zangar lumana a Tbilisi, ya sa yunkurin 'yancin kai.Zaɓen Demokraɗiyya a watan Oktoban 1990 ya kai ga ayyana zaman riƙon ƙwarya, wanda ya ƙare a ƙuri'ar raba gardama a ranar 31 ga Maris, 1991, inda mafi yawan 'yan Georgian suka jefa ƙuri'ar samun 'yancin kai bisa dokar 'yancin kai na 1918.Jojiya a hukumance ta ayyana 'yancin kai a ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 1991, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Zviad Gamsakhurdia.Wannan matakin dai ya biyo bayan rugujewar Tarayyar Soviet da watanni da dama, wanda ke nuna gagarumin sauyi daga mulkin Tarayyar Soviet zuwa ga gudanar da mulki mai cin gashin kansa, duk kuwa da kalubalen da ake fama da shi na rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa da rikice-rikicen yanki.

Tafiya ta Jojiya zuwa ga sauye-sauyen dimokuradiyya da yunƙurin samun 'yancin kai daga ikon Tarayyar Soviet ya ƙare a zaɓen jam'iyyu da yawa na demokraɗiyya na farko a ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 1990. Ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwar "Round Table - Free Georgia", wanda ya haɗa da jam'iyyar SSIR ta Zviad Gamsakhurdia da Georgian Helsinki Union da sauransu. ya samu gagarumar nasara, inda ya samu kashi 64% na kuri'un da aka kada a hannun jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Georgian da kashi 29.6 cikin dari.Wannan zaben ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a siyasar Jojiya, inda ya kafa hanyar da za a kara kaimi ga samun 'yancin kai.Bayan haka, a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 1990, aka zaɓi Zviad Gamsakhurdia a matsayin shugaban Majalisar Koli ta Jumhuriyar Jojiya, inda ya naɗa shi da kyau a matsayin shugaban Jojiya.Yunkurin neman cikakken 'yancin kai ya ci gaba, kuma a ranar 31 ga Maris, 1991, kuri'ar raba gardama ta goyi bayan maido da 'yancin kan Jojiya kafin Tarayyar Soviet, tare da 98.9% na goyon baya.Wannan ya kai ga majalisar Jojiya ta ayyana 'yancin kai a ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 1991, tare da sake kafa kasar Georgian da ta wanzu daga 1918 zuwa 1921 yadda ya kamata.Shugabancin Gamsakhurdia yana da hangen nesa na haɗin kai na Caucasian, wanda ake kira "Gidan Caucasian," wanda ya haɓaka haɗin gwiwar yanki da tsarin da aka tsara kamar yankin tattalin arziki na bai ɗaya da kuma "Zauren Caucasian" daidai da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na yanki.Duk da wadannan kyawawan tsare-tsare, wa'adin Gamsakhurdia bai dade ba saboda rashin zaman lafiya a siyasance, daga bisani kuma aka yi masa juyin mulki.A cikin gida, manufofin Gamsakhurdia sun haɗa da canje-canje masu mahimmanci kamar canza sunan Jumhuriyar Socialist ta Jojiya zuwa "Jamhuriyar Jojiya," da maido da alamun ƙasa.Ya kuma ƙaddamar da sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki da nufin sauye-sauye daga tattalin arziƙin umarni na gurguzu zuwa tattalin arziƙin kasuwar jari-hujja, tare da manufofin tallafawa masu zaman kansu, tattalin arziƙin kasuwannin jama'a, da kariyar masu amfani.Duk da haka, mulkin Gamsakhurdia kuma