Tarihin Armeniya

Masana na ƙarni na 20 na farko sun ba da shawarar cewa wataƙila an rubuta sunan “Armenia” a karon farko a kan wani rubutu da ya ambaci Armanî (ko Armânum) tare da Ibla, daga yankunan da Naram-Sin ya ci (2300 KZ) da aka gano da ɗan Akkadian. mulkin mallaka a yankin Diyarbekir na yanzu;duk da haka, ba a san takamaiman wuraren da Armani da Ibla suke ba.Wasu masu bincike na zamani sun sanya Armani (Armi) a cikin babban yankin Samsat na zamani, kuma sun nuna cewa mutanen farko da ke jin Indo-Turai ne suka cika ta, aƙalla.A yau, Assuriyawa na zamani (waɗanda a al'adance suke magana da Neo-Aramaic, ba Akkadian ba) suna nufin Armania da sunan Armani.Yana yiwuwa sunan Armeniya ya samo asali ne daga Armini, Urartian don "mazaunan Arme" ko "Ƙasar Armean."Ƙila ƙabilar Arme na rubutun Urart ita ce Uramu, waɗanda a ƙarni na 12 KZ suka yi ƙoƙari su mamaye Assuriya daga arewa tare da abokansu Mushki da Kaskiya.Da alama Uramu sun zauna a kusa da Sason, suna ba da sunan su ga yankunan Arme da kuma ƙasar Urme da ke kusa.Thutmose III naMasar , a shekara ta 33 ta sarautarsa ​​(1446 K.Z.), da aka ambata a matsayin mutanen "Ermenen", suna da'awar cewa a ƙasarsu "sama tana kan ginshiƙanta huɗu".Wataƙila Armeniya tana da alaƙa da Mannaea, wanda zai iya zama daidai da yankin Minni da aka ambata a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki.Duk da haka, ba za a iya tantance abin da duk waɗannan shaidun suke nufi ba da tabbaci, kuma farkon takamaiman shaidar sunan “Armenia” ta fito ne daga Rubutun Behistun (c. 500 KZ).Sigar farko ta kalmar “Hayastan”, ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan Armeniya, ƙila ita ce Hayasa-Azzi, wata masarauta a cikin tsaunukan Armeniya da aka rubuta a tarihin Hittiyawa tun daga 1500 zuwa 1200 KZ.

Hayasa-Azzi ko Azzi-Hayasa ƙungiya ce ta Late Bronze Age a cikin tsaunukan Armeniya da/ko yankin Pontic na Asiya Ƙarama.Ƙungiyar Hayasa-Azzi ta yi rikici da daular Hittiyawa a ƙarni na 14 KZ, wanda ya kai ga rushewar Hatti a wajajen shekara ta 1190 KZ.An dade ana tunanin cewa watakila Hayasa-Azzi ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin kabilanci na Armeniya.Dukkan bayanai game da Hayasa-Azzi sun fito ne daga Hittiyawa, babu tushe na farko daga Hayasa-Azzi.Don haka, ba a san tarihin farko na Hayasa-Azzi ba.A cewar masanin tarihi Aram Kosyan, mai yiyuwa ne asalin Hayasa-Azzi ya ta'allaka ne a cikin al'adun Trialeti-Vanadzor, wanda ya fadada daga Transcaucasia zuwa arewa maso gabashin Turkiyya ta zamani a farkon rabin karni na 2 KZ.Igor Diakonoff yayi jayayya cewa lafazin Hayasa ya kasance kusa da Khayasa, tare da mai son h.A cewarsa, wannan ya warware alaka da Hay Armenian (հայ).Bugu da ƙari, ya yi jayayya cewa -asa ba zai iya zama ƙarami na harshen Anatoliya ba saboda sunaye masu wannan karin magana ba su nan a cikin tsaunukan Armeniya.Matiossian da sauransu sun karyata sukar Diakonoff, waɗanda ke jayayya cewa, kamar yadda Hayasa ɗan Hittiyawa ne (ko Hittiyawa-ized) exonym da aka yi amfani da shi ga ƙasar waje, ƙaramar -asa na iya nufin "ƙasar."Bugu da ƙari, ana iya yin sulhu da Khayasa da Hay kamar yadda waƙoƙin Hittiyawa h da kh suke musanyawa, fasalin da ke cikin wasu yarukan Armeniya kuma.

Mitanni jiha ce mai amfani da Hurrian a arewacin Siriya da kudu maso gabashin Anatoliya (Turkiya ta zamani).Tun da har yanzu ba a sami wani tarihi ko tarihin sarauta a wuraren da aka tono ba, ilimin Mitanni ba shi da yawa idan aka kwatanta da sauran masu iko a yankin, kuma ya dogara da abin da makwabta suka yi sharhi a cikin mataninsu.Daular Mitanni wani yanki ne mai karfi da Hittiyawa ya iyakance zuwa arewa,Masarawa a yamma, Kassiyawa a kudu, daga baya kuma Assuriyawa a gabas.A iyakar iyakarsa Mitanni ya yi tafiya zuwa yamma har zuwa Kizzuwatna ta tsaunukan Taurus, Tunip a kudu, Arraphe a gabas, da arewa zuwa tafkin Van.Ana nuna tasirin tasirin su a cikin sunayen wuraren Hurrian, sunaye na sirri da kuma yaduwa ta cikin Siriya da Levant na wani nau'in tukwane, Nuzi ware.

Nairi shine sunan Akkadiya don yankin da ke da wani yanki na musamman (wataƙila ƙungiyar tarayya ko ƙungiyar) na manyan sarakunan ƙabilu a cikin tsaunukan Armeniya, kusan yanki tsakanin Diyabakır na zamani da tafkin Van da yankin yammacin tafkin Urmia.Nairi wani lokaci an daidaita shi da Nihriya, wanda aka sani daga Mesopotamian , Hittiyawa, da tushen Urartian.Koyaya, kasancewarta tare da Nihriya a cikin rubutu ɗaya na iya jayayya akan hakan.Kafin faduwar zamanin Bronze, an ɗauki ƙabilun Nairi a matsayin masu ƙarfi da za su iya fafatawa da Assuriya da Hatti.Idan za a iya gano Nairi da Nihriya, to, yankin shi ne wurin da aka yi Yaƙin Nihriya (a shekara ta 1230 K.Z.), inda ya zama ƙarshen tashin hankalin da aka yi tsakanin Hittiyawa da Assuriyawa don iko da ragowar tsohuwar daular Mitanni.Sarakunan farko na Urartu suna kiran masarautarsu da Nairi maimakon Bianili na asali.Duk da haka, ba a san takamaiman alaƙar da ke tsakanin Urartu da Nairi ba.Wasu malaman sun yi imanin cewa Urartu wani yanki ne na Nairi har zuwa lokacin da tsohuwar ta hade a matsayin masarauta mai cin gashin kanta, wasu kuma sun nuna cewa Urartu da Nairi siyasa ce daban.Da alama Assuriyawa sun ci gaba da yin la'akari da Nairi a matsayin wani yanki na daban shekaru da yawa bayan kafuwar Urartu, har sai da Assuriya da Urartu suka mamaye Nairi gaba ɗaya a karni na 8 KZ.

