Tarihin Afghanistan

Al'adun Helmand, wanda ya bunƙasa tsakanin 3300 zuwa 2350 KZ, ^[1] wayewar zamanin Bronze ne wanda ke cikin kwarin Helmand a kudancin Afghanistan da gabashin Iran.Yana da ƙayyadaddun ƙauyuka na birane, musamman Shahr-i Sokhta a Iran da Mundigak a Afghanistan, waɗanda ke cikin biranen da aka fara ganowa a yankin.Wannan al'adar ta nuna ci gaban tsarin zamantakewa, tare da shaidar haikali da fadoji.An yi ado da tukwane na wannan zamanin da launuka masu launi, dabbobi, da shuke-shuke, wanda ke nuna kyakkyawan yanayin al'adu.Fasaha ta Bronze ta kasance, kuma matani a cikin yaren Elam da aka samu a Shahr-i Sokhta suna ba da shawarar alaƙa da yammacin Iran da, ^[2] a ɗan ƙarami, tare da wayewar Kwarin Indus, kodayake akwai ɗan lokaci kaɗan tare da na ƙarshen.VM Masson ya rarraba wayewar farko dangane da ayyukan noma, banbance tsakanin wayewar noma na wurare masu zafi, na noman ban ruwa, da na noman Bahar Rum.A cikin wayewar noma na ban ruwa, ya ƙara gano waɗanda suka dogara da manyan koguna da waɗanda ke dogaro da ƙayyadaddun hanyoyin ruwa, tare da al'adun Helmand da suka dace da na ƙarshe.Dogaro da wannan wayewa ga iyakantaccen maɓuɓɓugar ruwa don aikin noma yana nuna hazakarsa da dacewa da muhalli.

Wayewar Oxus, wanda kuma aka sani da Bactria – Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC), wayewar wayewar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Kudancin Asiya ta Tsakiya, galibi a kusa da Amu Darya (Kogin Oxus) a Bactria da kogin Murghab a Margiana (Turkmenistan ta zamani) .An san shi don wuraren biranen da ke cikin Margiana da kuma wani muhimmin wuri a kudancin Bactria (yanzu arewacin Afganistan), wayewar tana da alaƙa da gine-ginen gine-gine, katangar bango, da ƙofofin, waɗanda aka gano a lokacin tonowar da masanin ilimin kimiya na Soviet Viktor Sarianidi ya jagoranta daga 1969 zuwa 1979. . Sarianidi ya sanya wa wayewar BMAC a 1976.Haɓakawa na Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC) yana ɗaukar lokaci da yawa, yana farawa da farkon zama a cikin tudun arewa na Kopet Dag a lokacin Neolithic a Jeitun (c. 7200-4600 KZ), ^[3] inda gidajen bulo na laka. kuma an fara kafa noma.Wannan zamanin, wanda aka sani da al'ummomin noma da suka samo asali a kudu maso yammacin Asiya, yana canzawa zuwa lokacin Chalcolithic tare da shaidar ci gaban noman amfanin gona wanda ya dace da yanayin bushewar da aka samu a Chagylly Depe.Zamanin yanki na gaba (4600-2800 KZ) ya ga bullar pre-Chalcolithic da ci gaban Chalcolithic a cikin yankin Kopet Dag da kuma kafa manyan ƙauyuka kamar Kara-Depe, Namazga-Depe, da Altyn-Depe, tare da ci gaba a cikin ƙarfe da ƙarfe. noma da bakin haure daga tsakiyar Iran suka bullo da shi.Wannan lokacin yana da alamar haɓakar yawan jama'a da bambancin ƙauyuka a fadin yankin.Ta Late Regionalization Era, ^[3] al'adar a Altyn Depe ta samo asali ne zuwa al'ummar gari, wanda ke nuna yanayin Namazga III (c. 3200-2800 BC) halayen Chalcolithic na ƙarshe.Zaman Haɗin kai, ko lokacin birni na BMAC, ya kai matsayinsa a Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar tare da manyan cibiyoyin biranen da ke haɓaka a cikin Kopet Dag piedmont, Margiana, da Kudancin Bactria, tare da fitattun wuraren makabarta a kudu maso yammacin Tajikistan.Manyan wuraren birane kamar Namazga Depe da Altyn Depe sun girma sosai, suna nuni da sarƙaƙƙiyar tsarin zamantakewa.Hakazalika, tsarin matsugunin Margiana, musamman a Gonur Depe da wuraren Kelleli, suna nuna ƙwararrun tsare-tsare na birane da ci gaban gine-gine, tare da ɗaukar Gonur babbar cibiya a yankin.Al'adun kayan aikin BMAC, wanda ke da alaƙa da ayyukan noma, manyan gine-ginen gine-gine, da ƙwarewar aikin ƙarfe, yana nuna haɓakar wayewa sosai.Kasancewar samfuran sufuri masu motsi daga c.3000 KZ a Altyn-Depe yana wakiltar ɗaya daga cikin alamun farko na irin wannan fasaha a tsakiyar Asiya.Ma'amala da al'adun maƙwabta na da mahimmanci, tare da shaidar archaeological da ke nuna kasuwanci da musayar al'adu tare da wayewar kwarin Indus, Plateau na Iran, da sauran su.Waɗannan hulɗar suna nuna rawar da BMAC ke takawa a cikin faffadan yanayin tarihin Eurasia.Har ila yau hadaddun ya kasance batun ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da Indo-Iraniyawa, tare da wasu masana suna ba da shawarar cewa BMAC na iya wakiltar al'adun kayan aiki na waɗannan ƙungiyoyi.Wannan hasashe yana samun goyan bayan haɗakar masu magana da harshen Indo-Iran daga al'adun Andronovo zuwa cikin BMAC, mai yuwuwar haifar da haɓaka harshe da al'adun Proto-Indo-Aryan a cikin wannan ƙaƙƙarfan al'umma kafin ƙaura zuwa kudu zuwa yankin Indiya.

Gandhara, wanda ke kusa da kwarin Peshawar da kwarin Swat, ya ba da tasirin al'adunsa a kogin Indus zuwa Taxila a cikin Potohar Plateau, zuwa yamma zuwa kwarin Kabul da Bamiyan a cikin Afghanistan, kuma zuwa arewa zuwa iyakar Karakoram.A cikin karni na 6 KZ, ya fito a matsayin babban ikon daular a arewa maso yammacin Asiya ta Kudu, yana hade da kwarin Kashmir da kuma yin aiki a kan jihohin Punjab kamar Kekayas, Madrakas, Uśīnaras, da Shivis.Sarki Pukkusāti na Gandhāra, yana mulki a kusan shekara ta 550 KZ, ya fara ayyukan faɗaɗawa, musamman yin karo da Sarki Pradyota na Avanti, kuma ya sami nasara.Bayan waɗannan cin nasara, Cyrus Babban Daular Achaemenid na Farisa, bayan nasararsa a kan Media, Lydia, da Babila, ya mamaye Gandhara kuma ya shigar da shi cikin daularsa, musamman ya yi niyya a kan iyakar Indus da ke kusa da Peshawar.Duk da haka, masana kamar Kaikhosru Danjibuoy Sethna sun ba da shawarar cewa Pukkusāti ya ci gaba da kula da ragowar Gandhara da yammacin Punjab, wanda ke nuna ikon yankin a lokacin mamaye Achaemenid.

Mediya, al'ummar Iran , sun isa a cikin 700s KZ kuma sun sami rinjaye a kan mafi yawan tsohuwar Afghanistan, wanda ke nuna farkon kasancewar kabilun Iran a yankin.^[4] A matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƙabilun farko da suka kafa daula a yankin ƙasar Iran, Mediya sun yi tasiri sosai kuma da farko sun yi iko da Farisa a lardin Fars a kudu.Ikon su a kan sassan Afganistan mai nisa ya ci gaba har zuwa hawan Cyrus Mai Girma, wanda ya kafa Daular Farisa ta Achaemenid , wanda ke nuna alamar canjin iko a yankin.

Bayan nasarar da Darius I na Farisa ya yi, Afghanistan ta shiga cikin Daular Achaemenid kuma ta rabu cikin satrapies da ke karkashin jagorancin satraps.Maɓalli masu mahimmanci sun haɗa da Aria, wanda ke daidaitawa da Lardin Herat na yanzu, mai iyaka da tsaunin tsaunuka da hamadar da ke raba shi da yankuna makwabta, Ptolemy da Strabo suka rubuta sosai.Arachosia, daidai da yankunan Kandahar na zamani, Lashkar Gah, da Quetta, maƙwabta Drangiana, Paropamisadae, da Gedrosia.Mazauna garin, Arachosians na Iran ko Arachoti, ana hasashen cewa suna da alaƙa da ƙabilar Pashtun, waɗanda a tarihi ake kira Paktyans.Bactriana, wanda ke arewacin Kush Hindu, yammacin Pamirs, da kudancin Tian Shan tare da kogin Amu Darya da ke tafiya zuwa yamma ta Balkh, wani yanki ne mai mahimmanci na Achaemenid.Sattagydia, wanda Herodotus ya bayyana a matsayin wani yanki na gundumar haraji ta bakwai tare da Gandārae, Dadicae, da Aparytae, mai yiwuwa ya miƙe gabas da tsaunin Sulaiman zuwa kogin Indus, kusa da Bannu na yau.Gandhara, wanda ya yi daidai da yankunan Kabul, Jalalabad, da Peshawar, ya ƙara fayyace yawan isar da daular.

Daular Achaemenid ta fada hannun Alexander the Great , wanda ya kai ga ja da baya da kuma shan kashi na karshe na mulkinsa, Darius III.Da yake neman mafaka a Balkh, Bessus, ɗan Bactrian mai daraja ya kashe Darius III ya kashe shi kuma ya ayyana kansa Artaxerxes V, sarkin Farisa.Duk da haka, Bessus ba zai iya jure wa sojojin Alexander ba, ya gudu zuwa Balkh don tattara tallafi.Ƙoƙarinsa ya ci tura sa’ad da ƙabilun yankin suka ba da shi ga Alexander, wanda ya sa aka azabtar da shi kuma aka kashe shi don ya yi gyara.Bayan ya mallaki Farisa , Alexander the Great ya ci gaba zuwa gabas inda ya fuskanci turjiya daga kabilar Kamboja, musamman Aspasioi da Assakenoi, a lokacin da ya mamaye yankin da ke gabashin Afghanistan da yammacin Pakistan.^[5] Kambojas sun zauna a yankin Hindukush, yankin da ya ga sarakuna daban-daban ciki har da Vedic Mahajanapada, Pali Kapiśi, Indo-Greeks, Kushans, Gandharans, zuwa Paristan, kuma a halin yanzu an raba tsakanin Pakistan da gabashin Afghanistan.A tsawon lokaci, Kambojas sun shiga cikin sababbin sunayen, kodayake wasu kabilu a yau suna adana sunayen kakanninsu.Yusufzai Pashtuns, Kom/Kamoz na Nuristan, Ashkun na Nuristan, Yashkun Shina Dards, da Kamboj na Punjab misalai ne na ƙungiyoyin da ke riƙe al'adun Kamboja.Bugu da ƙari, ƙasar sunan Cambodia ta samo asali ne daga Kamboja.^[6]Alexander ya mutu a shekara ta 323 KZ a shekara ta 32, ya bar wata daular da, saboda rashin haɗin kai na siyasa, ta wargaje yayin da manyansa suka raba shi a tsakaninsu.Seleucus, ɗaya daga cikin kwamandojin sojan doki na Alexander the Great, ya ɗauki iko a kan yankunan gabas bayan mutuwar Alexander, ya kafa daular Seleucid .Duk da muradin sojojin Macedonia na komawa Girka, Seleucus ya mai da hankali kan tabbatar da iyakarsa ta gabas.A cikin karni na 3 KZ, ya sake mayar da mutanen Ionian Girka zuwa Balkh a cikin sauran yankuna, da nufin karfafa matsayinsa da tasirinsa a yankin.Daular Maurya , karkashin jagorancin Chandragupta Maurya ta kara dagula addinin Hindu tare da gabatar da addinin Buddah a yankin, kuma suna shirin kama wasu yankuna na tsakiyar Asiya har sai sun fuskanci sojojin Greco-Bactrian na gida.An ce Seleucus ya cimma yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da Chandragupta ta hanyar ba da ikon mallakar yankin kudu da Hindu Kush ga Mauryas a kan auratayya da giwaye 500.Muhimman tsoffin abubuwan tarihi na addinin Buddha na Afganistan an rubuta su ta hanyar manyan abubuwan gano kayan tarihi, gami da ragowar addini da fasaha.An ba da rahoton cewa koyarwar Buddha ta kai har zuwa Balkh har ma a lokacin rayuwar Buddha (563 - 483 KZ), kamar yadda Husang Tsang ya rubuta.

Yankin Bactria ya ga gabatarwar mazauna Girka tun farkon mulkin Darius I , wanda ya kori jama'ar Barça daga Cyrenaica zuwa Bactria saboda kin mika masu kisan gilla.^[7] Tasirin Girkanci a yankin ya faɗaɗa ƙarƙashin Xerxes I, wanda aka yi masa alama ta tilasta ƙaura daga zuriyar firistocin Girka daga kusa da Didyma a yammacin Asiya Ƙaramar Asiya zuwa Bactria, tare da sauran ƴan gudun hijira na Girka da fursunonin yaƙi.A shekara ta 328 KZ, lokacin da Alexander the Great ya ci Bactria, al'ummomin Girka da harshen Girka sun riga sun zama ruwan dare a yankin.^[8]Mulkin Greco-Bactrian, wanda Diodotus I Soter ya kafa a shekara ta 256 KZ, wata ƙasa ce ta Hellenanci a Asiya ta Tsakiya kuma wani yanki na gabas na Hellenistic a duniya.Ya mamaye Afghanistan ta zamani, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, da wasu sassan Kazakhstan, Iran , da Pakistan , wannan masarauta ta kasance daya daga cikin mafi nisa daga gabashin al'adun Hellenistic.Ya fadada tasirinsa zuwa gabas, mai yiyuwa har zuwa kan iyakokin kasar Qin a kusan 230 KZ.Manyan biranen masarautar, Ai-Khanum da Bactra, an san su da dukiyarsu, tare da bikin Bactria da kanta a matsayin "ƙasar biranen zinariya dubu."Euthydemus, asalinsa daga Magnesia, ya hambarar da Diodotus II a kusa da 230-220 KZ, ya kafa daularsa a Bactria kuma ya mika ikonsa zuwa Sogdiana.^[9] Mulkinsa ya fuskanci ƙalubale daga sarkin Seleucid Antiochus III a kusa da 210 KZ, wanda ya kai ga kewayewa na shekaru uku a Bactra (Balkh na zamani), wanda ya ƙare da Antiochus ya amince da mulkin Euthydemus kuma ya ba da haɗin kai na aure.^[10]Dan Euthydemus, Demetrius, ya fara mamayeyankin Indiya a kusa da 180 KZ, bayan faduwar Daular Mauryan.Masana tarihi sun yi muhawara game da dalilansa, tun daga goyon bayan Mauryans zuwa kare addinin Buddha daga zaluncin Shungas.Kamfen ɗin Demetrius, wanda wataƙila ya kai Pataliputra (Patna ta zamani), ya aza harsashin Mulkin Indo-Greek, yana dawwama har kusan 10 CE.Wannan zamanin ya ga bunƙasa addinin Buddha da haɗin gwiwar al'adu na Greco-Buda, musamman a ƙarƙashin Sarki Menander I.Kusan 170 KZ, Eucratides, mai yiyuwa ne Janar ko kuma Seleucid, ya rushe daular Euthydemid a Bactria.Wani Sarkin Indiya, mai yiwuwa Demetrius II, yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da Bactria amma ya ci nasara.Daga nan Eucratides ya faɗaɗa mulkinsa zuwa arewa maso yammacin Indiya, har sai da Menander I. Ya kayar da Eucratides daga hannun Sarkin Parthian Mithridates I, mai yuwuwar haɗaka da magoya bayan Euthydemid, ya raunana matsayinsa.A shekara ta 138 KZ, Mithridates I ya ba da ikonsa zuwa yankin Indus, amma mutuwarsa a shekara ta 136 KZ ya bar yankin ya kasance mai rauni, wanda ya kai ga mulkin Heliocles I a kan sauran ƙasashe.Wannan lokacin ya nuna raguwar Bactria, yana fallasa shi ga mamayewar makiyaya.