yana da tashe-tashen hankula na ƙabilanci, musamman tare da tsirarun mutanen Georgia.Kalamansa na kishin kasa da manufofinsa sun kara firgita a tsakanin 'yan tsiraru da rura wutar rikici, musamman a Abkhazia da Ossetia ta Kudu.Har ila yau, wannan lokacin ya ga kafa National Guard na Jojiya kuma ya matsa zuwa samar da soja mai zaman kansa, wanda ya kara tabbatar da ikon Georgia.Manufar Gamsakhurdia na ketare ta kasance da ƙaƙƙarfan matsaya na adawa da sake komawa cikin tsarin Tarayyar Soviet da burin samun kusanci da Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.Har ila yau gwamnatinsa ta goyi bayan 'yancin cin gashin kan Chechnya daga Rasha, wanda ke nuna babban burinsa na yankin.Rikicin siyasa na cikin gida ya kai ga juyin mulkin da aka yi a ranar 22 ga Disamba, 1991, wanda ya kai ga korar Gamsakhurdia da kuma rikicin cikin gida.Bayan tserewarsa da mafaka na wucin gadi a wurare daban-daban, Gamsakhurdia ya kasance mai yawan cece-kuce har zuwa rasuwarsa.A watan Maris na 1992, an nada Eduard Shevardnadze, tsohon ministan harkokin wajen Tarayyar Soviet, kuma abokin hamayyar siyasar Gamsakhurdia, a matsayin shugaban sabuwar majalisar gudanarwar kasar da aka kafa, wanda ke nuna wani gagarumin sauyi a siyasar Jojiya.Karkashin mulkin Shevardnadze, wanda aka fara a hukumance a shekarar 1995, Jojiya ta zagaya da yanayin bayan Tarayyar Soviet wanda ke da alamun ci gaba da rikice-rikice na kabilanci da kalubale wajen kafa tsarin mulkin dimokuradiyya mai dorewa.

Lokacin sauye-sauyen siyasa a Jojiya a lokacin wargajewar Tarayyar Sobiet ya kasance da tashin hankali na cikin gida da rikice-rikice na kabilanci.Ƙungiyoyin adawa sun fara shirya zanga-zangar gama gari a shekara ta 1988, wanda ya kai ga ayyana ikon mallaka a watan Mayun 1990. A ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 1991, Jojiya ta ayyana 'yancin kai, wanda daga baya aka amince da shi a duniya a watan Disamba na wannan shekarar.An zabi Zviad Gamsakhurdia, jigo a harkar kishin kasa, a matsayin shugaban kasa a watan Mayun 1991.A cikin wa]annan al'amura masu kawo sauyi, }ungiyoyin 'yan aware a tsakanin tsirarun kabilu, musamman Ossetian da Abkhaz, sun tsananta.A cikin Maris na 1989, an gabatar da koke don neman wani SSR na Abkhazian na daban, sannan ya biyo bayan tarzomar adawa da Georgia a watan Yuli.Yankin Kudancin Ossetian mai cin gashin kansa ya ayyana 'yancin kai daga Georgian SSR a cikin Yuli 1990, wanda ya haifar da tashin hankali mai tsanani da rikici.A watan Janairun 1991, Rundunar Tsaro ta Jojiya ta shiga Tskhinvali, babban birnin Ossetian ta Kudu, inda ta haifar da rikicin Jojiya da Ossetian, wanda shi ne babban rikicin farko ga gwamnatin Gamsakhurdia.Rikicin jama'a ya ta'azzara lokacin da Jami'an tsaron Georgian suka yi wa Shugaba Gamsakhurdia tawaye a watan Agustan 1991, wanda ya kai ga kama wani gidan watsa labarai na gwamnati.Bayan tarwatsa wata babbar zanga-zanga da 'yan adawa suka yi a Tbilisi a watan Satumba, an kama wasu jagororin adawa da dama, an kuma rufe jaridun masu goyon bayan 'yan adawa.An yi wannan lokacin