Urartu yanki ne na yanki da aka fi amfani da shi azaman ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun mulkin zamanin Iron wanda kuma aka sani da fassarar zamani na ƙarshenta, Masarautar Van, wacce ke kewaye da tafkin Van a cikin tsaunukan Armeniya mai tarihi.Masarautar ta hau kan karagar mulki a tsakiyar karni na 9 KZ, amma ta koma koma baya a hankali kuma daga karshe Mediyawan Iran suka ci nasara a farkon karni na 6 KZ.Tun lokacin da aka sake gano shi a karni na 19, Urartu, wadda aka yi imani da cewa tana magana da harshen Armeniya a kalla, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a kishin kasar Armeniya.

An kafa Erebuni ta Sarkin Urartian Argishti I (r. ca. 785–753 KZ) a cikin 782 KZ.An gina shi a saman wani tudu da ake kira Arin Berd da ke kallon kwarin Aras don zama sansanin soja don kare iyakokin arewacin masarautar.An bayyana shi da "tsara a matsayin babbar cibiyar gudanarwa da addini, babban birnin sarauta."A cewar Margarit Israelyan, Argishti ya fara gina Erebuni bayan ya mamaye yankunan arewacin Yerevan da yammacin tafkin Sevan, wanda ya yi daidai da inda garin Abovyan yake a halin yanzu.Don haka, fursunonin da ya kama a wadannan kamfen, maza da mata, an yi amfani da su wajen gina garinsa.Sarakunan Urar da suka gaje su sun mayar da Erebuni matsayinsu a lokacin yakin da suke yi na yaki da mahara arewa da ci gaba da aikin gina katangar tsaro.Sarakuna Sarduri II da Rusa I suma sun yi amfani da Erebuni a matsayin wurin shirya sabbin kamfen na cin nasara da aka nufa zuwa arewa.A farkon karni na shida kasar Urartia, karkashin mamayar kasashen waje akai-akai, ta ruguje.Ba da daɗewa ba yankin ya faɗa ƙarƙashin ikon daular Achaemeniya.Matsayin dabarun da Erebuni ya mamaye bai ragu ba, duk da haka, ya zama muhimmiyar cibiyar satrapy na Armeniya.Duk da yawan mamayar da wasu ƙasashen waje suka yi, ba a taɓa barin garin da gaske ba kuma ana ci gaba da zama a cikin ƙarnuka masu zuwa, daga ƙarshe ya zama birnin Yerevan.

A cikin 714 KZ, Assuriyawa a ƙarƙashin Sargon II sun ci nasara da Sarkin Urar Rusa na I a tafkin Urmia kuma suka lalata haikalin Urart mai tsarki a Musasir.A lokaci guda kuma, wata kabilar Indo-Turai mai suna Cimmerians ta kai hari ga Urartu daga yankin arewa maso yamma tare da lalata sauran sojojinsa.

Mediyawa karkashin Cyaxares sun mamaye Assuriya daga baya a cikin 612 KZ, sannan suka mamaye babban birnin Urarti na Van zuwa 585 KZ, wanda ya kawo karshen mulkin Urartu yadda ya kamata.Bisa al'adar Armeniya, Mediya sun taimaka wa Armeniyawa su kafa daular Orontid.

Bayan faduwar Urartu a kusa da 585 KZ, Satrapy na Armeniya ya tashi, wanda Daular Orontid Armeniya ke mulki, wanda kuma aka sani da sunan mahaifar su Eruandid ko Yervanduni, wanda ke mulkin jihar a 585-190 KZ.A karkashin Orontids, Armeniya a lokacin wannan zamanin ta kasance santsi na Daular Farisa , kuma bayan wargajewarta (a cikin 330 KZ), ta zama masarauta mai cin gashin kanta.A lokacin mulkin daular Orontid, yawancin Armeniya sun karɓi addinin Zoroastrian.Orontids sun fara mulki a matsayin sarakunan abokan ciniki ko sarakunan Daular Achaemenid kuma bayan rushewar Daular Achaemenid ta kafa masarauta mai zaman kanta.Daga baya, wani reshe na Orontids ya yi sarauta a matsayin sarakunan Sophene da Commagene.Su ne na farko daga cikin daular sarauta uku da suka yi sarauta a tsohuwar Masarautar Armeniya (321 KZ-428 AD).

A karni na 5 KZ, Sarakunan Farisa ko dai suna mulki ko kuma suna da wasu yankuna da suka mamaye ba kawai na Farisa ba da kuma dukkan yankunan da Daular Assuriya ta mallaka ciki har da Armeniya.Satrapy na Armeniya, yanki ne da daular Orontid (570-201 KZ) ke iko da shi, yana ɗaya daga cikin satrapies na Daular Achaemenid a cikin karni na 6 KZ wanda daga baya ya zama masarauta mai cin gashin kanta.Babban birninta su ne Tushpa daga baya kuma Erebuni.

Sarautar Armeniya ta zama masarautu a shekara ta 321 K.Z. a lokacin mulkin daular Orontid bayan da Alexander the Great ya ci Farisa , wanda daga nan ya zama ɗaya daga cikin masarautun Hellenistic na Daular Seleucid .A karkashin daular Seleucid (312-63 KZ), an raba kursiyin Armeniya gida biyu - Armenia Maior (Mai girma Armeniya) da Sophene - dukansu sun wuce ga membobin daular Artaxiad a 189 KZ.