Masarautar Indo-Greek, wacce ta kasance daga kusan 200 KZ zuwa 10 AZ, ta mamaye sassan Afghanistan na zamani, Pakistan , da arewa maso yammacin Indiya .An kafa ta ne ta hanyar mamayeyankin Indiya da Sarkin Graeco-Bactrian Demetrius, daga baya Eucratides ya biyo baya.Wannan masarauta ta zamanin Hellenistic, wanda kuma aka sani da Masarautar Yavana, ta ƙunshi haɗaɗɗun al'adun Girka da Indiya, kamar yadda tsabar kuɗi, harshe, da ragowar kayan tarihi suka tabbatar.Masarautar ta ƙunshi gwamnatoci daban-daban waɗanda ke da manyan birane a yankuna kamar Taxila (a cikin Punjab na zamani), Pushkalavati, da Sagala, wanda ke nuni da kasancewar Girkanci a yankin.An san Indo-Greeks don haɗa abubuwan Girkanci da Indiyawa, suna yin tasiri sosai ga fasaha ta hanyar tasirin Greco-Buddha da yuwuwar samar da ƙabilar ƙabila a tsakanin azuzuwan masu mulki.Menander I, Sarkin Indo-Greek wanda ya fi shahara, ya kafa babban birninsa a Sagala (Sialkot na yanzu).Bayan mutuwarsa, yankunan Indo-Greek sun wargaje, kuma tasirinsu ya ragu, wanda ya haifar da masarautu na gida da kuma jumhuriya.Indo-Greeks sun fuskanci mamayewar Indo-Scythians kuma daga ƙarshe Indo-Scythians, Indo-Parthians, da Kushan sun mamaye su ko kuma sun raba su, tare da yawan mutanen Girka da ke yiwuwa su kasance a yankin har zuwa ƙarshen 415 CE a ƙarƙashin Satraps na Yamma.

Indo-Scythians, ko Indo-Sakas, su ne Scythian makiyaya na Iran da suka yi hijira daga Asiya ta Tsakiya zuwa arewa maso yammacinIndiya (Afganistan, Pakistan , da arewacin Indiya a yau) daga tsakiyar karni na 2 KZ zuwa karni na 4 AD.Maues (Moga), Sarkin Saka na farko a Indiya a cikin karni na 1 KZ, ya kafa mulkinsa a Gandhara, kwarin Indus, da kuma bayansa, ya cinye Indo-Greeks da sauransu.Daga baya Indo-Scythians sun shiga karkashin daular Kushan, karkashin jagorancin shugabanni irin su Kujula Kadphises ko Kanishka, duk da haka sun ci gaba da gudanar da wasu yankuna a matsayin satrapies, wanda aka sani da Arewa da Yammacin Satraps.Mulkinsu ya fara raguwa a karni na 2 AZ bayan cin kashin da sarkin Satavahana Gautamiputra Satakarni ya yi.Kasancewar Indo-Scythian a arewa maso yamma ya ƙare tare da shan kashi na ƙarshe na Satrap na Yamma, Rudrasimha III, da Sarkin Gupta Chandragupta II ya yi a 395 AD.Indo-Scythian mamayewa ya nuna wani muhimmin lokaci na tarihi, wanda ya shafi yankuna ciki har da Bactria, Kabul, yankin Indiya, da kuma fadada tasirin zuwa Roma da Parthia .Sarakunan farko na wannan masarauta sun haɗa da Maues (kimanin 85 – 60 KZ) da Vonones (kimanin 75–65 KZ), kamar yadda tsoffin masana tarihi kamar Arrian da Claudius Ptolemy suka rubuta, waɗanda suka lura da salon makiyaya na Sakas.

Yuezhi, wanda asalinsa daga Hexi Corridor kusa da daular Han , Xiongnu ya raba su da muhallansu a shekara ta 176 KZ kuma suka yi ƙaura zuwa yamma bayan ƙaura daga Wusun.A shekara ta 132 KZ, sun koma kudu da Kogin Oxus, suna korar makiyayan Sakastan.^[11] Ziyarar da jami'in diflomasiyyar Han Zhang Qian ya kai a shekara ta 126 KZ ya bayyana matsugunan Yuezhi a arewacin Oxus da iko da Bactria, wanda ke nuni da irin karfin da suke da shi na soja, wanda ya bambanta da sojojin Greco-Bactrian na mahaya 10,000 karkashin Euthydemus na farko a shekara ta 208 KZ.^[12] Zhang Qian ya siffanta Bactria da ta lalace tare da tsarin siyasa bace amma ingantattun ababen more rayuwa na birane.Yuezhi ya fadada zuwa Bactria a shekara ta 120 KZ, wanda Wusun ya mamaye shi kuma ya kori kabilun Scythian zuwaIndiya .Wannan ya haifar da kafa Indo-Scythians daga ƙarshe.Heliocles, yana ƙaura zuwa kwarin Kabul, ya zama sarkin Greco-Bactrian na ƙarshe, tare da zuriyar da suka ci gaba da mulkin Indo-Greek har zuwa kusan 70 KZ, lokacin da Yuezhi mamayewa ya ƙare mulkin Hermaeus a cikin Paropamisadae.Zaman Yuezhi a Bactria ya dau fiye da karni, inda suka rungumi al'adun Hellenanci, kamar haruffan Girkanci na harshen kotun Iran daga baya, da kuma fitar da tsabar kudi a cikin salon Greco-Bactrian.A shekara ta 12 KZ, sun ci gaba zuwa arewacin Indiya, suka kafa daular Kushan.

Masarautar Indo-Parthian, wacce Gondophares ta kafa a kusa da 19 CE, ta sami bunƙasa har zuwa kusan 226 AZ, ta mamaye gabashin Iran , sassan Afghanistan, da yankin arewa maso yammacin Indiya.Wannan masarauta, mai yuwuwa tana da alaƙa da House of Suren, wasu kuma suna kiranta da “Suren Masarautar”.^[13] Gondophares ya ayyana 'yancin kai daga Daular Parthia , yana fadada mulkinsa ta hanyar mamaye yankuna daga Indo-Scythians da Indo-Greeks, kodayake daga baya ya rage girmansa ta hanyar mamayewar Kushan.Indo-Parthians sun yi nasarar kula da yankuna kamar Sakastan har zuwa kusan 224/5 AZ lokacin da Daular Sasaniya ta ci nasara.^[14]Gondophares I, mai yiwuwa daga Seistan kuma mai alaƙa ko vassal na Apracarajas, ya faɗaɗa yankinsa zuwa tsoffin yankunan Indo-Scythian kusa da 20-10 KZ, wanda ya ƙunshi Arachosia, Seistan, Sindh, Punjab, da kwarin Kabul.Daularsa ta kasance sako-sako da tarayya na kananan sarakuna, ciki har da Apracarajas da Indo-Scythian satraps, wadanda suka yarda da girmansa.Bayan mutuwar Gondophares I, daular ta wargaje.Sanannun magada sun haɗa da Gondophares II (Sarpedones), da Abdagases, ɗan ɗan'uwan Gondophares, wanda ya mulki Punjab da yuwuwar Seistan.Masarautar ta ga jerin ƙananan sarakuna da rarrabuwa na cikin gida, tare da yankuna a hankali da Kushan suka mamaye daga tsakiyar karni na 1 AD.Indo-Parthians sun ci gaba da riƙe wasu yankuna har zuwa faduwar daular Parthia zuwa daular Sasaniya a kusan 230 AD.Yakin Sasaniya na Turan da Sakastan a wajajen shekara ta 230 AZ ya nuna ƙarshen mulkin Indo-Parthiya, kamar yadda Al-Tabari ya rubuta.

Daular Kushan, wacce Yuezhi ta kafa a yankin Bactrian a farkon karni na 1 AZ, ta fadada daga tsakiyar Asiya zuwa arewa maso yammacin Indiya karkashin sarki Kujula Kadphises.Wannan daular, a kololuwarta, ta rufe yankunan da a yanzu suke cikin Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan , da arewacin Indiya .Kushans, mai yiwuwa reshe ne na ƙungiyar Yuezhi mai yuwuwar asalin Tocharian, ^[15] sun yi ƙaura daga arewa maso yammacinChina zuwa Bactria, suna haɗa Girkanci, Hindu , Buddhist , da abubuwan Zoroastrian cikin al'adunsu.Kujula Kadphises, wanda ya kafa daular, ya rungumi al'adun Greco-Bactrian kuma ya kasance Hindu Shaivite.Wadanda suka gaje shi, Vima Kadphises da Vasudeva II, suma sun goyi bayan addinin Hindu, yayin da addinin Buddah ya bunkasa a karkashin mulkinsu, musamman tare da Sarkin Kanishka ya bazu zuwa tsakiyar Asiya da China.Wannan zamanin da aka yi wa lakabi da "Pax Kushana" ya taimaka wajen yin mu'amalar cinikayya da al'adu, ciki har da kula da hanyar Gandhara zuwa kasar Sin, da inganta yaduwar addinin Buddah na Mahayana.^[16]Kushan sun ci gaba da huldar diflomasiyya da Daular Rum, da Farisa ta Sasaniya , da Daular Aksumite, da Han China , inda suka sanya daular Kushan a matsayin wata muhimmiyar gada ta kasuwanci da al'adu.Duk da mahimmancinsa, yawancin tarihin daular an san shi daga rubutun kasashen waje, musamman asusun kasar Sin, yayin da suke canzawa daga Girkanci zuwa harshen Bactrian don dalilai na gudanarwa.Rarrabuwa a cikin karni na 3 ya haifar da wasu masarautu masu cin gashin kansu wadanda ke da rauni ga mamayar Sasania na yamma, suna kafa Masarautar Kushano-Sasanian a yankuna kamar Sogdiana, Bactria, da Gandhara.Karni na 4 ya ga ƙarin matsin lamba daga Daular Gupta, kuma daga ƙarshe, dauloli na Kushan da Kushano-Sasania sun mika wuya ga mamayewar Kidarites da Hephthalites.

Masarautar Kushano-Sasaniya, wacce aka fi sani da Indo-Sasaniyawa, an kafa shi a ƙarni na 3 da na 4 ta Daular Sasaniya a yankunan Sogdia, Bactria, da Gandhara, wanda a baya wani yanki ne na daular Kushan da ke raguwa.Bayan cin nasarar da suka yi a shekara ta 225 A.Z., hakimai da Sasaniya suka naɗa sun karɓi laƙabin Kushanshah, ko kuma “Sarkin Kushans,” suna nuna mulkinsu ta hanyar fitar da tsabar kudi.Yawancin lokaci ana kallon wannan lokacin a matsayin "sarauta" a cikin daular Sasaniya mafi fa'ida, tana riƙe da matakin 'yancin kai har zuwa kusan 360-370 AZ.Daga karshe Kushano-Sasaniyawa sun fuskanci shan kashi daga Kidariyawa, wanda ya kai ga asarar yankuna masu yawa.Ragowar yankinsu sun koma cikin Daular Sasaniya.Daga bisani, Hephthalites, wanda aka fi sani da Alchon Huns, sun rushe Kidarites, wadanda suka fadada ikon su zuwa Bactria, Gandhara, har ma da tsakiyar Indiya.Wannan nadin sarauta ya ci gaba da mulkin daular Turk Shahi sannan kuma daular Shah Hindu, har lokacin da musulmi suka mamaye yankunan arewa maso yammacinIndiya .

A cikin karni na 3 AD, rarrabuwar daular Kushan ta haifar da samuwar kasashe masu cin gashin kai, masu rauni ga fadada daular Sasaniya (224-561 CE), wacce a shekara ta 300 CE ta mamaye Afghanistan, ta kafa Kushanshahs a matsayin masu mulkin vassal.Ƙabilun Asiya ta Tsakiya sun ƙalubalanci ikon Sasanian, wanda ya haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankali da yakin yanki.Rugujewar kariyar Kushan da Sasaniya ta share fagen mamayewa daga Xionites/Hunas tun daga karni na 4 zuwa gaba.Musamman ma, Hephthalites sun fito ne daga tsakiyar Asiya a karni na 5, inda suka ci Bactria tare da haifar da babbar barazana ga Iran, a ƙarshe sun kifar da ƙungiyoyin Kushan na ƙarshe.Mallakar Hephthalite ya kasance kusan karni guda, wanda ke da ci gaba da rikici tare da Sasaniyawa, waɗanda suka ci gaba da yin tasiri a yankin.A tsakiyar karni na 6, Hephthalites sun fuskanci shan kashi a yankunan arewacin Amu Darya ta Göktürks kuma Sasaniyawa sun ci nasara a kudancin kogin.Göktürks, karkashin jagorancin Sijin, sun sami nasara a kan Hephthalites a yakin Chach (Tashkent) da Bukhara, wanda ke nuna gagarumin sauyi a cikin karfin ikon yankin.

Kidariyawa wata daula ce da ta mallaki Bactria da maƙwabtan sassan Asiya ta Tsakiya da Kudancin Asiya a ƙarni na 4 da 5.Kidariyawa sun kasance na rukunin mutanen da aka sani gaba ɗaya a Indiya kamar Huna, kuma a cikin Turai a matsayin Chionites kuma ana iya ɗaukarsu iri ɗaya da Chionites.Kabilar Huna/Xionite galibi ana danganta su, ko da yake ana ta da cece-kuce, da Hun da suka mamaye Gabashin Turai a irin wannan lokaci.An sanya wa Kidariyawa sunan Kidara daya daga cikin manyan sarakunansu.Kidarites sun bayyana sun kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar Huna da aka sani a cikin asalin Latin kamar "Kermichiones" (daga Karmir Xyon na Iran) ko "Red Huna".Kidarites sun kafa na farko cikin manyan jahohin Xionite/Huna guda huɗu a tsakiyar Asiya, sai Alchon, da Hephthalites da Nezak.A cikin 360-370 AZ, an kafa daular Kidarite a yankunan Asiya ta Tsakiya wanda Daular Sasaniya ta mulki a baya, wanda ya maye gurbin Kushano-Sasanians a Bactria.Bayan haka, daular Sasania ta tsaya sosai a Merv.Bayan haka, kusan 390-410 CE, Kidarites sun mamaye arewa maso yammacinIndiya , inda suka maye gurbin ragowar daular Kushan a yankin Punjab.Kidariyawa sun kafa babban birninsu ne a Samarkand, inda suke tsakiyar cibiyar hada-hadar kasuwanci ta Asiya ta tsakiya, da alaka da Sogdians.Kidariyawa suna da mulki mai ƙarfi kuma suna tara haraji, a maimakon haka suna gudanar da yankunansu yadda ya kamata, sabanin sifar barasa da ke kishin halaka da asusun Farisa suka bayar.

Hephthalites, waɗanda galibi ana kiransu da White Hun, mutanen tsakiyar Asiya ne waɗanda suka bunƙasa daga ƙarni na 5 zuwa 8 AZ, waɗanda suka zama wani muhimmin ɓangare na Hun na Iran.Daularsu, wacce aka fi sani da Imperial Hephthalites, tana da ƙarfi sosai tsakanin 450 zuwa 560 AZ, wanda ya tashi daga Bactria a fadin Tarim Basin zuwa Sogdia da kudu ta Afghanistan.Duk da fadada su, ba su ketare Hindu Kush ba, wanda ya bambanta su da Alchon Huns.Wannan lokaci ya sami nasarori irin na Kidariyya da fadada yankuna daban-daban har sai da kawancen Khaganate na Turkiya na farko da daular Sasaniya a wajajen shekara ta 560 Miladiyya.Bayan cin nasara, Hephthalites sun yi nasarar kafa mulkoki a Tokharistan karkashin jagorancin Turawan Yamma da Sasaniyawa, har zuwa hawan Tokhara Yabghus a 625 AD.Babban birninsu mai yiwuwa Kunduz ne, wanda ke kudancin Uzbekistan da arewacin Afghanistan a yau.Duk da shan kashin da suka yi a shekara ta 560 AZ, Hephthalites sun ci gaba da taka rawa a yankin, inda suka ci gaba da kasancewa a yankunan kamar kwarin Zarafshan da Kabul, da sauransu.Rushewar daular Hephthalite a tsakiyar karni na 6 ya haifar da rarrabuwar su zuwa manyan hukumomi.Wannan zamanin ya gamu da manyan fadace-fadace, ciki har da fitaccen yakin da aka yi a yakin Gol-Zarriun da kawancen Turkiyya da Sasania.Duk da koma bayan da aka samu a farko, da suka hada da sauye-sauyen shugabanci da kalubale daga Sasaniyawa da Turkawa, kasancewar Hephthalite ya ci gaba da wanzuwa ta fuskoki daban-daban a fadin yankin.Tarihinsu ya ga ƙarin sarƙaƙƙiya tare da rabuwar Khaganate na Yammacin Turai da rikice-rikicen da suka biyo baya da Sasaniyawa.A karshen karni na 6, yankunan Hephthalite sun fara fadawa hannun Turkawa, inda suka kai ga kafa daular Tokhara Yabghus a shekara ta 625 AZ, wanda ke nuna wani sabon yanayi a fagen siyasar yankin.Wannan juyin mulki ya haifar da zamanin Turkawa Shahis da Zunbils, wanda ya shimfida gadon mulkin Turkawa a tsakiyar Asiya da kuma tasiri a tarihin yankin har zuwa karni na 9 AD.