ne da zanga-zanga, ginin shinge, da kuma arangama tsakanin dakarun da ke adawa da Gamsakhurdia.Lamarin dai ya koma wani juyin mulki a watan Disambar 1991. A ranar 20 ga watan Disamba, 'yan adawa dauke da makamai karkashin jagorancin Tengiz Kitovani suka fara kai hari na karshe kan Gamsakhurdia.A ranar 6 ga Janairu, 1992, Gamsakhurdia ya tilastawa tserewa daga Jojiya, da farko zuwa Armenia sannan kuma zuwa Chechnya, inda ya jagoranci gwamnatin gudun hijira.Wannan juyin mulkin ya haifar da babbar illa ga Tbilisi, musamman a titin Rustaveli, kuma ya yi sanadin asarar rayuka da dama.Bayan juyin mulkin, an kafa gwamnatin rikon kwarya, Majalisar Soja, da farko karkashin jagorancin wasu masu fada aji ciki har da Jaba Ioseliani, daga baya kuma Eduard Shevardnadze ya shugabanci a watan Maris na 1992. Duk da rashi Gamsakhurdia, ya ci gaba da samun goyon baya sosai, musamman a yankinsa na Samegrelo. wanda ke haifar da rikici da tashin hankali.Rikicin cikin gida ya kara dagulewa sakamakon yakin Kudancin Ossetian da Abkhazian.A Kudancin Ossetia, fada ya yi kamari a shekarar 1992, wanda ya kai ga tsagaita bude wuta tare da kafa aikin wanzar da zaman lafiya.A Abkhazia, sojojin Jojiya sun shiga cikin watan Agustan 1992 don kwance damarar mayakan 'yan aware, amma a watan Satumban 1993, 'yan awaren da ke samun goyon bayan Rasha sun kame Sukhumi, wanda ya yi sanadin jikkatar sojojin Georgia da farar hula da dama tare da kaurace wa jama'ar Jojiya daga Abkhazia.A farkon shekarun 1990 a Jojiya an yi fama da yakin basasa, kawar da kabilanci, da rashin zaman lafiya a siyasance, wanda ya yi tasiri mai dorewa kan ci gaban kasar da dangantakarta da yankunan ‘yan aware.Wannan lokacin ya kafa mataki don ƙarin rikice-rikice da kuma ci gaba da kalubale na gina ƙasa a bayan Soviet Jojiya.

A farkon shekarun 1990 a Jojiya lokaci ne na rikice-rikicen siyasa da rikice-rikice na kabilanci, wanda ya tsara yanayin al'ummar bayan Tarayyar Soviet sosai.Eduard Shevardnadze, tsohon ministan harkokin wajen Tarayyar Soviet, ya koma Jojiya a watan Maris na 1992 domin ya jagoranci majalisar gudanarwar kasar, inda ya yi aiki da kyau a matsayin shugaban kasa a cikin rikice-rikice.Daya daga cikin kalubale mafi tsanani shi ne rikicin 'yan aware a Abkhazia.A cikin watan Agustan 1992, sojojin gwamnatin Jojiya da dakarun sa-kai sun shiga jamhuriya mai cin gashin kanta don murkushe ayyukan 'yan aware.Rikicin ya yi kamari, wanda ya kai ga gallaza wa sojojin Jojiya a watan Satumba na 1993. Abkhaz, wanda ke samun goyon bayan sojojin Arewacin Caucasus da ake zargin sojojin Rasha ne, sun kori daukacin al'ummar Jojiya na yankin, wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar kusan 14,000 tare da raba kusan 300,000 da muhallansu. mutane.A lokaci guda, rikicin kabilanci ya barke a Kudancin Ossetia, wanda ya yi sanadin asarar rayuka da dama tare da haifar da 'yan gudun hijira 100,000 da suka yi gudun hijira zuwa Arewacin Ossetia na Rasha.A halin da ake ciki, a yankin kudu maso yammacin Jojiya, jamhuriyar Ajaria mai cin gashin kanta ta zo karkashin ikon