Masarautar Sophene wani yanki ne na siyasa na zamanin Hellenistic da ke tsakanin tsohuwar Armeniya da Siriya.Karkashin daular Orontid, masarautar ta gauraye a al'adance tare da tasirin Girkanci , Armeniya, Iran , Siriya, Anatoliya da Rum.An kafa shi a kusan karni na 3 KZ, masarautar ta ci gaba da 'yancin kai har zuwa c.95 KZ lokacin da Sarkin Artaxiad Tigranes Mai Girma ya ci yankuna a matsayin wani ɓangare na daularsa.Sophene da aka shimfiɗa a kusa da Kharput na tsakiya, wanda yake a yau Elazig.Wataƙila Sophene ya fito a matsayin masarauta daban-daban a cikin ƙarni na 3 KZ, lokacin raguwar tasirin Seleucid a hankali a Gabas ta Tsakiya da kuma rabuwar daular Orontid zuwa rassa da yawa.

Daular Seleucid Hellenistic, da ke iko da Siriya, Armeniya, da sauran yankuna na gabas.Duk da haka, bayan cin nasara da Roma suka yi a shekara ta 190 KZ, Seleucids sun bar ikon duk wani da'awar yankin da ke wuce tsaunin Taurus, yana iyakance Seleucids zuwa wani yanki mai saurin raguwa na Siriya.An kafa ƙasar Armeniya ta Hellenist a shekara ta 190 KZ.Ya kasance jihar magajin Hellenistic na daular Alexander the Great na ɗan gajeren lokaci, tare da Artaxias ya zama sarki na farko kuma wanda ya kafa daular Artaxiad (190 KZ-CE 1).A lokaci guda kuma, wani yanki na yammacin masarautar ya rabu a matsayin wata kasa ta daban a karkashin Zariyadris, wacce aka fi sani da Karamar Armeniya yayin da babbar masarauta ta sami sunan Greater Armeniya.A cewar Strabo masanin ƙasa, Artaxiyas da Zariadres sarakuna biyu ne na Daular Seleucid, waɗanda suka yi mulkin lardunan Greater Armenia da Sophene bi da bi.Bayan da Seleucid ya sha kaye a yakin Magnesia a shekara ta 190 KZ, juyin mulkin da dangin Artashes masu daraja ta Armeniya suka yi ya hambarar da daular Yervanduni tare da ayyana 'yancin kai, inda Artaxias ya zama sarki na farko na daular Artaxiad na Armeniya a shekara ta 188 KZ.Daular Artaxiad ko daular Ardaxiad ta yi mulkin daular Armeniya tun daga shekara ta 189 KZ har zuwa juyin mulkin da Romawa suka yi a AZ 12. Daularsu ta hada da Babbar Armeniya, Sophene da Karamar Armeniya da wasu sassa na Mesopotamiya .Babban abokan gaba su ne Romawa, Seleucids da Parthians , waɗanda Armeniyawa suka yi yaƙi da su.Masana sun yi imanin cewa Artaxias da Zariadres ba janar-janar na kasashen waje ba ne, amma ’yan gida ne masu alaka da daular Orontid da ta gabata, kamar yadda sunayensu na Irano-Armeniya (ba Girkanci) ke nunawa.A cewar Nina Garsoïan / Encyclopaedia Iranica, Artaxiads reshe ne na daular Orontid (Eruandid) na farko na asalin Iran wanda aka tabbatar yana mulki a Armenia daga akalla karni na 5 KZ.

Commagene tsohuwar daular Greco- Iran ce wadda wani reshe na Hellenized reshe na daular Orontid ta Iran wanda ya yi mulkin Armeniya ya yi mulki.Masarautar tana cikin da kewayen tsohon birnin Samosata, wanda ya zama babban birninta.Sunan zamanin Iron na Samosata, Kummuh, mai yiwuwa ya ba da sunansa ga Commagene.An siffanta Commagene a matsayin "ƙasa mai ɗaukar nauyi" tsakanin Armeniya, Parthia, Siriya, da Roma;a al'adance, an yi daidai gwargwado.Sarakunan Masarautar Commagene sun yi iƙirarin zuriyar Orontes ne da Darius na Farisa a matsayin kakansu, ta hanyar aurensa da Rhodogune, ɗiyar Artaxerxes II wadda ke da zuriyar sarki Darius I. Ƙasar Commagene ta yi daidai da Turkawa na zamani. lardunan Adiyaman da arewacin Antep.An san kadan game da yankin Commagene kafin farkon karni na 2 KZ.Duk da haka, da alama, daga abin da ya rage kaɗan, Commagene ya zama wani yanki mafi girma wanda ya haɗa da Mulkin Sophene.Wannan yanayin ya kasance har zuwa c.163 KZ, lokacin da satrap na gida, Ptolemaeus na Commagene, ya kafa kansa a matsayin mai mulki mai zaman kansa bayan mutuwar Sarkin Seleucid , Antiochus IV Epiphanes.Masarautar Commagene ta ci gaba da ’yancin kanta har zuwa shekara ta 17 AZ, lokacin da Sarkin Tiberius ya mai da shi lardin Roma.Ta sake fitowa a matsayin masarauta mai cin gashin kanta lokacin da aka mai da Antiochus IV na Commagene kan karagar mulki bisa ga umarnin Caligula, sannan wannan sarki ya hana ta, sannan kuma bayan shekaru biyu ta hannun magajinsa, Claudius.Jihar ta sake fitowa ta ci gaba har zuwa 72 AZ, lokacin da Sarkin sarakuna Vespasian a ƙarshe kuma ya mayar da shi wani ɓangare na Daular Roma.

A cikin kusan 120 KZ, Sarkin Parthian Mithridates II (r. 124-91 KZ) ya mamaye Armeniya kuma ya sanya sarkinta Artavasdes I yarda da suzerainty Parthia.Artavasdes An tilasta ni in ba Parthians Tigranes, wanda ko dai ɗansa ne ko ɗan'uwansa, a matsayin garkuwa.Tigranes ya zauna a kotun Parthia a Ctesiphon, inda ya yi karatu a al'adun Parthia.Tigranes ya kasance da garkuwa a kotun Parthian har zuwa c.96/95 KZ, lokacin da Mithridates II ya sake shi kuma ya naɗa shi Sarkin Armeniya.Tigranes sun ba da wani yanki da ake kira "kwaruruka saba'in" a cikin Caspiane zuwa Mithridates II, ko dai a matsayin jingina ko kuma saboda Mithridates II ya bukaci hakan.'Yar Tigranes Ariazate ita ma ta auri dan Mithridates II, wanda masanin tarihin zamani Edward Dąbrowa ya ce ya faru ne jim kadan kafin ya hau kan karagar Armeniya a matsayin tabbacin amincinsa.Tigranes zai kasance vassal na Parthia har zuwa ƙarshen 80's BC.