An fara fadada musulmin larabawa zuwa kasar Afganistan ne bayan yakin Nahāvand a shekara ta 642 miladiyya, wanda ya kasance farkon mamayar musulmi a yankin.Wannan lokaci ya tsawaita zuwa karni na 10 zuwa na 12 a karkashin daular Ghaznavid da Ghurid, wadanda suka yi tasiri wajen tabbatar da cikakken Musuluntar Afganistan.Yakin farko a karni na 7 ya yi niyya ga yankunan Zoroastrian a Khorasan da Sistan, tare da manyan biranen kamar Balkh sun yi nasara a shekara ta 705 AZ.Kafin wadannan mamaya, yankunan gabashin Afghanistan sun yi tasiri sosai daga addinanIndiyawa , galibin addinin Buddah da Hindu , wadanda suka fuskanci turjiya da ci gaban musulmi.Duk da cewa Daular Umayyad ta yi nasarar kafa ikon mallakar yankin, ainihin canji ya faru tare da Ghaznavids, wadanda suka rage karfin Hindu Shahis a Kabul yadda ya kamata.Yaduwar addinin Islama ya ga bambance-bambance a yankuna daban-daban, tare da gagarumin juzu'i kamar na Bamiyan wanda ya faru a ƙarshen karni na 8.Amma duk da haka, sai da mamayar Ghaznavid, yankunan kamar Ghur suka rungumi addinin musulunci, wanda ke nuni da kawo karshen yunkurin Larabawa na mallakar yankin kai tsaye.Zuwan Pashtuns, da suka yi hijira daga tsaunin Sulaiman a cikin ƙarni na 16 da 17, ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a yanayin al'umma da na addini, yayin da suka mamaye 'yan asalin ƙasar da suka haɗa da Tajik, Hazaras, da Nuristanis.Nuristan, wanda aka sani da Kafiristan saboda ayyukan da ba musulmi ba, ya ci gaba da bin addinin Hindu na shirka har zuwa lokacin da aka yi masa juyin juya hali a karkashin Amir Abdul Rahman Khan a 1895-1896 AD.^[17] Wannan lokaci na cin nasara da sauye-sauyen al'adu sun yi tasiri sosai ga tsarin addini da kabilanci na Afghanistan, wanda ya kai ga rinjaye na Musulunci a halin yanzu.

Turk Shahis, daular da kila ta kasance ta Turk ta Yamma, gauraye Turko-Hephthalite, asalin Hephthalite, ko kuma watakila kabilar Khalaj, ta yi mulki daga Kabul da Kapisa zuwaGandhara tsakanin karni na 7 da 9 AD.Karkashin jagorancin mai mulkin Turkawa ta Yamma Tong Yabghu Qaghan, Turkawa sun tsallaka Hindu-Kush suka mamaye Gandhara har zuwa kogin Indus a shekara ta 625 CE.Yankin Turk Shahi ya kai daga Kapisi zuwa Gandhara, kuma a wani lokaci, reshen Turkawa a Zabulistan ya zama mai cin gashin kansa.Gandhara, wanda ke kan iyaka da masarautun Kashmir da Kannauj zuwa gabas, yana da Udabhandapura a matsayin babban birninsa, mai yiwuwa ya zama babban birnin hunturu tare da matsayin Kabul a matsayin babban birnin bazara.MahajjacinKoriya Hui Chao, wanda ya ziyarci tsakanin 723 zuwa 729 AD, ya rubuta cewa waɗannan yankuna suna ƙarƙashin mulkin sarakunan Turkiyya.Bayan faduwar daular Sasaniya a cikin Halifancin Rashidun , Turk Shahis sun kasance wani yanki ne na Turawan Yamma wadanda suka fadada daga Transoxonia zuwa Bactria da yankin Hindu-Kush daga 560s, a ƙarshe sun maye gurbin Nezak Huns, yankin na ƙarshe. Sarakunan Bactrian na zuriyar Xwn ko Huna.Juriyar da daular ta yi wa faduwar gabas na Khalifancin Abbasiyawa ya kai sama da shekaru 250 har sai da Saffarid Farisa suka yi nasara a kansu a karni na 9 AD.Kabulistan, wanda ya haɗa da Zabulistan da Gandhara a lokuta daban-daban, ya kasance a matsayin ƙasar Turk Shahi.FageA cikin 653 AZ, daular Tang ta rubuta Ghar-ilchi, sarkin Nezak na ƙarshe, a matsayin sarkin Jibin.A shekara ta 661 AZ, ya kulla yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da Larabawa a wannan shekarar.Sai dai a shekara ta 664-665 Miladiyya, Abd al-Rahman ibn Samura ya kai hari a yankin, wanda ke da nufin kwato yankunan da aka rasa a yakin halifanci.Abubuwa da yawa sun raunana Nezak sosai, tare da mai mulkinsu ya musulunta kuma ya tsira.A wajajen shekara ta 666/667 AZ, Turkawa Shahis ne suka maye gurbin shugabancin Nezak, da farko a Zabulistan sannan daga baya a Kabulistan da Gandhara.An yi muhawara game da asalin kabila na Turkiyya Shahis, kuma kalmar na iya zama yaudara.Tun kimanin shekara ta 658 AZ, Turkawa Shahis, tare da sauran Turkawa ta Yamma, suna karkashin ikon daular Tang taChina .Bayanai na kasar Sin, musamman na Cefu Yuangui, sun bayyana Turkawa Kabul a matsayin 'yan baranda ga Tokharistan Yabghus, wadanda suka yi alkawarin yin biyayya ga daular Tang.A shekara ta 718 AZ, Puluo, kanin Tokhara Yabghu Pantu Nili, ya kai rahoto ga kotun Tang da ke Xi'an.Ya yi cikakken bayani kan karfin soja a Tokharistan, yana mai lura da cewa "sarautu dari biyu da goma sha biyu, hakimai, da hakimai" sun yarda da ikon Yabghus.Wannan ya hada da sarkin Zabul wanda ya jagoranci sojoji da dawakai dubu dari biyu, haka ma sarkin Kabul, tun daga zamanin kakansu.Juriya ga Faɗawar LarabawaKarkashin jagorancin Barha Tegin, Turkawa Shahis sun kaddamar da farmaki cikin nasara a shekara ta 665 AD, inda suka kwato yankuna har Arachosia da Kandahar daga hannun Larabawa bayan Abd al-Rahman ibn Samura ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin Gwamnan Sistan.Daga baya, an mayar da babban birnin kasar daga Kapisa zuwa Kabul.Sabbin hare-haren da Larabawa suka yi a shekara ta 671 CE da 673 miladiyya a karkashin sabbin gwamnoni sun fuskanci turjiya, wanda ya kai ga yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da ta amince da Shahi ya mallaki Kabul da Zabul.Yunkurin Larabawa na kama Kabul da Zabulistan a shekara ta 683 AZ ya ci tura, wanda ya haifar da hasarar Larabawa.Duk da taƙaice rasa iko ga Larabawa tsakanin 684-685 CE, Shahis sun nuna juriya.Yunkurin Larabawa a shekara ta 700 ya ƙare a cikin yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da tawaye na cikin gida a cikin rukunin Umayyawa .A shekara ta 710 AZ, Tegin Shah, ɗan Barha, ya sake tabbatar da iko a kan Zabulistan, kamar yadda tarihin kasar Sin ya nuna, yana nuna lokacin da ake samun sauye-sauyen dogaro da siyasa da tsayin daka ga ikon Larabawa.Daga shekara ta 711 AZ, Shahis sun fuskanci sabuwar barazana daga kudu maso gabas na musulmi tare da yakin Muhammad bn Qasim, inda suka kafa lardin Umayyawa da kuma lardin Sind har zuwa Multan karkashin ikon Abbasid, wanda ya gabatar da kalubale mai dorewa har zuwa 854 AD.Ragewa da FaɗuwaA shekara ta 739 AZ, Tegin Shah ya yi murabus tare da goyon bayan dansa Fromo Kesaro, wanda ya ci gaba da gwagwarmaya da sojojin Larabawa tare da nasara.A shekara ta 745 AZ, dan Fromo Kesaro, Bo Fuzhun, ya hau kan karagar mulki, inda ya samu karbuwa a tsohon littafin Tang da kuma lakabin soja daga daular Tang, wanda ke nuni da kulla kawance da fadada yankunan Musulunci.Janyewar kasar Sin a shekara ta 760 AZ, bayan shan kashin da suka yi a yakin Talas a shekara ta 751 AZ da tawayen An Lushan, ya rage matsayin Turkawa Shahis a fannin siyasa.A wajen 775-785 CE, wani sarkin Turkiyya Shahi ya mika wa Abbasid Khalifa Al-Mahdi bukatar mubaya'a.Rikicin ya ci gaba har zuwa karni na 9, tare da Turkawa Shahis, karkashin jagorancin Pati Dumi, sun yi amfani da damar da Babban Yakin Abbasiyawa (811-819 CE) ya bayar don mamaye Khorasan.Duk da haka, ci gaban nasu ya ragu a wajajen shekara ta 814/815 Miladiyya lokacin da dakarun Abbasiyawa Halifa Al-Ma'amun suka fatattake su, suka shiga Gandhara.Wannan shan kaye ya tilasta wa Sarkin Turkiyya Shahi shiga Musulunci, ya ba da babbar gudummawar shekara, da mika wani gunki mai kima ga Abbasiyawa.Karshe na ƙarshe ya zo ne a shekara ta 822 AZ, lokacin da ministansa Brahmin, Kallar, ya tsige shugaban Shahi na ƙarshe, Lagaturman, mai yiwuwa ɗan Pati Dumi.Wannan ya haifar da zamanin daular Shahi Hindu mai hedkwata a Kabul.A halin yanzu, a kudu, Zunbils sun ci gaba da tsayin daka na cin zarafi na musulmi har sai da suka kai ga harin Saffarid a shekara ta 870 Miladiyya.

Daular Samanid, asalin dehqan Iran da imanin musulmi Sunni, ta yi bunƙasa daga 819 zuwa 999, tana tsakiya a Khorasan da Transoxiana kuma a zenith ta kewaye Farisa da tsakiyar Asiya.’Yan’uwa hudu ne suka kafa—Nuh, Ahmad, Yahya, da Ilyas—karkashin mulkin Abbasid , Ismail Samani (892–907) ya hade daular, wanda ke nuna karshen tsarin ‘yan mulkin mallaka da kuma tabbatar da ‘yancin kai daga Abbasiyawa.A shekara ta 945, duk da haka, daular ta ga mulkinta ya fada ƙarƙashin ikon bayin soja na Turkic, tare da dangin Samanid suna riƙe da ikon alama kawai.Daular Samanid ta kasance muhimmiyar rawar da ta taka a cikin Intermezzo ta Iran, daular Samanid ta taka rawar gani wajen hada al'adu da harshe na Farisa a cikin duniyar Musulunci, inda ta shimfida harsashin hada al'adun Turko da Farisa.Samaniyawa sun kasance mashahuran majiɓintan fasaha da kimiyya, suna haɓaka ayyukan fitattun masana kamar Rudaki, Ferdowsi, da Avicenna, da ɗaga Bukhara zuwa abokin hamayyar al'adu na Bagadaza.Mulkin su yana da alamar farfaɗo da al'adu da harshe na Farisa, fiye da na zamaninsu na Buyids da Saffarids, yayin da suke aiki da Larabci don dalilai na kimiyya da addini.Samaniyawa sun yi alfahari da al'adunsu na Sasaniya , sun shahara wajen tabbatar da asalin Farisa da harshensu a yankinsu.

Daular Safarid, ta gabashin Iran, ta yi mulki daga 861 zuwa 1002 a kan sassan Farisa , Greater Khorasan, da gabashin Makran.Makomar da suka kunno kai bayan Musulunci, sun kasance daga cikin manyan dauloli na Farisa na farko, masu alamar Intermezzo ta Iran.Ya'qub bin Laith as-Saffar ne ya kafa shi, wanda aka haife shi a shekara ta 840 a Karnin, kusa da Afganistan ta zamani, ya rikide daga maƙerin tagulla zuwa shugaban yaƙi, ya kame Sistan ya kuma faɗaɗa isarsa a cikin Iran, Afghanistan, zuwa Pakistan , Tajikistan, da kuma Pakistan. UzbekistanDaga babban birninsu Zaranj, Saffaridawan sun kara fadada da karfin tuwo, inda suka kifar da daular Tahirid tare da hadewa da Khorasan a shekara ta 873. Saffari sun yi amfani da ma'adinan azurfa a kwarin Panjshir don hako tsabar kudi, wanda ke nuni da karfin tattalin arziki da karfin soja.Ragewa da FaɗuwaDuk da wadannan yakukuwa, khalifancin Abbasiyawa sun amince da Ya'qub a matsayin gwamnan Sistan, Fars, da Kerman, inda Saffaridawa ma suke samun tayin neman mukamai masu muhimmanci a Bagadaza.Yakin Ya'aqub ya hada da kwarin Kabul, Sindh, Tocharistan, Makran, Kerman, Fars, da Khorasan, wanda ya kusa isa Bagadaza kafin ya fuskanci cin nasara a hannun Abbasiyawa.Bayan mutuwar Yakubu, daular ta kara raguwa.Dan uwansa kuma magajinsa, Amr bin Laith, ya sha kaye a yakin Balkh a hannun Ismail Samani a shekara ta 900, wanda ya kai ga rasa Khorasan, wanda ya rage yankin Saffarid zuwa Fars, Kerman, da Sistan.Tahir bn Muhammad bn Amr ya jagoranci daular (901-908) a yakin da ta yi da Abbasiyawa a kan Fars.Yaƙin basasa a shekara ta 908, wanda ya haɗa da Tahir da abokin hamayyar al-Laith b.'Ali a Sistan, ya kara raunana daular.Daga nan sai gwamnan Fars ya koma hannun Abbasiyawa, kuma a shekara ta 912 Samaniyawa suka fatattaki Saffaridawa daga Sistan, wadanda suka shiga karkashin gwamnatin Abbasiyawa a takaice kafin su sami 'yancin kai a karkashin Abu Ja'afar Ahmad bn Muhammad.Koyaya, Saffarids yanzu sun ragu sosai a cikin iko, sun keɓe ga Sistan.Karshe na karshe ga daular Safarid ya zo ne a shekara ta 1002 lokacin da Mahmud na Ghazni ya mamaye Sistan, ya hambarar da Khalaf na I, ya kuma kawo karshen mulkin Saffarid a karshe.Wannan ya nuna sauyin daular daga ƙaƙƙarfan ƙarfi zuwa bayanin ƙaƙƙarfan tarihi, wanda ke ware a ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfansa.