Aslan Abashidze, wanda ya ci gaba da yin katsalandan a yankin, wanda ya ba da damar yin tasiri kadan daga gwamnatin tsakiya a Tbilisi.A wani yanayi na ban mamaki, hambararren shugaban kasar Zviad Gamsakhurdia ya dawo daga gudun hijira a watan Satumban 1993 domin ya jagoranci zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnatin Shevardnadze.Da yake nuna bacin ran da aka samu a cikin sojojin Jojiya bayan Abkhazia, dakarunsa sun karbe iko da yawancin yammacin Jojiya cikin sauri.Wannan ci gaban ya sa sojojin Rasha suka shiga tsakani, waɗanda suka taimaka wa gwamnatin Jojiya wajen murkushe tawayen.Tashin hankalin Gamsakhurdia ya ruguje a karshen shekarar 1993, kuma ya mutu a cikin wani yanayi mai ban mamaki a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 1993.Bayan haka, gwamnatin Shevardnadze ta amince ta shiga cikin Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) don musanya goyon bayan soji da na siyasa, shawarar da ta kasance mai cike da cece-kuce kuma mai nuni ga sarkakiya na yanayin siyasa a yankin.A zamanin Shevardnadze, Georgia kuma ta fuskanci zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa, wanda ya kawo cikas ga gwamnatinsa da kuma kawo cikas ga ci gaban tattalin arziki.Yakin Checheniya ya kara dagula al'amura a fagen siyasa, inda Rasha ta zargi Jojiya da samar da mafaka ga 'yan tawayen Chechen.Shawarar Shevardnadze na goyon bayan yammacin duniya, gami da alakarsa ta kut da kut da Amurka da kuma sauye-sauyen tsare-tsare kamar aikin bututun mai na Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan, ya ta'azzara takun saka da Rasha.Wannan bututun mai da ke da nufin jigilar man Caspian zuwa tekun Bahar Rum, wani muhimmin bangare ne na manufofin ketare da dabarun tattalin arziki na Jojiya, wanda ya yi daidai da muradun kasashen yamma da kuma rage dogaro ga hanyoyin kasar Rasha.A shekara ta 2003, rashin gamsuwar jama'a game da mulkin Shevardnadze ya fara kai ruwa rana a lokacin zabukan 'yan majalisar dokoki, wanda ake kallonsa a matsayin magudi.An yi gagarumin zanga-zanga, wanda ya kai ga murabus din Shevardnadze a ranar 23 ga Nuwamba, 2003, a cikin abin da aka fi sani da juyin juya halin Rose.Wannan ya nuna wani gagarumin sauyi, wanda ya share fagen samun wani sabon zamani a siyasar Jojiya, wanda ke da nasaba da yunkurin kawo sauye-sauyen demokradiyya da kara hadewa da cibiyoyi na Yamma.

Lokacin da Mikheil Saakashvili ya karbi mulki bayan juyin juya halin Rose, ya gaji al'ummar da ke cike da kalubale, ciki har da kula da sama da mutane 230,000 da suka rasa muhallansu daga rikicin Abkhazia da Kudancin Ossetia.Wadannan yankuna sun kasance cikin rudani, karkashin kulawar Rasha da dakarun wanzar da zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a karkashin Kungiyar Tsaro da Hadin Kai a Turai (OSCE), wanda ke nuna yanayin rashin kwanciyar hankali.A cikin gida, ana sa ran gwamnatin Saakashvili za ta bullo da wani sabon zamani na dimokuradiyya da kuma tsawaita ikon Tbilisi a kan dukkan yankunan Jojiya, da nufin samar da kwakkwaran zartaswa don tafiyar da wadannan