Tigranes the Great shi ne Sarkin Armeniya wanda ƙasar ta kasance a ƙarƙashinsa, na ɗan lokaci, ƙasa mafi ƙarfi a gabashin Roma.Ya kasance memba na gidan sarauta na Artaxiyad.A karkashin mulkinsa, daular Armeniya ta fadada fiye da iyakokinta na gargajiya, wanda ya baiwa Tigranes damar yin la'akari da lakabin Babban Sarki, da kuma shigar da Armeniya a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa da abokan hamayya irin su daular Parthia da Seleucid , da kuma Jamhuriyar Rum.A lokacin mulkinsa, daular Armeniya ta kasance a matsayi mafi girma na ikonta kuma a takaice ta zama kasa mafi karfi a gabashin Romawa.Artaxias da mabiyansa sun riga sun gina tushen da Tigranes ya gina daularsa.Duk da wannan gaskiyar, yankin Armeniya, kasancewarsa mai tsaunuka, yana ƙarƙashin ikon nakharars waɗanda ke da ikon cin gashin kansu daga babbar hukuma.Tigranes ya hada su don samar da tsaro na cikin gida a masarautar.Iyakar Armeniya ta miƙe daga Tekun Caspian zuwa Tekun Bahar Rum.A lokacin, Armeniyawa sun yi yawa, har Rumawa da Farisa suka haɗa ƙarfi don su doke su.Tigranes ya sami ƙarin babban birni a cikin yankinsa kuma ya sa masa suna Tigranocerta.

Yakin Mithridatic na Uku (73-63 KZ), na ƙarshe kuma mafi tsayi na Yaƙin Mithridatic guda uku, an yi yaƙi tsakanin Mithridates VI na Pontus da Jamhuriyar Romawa.Bangarorin biyu sun haɗu da babban adadin abokan gaba da ke jan gabaɗayan gabas na Bahar Rum da manyan sassan Asiya (Ƙananan Asiya, Babban Armeniya, Arewacin Mesopotamiya da Levant) cikin yaƙin.Rikicin ya ƙare a shan kashi ga Mithridates, ya kawo ƙarshen Mulkin Pontic, ya kawo ƙarshen daular Seleucid (a lokacin da ta kasance ƙasa), sannan kuma ya haifar da Masarautar Armeniya ta zama ƙasa abokin ciniki na Roma.

An yi yakin Tigranocerta ne a ranar 6 ga watan Oktoban shekara ta 69 KZ tsakanin sojojin Jamhuriyar Rum da sojojin daular Armeniya karkashin jagorancin Sarki Tigranes mai girma.Dakarun Roma karkashin jagorancin Consul Lucius Licinius Lucullus, sun yi galaba a kan Tigranes, kuma a sakamakon haka, sun kwace Tigranes babban birnin Tigranocerta.Yaƙin ya taso ne daga Yaƙin Mithridatic na Uku da aka yi tsakanin Jamhuriyar Romawa da Mithridates VI na Pontus, wanda 'yarsa Cleopatra ta auri Tigranes.Mithridates ya gudu ya nemi mafaka tare da surukinsa, kuma Roma ta mamaye Masarautar Armeniya.Bayan sun kewaye Tigranocerta, sojojin Romawa sun koma bayan wani kogi da ke kusa lokacin da babban sojojin Armeniya suka matso.Da yake suna nuna ja da baya, Romawa sun tsallaka a wani jirgin ruwa kuma suka faɗi a gefen dama na sojojin Armeniya.Bayan da Rumawa suka yi galaba a kan katafaren Armeniya, ma'auni na sojojin Tigranes, wanda galibi ya kunshi danyen lefi da sojojin manoma daga daularsa mai yawa, suka firgita suka gudu, kuma Rumawa suka ci gaba da kula da filin.

A farkon 66 tribune Gaius Manilius ya ba da shawarar cewa Pompey ya zama babban kwamandan yaki da Mithridates da Tigranes.Ya kamata ya karɓi iko daga hannun gwamnonin larduna a Asiya Ƙarama, yana da ikon nada kansa da ikon yin yaƙi da zaman lafiya da ƙulla yarjejeniya da kanshi.Majalisar dattijai da jama'a sun amince da dokar, Lex Manilia kuma Pompey a hukumance ya jagoranci yakin gabas.A kan gabatowar Pompey, Mithridates ya koma tsakiyar mulkinsa yana ƙoƙari ya shimfiɗa kuma ya yanke layin samar da Romawa amma wannan dabarar ba ta yi aiki ba (Pompey ya yi fice a kan dabaru).A ƙarshe Pompey ya yi kusurwoyi kuma ya ci sarki a kogin Lycus.Kamar yadda Tigranes II na Armeniya, surukinsa, ya ƙi karɓar shi a cikin mulkinsa (Greater Armenia), Mithridates ya gudu zuwa Colchis, don haka ya yi hanyarsa zuwa ga mulkinsa a cikin Cimmerian Bosporus.Pompey ya yi yaƙi da Tigranes, waɗanda mulkinsu da ikonsu suka raunana sosai.Daga nan Tigranes ya kai karar neman zaman lafiya sannan ya gana da Pompey don neman a daina tashin hankali.Masarautar Armeniya ta zama ƙasa mai ƙawance ta Roma.Daga Armeniya, Pompey ya yi tafiya zuwa arewa don yakar kabilun Caucasian da masarautun da har yanzu suke goyon bayan Mithridates.