Daular Ghaznavid, daular musulmin Farisa ce ta asalin Turkic mamluk, ta yi mulki daga shekara ta 977 zuwa 1186, wadda ta mamaye wasu sassan Iran, Khorasan, dayankin arewa maso yammacin Indiya a mafi girman matsayi.Sabuktigin ne ya kafa shi bayan mutuwar surukinsa, Alp Tigin, tsohon janar na Daular Samanid daga Balkh, daular ta sami ci gaba sosai a ƙarƙashin ɗan Sabuktigin, Mahmud na Ghazni.Mahmud ya mika daular har zuwa Amu Darya, kogin Indus, Tekun Indiya daga gabas, da Rey da Hamadan a yamma.Duk da haka, a karkashin Mas'ud I, daular Ghaznavid ta fara rasa yankunanta na yamma ga daular Seljuk bayan yakin Dandanakan a shekara ta 1040. Wannan shan kashi ya sa Ghaznavids su ci gaba da iko a kan yankunan da suka hada da Afghanistan, Pakistan , da na zamani. Arewacin Indiya .An ci gaba da raguwa a lokacin da Sultan Bahram Shah ya rasa Ghazni a hannun Sarkin Ghurid Ala al-Din Husayn a shekara ta 1151. Ko da yake Ghaznavids sun sake kwace Ghazni na dan lokaci, amma daga karshe suka rasa shi ga Turkawa Ghuzz, sannan suka rasa shi ga Muhammad na Ghor.Ghaznavidawa sun koma Lahore, wanda ya zama hedkwatar yankinsu har zuwa shekara ta 1186, lokacin da Sarkin Ghurid, Muhammad na Ghor, ya ci ta, wanda ya kai ga daure tare da kashe shugaban Ghaznavid na karshe, Khusrau Malik.TashiFitowar Simjurids da Ghaznavids daga sahu na masu gadin bayin Turkiyya sun yi tasiri sosai ga daular Samanid.An bai wa Simjurids yankuna a gabashin Khorasan, yayin da Alp Tigin da Abu al-Hasan Simjuri suka yi gwagwarmayar neman iko a kan daular ta hanyar yin tasiri ga magaji bayan mutuwar Abd al-Malik I a shekara ta 961. Wannan rikici na gado da kishiyoyin mulki ya kai ga Alp Tigin. ja da baya da kuma mulki a kan Ghazna a matsayin gwamnatin Samanid bayan da kotu ta ki amincewa da shi, wanda ke fifita ministocin farar hula fiye da shugabannin sojojin Turkiya.Simjurids, dake iko da yankunan kudancin Amu Darya, sun fuskanci matsin lamba daga daular Buyid mai tasowa kuma ba za su iya jure faɗuwar Samanids da hawan Ghaznavids ba.Wadannan rikice-rikice na cikin gida da gwagwarmayar mulki tsakanin janar-janar na Turkawa da kuma sauya biyayyar ministocin kotuna sun bayyana da kuma kara saurin durkushewar daular Samanid.Wannan rauni na hukumar Samanid ya gayyaci Karluk, sabbin mutanen Turkawa da suka Musulunta, suka mamaye Bukhara a shekara ta 992, wanda ya kai ga kafa Kara-Khanid Khanate a Transoxiana, wanda ya kara wargaza yankin a baya karkashin tasirin Samanid.FoundationSabuktigin, asalin Turkawa mamluk (soja-bawa), ya yi fice ta hanyar fasahar soja da auratayya mai dabara, daga karshe ya auri ’yar Alptigin.Alptigin ya kwace Ghazna daga hannun sarakunan Lawik a shekara ta 962, inda ya kafa tushen ikon da Sabuktigin zai gaji daga baya.Bayan mutuwar Alptigin da ɗansa na ɗan gajeren mulki da wani tsohon ghlam, Sabuktigin ya sami iko da Ghazna ta hanyar kawar da mai mulki Bilgetigin da kuma shugaban Lawik da aka mayar.A matsayinsa na gwamnan Ghazna, Sabuktigin ya fadada tasirinsa bisa umarnin sarkin Samanid, inda ya jagoranci yakin neman zabe a Khurasan da samun hakimai a Balkh, Tukharistan, Bamiyan, Ghur, da Gharchistan.Ya fuskanci kalubalen shugabanci, musamman a Zabulistan, inda ya mayar da mayar da fursunoni na soja zuwa mallakar dindindin don tabbatar da amincin sojojin Turkiyya.Ayyukansa na soja da gudanarwa sun ƙarfafa mulkinsa kuma sun sami ƙarin yankuna, ciki har da haraji na shekara-shekara daga Qusdar a shekara ta 976.Bayan mutuwar Sabuktigin, an raba mulkinsa da na soja a tsakanin 'ya'yansa maza, inda Ismail ya karbi Ghazna.Duk da kokarin da Sabuktigin ya yi na raba mulki ga ‘ya’yansa, rikicin gado ya sa Mahmud ya kalubalanci Ismail tare da kayar da shi a yakin Ghazni a shekara ta 998, inda ya kama shi tare da karfafa mulki.Gadon Sabuktigin ya haɗa ba kawai faɗaɗa yanki da ƙarfin soja ba har ma da rikitattun abubuwan da suka faru a cikin daularsa, a cikin koma bayan daular Samanid.Fadadawa da Zaman ZinareA cikin 998, Mahmud na Ghazni ya hau kujerar gwamna, wanda ke nuna farkon zamanin daular Ghaznavid mafi kyawun zamanin da ke da alaƙa da shugabancinsa.Ya tabbatar da mubaya’arsa ga halifa, inda ya tabbatar da maye gurbin Samaniyawa saboda zargin cin amanar da aka yi musu, ya kuma nada shi gwamnan Khurasan mai suna Yaminul Dawla da Aminul Milla.Mahmud wanda yake wakiltar ikon halifanci, ya himmatu wajen inganta addinin Sunni, yana yin kamfen na yakar 'yan siyan Ismaili da Shi'a da kuma kammala mamaye yankunan Samanid da Shahi, gami da Multan a Sindh da wasu sassan yankin Buwayhid.Mulkin Mahmud, wanda aka yi la'akari da zamanin zinare na Daular Ghaznavid, ya kasance da gagarumin balaguron soji, musamman a arewacin Indiya, inda ya yi niyyar kafa iko da kafa jihohi.Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya haifar da ɓarna mai yawa da faɗaɗa tasirin Ghaznavid daga Ray zuwa Samarkand da kuma daga Tekun Caspian zuwa Yamuna.Ragewa da FaɗuwaBayan rasuwar Mahmud na Ghazni, Masarautar Ghaznavid ta wuce zuwa ga ɗansa mai tawali'u kuma mai ƙauna, wanda ɗan'uwansa Mas'ud ya ƙalubalanci mulkinsa game da ikirarin larduna uku.Rikicin dai ya kare ne inda Mas'ud ya kwace sarautar, ya makantar da Mohammed a kurkuku.Zaman Mas'ud ya samu gagarumin kalubale, wanda ya kai ga gamuwa da muni a yakin Dandanakan a shekara ta 1040 a kan 'yan Seljuk, wanda ya kai ga asarar yankunan Farisa da tsakiyar Asiya tare da haifar da rashin zaman lafiya.Kokarin kwato daular daga Indiya, kokarin da Mas'ud ya yi ya samu cikas a hannun dakarunsa, wanda hakan ya kai ga tsige shi, aka daure shi, inda a karshe aka kashe shi.Ɗansa, Madood, ya yi ƙoƙarin ƙarfafa iko amma ya fuskanci turjiya, wanda ke nuna farkon sauye-sauyen shugabanci da kuma wargajewar daular.A cikin wannan lokaci da ake ta fama da tashe-tashen hankula, mutane irin su Ibrahim da Mas'ud na uku sun fito, inda Ibrahim ya yi nuni da irin gudunmawar da ya bayar ga tarihin al'adun daular, gami da gagarumin nasarorin da aka samu a gine-gine.Duk da yunƙurin da ake yi na daidaita daular, rikicin cikin gida da matsin lamba na waje ya ci gaba da wanzuwa, wanda ya kai ga mulkin Sultan Bahram Shah, a lokacin da Ghurids suka kama Ghazni na ɗan lokaci, amma tare da taimakon Seljuk suka karɓe shi.Shugaban Ghaznavid na ƙarshe, Khusrau Malik, ya ƙaura babban birnin kasar zuwa Lahore, yana mai da iko har zuwa lokacin da Ghurid ya kai hari a 1186, wanda ya kai ga kashe shi da dansa a shekara ta 1191, wanda ya kawo karshen daular Ghaznavid yadda ya kamata.Wannan lokacin ya nuna raguwar Ghaznavids daga daula mai ƙarfi sau ɗaya zuwa tarihin ƙasa, wanda masu tasowa kamar Seljuks da Ghurids suka lulluɓe shi.

Daular Khwarazmian, daular musulmin Sunni na asalin Turkic mamluk, ta zama mai gagarumin karfi a tsakiyar Asiya, Afganistan, da Iran daga 1077 zuwa 1231. Da farko sun yi hidima ga Daular Seljuk da Qara Khitai, sun sami 'yancin kai a kusa da 1190 kuma sun zama sananne saboda tsananin faɗaɗawa, cin galaba a kan abokan hamayya kamar daular Seljuk da Ghurid har ma suna ƙalubalantar Halifancin Abbasiyawa .A farkon karni na 13, an dauki daular Khwarazmian a matsayin mafi girman iko a duniyar musulmi, wanda ya kai kimanin murabba'in kilomita miliyan 2.3 zuwa 3.6.An tsara shi daidai da tsarin Seljuk, daular tana alfahari da ƙwararrun sojojin doki waɗanda galibinsu na Turkawa Kipchak ne.Wannan bajintar soja ta ba ta damar zama daular Turco- Farisi kafin harin Mongol .Anush Tigin Gharachai, wani bawa Turkawa wanda ya yi fice a cikin daular Seljuk ne ya fara daular Khwarazmian.A karkashin Ala ad-Din Atsiz, zuriyar Anush Tigin, Khwarazm ya tabbatar da 'yancin kansa, wanda ke nuna farkon sabon zamanin mulkin mallaka da fadadawa har zuwa lokacin da Mongols suka mamaye shi.

Daular Ghurid, wadda ta samo asali ne daga gabashin Iran Tajik, ta yi mulki daga karni na 8 a Ghor, tsakiyar Afghanistan, ta zama daula daga 1175 zuwa 1215. Da farko sarakunan cikin gida, musuluntarsu na Sunni ya biyo bayan mamaye Ghaznavid a 1011. Samun 'yancin kai daga Ghaznavid sannan daga baya Seljuk vassalage, Ghurids sun yi amfani da karfin ikon yanki don fadada yankinsu sosai.Ala al-Din Husayn ya tabbatar da cin gashin kansa na Ghurid ta hanyar korar babban birnin Ghaznavid, duk da shan kaye da Seljuks suka yi.Rugujewar Seljuk a gabashin Iran, haɗe da hawan daular Khwarazmian, sun canza yanayin yanki cikin tagomashi na Ghurids.A karkashin mulkin hadin gwiwa na 'ya'yan Ala al-Din Husayn, Ghiyat al-Din Muhammad da Muhammad na Ghor, daular ta kai kololuwa, inda ta ratsa gabashin Iran zuwa gabacin Indiya, gami da yankuna masu fadin gaske na Gangetic Plain.Ghiyat al-Din ya mayar da hankali kan faɗaɗa yammaci ya bambanta da yakin gabas na Muhammad na Ghor.Mutuwar Ghiyat al-Din a shekara ta 1203 daga cututtukan rheumatic da kuma kisan Muhammad a shekara ta 1206 ya nuna raguwar ikon Ghurid a Khurasan.Faduwar daular ta zo ne a shekara ta 1215 karkashin Shah Muhammad II, duk da cewa cin nasarar da suka yi a yankin Indiya ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin masarautar Delhi a karkashin Qutb ud-Din Aibak.FageAmir Banji, basarake Ghurid kuma mai mulkin Ghor, an san shi a matsayin kakan sarakunan Ghurid na tsakiya, wanda halifan Abbasiyawa Harun al-Rashid ya halatta.Da farko a karkashin tasirin Ghaznavid da Seljuk na kimanin shekaru 150, Ghurids sun tabbatar da 'yancin kansu a tsakiyar karni na 12.Asalin addininsu na farko maguzawa ne, sun koma Musulunci a karkashin jagorancin Abu Ali ibn Muhammad.A cikin lokaci mai cike da tashin hankali mai cike da rikici na cikin gida da daukar fansa, kashin Sayf al-Din Suri da shugaban Ghaznavid Bahram-Shah ya yi da kuma daukar fansa da Ala al-Din Husayn ya yi ya nuna halin hawan Ghurids.Ala al-Din Husayn, wanda aka fi sani da "mai ƙonewa na duniya" don korar Ghazni, ya ƙarfafa Ghurid adawa da Seljuks, daurewa zaman talala da kuma fansa kafin ya kwato Ghor tare da faɗaɗa yankunansa sosai.A karkashin mulkin Ala al-Din Husayn, Ghurids suka kafa Firuzkuh a matsayin babban birninsu, inda suka fadada zuwa Garchistan, Tukharistan, da sauran yankuna, duk da kalubalen da Turkawa Oghuz da abokan hamayyar cikin gida suka fuskanta.Ci gaban daular ya ga kafa ƙananan rassa, masu alaƙa da al'adun Turkawa, suna tsara gadon Ghurid a yankin.Zaman ZinareGhurids karkashin jagorancin Muhammad na Ghor ne suka kwato Ghazni daga hannun Turkawa Ghuzz a shekara ta 1173, inda suka tabbatar da iko da Herat a shekara ta 1175, wanda tare da Firozkoh da Ghazni suka zama tungar al'adu da siyasa.Tasirinsu ya fadada a cikin Nīmrọz, Sīstān, da kuma zuwa cikin yankin Seljuk a Kerman.A lokacin da aka ci garin Khorasan a shekara ta 1192, Ghurids karkashin jagorancin Muhammad, sun kalubalanci daular Khwarezmian da Qara Khitai kan mamayar yankin, inda suka yi amfani da gurbacewar da 'yan Seljuks suka bari.Sun kama Khorasan, ciki har da Nishapur kuma suka isa Besṭām, bayan mutuwar shugaban Khwarezmian Tekish a shekara ta 1200.Ghiyat al-Din Muhammad, wanda ya gaji dan uwansa Sayf al-Din Muhammad, ya fito a matsayin babban sarki tare da goyon bayan dan uwansa Muhammad na Ghor.Sarautarsu ta farko ta kasance ta hanyar kawar da wani sarki mai hamayya da kayar da wani kawun da ya yi takarar kujerar sarauta tare da goyon bayan gwamnan Seljuq na Herat da Balkh.Bayan mutuwar Ghiyat a shekara ta 1203, Muhammad na Ghor ya karbi mulkin Ghurid, ya ci gaba da mulkinsa har zuwa lokacin da Isma'ilīs ya kashe shi a shekara ta 1206, wanda ya yi yakin neman zabe a kansa.Wannan lokacin yana nuna girman daular Ghurid da kuma rikitaccen yanayin gwagwarmayar ikon yanki, wanda ya kafa matakin sauye-sauye na gaba a cikin yanayin tarihin yankin.Mamaye IndiyaA jajibirin mamayewar Ghurid, arewacinIndiya wani yanki ne na masarautun Rajput masu zaman kansu, irin su Chahamanas, Chaulukyas, Gahadavalas, da sauran su kamar Senas a Bengal, suna fama da rikice-rikice akai-akai.Muhammad na Ghor, wanda ya kaddamar da jerin kamfen na soji tsakanin 1175 zuwa 1205, ya canza wannan yanayin sosai.Ya fara da cin nasarar Multan da Uch, ya faɗaɗa ikon Ghurid zuwa tsakiyar arewacin Indiya, tare da shawo kan ƙalubale kamar gazawar mamayewar Gujarat a 1178 saboda yanayin hamada mai tsauri da juriya na Rajput.A shekara ta 1186, Muhammad ya ƙarfafa ikon Ghurid a Punjab da kwarin Indus, wanda ya kafa mataki don ƙarin faɗaɗawa zuwa Indiya.Kashin farko da Prithviraja III ya yi a Yaƙin Tarain na Farko a 1191 an rama shi cikin sauri a shekara mai zuwa, wanda ya kai ga kama Prithviraja da kisa.Nasarorin da Muhammadu ya samu a baya, ciki har da shan kashin da aka yi wa Jayachandra a Chandawar a 1194 da kuma korar Benares, sun nuna karfin soja da dabarun dabarun Ghurids.Yakin Muhammad na Ghor ya share fagen kafa daular Delhi Sultanate karkashin Janar dinsa Qutb ud-Din Aibak, wanda ke nuna gagarumin sauyi a fagen siyasa da al'adu na arewacin Indiya.Rugujewar gidajen ibada na Hindu da gina masallatai a wurarensu, tare da korar jami'ar Nalanda da Bakhtiyar Khalji ya yi, ya nuna irin tasirin da harin Ghurid ya yi kan cibiyoyin addini da na ilimi na yankin.Bayan kashe Muhammad a shekara ta 1206, daularsa ta rabu zuwa kananan sarakunan da manyan hafsoshin Turkawa ke tafiyar da su, wanda ya kai ga hawan Sarkin Sultan na Delhi.Wannan lokaci na tashin hankali daga ƙarshe ya ƙare a cikin ƙarfafa mulki a ƙarƙashin daular Mamluk, na farko daga cikin dauloli biyar da suka mallaki Delhi Sultanate, wanda zai mamaye Indiya har zuwa zuwan daular Mughal a 1526.