sauye-sauye.A farkon wa'adinsa, Saakashvili ya samu gagarumin ci gaba wajen rage cin hanci da rashawa da karfafa cibiyoyin gwamnati.Kungiyar Transparency International ta yi nuni da cewa an samu gagarumin ci gaba a hasashen cin hanci da rashawa na Jojiya, inda ta bayyana Georgia a matsayin wadda ta yi fice wajen kawo sauyi ta hanyar zarce kasashe da dama na EU a matsayinta.Duk da haka, waɗannan gyare-gyare sun zo da tsada.Matsakaicin iko a bangaren zartarwa ya haifar da suka game da cinikin da ake yi tsakanin manufofin dimokradiyya da gina kasa.Hanyoyin Saakashvili, duk da cewa suna da tasiri wajen magance cin hanci da rashawa da kuma gyara tattalin arziki, ana ganin su na dagula tsarin dimokuradiyya.Halin da ake ciki a Ajaria ya nuna kalubalen sake tabbatar da ikon tsakiya.A shekara ta 2004, takun-saka da shugaban 'yan awaren yankin Aslan Abashidze ya yi kamari zuwa gamuwa da sojoji.Tsayuwar Saakashvili, hade da manyan zanga-zanga, daga karshe ya tilastawa Abashidze yin murabus da gudu, wanda ya mayar da Ajaria karkashin ikon Tbilisi ba tare da zubar da jini ba.Dangantaka da Rasha ta ci gaba da tsami, sakamakon yadda Rasha ke goyon bayan 'yan awaren.Rikici da aka yi a Kudancin Ossetia a watan Agustan 2004 da manufofin ƙetare na Jojiya, gami da yunƙurin kai wa NATO da Amurka, sun ƙara dagula dangantakar.Shigar da Jojiya ta yi a Iraki da kuma daukar nauyin shirye-shiryen horar da sojojin Amurka a karkashin shirin Jojiya Train and Equip Programme (GTEP) ya bayyana muhimmancinta ga kasashen Yamma.Mutuwar firaministan kasar Zurab Zhvania ba zato ba tsammani a shekara ta 2005 ta kasance wani gagarumin rauni ga gwamnatin Saakashvili, wanda ke nuna irin kalubalen da ake fuskanta a cikin gida da kuma matsin lamba na ci gaba da yin gyare-gyare a yayin da ake kara nuna rashin jin dadin jama'a kan batutuwa kamar rashin aikin yi da cin hanci da rashawa.A shekara ta 2007, rashin gamsuwar jama'a ya kai ga zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati, wanda ya tsananta sakamakon harin 'yan sanda wanda ya bata sahihin dimokradiyyar Saakashvili.Duk da nasarorin da aka samu na tattalin arziki da aka danganta ga sauye-sauye na 'yanci da aka kafa a karkashin Kakha Bendukidze, kamar tsarin ma'aikata na sassaucin ra'ayi da ƙarancin haraji, kwanciyar hankali na siyasa ya kasance mai wuyar gaske.Martanin Saakashvili dai shi ne kiran zaben shugaban kasa da na 'yan majalisar dokoki da wuri a watan Janairun shekara ta 2008, inda ya ajiye mukaminsa don sake fafatawa a zaben shugaban kasar, wanda ya yi nasara, wanda ke nuna wani wa'adin da nan ba da dadewa ba yakin Kudancin Ossetia da Rasha zai mamaye shi a shekara ta 2008.A watan Oktoban 2012, wani gagarumin sauyi na siyasa ya faru a lokacin da kawancen Mafarkin Jojiya, karkashin jagorancin hamshakin attajirin nan Bidzina Ivanishvili, ya lashe zaben 'yan majalisar dokoki.Wannan shi ne karon farko da aka yi juyin mulkin demokradiyya na farko a tarihin Jojiya bayan Tarayyar Soviet, yayin da Saakashvili ya amince da shan kaye kuma ya amince da jagorancin 'yan adawa.