Yaƙe-yaƙe na Roman-Parthiya (54 KZ - 217 AD) jerin rikice-rikice ne tsakanin Daular Parthia da Jamhuriyar Rum da Daular Roma.Shi ne jerin rikice-rikice na farko a cikin abin da zai zama shekaru 682 na Yaƙin Rum da Farisa .Yaƙe-yaƙe tsakanin Daular Parthia da Jamhuriyar Roma sun fara a shekara ta 54 KZ.An kori wannan kutse na farko da Parthia, musamman a yakin Carrhae (53 KZ).A lokacin yakin basasar Roman Liberators na karni na 1 KZ, Parthians sun goyi bayan Brutus da Cassius, mamaye Siriya, da samun yankuna a cikin Levant.Duk da haka, ƙarshen yakin basasar Romawa na biyu ya kawo farfaɗowar ƙarfin Romawa a Yammacin Asiya.A shekara ta 113 AZ, Sarkin Roma Trajan ya yi nasara a gabas da cin kashi Parthia a matsayin fifiko mai mahimmanci, kuma ya yi nasarar mamaye babban birnin Parthia, Ctesiphon, ya shigar da Parthamaspates na Parthia a matsayin mai mulkin abokin ciniki.Sai dai kuma daga baya 'yan tawaye suka fatattake shi daga yankin.Hadrian, magajin Trajan, ya sauya manufofin magabata, yana da niyyar sake kafa kogin Furat a matsayin iyakar ikon mulkin Romawa.Duk da haka, a ƙarni na 2, yaƙin Armeniya ya sake barkewa a shekara ta 161, lokacin da Vologases IV ya ci Romawa a can.Wani hari na Romawa a karkashin Statius Priscus ya ci Parthians a Armeniya kuma ya sanya dan takara da aka fi so a kan karagar Armeniya, kuma mamaye Mesofotamiya ya ƙare a cikin buhun Ctesiphon a 165.A cikin 195, wani mamayewar Romawa na Mesofotamiya ya fara a ƙarƙashin Sarkin sarakuna Septimius Severus, wanda ya mamaye Seleucia da Babila, duk da haka ya kasa ɗaukar Hatra.

Daular Arsacid ta mallaki daular Armeniya daga shekara ta 12 zuwa 428. Daular wani reshe ne na daular Arsacid na Parthia.Sarakunan Arsacid sun yi mulki na wucin gadi cikin shekaru masu cike da rudani bayan faduwar daular Artaxiad har zuwa shekara ta 62 lokacin da Tiridates I ya tabbatar da mulkin Parthian Arsacid a Armeniya.Sai dai bai yi nasarar kafa nasa karagar mulki ba, kuma mabiya Arsacid daban-daban na zuriya daban-daban sun yi mulki har zuwa lokacin da Vologases II ya hau gadon sarautar Armeniya, wanda zai mulki kasar har sai an kawar da ita. Daular Sasaniya a cikin 428.Biyu daga cikin fitattun abubuwan da suka faru a ƙarƙashin mulkin Arsacid a tarihin Armeniya sune juyin juya halin Armeniya zuwa Kiristanci da Gregory mai haske ya yi a shekara ta 301 da kuma ƙirƙirar haruffan Armeniya ta Mesrop Mashtots a c.405. Mulkin Arsacids na Armeniya ya nuna fifikon Iraniyawa a kasar.

Armeniya ta Roman tana nufin mulkin sassan Babbar Armeniya ta Daular Rum, daga karni na farko AZ zuwa ƙarshen Late Antiquity.Yayin da ƙaramar Armeniya ta zama ƙasa abokin ciniki kuma an haɗa ta cikin Daular Roma daidai a cikin ƙarni na 1 AZ, Babban Armeniya ta kasance daula mai cin gashin kanta a ƙarƙashin daular Arsacid.A cikin wannan lokacin, Armeniya ta kasance ƙashi na gardama tsakanin Roma da Daular Parthia , da kuma daular Sasaniya wacce ta gaji na ƙarshe, da kuma casus belli na yawancin Yaƙin Rum da Farisa .Sai kawai a cikin 114 Sarkin sarakuna Trajan ya iya cin nasara kuma ya haɗa shi a matsayin lardin ɗan gajeren lokaci.A ƙarshen karni na 4, an raba Armeniya tsakanin Rum da Sasaniyawa, waɗanda suka mamaye babban yanki na Masarautar Armeniya kuma a tsakiyar karni na 5 sun soke sarautar Armeniya.A karni na 6 da na 7, Armeniya ta sake zama fagen fama tsakanin Rumawa ta Gabas (Byzantines) da Sasaniyawa, har sai da aka yi galaba a kan dukkan bangarorin biyu, aka maye gurbinsu da Khalifancin Musulmi a tsakiyar karni na 7.

Shapur I ya halaka sojojin Romawa 60,000 a yakin Barbalissos.Sannan ya kona kuma ya lalata lardin Rum na Sham da duk abin da ya dogara da shi.Daga nan sai ya sake cin Armeniya, ya kuma tunzura Anak na Parthia ya kashe sarkin Armeniya, Khosrov na biyu.Anak ya yi kamar yadda Shapur ya tambaya, kuma ya sa aka kashe Khosrov a cikin 258;Amma duk da haka ba da dadewa ba aka kashe shi kansa Anak da manyan Armaniyawa.Sai Shapur ya nada dansa Hormizd I a matsayin "Babban Sarkin Armeniya".Da Armeniya ta yi nasara, Jojiya ta mika wuya ga Daular Sasaniya kuma ta fada karkashin kulawar wani jami'in Sasaniya.Da Jojiya da Armeniya ke ƙarƙashin ikon, ta haka ne aka tsare iyakokin Sasaniyawa a arewa.Farisa Sassanid sun riƙe Armeniya har sai da Romawa suka dawo a 287.

A ƙarƙashin Diocletian, Roma ta naɗa Tiridates III a matsayin mai mulkin Armeniya, kuma a cikin 287 ya mallaki sassan yammacin yankin Armeniya.Sassanid sun zuga wasu manyan mutane su yi tawaye sa’ad da Narseh ya bar sarautar Farisa a shekara ta 293. Duk da haka Roma ta ci Narseh a shekara ta 298, kuma ɗan Khosrov na II Tiridates III ya sake samun iko bisa Armeniya tare da taimakon sojojin Romawa.

A cikin 301, Armeniya ta zama al'umma ta farko da ta karɓi Kiristanci a matsayin addini na ƙasa, a cikin dogon lokaci da aka daɗe ana adawa da siyasa a yankin.Ta kafa cocin da a yau ke kasancewa ba tare da cocin Katolika da na Gabas ta Tsakiya ba, wanda ya zama haka a cikin 451 bayan ya ƙi Majalisar Chalcedon.Cocin Apostolic na Armeniya wani ɓangare ne na haɗin gwiwar Orthodox na Gabas, kada a ruɗe shi da haɗin gwiwar Orthodox na Gabas.Katolika na farko na cocin Armeniya shine Saint Gregory the illuminator.Saboda imaninsa, Sarkin Armeniya na arna ya tsananta masa, kuma ya “hukumta shi” ta hanyar jefa shi a Khor Virap, a Armeniya ta zamani.Ya sami lakabin Haske, domin ya haskaka ruhin Armeniyawa ta hanyar gabatar musu da addinin Kiristanci.Kafin wannan, babban addini a tsakanin Armeniya shine Zoroastrianism.Ga alama Kiristanci na Armeniya da Arsacids na Armeniya ya yi wani bangare ne na sabawa Sassanid.