Yunkurin mamayar da Mongol suka yi a Afganistan a shekara ta 1221, bayan nasarar da suka samu kan daular Khwarazmian, ya haifar da barna mai tsanani da dawwama a fadin yankin.Hare-haren ya shafi garuruwa da kauyukan da ba su dace ba, inda al'ummomin makiyaya suka fi dacewa don gujewa harin Mongol.Babban sakamako shi ne lalacewar tsarin ban ruwa, mai mahimmanci ga aikin noma, wanda ya haifar da jujjuyawar al'umma da tattalin arziki zuwa yankunan tuddai masu karewa.Balkh, wanda ya kasance birni mai albarka, an shafe shi, ya kasance kango ko da bayan karni kamar yadda matafiyi Ibn Battuta ya gani.A lokacin da Mongols ke zawarcin Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu, sun yi wa Bamyan kawanya, kuma a matsayin martani ga mutuwar jikan Genghis Khan, Mutukan da kibiya ta kare, sun lalata birnin tare da kashe al'ummarta, abin da ya sa ya zama babban abin koyi "Birnin kururuwa". ."Herat, duk da an lalatar da shi, ya ɗanɗana sake ginawa a ƙarƙashin daular Kart na gida kuma daga baya ya zama wani ɓangare na Ilkhanate .A halin da ake ciki, yankunan da suka tashi daga Balkh zuwa Kabul zuwa Kandahar sun fada karkashin ikon Chagatai Khanate bayan daular Mongol ta wargaje.Sabanin haka, yankunan da ke kudu da Hindu Kush sun ci gaba da kulla kawance da daular Khalji na arewacinIndiya ko kuma sun ci gaba da samun yancin kai, wanda ke nuna yanayin siyasa mai sarkakiya bayan mamayar Mongol.

Chagatai Khanate, wanda Chagatai Khan, ɗan Genghis Khan na biyu ya kafa, ya kasance daular Mongol wanda daga baya ya sami Turkification.Ya taso daga Amu Darya zuwa tsaunin Altai a kan iyakarsa, ya kewaye yankunan da Qara Khitai ke iko da shi.Da farko dai, Chagatai khans sun yarda da fifikon Babban Khan, amma cin gashin kai ya karu a tsawon lokaci, musamman a lokacin mulkin Kublai Khan lokacin da Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq ya bijirewa ikon Mongol na tsakiya.Rugujewar Khanate ta fara ne a cikin 1363 yayin da ta ci gaba da rasa Transoxiana ga Timurids , wanda ya ƙare a fitowar Moghulistan, wani yanki mai raguwa wanda ya ci gaba har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 15.A ƙarshe Moghulistan ya rabu zuwa cikin Yarkent da Turpan Khanates.A shekara ta 1680, sauran yankunan Chagatai sun fada hannun Dzungar Khanate, kuma a shekara ta 1705, Chagatai khan na karshe ya ƙare, wanda ke nuna ƙarshen daular.

Timur , wanda kuma aka sani da Tamerlane, ya faɗaɗa daularsa sosai, tare da haɗa manyan yankuna na ƙasar Afghanistan a yanzu.Herat ya zama babban birni na daular Timurid a ƙarƙashin mulkinsa, tare da jikan Timur, Pir Muhammad, yana riƙe da Kandahar.Koke-koken da Timur ya yi ya hada da sake gina ababen more rayuwa a Afghanistan, wadanda mamayar Mongol suka lalata a baya.A karkashin mulkinsa, yankin ya samu ci gaba sosai.Bayan mutuwar Timur a shekara ta 1405, dansa Shah Rukh ya ƙaura babban birnin Timurid zuwa Herat, inda ya fara wani lokaci na al'adu da ake kira Timurid Renaissance.Wannan zamanin ya ga abokiyar hamayyar Herat Florence a matsayin cibiyar sake haifuwar al'adu, hade da al'adun Turkawa ta Tsakiya da na Farisa da barin gado mai dorewa kan shimfidar al'adun Afghanistan.A farkon karni na 16, mulkin Timurid ya ragu tare da hawan Babur a Kabul, wani daga cikin zuriyar Timur.Babur ya yaba wa Herat, sau ɗaya yana lura da kyawunsa da mahimmancinsa.Ayyukansa sun kai ga kafa daular Mughal aIndiya , wanda ke nuna farkon tasirin Indo-Afganistan a cikin yankin.Duk da haka, a karni na 16, yammacin Afganistan ya fada karkashin mulkin Safavid na Farisa, wanda ya sake canza yanayin siyasar yankin.Wannan lokaci na Timurid da mamayar Safavid a kan Afganistan sun ba da gudummawa ga tarin abubuwan tarihi da al'adun gargajiya na ƙasar, wanda ya yi tasiri ga ci gabanta da kyau a wannan zamani.

Daga karni na 16 zuwa na 17 AZ, Afghanistan ta kasance mararraba ta dauloli, ta raba tsakanin Khanate na Bukhara a arewa, Safawid Shi'a Iran a yamma, da kuma 'yan Sunni Mughal na arewacinIndiya a gabas.Akbar the Great na Mughal Empire ya haɗa Kabul a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin subah goma sha biyu na asali na daular, tare da Lahore, Multan, da Kashmir.Kabul yayi aiki a matsayin lardi mai dabara, mai iyaka da muhimman yankuna kuma ya mamaye subah na Balkh da Badakhshan a takaice.Kandahar, wacce ke kudu da dabara, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai fafutuka a tsakanin daulolin Mughal da Safavid, tare da biyayyar Afganistan na gida sau da yawa yana canzawa tsakanin waɗannan iko biyu.Lokacin ya ga gagarumin tasiri na Mughal a yankin, wanda babur yayi masa alama kafin cin nasarar Indiya.Rubutun nasa sun kasance a cikin dutsen dutsen Chilzina na Kandahar, wanda ke nuna alamar al'adun da Mughals suka bari.Afganistan tana riƙe da gadon gine-gine tun daga wannan zamani, gami da kaburbura, fadoji, da garu, wanda ke tabbatar da alakar tarihi da musayar al'adu tsakanin Afghanistan da daular Mughal.

A cikin 1704, George XI (Gurgīn Khān), ɗan Jojiya a ƙarƙashin Safavid Shah Husayn, an ba shi alhakin murkushe tawayen Afghanistan a yankin Greater Kandahar.Mummunar mulkinsa ya kai ga dauri da kisa ga yawancin 'yan Afganistan, ciki har da Mirwais Hotak, wani fitaccen shugaban yankin.Ko da yake an aika Mirwais zuwa Isfahan a matsayin fursuna, amma a ƙarshe an sake shi kuma ya koma Kandahar.A watan Afrilu 1709, Mirwais, tare da goyon bayan 'yan bindiga, ya fara tayar da hankali wanda ya kai ga kisan gillar George XI.Wannan ya nuna farkon nasarar da aka samu a kan manyan sojojin Farisa da dama, wanda ya ƙare a ƙarƙashin ikon Afganistan na Qandahar a shekara ta 1713. A ƙarƙashin jagorancin Mirwais, kudancin Afganistan ya zama masarautar Pashtun mai cin gashin kanta, ko da yake ya ƙi sunan sarki, an gane shi a matsayin "Prince". Qandahar."Bayan mutuwar Mirwais a shekara ta 1715, dansa Mahmud Hotaki ya kashe kawunsa Abdul Aziz Hotak kuma ya jagoranci sojojin Afganistan zuwa Farisa, inda suka kame Isfahan tare da shelanta kansa Shah a shekara ta 1722. Duk da haka, mulkin Mahmud ya dan yi kadan kuma ya lalace saboda adawa da fadace-fadacen cikin gida, wanda ya kai ga kashe shi a 1725.Shah Ashraf Hotaki, dan uwan ​​Mahmud, ya gaje shi, amma ya fuskanci kalubale daga Ottoman da Daular Rasha , da kuma rashin amincewa na cikin gida.Daular Hotaki, wanda ke fama da rikice-rikice da tsayin daka, daga karshe Nader Shah na Afsharid ya kori shi a shekara ta 1729, bayan haka tasirin Hotaki ya kasance a kudancin Afghanistan har zuwa 1738, wanda ya ƙare da shan kashi na Shah Hussain Hotaki.Wannan lokaci mai cike da rudani a tarihin Afganistan da Farisa yana nuna sarkakiya na siyasar yankin da kuma tasirin mulkin kasashen waje kan al'ummar 'yan asalin kasar, wanda ya haifar da gagarumin sauyi na karfin iko da ikon yanki a yankin.

A cikin 1738, Nader Shah ya ci Kandahar, inda ya ci Hussain Hotaki, ya nuna alamar shigar Afganistan zuwa cikin daularsa, inda Kandahar ya sake masa suna Naderabad.Wannan lokacin kuma ya ga matashin Ahmad Shah ya shiga sahun Nader Shah a lokacin yakin neman zabensa na Indiya.Kisan Nader Shah a shekara ta 1747 ya kai ga wargajewar daular Afsharid.A cikin wannan hargitsin, Ahmad Khan mai shekaru 25 ya tara 'yan Afganistan a wani loya jirga da ke kusa da Kandahar, inda aka zabe shi a matsayin shugabansu, daga baya aka kira Ahmad Shah Durrani.Karkashin jagorancinsa, Daular Durrani, wacce aka sanya wa suna da kabilar Durrani, ta fito a matsayin wata babbar karfi, ta hada kan kabilun Pashtun.Nasarar da Ahmad Shah ya yi a kan daular Maratha a yakin Panipat a shekarar 1761 ya kara karfafa karfin daularsa.Ahmad Shah Durrani ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 1772 da kuma mutuwarsa a Kandahar ya bar daular ga dansa Timur Shah Durrani, wanda ya koma babban birnin Kabul.Duk da haka, gadon Durrani ya lalace ta hanyar rikici na cikin gida tsakanin magadan Timur , wanda ya haifar da raguwar daular a hankali.Daular Durrani ta hada da yankuna a fadin Asiya ta tsakiya, tudun kasar Iran, dayankin Indiya , wadanda suka hada da Afganistan a yau, yawancin Pakistan , sassan Iran da Turkmenistan, da arewa maso yammacin Indiya .An dauke ta tare da Daular Ottoman a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan daulolin Musulunci na karni na 18.An yi shelar daular Durrani a matsayin kafuwar kasar Afganistan ta zamani, inda aka yi bikin Ahmad Shah Durrani a matsayin Uban kasa.

Daular Barakzai ta yi mulkin kasar Afganistan tun daga hawanta a shekara ta 1823 har zuwa karshen mulkin sarauta a shekarar 1978. Ana alakanta kafuwar daular ga sarki Dost Mohammed Khan wanda ya kafa mulkinsa a birnin Kabul a shekara ta 1826 bayan ya kori dan uwansa Sultan Mohammad Khan.A zamanin Muhammadzai, an kwatanta Afganistan da "Switzerland na Asiya" saboda ci gabanta na zamani, lokacin da yake tunawa da sauyin zamanin Pahlavi a Iran .Wannan zamanin na kawo sauyi da ci gaba ya bambanta da kalubalen da daular ke fuskanta, da suka hada da asarar yankuna da rikice-rikice na cikin gida.Tarihin Afganistan a lokacin mulkin Barakzai ya kasance da tashe-tashen hankula na cikin gida da matsin lamba na waje, wanda ya shaida yakin Anglo-Afghanistan da yakin basasa a 1928-29, wanda ya gwada juriyar daular tare da tsara yanayin siyasar kasar.FageDaular Barakzai suna da'awar zuriyar Sarki Saul na Littafi Mai-Tsarki, ^[18] yana kafa alaƙa ta hanyar jikansa, Yarima Afganistan, wanda Sarki Sulemanu ya rene shi.Yarima Afganistan, wanda ya zama babban jigo a zamanin Sulemanu, daga baya ya nemi mafaka a “Takht-e-Sulaiman,” wanda ke nuna farkon tafiyar zuriyarsa ta tarihi.A cikin ƙarni na 37 daga Yariman Afganistan, Qais ya ziyarci AnnabiMuhammad a Madina, ya musulunta, ya karɓi sunan Abdul Rashid Pathan, kuma ya auri 'yar Khalid bin Walid, inda ya ƙara haɗa zuriyarsa tare da manyan jigogin Musulunci.Wannan zuriyar kakanni ta kai ga Sulaiman, wanda aka fi sani da "Zirak Khan," ya dauki kakannin Durrani Pashtuns, wadanda suka hada da manyan kabilu irin su Barakzai, Popalzai, da Alakozai.Sunan Barakzai ya samo asali ne daga ɗan Sulaiman, Barak, tare da "Barakzai" ma'ana "'ya'yan Barak" ^[19] don haka ya kafa asalin daular Barakzai a cikin tsarin ƙabilun Pashtun.

Yaƙin Anglo-Afganistan na Farko , wanda ya gudana daga 1838 zuwa 1842, ya nuna wani muhimmin babi a tarihin ayyukan soja na Daular Biritaniya , da kuma faffadan gwagwarmayar siyasa ta geopolitical da aka fi sani da Babban Wasan — kishiya ta ƙarni na 19 tsakanin Birtaniyya. Daular da daular Rasha don daukaka a tsakiyar Asiya.An fara yakin ne bisa hujjar rikicin da ya barke a kasar Afganistan.Daular Biritaniya ta nemi ta dora Shah Shujah tsohon sarki daga daular Durrani a kan karagar masarautar Kabul, inda yake kalubalantar Dost Mohammad Khan na daular Barakzai.Burin Birtaniyya ya kasance abu biyu: samun tsarin abokantaka a Afganistan wanda zai magance tasirin Rasha da kuma sarrafa hanyoyin daIndiyawan Burtaniya ke bi.A cikin watan Agustan 1839, bayan mamayewar nasara, Birtaniya sun sami nasarar mamaye Kabul, inda suka sake sanya Shah Shujah kan karagar mulki.Duk da wannan nasarar ta farko, Birtaniyya da mataimakansu na Indiya sun fuskanci ƙalubale masu yawa, waɗanda suka haɗa da tsananin sanyi da tsayin daka daga ƙabilun Afghanistan.Lamarin dai ya yi muni sosai a shekara ta 1842 lokacin da babban sojojin Birtaniya tare da mabiya sansaninsu suka yi yunkurin ficewa daga birnin Kabul.Wannan ja da baya ya rikide zuwa bala'i, wanda ya kai ga kusan kissan sojojin da suka ja da baya.Wannan taron ya kwatanta wahalhalun da ke tattare da kasancewar sojojin mamaya a cikin yankuna masu gaba da juna, musamman wanda ke da kalubale a fannin yanki da kuma sarkakiyar siyasa kamar Afghanistan.Dangane da wannan bala'i, Burtaniya ta kaddamar da sojojin ramuwa, da nufin hukunta wadanda ke da hannu wajen kisan gilla da kuma kwato fursunoni.Bayan cimma wadannan manufofin, sojojin Birtaniya sun janye daga Afghanistan a karshen shekara ta 1842, inda suka bar Dost Mohammad Khan ya dawo daga gudun hijira a Indiya ya ci gaba da mulkinsa.Yaƙin Anglo-Afghanistan na farko alama ce ta burin daular mulkin mallaka da kuma hadurran da ke tattare da shisshigin soja a ƙasashen waje.Har ila yau ta bayyana irin sarkakiyar al'ummar Afganistan da kuma irin gagarumin tsayin daka da al'ummarta ke yi na adawa da mamayar kasashen waje.Wannan yakin, a matsayin farkon shiri a cikin Babban Wasan, ya kafa matakin ci gaba da fafatawa tsakanin Anglo-Rasha a yankin kuma ya nuna muhimmancin dabarun Afghanistan a fagen siyasar duniya.