Yakin Russo-Georgian na 2008 ya nuna wani gagarumin rikici a Kudancin Caucasus, wanda ya shafi Rasha da Jojiya tare da yankunan 'yan aware na Kudancin Ossetia da Abkhazia da ke samun goyon bayan Rasha.Rikicin dai ya barke ne bayan dambarwar da ta kunno kai da kuma rikicin diflomasiyya tsakanin kasashen biyu, wadanda suka kasance tsohuwar jamhuriyar Tarayyar Sobiyet, da suka nuna adawa da yadda Jojiya ke goyon bayan kasashen yammaci da kuma burinta na shiga kungiyar NATO.An fara yakin ne a farkon watan Agustan shekara ta 2008, bayan tada hankali da fadace-fadace.A ranar 1 ga watan Agusta ne sojojin Kudancin Ossetian da ke samun goyon bayan Rasha suka tsananta kai hare-hare a kauyukan Jojiya, lamarin da ya kai ga daukar fansa daga dakarun wanzar da zaman lafiya na Georgia.Lamarin dai ya ta'azzara ne a lokacin da Jojiya ta kaddamar da farmakin soji a ranar 7 ga watan Agusta domin kwato Tskhinvali babban birnin Ossetian ta Kudu, lamarin da ya sa aka yi gaggawar mamaye birnin.A lokaci guda kuma, an sami rahotannin sojojin Rasha suna tafiya ta hanyar Ramin Roki zuwa cikin Jojiya tun ma kafin cikakken martanin sojojin Georgian.Rasha ta mayar da martani inda ta kaddamar da wani gagarumin farmakin soji a Jojiya a ranar 8 ga watan Agusta, a karkashin wani aiki na tabbatar da zaman lafiya.Wannan ya hada da hare-hare ba kawai a yankunan da ake fama da rikici ba, har ma a yankunan Jojiya da ba a ce uffan ba.Rikicin ya kara fadada cikin sauri yayin da dakarun Rasha da na Abkhazia suka bude wani waje na biyu a kogin Kodori na Abkhazia kuma sojojin ruwa na Rasha suka sanya wani shingen shinge a wasu sassan gabar tekun Black Sea na Jojiya.Tsananin sojan, wanda kuma ya yi daidai da hare-haren yanar gizo da ake dangantawa da masu satar bayanan sirri na Rasha, ya dauki tsawon kwanaki har sai da Nicolas Sarkozy, shugaban Faransa na lokacin, ya shiga tsakani, a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta, bayan tsagaita bude wuta, sojojin Rasha sun ci gaba da mamaye wasu muhimman garuruwan Jojiya. irin su Zugdidi, Senaki, Poti, da Gori na tsawon makonni da dama, lamarin da ya ta’azzara tarzoma tare da haifar da zargin kisan kabilanci da sojojin Kudancin Ossetian suka yi kan ‘yan kabilar Jojiya a yankin.Rikicin ya haifar da ƙaura mai yawa, inda kusan mutane 192,000 abin ya shafa kuma yawancin 'yan kabilar Jojiya sun kasa komawa gidajensu.Bayan haka, Rasha ta amince da 'yancin kai na Abkhazia da Kudancin Ossetia a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, wanda ya sa Jojiya ta yanke huldar jakadanci da Rasha.Yawancin sojojin Rasha sun janye daga yankunan Jojiya da ba a tantama ba a ranar 8 ga watan Oktoba, amma yakin ya haifar da tabo mai zurfi da takaddamar yankunan da ba a warware ba.Martanin kasashen duniya game da yakin sun yi cakuduwa, inda manyan kasashe suka yi Allah wadai da mamayar Rasha amma suna daukar takaitaccen mataki.Daga baya kotun kare hakkin bil adama ta Turai da kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa suka dorawa kasar Rasha alhakin take hakkin dan Adam da laifukan yaki da ta aikata a lokacin wannan rikici, tare da bayyana irin barnar da ta shafi doka da diflomasiyya daga yakin.Yaƙin na 2008 ya yi tasiri sosai akan dangantakar Jojiya da Rasha kuma ya nuna sarƙaƙƙiyar rikice-rikice na geopolitics bayan Tarayyar Soviet, musamman ƙalubalen da ƙananan ƙasashe kamar Jojiya ke fuskanta wajen yin tasiri mai girma a cikin yanayin yanki mai canzawa.