A cikin 384, Sarkin Roma Theodosius I da Shapur III na Farisa sun yarda su raba Armeniya a hukumance tsakanin Daular Rum ta Gabas (Byzantine) da Daular Sasaniya .Da sauri Armeniya ta Yamma ta zama lardi na Daular Roma a ƙarƙashin sunan Armeniya Ƙarama;Armeniya ta gabas ta kasance daula a cikin Farisa har zuwa 428, lokacin da manyan mutanen yankin suka hambarar da sarki, kuma Sassanid suka nada gwamna a madadinsa.

Mesrop Mashtots da Isaac na Armeniya (Sahak Partev) ne suka gabatar da haruffan Armeniya a cikin 405 AD.Majiyoyin Armeniya na zamanin da kuma sun yi iƙirarin cewa Mashtots sun ƙirƙira haruffan Albaniya na Georgian da Caucasian kusan lokaci guda.Koyaya, yawancin malamai suna danganta ƙirƙirar rubutun Jojiya zuwa tsarin Kiristanci na Iberia, ainihin masarautar Kartli ta Jojiya.Don haka ƙila an ƙirƙiri haruffan tsakanin juyar da Iberia ƙarƙashin Mirian III (326 ko 337) da rubutun Bir el Qutt na 430, tare da haruffan Armeniya.

Sasanian Armeniya, wanda kuma aka sani da Armeniya ta Farisa da Farisa na iya yin nuni ga lokutan da Armeniya ta kasance ƙarƙashin ikon daular Sasaniya ko kuma musamman ga sassan Armeniya da ke ƙarƙashin ikonta kamar bayan rabuwar 387 lokacin da sassan yammacin Armeniya suka kasance. An haɗa shi cikin daular Roma yayin da sauran Armeniya suka zo ƙarƙashin Sasanian suzerainty amma sun ci gaba da kasancewa daular har zuwa 428.A cikin 428, Bahram V ya soke Masarautar Armeniya kuma ya nada Veh Mihr Shapur a matsayin marzban (gwamnan lardin iyaka, "margrave") na kasar, wanda ya nuna farkon wani sabon zamani da aka sani da lokacin Marzpanate, lokacin da marzbans. , wanda Sarkin Sasaniya ya nada, yana mulkin gabashin Armeniya, sabanin yammacin Rumawa ta Armeniya wanda yarima da dama suka yi mulki, sannan daga baya gwamnoni, karkashin mulkin Byzantine suzerainty.An mayar da Armeniya cikakken lardi a cikin Farisa, wanda aka sani da Armeniya ta Farisa.

An yi yakin Avarayr ne a ranar 2 ga watan Yunin 451 a filin Avarayr dake Vaspurakan tsakanin sojojin Armeniyawa na Kirista karkashin Vardan Mamikonian da Sassanid Persia .Ana ɗaukarsa ɗaya daga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe na farko don kariyar bangaskiyar Kirista .Duk da cewa Farisa sun yi nasara a fagen fama, amma nasara ce mai cike da rugujewa yayin da Avarayr ya share hanya zuwa yarjejeniyar Nvarsak ta 484, wadda ta tabbatar da 'yancin Armeniya na yin addinin Kirista cikin 'yanci.Ana kallon yakin a matsayin daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin Armeniya.Ana daukar kwamandan sojojin Armeniya Vardan Mamikonian a matsayin gwarzo na kasa kuma Cocin Apostolic na Armeniya ya nada shi.

Majalisar farko ta Dvin majalisa ce ta coci da aka gudanar a shekara ta 506 a birnin Dvin (sa'an nan a Sasaniya Armeniya).Ta yi taro don tattauna Henotikon, takardar kiristanci da Sarkin Byzantine Zeno ya bayar a ƙoƙarin warware takaddamar tauhidi da ya taso daga Majalisar Chalcedon.Cocin Armeniya ba ta yarda da ƙarshen Majalisar Chalcedon ba ( Majalisar Ecumenical ta huɗu), wadda ta ayyana cewa an san Kristi a cikin yanayi biyu, kuma ta yi Allah wadai da amfani da dabara na musamman "daga yanayi biyu".Na ƙarshe ya dage kan haɗewar ɗabi'ar ɗan adam da na allahntaka zuwa ga halittar Kristi guda ɗaya, kuma sun ƙi duk wani rabewar dabi'u a zahiri bayan tarayya.Saints Cyril na Iskandariya da Dioscorus na Iskandariya ne suka furta wannan dabara.Miaphysitism shine koyaswar Cocin Armeniya da sauransu.The Henotikon, yunƙurin sarki Zeno na sulhu, an buga shi a cikin 482. Ya tunatar da bishop hukuncin hukunci na Nestorian, wanda ya nanata yanayin ɗan adam na Kristi, kuma bai ambaci akidar dyophysite na Kalcedoniya ba.

Armeniya ta kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin Larabawa kusan shekaru 200, wanda ya fara a 645 AZ.A cikin shekaru masu yawa na mulkin Umayyawa da Abbasiyawa , Kiristocin Armeniya sun amfana daga 'yancin kai na siyasa da 'yancin addini, amma an ɗauke su a matsayin 'yan ƙasa na biyu (matsayin Dhimmi).Wannan, duk da haka, ba haka lamarin yake ba a farkon.Da farko maharan sun yi kokarin tilastawa Armeniyawa karbar Musulunci, lamarin da ya sa ‘yan kasar da dama suka yi gudun hijira zuwa Armeniya da ke karkashin ikon Rumawa, wanda galibi musulmin suka bar shi kadai saboda tudu da ke da tudu.Manufar kuma ta haifar da tashe-tashen hankula da yawa har sai da Cocin Armeniya ta sami karbuwa fiye da yadda ta samu a karkashin ikon Byzantine ko Sassanid.Halifa ya nada Ostikans a matsayin hakimai da wakilai, wadanda a wasu lokuta ‘yan asalin Armeniya ne.Ostikan na farko, alal misali, shine Theodorus Rshtuni.Duk da haka, kwamandan dakaru 15,000 ne ko da yaushe dan asalin Armeniya ne, sau da yawa daga dangin Mamikonian, Bagratuni ko Artsruni, tare da dangin Rshtuni suna da mafi yawan sojoji a 10,000.Ko dai ya kare kasar daga kasashen waje, ko kuma ya taimaka wa Halifa a yakin da ya yi na soja.Misali, Armeniyawa sun taimaka wa Halifanci a kan Khazar mamaya.Tawaye da yawa sun katse mulkin Larabawa a duk lokacin da Larabawa suka yi ƙoƙarin tilasta Musulunci, ko ƙarin haraji (jizya) ga mutanen Armeniya.Duk da haka, waɗannan tawaye sun kasance na lokaci-lokaci kuma suna tsaka-tsaki.Ba su taɓa samun halin pan-Armeniya ba.Larabawa sun yi amfani da fafatawa tsakanin nakharar Armeniya daban-daban domin dakile ‘yan tawaye.Don haka, dangin Mamikonian, Rshtuni, Kamsarakan da Gnuni sun raunana a hankali don goyon bayan iyalan Bagratuni da Artsruni.Tawayen sun haifar da ƙirƙirar halayen almara, Dauda na Sassoun.A lokacin mulkin Musulunci, Larabawa daga wasu sassa na Halifanci sun zauna a Armeniya.A karni na 9, an sami kafuwar rukunin sarakunan Larabawa, fiye ko žasa daidai da nakharar Armeniya.