Babban Wasan, kalma ce ta wasan darasi na geopolitical na karni na 19 tsakanin daulolin Biritaniya da na Rasha , wani hadadden saga ne na buri na masarauta, kishiyantar dabara, da kuma magudin shimfidar yanayi na geopolitical a fadin Tsakiya da Kudancin Asiya.Wannan dogon lokaci na hamayya da makirci da nufin fadada tasiri da iko a kan muhimman yankuna kamar Afghanistan, Farisa (Iran), da Tibet, yana nuna tsawon lokacin da wadannan masarautu za su bi don tabbatar da muradun su da kuma kare yankunansu daga barazanar da ake gani.Tsakiyar Babban Wasan shine tsoro da tsammanin motsin juna.Daular Biritaniya, tare da mulkin mallaka na lu'u-lu'una Indiya , tana tsoron motsawar Rasha zuwa kudu na iya haifar da barazana kai tsaye ga mafi girman mallakarta.Akasin haka, Rasha, tana faɗaɗa da ƙarfi a tsakiyar Asiya ta Tsakiya , ta ga tasirin Biritaniya a matsayin shinge ga burinta.Wannan yunƙurin ya kafa matakan yaƙin neman zaɓe na soji, ayyukan leƙen asiri, da kuma dabarun diflomasiyya da suka tashi daga Tekun Caspian zuwa gabashin Himalayas.Duk da tsananin hamayya, an kaucewa rikici kai tsaye tsakanin manyan kasashen biyu a yankin, musamman saboda amfani da dabarun diflomasiyya, yakin neman zabe na cikin gida, da kafa bangarori masu tasiri ta hanyar yarjejeniyoyin da suka kulla kamar yarjejeniyar Anglo-Rasha ta 1907. Yarjejeniyar ba wai kawai ta nuna ƙarshen babban wasan ba, har ma da zayyana fannonin tasiri a Afghanistan, Farisa, da Tibet, yadda ya kamata, ta zana layi yadda ya kamata a ƙarƙashin wani lokaci mai tsanani na hamayya wanda ya tsara yanayin yanayin siyasa na tsakiya da kudancin Asiya.Muhimmancin Babban Wasan ya wuce lokacin tarihinsa, yana tasiri yanayin siyasar yankunan da abin ya shafa da kuma shimfida tushen rikice-rikice da daidaitawa a nan gaba.Gado na Babban Wasan yana bayyana a cikin iyakokin siyasa na zamani da rikice-rikice na Asiya ta Tsakiya, da kuma cikin taka tsantsan da hamayya tsakanin manyan kasashen duniya a yankin.Babban Wasan wata shaida ce ta dorewar tasirin buri na ‘yan mulkin mallaka a fagen duniya, yana misalta yadda dabarun geopolitical da gasa na sarakunan da suka shude ke ci gaba da yin ta a halin yanzu.

Yaƙin Anglo-Afghanistan na Biyu (1878-1880) ya ƙunshiRajan Biritaniya da Masarautar Afghanistan, ƙarƙashin Sher Ali Khan na daular Barakzai.Wani bangare ne na babban wasa tsakanin Birtaniya da Rasha .Rikicin ya kunno kai a manyan kamfen guda biyu: na farko ya fara ne da mamayewar Burtaniya a watan Nuwamba 1878, wanda ya kai ga jirgin Sher Ali Khan.Magajinsa, Mohammad Yaqub Khan, ya nemi zaman lafiya, wanda ya ƙare a yarjejeniyar Gandamak a watan Mayu 1879. Amma, an kashe wakilin Birtaniya a Kabul a watan Satumba na 1879, wanda ya sake tayar da yakin.Yaƙin neman zaɓe na biyu ya ƙare tare da cin nasara a kan Ayub Khan a watan Satumba na 1880 kusa da Kandahar.Daga nan ne aka nada Abdur Rahman Khan a matsayin Amir, inda ya amince da yerjejeniyar Gandamak tare da kafa abin da ake so a kan Rasha, bayan haka sojojin Birtaniya suka janye.FageBayan taron na Berlin a watan Yunin 1878, wanda ya sassauta tashin hankali tsakanin Rasha da Birtaniya a Turai, Rasha ta mayar da hankali ga Asiya ta Tsakiya , ta aika da wata tawagar diflomasiyya ba tare da neman izini ba zuwa Kabul.Duk da kokarin da Sher Ali Khan, Sarkin Afganistan, ya yi, na hana shigowar su, wakilan Rasha sun isa ranar 22 ga Yuli, 1878. Daga bisani, a ranar 14 ga Agusta, Birtaniya ta bukaci Sher Ali shi ma ya karbi aikin diplomasiyya na Birtaniya.Amir, duk da haka, ya ƙi amincewa da aikin da Neville Bowles Chamberlain ya jagoranta kuma ya yi barazanar kawo cikas.A mayar da martani, Lord Lytton, mataimakin na Indiya, ya aika da tawagar diflomasiyya zuwa Kabul a watan Satumba na shekara ta 1878. Lokacin da aka mayar da wannan manufa a kusa da kofar Khyber Pass ta gabas, ta kunna yakin Anglo-Afghanistan na biyu.Matakin FarkoAn fara yakin farko na yakin Anglo-Afghanistan na biyu a watan Nuwamba 1878, tare da kusan sojojin Birtaniya 50,000, musamman sojojin Indiya, sun shiga Afghanistan ta hanyoyi uku.Manyan nasarori a Ali Masjid da Peiwar Kotal sun bar hanyar zuwa Kabul kusan ba a tsare su.A martanin da ya mayar, Sher Ali Khan ya koma Mazar-i-Sharif, yana da niyyar shimfida albarkatun Burtaniya a fadin kasar Afghanistan, da hana su mamaye kudancin kasar, da tada fitinar kabilun Afganistan, dabarar da ta tuna da Dost Mohammad Khan da Wazir Akbar Khan a lokacin Anglo-First. Yakin Afganistan .Tare da sojojin Afganistan sama da 15,000 a Turkestan na Afganistan da kuma shirye-shiryen kara daukar ma'aikata, Sher Ali ya nemi taimakon Rasha amma an hana shi shiga Rasha kuma ya shawarce su da su mika wuya da Birtaniya.Ya koma Mazar-i-Sharif, inda lafiyarsa ta tabarbare, wanda ya kai ga mutuwarsa a ranar 21 ga Fabrairun 1879.Kafin ya wuce zuwa Turkestan na Afganistan, Sher Ali ya saki wasu gwamnonin da suka dade a gidan yari, inda ya yi alkawarin maido da jihohinsu saboda goyon bayan da suke yi wa Birtaniya.Sai dai kuma saboda rashin jin dadin cin amanar da aka yi a baya, wasu gwamnoni, musamman Muhammad Khan na Sar-I-Pul da Husain Khan na Maimana Khanate, suka shelanta 'yancin kai tare da korar sojojin Afganistan, lamarin da ya haifar da hare-haren Turkmen da kuma rashin zaman lafiya.Rasuwar Sher Ali ta haifar da rikicin da ya biyo baya.Yunkurin Muhammad Ali Khan na kwace Takhtapul ya gamu da cikas da wasu gungun 'yan ta'adda, lamarin da ya tilasta masa zuwa kudu ya tara wata runduna ta gaba.Daga nan aka yi wa Yaqub Khan suna Amir, a daidai lokacin da aka kama sardar da ake zargin Afzalid.Karkashin mamayar sojojin Birtaniya a Kabul, Yaqub Khan, dan kuma magajin Sher Ali, ya amince da yerjejeniyar Gandamak a ranar 26 ga Mayu 1879. Wannan yarjejeniya ta wajabta wa Yaqub Khan barin harkokin waje na Afghanistan ga ikon Birtaniya don musanya wani tallafi na shekara-shekara. da kuma alkawuran maras tabbas na goyon bayan mamayewar kasashen waje.Yarjejeniyar ta kuma samar da wakilan Birtaniya a birnin Kabul da sauran wurare masu muhimmanci, inda ta bai wa Birtaniyya ikon mallakar mashigar Khyber da Michni, sannan ta kai Afghanistan ta mika wasu yankuna da suka hada da Quetta da sansanin Jamrud da ke lardin Arewa maso Yamma zuwa Birtaniya.Bugu da kari, Yaqub Khan ya amince ya dakatar da duk wani tsoma baki a cikin al'amuran cikin gida na kabilar Afridi.A sakamakon haka, zai karbi tallafin Rupee 600,000 a duk shekara, inda Birtaniya ta amince da janye dukkan sojojinta daga Afghanistan, ban da Kandahar.Duk da haka, rashin kwanciyar hankali na yarjejeniyar ya wargaje a ranar 3 ga Satumba 1879 lokacin da wani tawaye a Kabul ya haifar da kashe Sir Louis Cavagnari, wakilin Birtaniya, tare da masu gadi da ma'aikatansa.Wannan lamarin ya sake haifar da tashin hankali, wanda ke nuna farkon yakin Anglo-Afghanistan na biyu na gaba.Mataki na biyuA ƙarshen yaƙin neman zaɓe na farko, Manjo Janar Sir Frederick Roberts ya jagoranci Sojojin Filin Kabul ta hanyar Shutargardan Pass, inda suka fatattaki sojojin Afghanistan a Charasiab a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 1879, kuma suka mamaye Kabul jim kaɗan bayan haka.Wani gagarumin boren da Ghazi Mohammad Jan Khan Wardak ya jagoranta ya kai hari ga sojojin Birtaniya a kusa da Kabul a watan Disambar 1879 amma an dakile shi bayan wani harin da aka kai a ranar 23 ga Disamba.Yaqub Khan, wanda ke da hannu a kisan kiyashin na Cavagnari, an tilasta masa yin murabus.Turawan Ingila sun yi shawarwari kan yadda za a gudanar da mulkin Afganistan a nan gaba, la'akari da wadanda suka gaje su, ciki har da raba kasar ko sanya Ayub Khan ko Abdur Rahman Khan a matsayin Amir.Abdur Rahman Khan da yake gudun hijira da farko da Rashawa suka hana shi shiga Afganistan, ya yi amfani da gurbacewar siyasa bayan hambarar da Yaqub Khan da kuma mamayar da Birtaniyya ta yi a Kabul.Ya zarce zuwa Badakhshan, an ƙarfafa shi ta hanyar auratayya da kuma gamuwar hangen nesa, ya kama Rostaq tare da haɗa Badakhshan bayan yakin soja na nasara.Duk da tirjiya da farko, Abdur Rahman ya karfafa iko a Turkestan na Afganistan, tare da yin hadin gwiwa da dakarun da ke adawa da nadin Yaqub Khan.Turawan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya sun nema wa Afganistan wani tsayayyen shugaba, inda suka bayyana Abdur Rahman a matsayin wanda zai iya tsayawa takara duk kuwa da tsayin daka da kuma dagewar jihadi daga mabiyansa.A cikin tattaunawar, Burtaniya ta yi niyyar yin gaggawar ƙudiri don janye sojojin, wanda canjin gudanarwa daga Lytton ya rinjayi zuwa Marquis na Ripon.Abdur Rahman, wanda ya yi amfani da sha'awar Birtaniya na janyewa, ya karfafa matsayinsa kuma an amince da shi a matsayin Amir a watan Yuli 1880, bayan samun goyon baya daga shugabannin kabilu daban-daban.A lokaci guda, Ayub Khan, gwamnan Herat, ya yi tawaye, musamman a yakin Maiwand a watan Yuli 1880, amma daga karshe sojojin Roberts suka ci nasara a yakin Kandahar a ranar 1 ga Satumba 1880, ya kawar da tawayensa kuma ya kammala kalubalensa ga Birtaniya da kuma Birtaniya. Abdur Rahman ta ikon.Bayan hakaBayan shan kayen Ayub Khan, an kammala yakin Anglo-Afghanistan na biyu inda Abdur Rahman Khan ya fito a matsayin wanda yayi nasara kuma sabon Amir na Afghanistan.A wani gagarumin biki, turawan ingila, duk da rashin yarda da farko, sun mayar da Kandahar zuwa Afganistan, kuma Rahman ya sake tabbatar da yerjejeniyar Gandamak, wadda ta tabbatar da cewa Afganistan ta ba da ikon mallakar yankuna ga Birtaniya amma ta sake samun 'yancin kai kan harkokin cikin gida.Wannan yarjejeniya ta kuma kawo karshen burin Birtaniyya na ci gaba da zama a birnin Kabul, inda ta zabi yin hulda kai tsaye ta hanyar wakilan musulmin Indiyawan Burtaniya da kuma kula da manufofin ketare na Afghanistan domin samun kariya da tallafi.Waɗannan matakan, waɗanda suka yi daidai da sha'awar Sher Ali Khan a baya, sun kafa Afghanistan a matsayin ƙasa mai fa'ida tsakanin Burtaniya Raj da Daular Rasha, mai yuwuwar kaucewa idan an aiwatar da su da wuri.Yaƙin ya kasance mai tsada ga Biritaniya, tare da kashe kuɗi zuwa kusan fam miliyan 19.5 zuwa Maris 1881, wanda ya zarce kididdigar farko.Duk da aniyar Biritaniya ta kare Afganistan daga tasirin Rasha da kuma kafa ta a matsayin ƙawance, Abdur Rahman Khan ya ɗauki wani tsarin mulkin kama-karya wanda ya tuna da Tsars na Rasha kuma ya yi ta sabawa tsammanin Birtaniyya.Mulkinsa, wanda ke da matakai masu tsauri da suka haɗa da ta'asar da suka firgita har da Sarauniya Victoria, ya ba shi moniker 'Iron Amir'.Mulkin Abdur Rahman, wanda ke tattare da sirri game da karfin soja da huldar diflomasiyya kai tsaye sabanin yarjejeniya da Birtaniya, ya kalubalanci kokarin diflomasiyyar Burtaniya.Shawarar da ya yi kan Jihadi a kan muradun Biritaniya da Rasha ya kara dagula dangantaka.Sai dai kuma babu wani gagarumin rikici da ya taso tsakanin Afganistan da Birtaniyar Indiya a lokacin mulkin Abdur Rahman, inda Rasha ta yi nisa daga harkokin Afghanistan sai dai lamarin Panjdeh da aka warware ta hanyar diflomasiyya.Kafa layin Durand a shekara ta 1893 da Mortimer Durand da Abdur Rahman suka yi, wanda ya kebanta bangarorin tasiri tsakanin Afganistan da Indiyan Burtaniya, ya inganta huldar diflomasiyya da kasuwanci, tare da samar da lardin Arewa maso Yamma, tare da karfafa shimfidar yanayin kasa a tsakanin bangarorin biyu. .