Giorgi Margvelashvili, wanda aka rantsar da shi a matsayin shugaban Georgia na huɗu a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba, 2013, ya jagoranci wani lokaci mai cike da sauye-sauye na tsarin mulki, tashin hankali na siyasa, da haƙƙin haƙƙin matasa da 'yan tsiraru.Tsarin Tsarin Mulki da Harkar SiyasaLokacin da ya hau kan karagar mulki, Margvelashvili ya fuskanci sabon tsarin tsarin mulki wanda ya sauya manyan iko daga shugaban kasa zuwa Firayim Minista.Wannan sauye-sauyen na da nufin rage yuwuwar mulkin kama-karya da ake gani a gwamnatocin baya amma ya haifar da takun-saka tsakanin Margvelashvili da jam'iyya mai mulki, Jojiya Dream, wadda hamshakin attajirin nan Bidzina Ivanishvili ya kafa.Matakin da Margvelashvili ya dauka na gujewa fadar shugaban kasa mai alfarma don samun karin matsuguni, alama ce ta hutun da ya samu daga wa'adin da ke da alaka da magajinsa, Mikheil Saakashvili, ko da yake daga baya ya yi amfani da fadar wajen gudanar da bukukuwan hukuma.Tashin hankali a cikin GwamnatiZaman Margvelashvili ya kasance da tabarbarewar dangantaka da Firaministan da suka gaje shi.Da farko dai, mu'amalarsa da firaminista Irakli Garibashvili ta kasance mai cike da daɗi, wanda ke nuni da rigingimu masu yawa a cikin jam'iyya mai mulki.Magajinsa, Giorgi Kvirikashvili, ya yi ƙoƙarin haɓaka dangantakar haɗin gwiwa, amma Margvelashvili ya ci gaba da fuskantar adawa a cikin Mafarkin Jojiya, musamman game da sauye-sauyen tsarin mulkin da ya nemi soke zaɓen shugaban ƙasa kai tsaye - matakin da ya soki a matsayin mai yuwuwar haifar da tattara iko.A cikin 2017, Margvelashvili ya ki amincewa da gyare-gyaren tsarin mulki game da tsarin zaɓe da kuma sauye-sauye ga dokokin kafofin watsa labaru, wanda ya gani a matsayin barazana ga mulkin dimokuradiyya da yawan kafofin watsa labaru.Duk da wannan ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce, Majalisar Dokokin Jojiya da Mafarkin Mafarki ke mamaye da shi ya yi watsi da kutse.Haɗin gwiwar Matasa da Haƙƙin tsiraruMargvelashvili ya kasance mai himma wajen haɓaka ayyukan jama'a, musamman a tsakanin matasa.Ya goyi bayan tsare-tsare kamar yakin neman zaben "Muryar ku, makomarmu", karkashin jagorancin Cibiyar Turai-Georgia, wanda ke da nufin kara yawan shigar matasa a zaben 'yan majalisa na 2016.Wannan yunƙurin ya haifar da samar da wata hanyar sadarwa ta ƴan ƙasa masu himma a duk faɗin ƙasar, wanda ke nuna himmarsa na ƙarfafa matasa masu tasowa.Bugu da ƙari, Margvelashvili ya kasance mai goyon bayan ƴan tsiraru, gami da haƙƙin LGBTQ+.Ya fito fili ya kare ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki dangane da mayar da martani ga kyaftin din kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasa Guram Kashia, wanda ya sa rigar girman kai.Matsayin nasa ya bayyana kudurinsa na kare hakkin bil'adama ta fuskar 'yan adawa masu ra'ayin rikau.Karshen Shugabanci da GadoMargvelashvili ya zaɓi kada ya sake neman tsayawa takara a shekara ta 2018, inda ya nuna wa'adin mulkinsa a matsayin wanda ya mai da hankali kan tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali da kuma yin gyare-gyaren demokradiyya a cikin manyan ƙalubalen ciki da waje.Ya ba da damar mika mulki cikin lumana zuwa ga zababben shugaba Salome Zourabichvili, yana mai jaddada ci gaban dimokradiyyar Jojiya.Shugabancinsa ya bar gado mai gauraya na fafutukar tabbatar da akidar dimokuradiyya da tafiyar da sarkakiya na karfin ikon siyasa a Jojiya.