Daular Bagratuni ko Bagratid daular sarauta ce ta Armeniya wacce ta mallaki Masarautar Armeniya ta tsakiya daga c.885 har zuwa 1045. Asalin su a matsayin vassals na Masarautar Armeniya na zamanin da, sun tashi sun zama fitattun dangin Armeniya masu daraja a lokacin mulkin Larabawa a Armeniya, a ƙarshe suka kafa mulkin kansu.Ashot I, dan wan Bagrat na biyu, shi ne memba na farko a daular da ya yi sarauta a matsayin Sarkin Armeniya.Kotu a Bagadaza ta amince da shi a matsayin yariman sarakuna a shekara ta 861, wanda ya haifar da yaki da sarakunan Larabawa.Ashot ya ci yakin, kuma Bagadaza ta amince da shi a matsayin Sarkin Armeniya a shekara ta 885. Amincewa daga Konstantinoful ya biyo baya a shekara ta 886. A kokarin hada kan al'ummar Armeniya karkashin tuta daya, Bagratids sun mamaye sauran iyalai masu daraja ta Armeniya ta hanyar cin nasara da kuma kawancen aure masu rauni. .Daga ƙarshe, wasu iyalai masu daraja irin su Artsrunis da Siunis sun balle daga tsakiyar Bagratid, sun kafa mulkoki daban-daban na Vaspurkan da Syunik, bi da bi.Ashot III mai rahama ya mayar da babban birninsu zuwa birnin Ani, wanda yanzu ya shahara da kango.Sun ci gaba da mulki ta hanyar wasa da gasar tsakanin Daular Rumawa da Larabawa .Da farkon karni na 10, Bagratunis ya rabu zuwa rassa daban-daban, ya wargaza mulkin a lokacin da ake bukatar hadin kai don fuskantar matsin lamba na Seljuk da Byzantine.Mulkin reshen Ani ya ƙare a shekara ta 1045 tare da mamaye Ani da Rumawa suka yi.Reshen Kars na iyali ya kasance har zuwa 1064. Karamin reshe na Kiurikian na Bagratunis ya ci gaba da mulki a matsayin sarakuna masu zaman kansu na Tashir-Dzoraget har zuwa 1118 da Kakheti-Hereti har zuwa 1104, sa'an nan kuma a matsayin sarakunan kananan hukumomi sun dogara ne akan kagaransu na Tavush. da Matsnaberd har zuwa karni na 13 Mongol sun mamaye Armeniya.An yi imanin daular Kilisiya Armeniya reshe ne na Bagratids, wanda daga baya ya hau karagar mulkin Armeniya a Kilicia.Wanda ya kafa, Ruben I, yana da dangantaka da ba a sani ba da sarki Gagik na biyu da aka gudun hijira.Ya kasance ko dai ɗan uwa ne ko ɗan'uwa.Ashot, ɗan Hovhannes (ɗan Gagik II), daga baya ya zama gwamnan Ani a ƙarƙashin daular Shaddadid.

Duk da cewa an kafa daular Bagratuni ta asali a cikin yanayi mai kyau, tsarin feudal a hankali ya raunana kasar ta hanyar zubar da biyayya ga gwamnatin tsakiya.Don haka a cikin gida, Armeniya ta zama mai sauƙi ga Rumawa, waɗanda suka kama Ani a cikin 1045. Daular Seljuk a ƙarƙashin Alp Arslan kuma ta mamaye birnin a 1064.A shekara ta 1071, bayan fatattakar sojojin Rumawa da Seljuk Turkawa suka yi a yakin Manzikert, Turkawa sun kwace sauran babbar kasar Armeniya da kuma yawancin yankin Anatoliya.Don haka ya ƙare shugabancin Kirista na Armeniya na shekaru dubu na gaba ban da lokacin ƙarshen 12th-farkon ƙarni na 13th, lokacin da ikon musulmi a Armeniya mai girma ya damu sosai da Masarautar Jojiya mai tada zaune tsaye.Yawancin sarakunan gida (nakharars) sun haɗu da ƙoƙarinsu tare da Georgians, wanda ya haifar da 'yantar da yankuna da yawa a arewacin Armeniya, wanda aka yi mulkin, a ƙarƙashin ikon kambi na Jojiya, ta Zakarids-Mkhargrzeli, babban dangin Armeno-Georgian mai daraja.

Masarautar Kilisiya ta Armeniya wata ƙasa ce ta Armeniya wacce 'yan gudun hijirar Armeniya da suka tsere daga mamayewar Seljuk na Armeniya suka kafa a lokacin tsakiyar zamanai.Ya kasance a wajen tsaunukan Armeniya kuma ya bambanta da Masarautar Armeniya na zamanin da, ya kasance a tsakiyar yankin Cilicia arewa maso yammacin Tekun Alexandretta.Masarautar ta samo asali ne a cikin mulkin da aka kafa c.1080 ta daular Rubenid, wanda ake zargin zuriyar babban daular Bagratuni ne, wanda a lokuta daban-daban ya rike sarautar Armeniya.Babban birninsu ya kasance a Tarsus, kuma daga baya ya zama Sis.Cilicia ta kasance ƙaƙƙarfan ƙawance na ’ Yan Salibiyya na Turai , kuma tana ganin kanta a matsayin tushen Kiristendam a Gabas.Har ila yau, ya zama abin mayar da hankali ga kishin ƙasa da al'adun Armeniya, tun da Armeniya daidai tana ƙarƙashin mamayar ƙasashen waje a lokacin.Muhimmancin Cilicia a cikin tarihin Armeniya da mulkin Armeniya kuma an tabbatar da shi ta wurin miƙa kujerar Katolika na Cocin Apostolic Armeniya, shugaban ruhaniya na mutanen Armeniya, zuwa yankin.A cikin 1198, tare da kambi na Leo I, Sarkin Armeniya na daular Rubenid, Cilician Armenia ta zama masarauta.