Yaƙin Anglo-Afghanistan na uku ya fara ne a ranar 6 ga Mayu 1919 tare da mamayewarIndiyawa na Burtaniya , wanda ya ƙare da yaƙi a ranar 8 ga Agusta 1919. Wannan rikici ya haifar da yerjejeniyar Anglo-Afghanistan na 1919, inda Afghanistan ta sake samun iko kan harkokinta na waje daga Biritaniya. , kuma Birtaniya sun amince da layin Durand a matsayin iyakar hukuma tsakanin Afghanistan da Birtaniya Indiya.FageAsalin yakin Anglo-Afghanistan na uku ya samo asali ne daga dogon fahimtar da Birtaniyya ta yi wa Afganistan a matsayin hanyar da za ta iya kaiwa ga mamayewar Rasha zuwa Indiya, wani bangare na gwagwarmayar dabarun da aka fi sani da Babban Wasan.A cikin karni na 19, wannan damuwa ta haifar da yakin Anglo-Afghanistan na farko da na biyu yayin da Biritaniya ke neman yin tasiri ga manufofin Kabul.Duk da wadannan tashe-tashen hankula, lokacin da ya biyo bayan yakin Anglo-Afghanistan na biyu a shekarar 1880 zuwa farkon karni na 20, yana da dangantaka mai kyau tsakanin Birtaniya da Afganistan, karkashin mulkin Abdur Rahman Khan da magajinsa Habibullah Khan.Biritaniya ta tafiyar da manufofin harkokin wajen Afganistan a kaikaice ta hanyar ba da tallafi mai mahimmanci, tare da tabbatar da 'yancin kai amma tare da tasiri sosai kan harkokinta na waje kamar yadda yarjejeniyar Gandamak ta tanada.Bayan mutuwar Abdur Rahman Khan a shekara ta 1901, Habibullah Khan ya hau kan karagar mulki, yana mai rike da matsayi na hakika tsakanin Birtaniya da Rasha don biyan bukatun Afganistan.Duk da kasancewar kasar Afganistan ba tare da bata lokaci ba a lokacin yakin duniya na farko da kuma tsayin daka wajen fuskantar matsin lamba daga kasashen tsakiya da kuma daular Usmania, Habibullah ya shagaltu da aikin Turkiyya da Jamus, ya kuma amince da taimakon soja, inda ya yi kokarin shiga tsakanin kasashen da ke fada da juna domin amfanin Afganistan.Kokarin da Habibullah ya yi na tabbatar da tsaka-tsaki, a lokaci guda yana fuskantar matsin lamba na cikin gida da muradun Birtaniya da Rasha, ya kai ga kashe shi a watan Fabrairun 1919. Wannan lamari ya haifar da gwagwarmayar mulki, inda Amanullah Khan, dan Habibullah na uku, ya fito a matsayin sabon Amir a cikin rashin amincewa na cikin gida da kuma rashin amincewar cikin gida da kuma na cikin gida. koma bayan tashe tashen hankula a Indiya bayan kisan kiyashin Amritsar.Sauye-sauyen farko da Amanullah ya yi da alkawuran samun 'yancin kai da nufin tabbatar da mulkinsa amma kuma ya nuna sha'awar ficewa daga tasirin Birtaniyya, wanda ya kai ga yanke shawarar mamaye Indiya ta Burtaniya a 1919, wanda hakan ya haifar da yakin Anglo-Afghanistan na uku.YakiYakin Anglo-Afghanistan na Uku ya fara ne a ranar 3 ga Mayun 1919 lokacin da sojojin Afghanistan suka mamaye Indiyan Burtaniya, inda suka kwace babban birnin Bagh, wanda ya kawo cikas ga samar da ruwa zuwa Landi Kotal.Dangane da mayar da martani, Biritaniya ta shelanta yaki a kan Afghanistan a ranar 6 ga Mayu tare da tattara dakarunta.Sojojin Birtaniyya sun fuskanci kalubalen dabaru da na tsaro amma sun yi nasarar dakile hare-haren Afganistan, ciki har da na 'Stonehenge Ridge', wanda ke nuna tsananin da kuma yaduwar rikicin.Halin da ake ciki na yakin ya koma kamar yadda rashin jituwa tsakanin Bindigar Khyber da kuma dambarwar kayan aiki ga sojojin Birtaniyya a yankin ya nuna irin sarkakiya na yakin gaba.Matakin karshe na yakin ya ga mummunan fada a kusa da Thal, tare da sojojin Birtaniyya sun shawo kan matsalar lambobi da dabaru don tabbatar da yankin, tare da taimakon RAF goyon bayan sojojin kabilanci.A cikin 8 ga Agusta 1919, Yarjejeniyar Rawalpindi ta nuna ƙarshen Yaƙin Anglo-Afghanistan na Uku, tare da ba da ikon Birtaniyya kan harkokin waje na Afghanistan zuwa Afghanistan.Wannan yerjejeniyar dai wani muhimmin ci gaba ne a tarihin kasar ta Afganistan, wanda ya kai ga bikin ranar 19 ga watan Agusta a matsayin ranar samun ‘yancin kai na kasar, domin tunawa da ‘yantar da al’ummar kasar daga tasirin da Birtaniyya ta samu a dangantakarta da ke waje.

Amanullah Khan ReformsBayan Yaƙin Anglo-Afghanistan na Uku, Sarki Amanullah Khan ya yi niyyar wargaza ƙasar ta Afghanistan saniyar ware a tarihi.Bayan murkushe tawayen Khost a 1925, ya kulla huldar diflomasiyya da manyan kasashe da dama.Sakamakon rangadin da ya yi a Turai da Turkiyya a shekara ta 1927, inda ya lura da kokarin zamanantar da Atatürk, Amanullah ya gabatar da sauye-sauye da dama da nufin sabunta Afghanistan.Mahmud Tarzi, ministan harkokin wajensa kuma surukinsa, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin wadannan sauye-sauye, musamman bayar da shawarwari kan ilimin mata.Tarzi ya goyi bayan sashe na 68 na kundin tsarin mulkin Afghanistan na farko, wanda ya wajabta karatun firamare ga kowa da kowa.To sai dai kuma wasu gyare-gyaren da aka yi, kamar soke lullubin al'adar musulmi da aka yi wa mata da kuma kafa makarantun koyar da ilimin hadin gwiwa, cikin hanzari ya fuskanci adawa daga shugabannin kabilu da na addini.Wannan rashin jin daɗi ya haifar da tawayen Shinwari a cikin Nuwamba 1928, wanda ya kai ga yakin basasar Afghanistan na 1928-1929.Duk da murkushe boren Shinwari na farko, rikici ya barke, yana kalubalantar manufofin Amanullah.Yakin basasar AfganistanYaƙin basasa na Afghanistan, wanda ya gudana daga 14 ga Nuwamba 1928 zuwa 13 ga Oktoba 1929, ya kasance cikin rikici tsakanin sojojin Saqqawist karkashin jagorancin Habibullāh Kalakāni da ƙungiyoyin kabilanci, sarakuna, da masu adawa da Saqqawist a cikin Afghanistan.Mohammed Nādir Khān ya fito a matsayin babban jigo a kan Saqqawists, inda ya kai ga hawansa sarki bayan shan kaye da suka yi.Rikicin ya kunno kai ne sakamakon tawayen kabilar Shinwari a Jalalabad, wani bangare na manufofin ci gaba na Amanullah Khan kan 'yancin mata.A halin da ake ciki kuma, Saqqawists, da suka yi gangami a arewa, sun kame Jabal al-Siraj, daga baya kuma Kabul a ranar 17 ga Janairun 1929, wanda ya nuna gagarumar nasarar farko, ciki har da kwace Kandahar daga baya.Duk da irin nasarorin da aka samu a mulkin Kalakani, ya fuskanci tuhume-tuhume da zarge-zargen aikata laifuka da suka hada da fyade da kwace.Nadir Khan, wanda ya yi daidai da ra'ayin kyamar Saqqawist kuma bayan tsawaita tsayin daka, ya tilastawa sojojin Saqqawist ja da baya, inda suka kwace birnin Kabul tare da kawo karshen yakin basasa a ranar 13 ga Oktoban 1929. Rikicin ya ga asarar rayuka kusan 7,500 a yakin da aka yi da kuma korar da aka yi a lokacin da aka kama. Kabul na sojojin Nadir.Bayan yakin, kin mayar da Amanullah kan karagar Nadir Khan ya haifar da tawaye da dama, kuma yunkurin da Amanullah ya yi a baya na kwato mulki a yakin duniya na biyu tare da goyon bayan Axis ya nuna irin gadon da aka samu na wannan lokaci mai cike da tashin hankali a tarihin Afghanistan.

Mohammed Nadir Khan ya hau gadon sarautar Afganistan ne a ranar 15 ga Oktoban 1929, bayan ya kayar da Habibullah Kalakani, sannan ya zartar da hukuncin kisa a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba na wannan shekarar.Mulkin nasa ya mayar da hankali ne kan tabbatar da mulki da sake farfado da kasar, inda ya zabi hanyar da ta fi dacewa da zamani fiye da sauye-sauyen da magabacinsa Amanullah Khan ya yi.An datse wa’adin Nadir Khan ne sakamakon kisan da wani dalibin Kabul ya yi masa a shekarar 1933, a wani mataki na daukar fansa.Mohammad Zahir Shah, dan Nadir Khan mai shekaru 19, ya gaje shi, yana mulki daga 1933 zuwa 1973. Mulkinsa ya fuskanci kalubale, ciki har da tawaye na kabilanci tsakanin 1944 zuwa 1947, karkashin jagorancin shugabanni irin su Mazrak Zadran da Salemai.Da farko, mulkin Zahir Shah yana ƙarƙashin jagorancin kawunsa, Firayim Minista Sardar Mohammad Hashim Khan, wanda ya kiyaye manufofin Nadir Khan.A cikin 1946, wani kawu, Sardar Shah Mahmud Khan, ya zama Firayim Minista, wanda ya fara samun sassaucin ra'ayi na siyasa wanda daga baya ya janye saboda yawan isar da shi.Mohammed Daoud Khan, dan uwan ​​Zahir Shah kuma surukinsa, ya zama Firayim Minista a 1953, yana neman kusanci da Tarayyar Soviet tare da nesanta Afghanistan daga Pakistan .Zamansa ya gamu da matsalar tattalin arziki sakamakon takaddama da Pakistan, wanda ya kai ga yin murabus a shekarar 1963. Daga nan Zahir Shah ya kara taka rawa a harkokin mulki kai tsaye har zuwa 1973.A shekara ta 1964, Zahir Shah ya gabatar da kundin tsarin mulki mai sassaucin ra'ayi, inda ya kafa majalisar dokoki mai ra'ayin mazan jiya tare da cuɗanya da nadawa, zaɓaɓɓu, da zaɓaɓɓun wakilai.Wannan lokacin, wanda aka fi sani da Zahir's "gwaji a cikin dimokuradiyya," ya ba da damar jam'iyyun siyasa su bunkasa, ciki har da jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Afganistan (PDPA), wadda ta yi daidai da akidar Soviet.Jam’iyyar PDP ta rabu a shekarar 1967 zuwa kashi biyu: Khalq, karkashin jagorancin Nur Muhammad Taraki da Hafizullah Amin, da Parcham, karkashin Babrak Karmal, wanda ke nuna bambancin akida da siyasa da ke kunno kai a siyasar Afghanistan.

A cikin zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa da cin hanci da rashawa da ake yi wa gidan sarauta da kuma yanayin rashin tattalin arziki da ya haifar da mummunan fari na 1971-1972, tsohon Firayim Minista Mohammad Sardar Daoud Khan ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki ba tare da tashin hankali ba a ranar 17 ga Yuli, 1973, yayin da Zahir Shah ke karbar magani. don matsalolin ido da magani don lumbago a Italiya.Daoud ya soke sarautar, ya soke kundin tsarin mulkin 1964, ya kuma ayyana Afganistan a matsayin jamhuriya tare da kansa a matsayin shugaban kasa da Firayim Minista na farko.Jamhuriyar Afghanistan ita ce jamhuriya ta farko a Afghanistan.Ana yawan kiranta da Jamhuriyar Daoud ko Jamhuriya-Sardaran (Jamhuriyar sarakuna), kamar yadda aka kafa ta a watan Yulin 1973 bayan Janar Sardar Mohammad Daoud Khan na daular Barakzai tare da manyan sarakuna Barakzai sun tsige dan uwansa, Sarki Mohammad Zahir Shah, a watan Yuli. juyin mulki.Daoud Khan ya shahara da mulkin kama-karya da yunƙurin zamanantar da ƙasar tare da taimakon Tarayyar Soviet da Amurka da dai sauransu.Ƙoƙarinsa na aiwatar da sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki da zamantakewa da ake buƙata ba su samu nasara ba, kuma sabon kundin tsarin mulkin da aka yi a watan Fabrairun 1977 ya kasa murkushe rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa.A shekarar 1978, an yi juyin mulkin soja da aka fi sani da juyin juya halin Saur, wanda jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party ta Afganistan ke samun goyon bayan Soviet, inda aka kashe Daoud da iyalansa.

A ranar 28 ga Afrilun 1978, juyin juya halin Saur ya yi bikin kifar da gwamnatin Mohammad Daoud karkashin jam'iyyar PDPA ta Afganistan, karkashin jagorancin wasu mutane kamar Nur Mohammad Taraki, Babrak Karmal, da Amin Taha.Wannan juyin mulkin ya haifar da kashe Daoud, wanda ya haifar da Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Afghanistan a karkashin mulkin PDP, wanda ya ci gaba har zuwa Afrilu 1992.Jam’iyyar PDPA, da ta taba rike madafun iko, ta bullo da tsarin kawo sauyi a tsarin Marxist-Leninist, ba tare da bin doka da oda ba da kuma inganta ’yancin mata, ciki har da haramta auren dole da kuma amincewa da zaben mata.Mahimman gyare-gyare sun haɗa da gyare-gyaren ƙasa na gurguzu da kuma motsawa zuwa ga rashin yarda da Allah, tare da ƙoƙarin sabunta tattalin arziki tare da taimakon Soviet, wanda ke nuna wani lokaci mai sauyi amma mai rikici a tarihin Afghanistan.Sai dai wadannan sauye-sauye, musamman yunkurin mayar da addini da kuma dakile al'adun Musulunci na gargajiya, ya haifar da tarzoma.Danniya da jam’iyyar PDPA ta yi ya yi sanadin mutuwar dubban mutane da dauri, lamarin da ya haifar da tashe-tashen hankula a fadin kasar nan, musamman a yankunan karkara.Wannan adawa mai yaduwa ta kafa tushen shiga tsakani na Tarayyar Soviet a watan Disambar 1979, da nufin tallafa wa gwamnatin PDPA da ta durkushe.Mamaya na Tarayyar Soviet ya fuskanci turjiya mai tsanani daga mujahidan Afganistan, tare da samun gagarumin goyon bayan kasa da kasa, musamman daga Amurka da Saudiyya .Wannan tallafin ya hada da taimakon kudi da kayan aikin soji, lamarin da ya kara ruruta wutar rikicin zuwa wani babban fadan yakin cacar baka.Yaƙin neman zaɓe na Tarayyar Soviet, wanda ke tattare da kashe-kashen jama'a, fyaɗe, da tilastawa gudun hijira, ya kai ga miliyoyin 'yan gudun hijirar Afganistan da suka yi gudun hijira zuwa ƙasashe maƙwabta da sauran su.Matsin lamba na kasa da kasa da kuma tsadar mamaya daga karshe ya tilasta wa Soviets janyewa a shekara ta 1989, wanda ya bar Afganistan mai cike da tabo da kuma kafa fagen ci gaba da rikici a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, duk da ci gaba da goyon bayan Soviet ga gwamnatin Afghanistan har zuwa 1992.

Yakin Soviet -Afghanistan, wanda ya kasance daga 1979 zuwa 1989, wani muhimmin rikici ne na yakin cacar baka , wanda ke fama da mummunar fafatawa tsakanin Jamhuriyar Demokiradiyar Afganistan (DRA), da sojojin Soviet, da kuma mayakan mujahidai na Afghanistan da ke samun goyon bayan wasu 'yan wasan duniya daban-daban. ciki har da Pakistan , Amurka , Birtaniya ,China , Iran , da kuma kasashen Larabawa na Gulf.Wannan shiga tsakanin kasashen waje ya mayar da yakin ya zama yakin neman zabe tsakanin Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet, wanda aka fi yin yaki a yankunan karkarar Afghanistan.Yakin ya yi sanadin jikkatar mutane miliyan 3 tare da raba miliyoyi da muhallansu, wanda ya yi tasiri sosai kan yawan jama'a da ababen more rayuwa na Afghanistan.Mamaya na Tarayyar Soviet ne ya fara shi da nufin tallafa wa gwamnatin jam'iyyar PDP mai goyon bayan Sobiet, yakin ya janyo Allah wadai da kasashen duniya, wanda ya kai ga sanyawa Tarayyar Soviet takunkumi.Sojojin Tarayyar Soviet sun yi niyya don tabbatar da cibiyoyin birane da hanyoyin sadarwa, suna tsammanin samun kwanciyar hankali da sauri na tsarin mulkin PDPA sannan kuma janyewa.Duk da haka, an fuskanci matsananciyar tsayin daka na mujahidai da kuma filin ƙalubale, rikicin ya tsawaita, inda matakan sojojin Soviet suka kai kusan 115,000.Yaƙin ya haifar da wahala sosai ga Tarayyar Soviet, yana cinye albarkatun soja, tattalin arziki, da siyasa.A tsakiyar shekarun 1980, karkashin tsarin kawo sauyi na Mikhail Gorbachev, Tarayyar Soviet ta fara janyewar wani mataki na janyewa, wanda aka kammala a watan Fabrairun 1989. Ficewar ya bar jam'iyyar PDPA ta kare kanta a ci gaba da rikici, wanda ya kai ga faduwarta a cikin 1992 bayan goyon bayan Soviet ya ƙare. , haddasa wani yakin basasa.Babban tasirin yakin Soviet da Afganistan ya hada da gudummawar da ta bayar wajen rugujewar Tarayyar Soviet, da kawo karshen yakin cacar baka, da barin gadon barna da rashin zaman lafiya a kasar ta Afghanistan.