Bayan da aka rantsar da shi a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba, 2013, Zourabichvili ya fuskanci batutuwa da dama na cikin gida, musamman yadda ake tafiyar da sama da mutane 230,000 da suka rasa muhallansu sakamakon tashe-tashen hankula a Abkhazia da Kudancin Ossetia.Shugabancinta ya ga aiwatar da sabon kundin tsarin mulki wanda ya sauya iko mai yawa daga shugaban kasa zuwa Firayim Minista, ya canza yanayin siyasa da rawar da take takawa a cikinsa.Hanyar da Zourabichvili ta bi wajen gudanar da mulki ya hada da nuna kin amincewa da dukiyoyin da ke da alaka da magabata ta hanyar kin mamaye fadar shugaban kasa da farko.Daga baya gwamnatinta ta yi amfani da fadar wajen gudanar da bukukuwa a hukumance, matakin da ya janyo suka daga jama'a masu fada a ji kamar tsohuwar Fira Minista Bidzina Ivanishvili.Siyasar Harkokin Waje da Hulda da Kasashen DuniyaManufar Zourabichvili na harkokin waje ta kasance da haɗin kai a ƙasashen waje, wakiltar muradun Jojiya a duniya da kuma ba da shawarar shigar da ita cikin cibiyoyin Yamma.Zamanta na ci gaba da tada jijiyoyin wuya tsakaninta da Rasha, musamman game da halin da Abkhazia da Ossetia ta Kudu ke ciki.Burin Georgia na shiga Tarayyar Turai da NATO ya kasance tsakiyar gwamnatinta, wanda aikace-aikacen zama memba na EU ya bayyana a watan Maris na 2021, wani muhimmin mataki da sauye-sauyen yanayi ke karfafawa bayan mamayar da Rasha ta yi wa Ukraine a 2022.Kalubalen Tsarin Mulki da Shari'aShekarun baya-bayan nan na shugabancin Zourabichvili na fama da tashe-tashen hankula da jam'iyyar Dream Party mai mulkin kasar.Rashin jituwa kan manufofin ketare da kuma balaguron da ta yi a ketare ba tare da amincewar gwamnati ba ya haifar da rikicin tsarin mulki.Yunkurin da gwamnati ta yi na tsige ta, bisa la’akari da yadda kasashen duniya suka shiga ba tare da izini ba, ya jaddada rarrabuwar kawuna a siyasance.Duk da cewa tsigewar ba ta yi nasara ba, amma ta yi tsokaci kan gwagwarmayar da ake yi tsakanin fadar shugaban kasa da gwamnati dangane da alkiblar manufofin ketare da gwamnatin Jojiya.gyare-gyaren Tattalin Arziki da GudanarwaHar ila yau, shugabancin Zourabichvili ya ga matsalolin kasafin kuɗi, wanda ya haifar da raguwa mai yawa a cikin kudade na gwamnatin shugaban kasa da kuma rage yawan ma'aikata.Hukunce-hukuncen da suka hada da soke asusun shugaban kasa, wadanda ke tallafawa ayyuka daban-daban na ilimi da zamantakewa, sun kasance masu cece-kuce kuma suna nuni da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu da ke shafar ikonta na cika wasu ayyukanta na shugaban kasa.Hankalin Jama'a da GadoA duk tsawon lokacin shugabancinta, Zourabichvili ta zagaya ɗimbin ƙalubale daban-daban, tun daga sarrafa tashe-tashen hankulan siyasa na cikin gida da haɓaka sauye-sauyen tattalin arziƙi zuwa bin hanyar Georgia a fagen kasa da kasa.Jagorancinta a lokacin bala'in COVID-19, yanke shawara kan diflomasiyya na kasa da kasa, da kokarin inganta huldar jama'a duk sun ba da gudummawa ga gadonta, wanda ya kasance gauraye a cikin kalubalen siyasa.