Yakin basasar Afganistan na farko ya faro ne daga ficewar Soviet a ranar 15 ga Fabrairun 1989 zuwa kafa sabuwar gwamnatin Afganistan ta wucin gadi kamar yadda yarjejeniyar Peshawar ta tanada a ranar 27 ga Afrilun 1992. Wannan lokaci ya yi fama da rikici mai tsanani tsakanin bangarorin mujahidai da Jamhuriyar Soviet mai samun goyon bayan Tarayyar Soviet. Afghanistan in Kabul.Mujahidin, wadanda ba su da hadin kai a karkashin "Gwamnatin rikon kwarya ta Afghanistan," na kallon yakin nasu a matsayin gwagwarmaya da abin da suka dauka a matsayin mulkin 'yar tsana.Wani gagarumin yakin da aka yi a wannan lokaci shi ne yakin Jalalabad a watan Maris na shekarar 1989, inda gwamnatin wucin gadi ta Afganistan, da taimakon ISI na Pakistan , ta kasa kwace birnin daga hannun dakarun gwamnati, lamarin da ya haifar da wargajewar dabaru da akida a tsakanin mujahidai, wanda ya haifar da Hezbi Islami na Hekmatyar. don janye tallafi ga gwamnatin wucin gadi.Ya zuwa watan Maris din shekarar 1992, janye tallafin da Tarayyar Soviet ta yi ya sa shugaba Mohammad Najibullah ya shiga cikin mawuyacin hali, lamarin da ya sa yarjejeniyarsa ta yi murabus domin kafa gwamnatin hadaka ta mujahidai.Sai dai rashin jituwa kan kafa wannan gwamnati, musamman ta kungiyar Hizba Islami Gulbuddin, ya kai ga mamaye birnin Kabul.Wannan mataki ya haifar da yakin basasa tsakanin kungiyoyin mujahidai da dama, cikin hanzari ya rikide zuwa fadace-fadacen da ya shafi bangarori daban-daban har guda shida a cikin makonni, lamarin da ya sanya aka dauki tsawon lokaci na rashin zaman lafiya da yaki a kasar ta Afghanistan.FageGwajin gwagwarmayar mujahidai ya banbanta da wargaje, wanda ya kunshi kungiyoyi da dama masu bambancin yanki, kabilanci, da addini.A tsakiyar shekarun 1980, manyan kungiyoyin 'yan tawayen Islama guda bakwai sun hada kai don yakar Soviets.Duk da janyewar da Tarayyar Soviet ta yi a watan Fabrairun 1989, rigingimu sun ci gaba da tabarbarewa, rikicin da ya barke tsakanin bangarorin mujahidai, inda Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin, karkashin jagorancin Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, ya yi la'akari da yadda take kai hari ga sauran kungiyoyin gwagwarmaya, ciki har da wadanda Massoud ke jagoranta.Wadannan rikice-rikice na cikin gida galibi sun hada da munanan ayyuka na tashin hankali kuma suna da nasaba da zarge-zargen cin amana da tsagaita bude wuta da dakarun abokan gaba.Duk da waɗannan ƙalubalen, shugabanni irin su Massoud sun nemi inganta haɗin kan Afghanistan da bin adalci ta hanyar doka maimakon ramuwar gayya.Yakin JalalabadA cikin bazara na 1989, ƙungiyar jam'iyyun mujahidin ta Bakwai, da ke samun goyon bayan ISI ta Pakistan, ta kaddamar da farmaki a Jalalabad da nufin kafa gwamnati karkashin jagorancin mujahidai, mai yuwuwa a karkashin jagorancin Hekmatyar.Dalilan da ke tattare da wannan harin sun yi kamari masu sarkakiya, wadanda suka hada da burin kawar da gwamnatin Markisanci a Afghanistan da kuma hana goyon bayan yunkurin ballewa a cikin Pakistan.Shigar da Amurka ta yi, musamman ta hannun Ambasada Robert B. Oakley, na nuna ma'auni na kasa da kasa game da dabarun ISI, tare da Amurkawa na neman ladabtarwa ga Vietnam ta hanyar korar Markisanci daga Afghanistan.Wannan farmakin wanda ya hada da dakarun Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin da Ittehad-e Islami tare da mayakan Larabawa, da farko ya nuna alkawari yayin da suka kwace filin jirgin saman Jalalabad.Sai dai kuma mujahidan sun fuskanci turjiya mai tsanani daga sansanonin sojojin Afganistan masu karewa, tare da samun goyon bayan hare-hare ta sama da kuma harin makami mai linzami na Scud.Kawayen dai ya rikide zuwa yakin da ake dade ana gwabzawa, inda mayakan suka kasa kutsa kai cikin kariyar Jalalabad, inda suka yi hasarar rayuka da dama tare da kasa cimma manufarsu.Nasarar tsaron da sojojin Afganistan suka yi a Jalalabad, musamman amfani da makamai masu linzami na Scud, ya nuna wani muhimmin lokaci a tarihin soja na zamani.Sakamakon yakin da aka yi ya sa sojojin mujahidan sun yi sanyin gwiwa, inda aka kashe dubban mutane da kuma hasarar fararen hula.Rashin nasarar kame Jalalabad da kafa gwamnatin mujahida na nuni da koma baya a cikin dabara, wanda ke kalubalantar yunkurin mujahidan tare da sauya alkiblar rikicin Afganistan.

Yakin basasar Afganistan na biyu daga shekara ta 1992 zuwa 1996 ya biyo bayan wargajewar Jamhuriyar Afganistan mai samun goyon bayan Tarayyar Soviet, sakamakon kin kafa gwamnatin hadin gwiwa da mujahidan suka yi, lamarin da ya haifar da kazamin rikici tsakanin bangarori daban-daban.Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin karkashin jagorancin Gulbuddin Hekmatyar tare da samun goyon bayan ISI na Pakistan, ta yi yunkurin kwace birnin Kabul, wanda ya haifar da kazamin fada wanda a karshe ya kai ga sojojin mujahidai har shida.Wannan lokacin ya ga ƙawancen ƙawance da ke ci gaba da gwagwarmayar neman iko a cikin Afghanistan.Kungiyar Taliban da ta kunno kai tare da samun goyon bayan Pakistan da ISI, cikin hanzari ta sami karfin iko, inda ta kwace manyan garuruwan da suka hada da Kandahar, Herat, Jalalabad, da kuma Kabul a karshe a watan Satumban shekarar 1996. Wannan nasarar ta kai ga kafa Masarautar Musulunci ta Afganistan tare da kafa kafafan kafa daular Musulunci ta Afganistan. kara rikici da kungiyar Arewa a yakin basasar da ya biyo baya daga 1996 zuwa 2001.Yakin ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'ummar Kabul, inda yawan jama'a ya ragu daga miliyan biyu zuwa 500,000 saboda gudun hijira.Yaƙin basasa na Afghanistan na 1992–1996, wanda ke tattare da zaluncinsa da wahalar da ya haifar, ya kasance wani muhimmin babi mai ɓarna a tarihin Afghanistan, yana da tasiri sosai a fagen siyasa da zamantakewar al'umma.Yakin KabulA cikin 1992, Kabul ya zama fagen fama tare da ƙungiyoyin mujahidai suna yin manyan bindigogi da hare-haren rokoki, wanda ya haifar da asarar fararen hula da lalacewar ababen more rayuwa.Tsananin rikicin bai ragu ba a shekarar 1993, duk da yunkurin tsagaita bude wuta da yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da aka yi, duk da hakan bai ci nasara ba, sakamakon fafatawa da rashin yarda da juna a tsakanin bangarorin.A shekara ta 1994, rikicin ya fadada bayan Kabul, inda aka samu sabbin kawance, musamman tsakanin Junbish-i Milli na Dostum da Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin na Hekmatyar, wanda ya kara dagula yanayin yakin basasa.A wannan shekara kuma an yi nuni da fitowar Taliban a matsayin wata babbar runduna, ta kwace Kandahar tare da samun karin yankuna cikin hanzari a fadin Afghanistan.Yanayin yakin basasa a 1995-96 ya ga 'yan Taliban sun kwace wurare masu mahimmanci tare da tunkarar Kabul, suna kalubalantar gwamnatin wucin gadi karkashin jagorancin Burhanuddin Rabbani da sojojin Ahmad Shah Massoud.Yunkurin da kungiyar Taliban ta samu da kuma goyon bayan Pakistan ya sanya aka kulla sabuwar kawance a tsakanin bangarorin da ke gaba da juna a wani yunkuri na dakile yunkurin Taliban din.Sai dai wannan yunkurin bai ci nasara ba a lokacin da 'yan Taliban suka kwace birnin Kabul a watan Satumban shekarar 1996, inda suka kafa daular Musulunci ta Afganistan tare da nuna wani sabon babi a tarihin kasar mai cike da rudani.

A ranar 26 ga Satumban 1996, wanda ke fuskantar gagarumin farmaki daga 'yan Taliban, wadanda Pakistan ke samun goyon bayan soja da kuma kudi daga Saudi Arabiya, Ahmad Shah Massoud ya ba da umarnin ficewa daga birnin Kabul.Washegari mayakan Taliban suka kwace birnin, inda suka kafa daular musulunci ta Afganistan tare da sanya tsauraran sharuddan da suka shafi shari'ar Musulunci, wanda ya hada da tauye hakkin mata da 'yan mata.A martanin da Taliban ta dauka, Ahmad Shah Massoud da Abdul Rashid Dostum, wadanda suka kasance abokan gaba, sun hada kai suka kafa hadaddiyar kungiyar hadaka ta Arewa (Northern Alliance) don yin tir da fa'idar Taliban.Wannan kawancen ya hada dakarun Tajik na Massoud, Dostum na Uzbek, tare da kungiyoyin Hazara da na Pashtun karkashin jagorancin kwamandoji daban-daban, wadanda ke rike da kusan kashi 30% na al'ummar Afghanistan a muhimman lardunan arewacin kasar.A farkon 2001, Massoud ya ɗauki matakai biyu na yin matsin lamba na soja a cikin gida yayin da suke neman goyon bayan kasa da kasa don manufarsu, suna ba da shawara ga "amincin jama'a, babban zaɓe da dimokuradiyya."Sanin gazawar gwamnatin Kabul a farkon shekarun 1990, ya fara horas da 'yan sanda da nufin kare fararen hula, tare da hasashen samun nasarar hambarar da 'yan Taliban.Kokarin da Massoud ya yi a duniya ya hada da yin jawabi ga Majalisar Tarayyar Turai a Brussels, inda ya bukaci taimakon jin kai ga 'yan kasar Afganistan, ya kuma soki 'yan Taliban da Al Qaeda kan gurbata addinin Musulunci.Ya kara da cewa yakin da Taliban ke yi ba zai dore ba ba tare da goyon bayan Pakistan ba, yana mai bayyana sarkakkiya da ke da sarkakiya a yankin da ke shafar zaman lafiyar Afghanistan.

Yakin Afghanistan, wanda ya gudana daga 2001 zuwa 2021, an fara shi ne a matsayin martani ga harin 11 ga Satumba.A karkashin jagorancin Amurka , wata gamayyar kasa da kasa ta kaddamar da Operation Enduring Freedom don kawar da gwamnatin Taliban, wanda ya tanadi mafakar 'yan al-Qaeda da ke da alhakin kai hare-haren.Duk da nasarar da sojoji suka samu na farko da suka kafa Jamhuriyar Musulunci tare da raba 'yan Taliban daga manyan biranen kasar, rikicin ya rikide zuwa yakin Amurka mafi dadewa, wanda ya kai ga farfadowar Taliban da kuma kwace iko a shekarar 2021.Bayan 11 ga watan Satumba, Amurka ta bukaci a mika Osama bin Laden daga hannun Taliban, wanda ya ki amincewa ba tare da wata shaida ta hannu ba.Bayan korar da Taliban ta yi, kasashen duniya karkashin shirin da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da shi, sun yi niyyar kafa gwamnatin Afganistan ta dimokuradiyya don hana sake farfado da kungiyar Taliban.Duk da wannan yunƙurin, a shekara ta 2003, Taliban ta sake yin taro, inda suka kaddamar da hare-haren ta'addanci wanda ya sake dawo da yankuna masu mahimmanci a shekara ta 2007.A shekarar 2011, wani harin da Amurka ta kai Pakistan ta kawar da Osama bin Laden, lamarin da ya sa kungiyar tsaro ta NATO mika ayyukan tsaro ga gwamnatin Afganistan a karshen shekarar 2014. Kokarin diflomasiyya na kawo karshen rikicin, ciki har da yarjejeniyar Amurka da Taliban ta 2020, a karshe ya kasa daidaita Afghanistan. wanda ya kai ga kai hare-hare cikin gaggawa da kuma sake kafa Daular Musulunci a yayin da dakarun Amurka da na NATO suka janye.Yakin ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutane kimanin 176,000-212,000, ciki har da fararen hula 46,319, da kuma raba miliyoyi, yayin da 'yan Afganistan miliyan 2.6 suka rage 'yan gudun hijira da kuma wasu miliyan 4 da suka rasa matsugunansu nan da shekarar 2021. Ƙarshen rikicin ya nuna wani muhimmin lokaci a siyasar duniya, wanda ke nuna halin da ake ciki. sarkakiya na tsoma bakin soja na kasa da kasa da kalubalen samar da zaman lafiya mai dorewa a yankunan da ke da rarrabuwar kawuna na siyasa da akida.

A cikin 2021, janyewar sojojin Amurka da kawayensu daga Afganistan ya haifar da gagarumin sauyi na karfin iko, wanda ya kai ga karbe iko da Taliban cikin gaggawa a birnin Kabul a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta.Gwamnatin Afganistan karkashin jagorancin shugaba Ghani ta ruguje, lamarin da ya kai ga jirginsa zuwa Tajikistan da kuma kafa kungiyar 'yan ta'adda ta Taliban a kwarin Panjshir.Duk da kokarin da suke yi, Taliban ta kafa gwamnatin wucin gadi karkashin jagorancin Mohammad Hassan Akund a ranar 7 ga watan Satumba, amma duk da haka wannan gwamnatin ba ta samu karbuwa a duniya ba.Mallakar da aka yi ta haifar da mummunar matsalar jin kai a Afganistan, lamarin da ya ta'azzara sakamakon dakatar da yawancin agajin kasashen waje da kuma daskare kusan dala biliyan tara na kadarorin babban bankin Afghanistan da Amurka ta yi.Hakan dai ya yi matukar kawo cikas ga hanyoyin samun kudade da kungiyar ta Taliban ke samu, lamarin da ya haifar da durkushewar tattalin arziki da kuma karyewar tsarin banki.Ya zuwa Nuwamba 2021, Human Rights Watch ta ba da rahoton yunwar da ke yaduwa a fadin kasar.Lamarin dai na ci gaba da tabarbarewa, inda hukumar samar da abinci ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi nuni da karuwar karancin abinci.Ya zuwa Disamba 2023, WHO ta ba da rahoton cewa kashi 30 cikin 100 na 'yan Afganistan na fuskantar matsanancin karancin abinci, inda kusan yara miliyan 1 ke fama da matsananciyar rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yayin da ƙarin miliyan 2.3 ke fama da matsananciyar rashin abinci mai gina jiki, wanda ke nuna babban tasirin rashin zaman lafiyar siyasa ga rayuwar farar hula.