Saboda mahimmancin dabarunsa, wuraren tarihi na Armeniya na Yammacin Armeniya da Armeniya ta Gabas ana fafatawa akai-akai tare da wucewa tsakanin Safavid Farisa da Ottoman .Misali, a lokacin yakin Ottoman da Farisa , Yerevan ya canza hannu sau goma sha hudu tsakanin 1513 da 1737. An hade babbar Armeniya a farkon karni na 16 da Shah Ismail I. Bayan Amincin Amasya na 1555, Armeniya ta Yamma ta fada cikin mulkin mallaka. hannun Ottoman makwabta, yayin da Armeniya ta Gabas ta kasance wani yanki na Safavid Iran , har zuwa karni na 19.Armeniyawa sun kiyaye al'adunsu, tarihinsu, da yarensu a tsawon lokaci, musamman godiya ga bambancin addininsu tsakanin Turkawa da Kurdawa makwabta.Kamar Orthodox na Girkanci da Yahudawa tsiraru na Daular Ottoman, sun zama gero daban-daban, wanda Sarkin Armeniya na Konstantinoful ya jagoranta.A karkashin mulkin Ottoman, Armeniyawa sun kafa gero iri-iri uku: Armeniya Orthodox Gregorian, Katolika na Armeniya, da Furotesta na Armeniya (a cikin karni na 19).Bayan ƙarnuka da yawa na mulkin Turkiyya a Anatoliya da Armeniya (da farko ta Seljuks , sannan nau'ikan beylik na Anatoliya da kuma ƙarshe na Ottoman), cibiyoyin da ke da tarin Armeniyawa sun rasa ci gaba da yanayinsu (ɓangarorin Van, Bitlis, da Kharput). 'yan iska).A cikin shekaru aru-aru, kabilun Turkawa da Kurdawa sun zauna a yankin Anatoliya da Armeniya, wanda ya bar baya da kura ta hanyar kashe-kashen muggan abubuwa kamar yakin Byzantine-Persian, Yakin Byzantine-Arab, hijirar Turkiyya, mamayewar Mongol da kuma yakin neman zabe na zubar da jini. Tamerlane .Bugu da kari, an yi yakin Ottoman da Farisa na tsawon karni a tsakanin daulolin da ke gaba da juna, inda aka yi yakin da aka yi a yammacin Armeniya (don haka manyan sassa na kasashen Armeniya na asali), wanda ya sa yankin da al'ummarsa suka shiga tsakanin Ottomans da Farisa sau da yawa.Yaƙe-yaƙe tsakanin abokan hamayyar sun fara ne tun daga farkon ƙarni na 16 kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa ƙarni na 19, yana da mummunar illa ga mazaunan waɗannan yankuna, ciki har da Armeniya na Yammacin Armeniya.Hakanan akwai manyan al'ummomi a sassan Trebizond da Ankara da ke kan iyaka da ƙauyuka shida (kamar a Kayseri).Bayan da Ottoman ya mamaye Armeniyawa da dama kuma sun koma yamma suka zauna a Anatoliya, a cikin manya da manyan biranen daular Usmaniyya kamar Istanbul da Izmir.

Armeniya ta Iran (1502-1828) tana nufin lokacin Gabashin Armeniya a lokacin farkon-zamani da ƙarshen zamani lokacin da yake cikin daular Iran.Armeniyawa suna da tarihin rabuwa tun lokacin daular Rumawa da daular Sassanid, a farkon karni na 5.Yayin da bangarorin biyu na Armeniya suka sake haduwa a wasu lokuta, wannan ya zama abin zama na dindindin na mutanen Armeniya.Bayan mamayar Larabawa da Seljuk na Armeniya, yankin yamma, wanda da farko ya kasance na Byzantium, ya zama wani ɓangare na Daular Usmaniyya , in ba haka ba ana kiransa da Armeniya ta Ottoman, yayin da yankin gabas ya zama kuma ya kasance wani ɓangare na Daular Safavid ta Iran, Afsharid. Daular da Daular Qajar, har sai da ta zama wani bangare na daular Rasha a cikin karni na 19, bayan yerjejeniyar Turkmenchay ta 1828.

A karshen yakin Russo- Farisi , 1826-1828, tare da Yarjejeniyar Turkmenchay, Iran ta tilastawa barin yankunanta da suka hada da Erivan khanate (wanda ya hada da Armeniya ta zamani), Nakhichevan Khanate, da kuma sauran yankunan. Jamhuriyar Azerbaijan da ba a ba da karfi ba a shekara ta 1813. A wannan lokacin, a cikin 1828, mulkin Iran na ƙarni na ƙarni na Gabashin Armeniya ya ƙare a hukumance.Yawancin Armeniyawa sun riga sun rayu a cikin daular Rasha kafin shekarun 1820.Bayan da aka lalata sauran jahohin Armeniya masu cin gashin kansu na karshe a tsakiyar zamanai, masu fada aji sun wargaje, lamarin da ya bar al'ummar Armeniya ta kunshi tarin talakawa da masu matsakaicin matsayi wadanda ko dai masu sana'a ne ko kuma 'yan kasuwa.Ana samun irin waɗannan Armeniyawa a yawancin garuruwan Transcaucasia;hakika, a farkon karni na 19 sun kafa mafi yawan jama'a a garuruwa irin su Tbilisi.'Yan kasuwan Armeniya sun gudanar da kasuwancinsu a duk faɗin duniya kuma da yawa sun kafa tushe a cikin Rasha.A shekara ta 1778, Catherine mai girma ta gayyaci 'yan kasuwa Armeniya daga Crimea zuwa Rasha kuma sun kafa wani yanki a Nor Nakhichevan kusa da Rostov-on-Don.Masu mulkin Rasha sun yi marhabin da dabarun kasuwanci na Armeniya a matsayin haɓakar tattalin arziƙin, amma kuma suna ɗaukar su da ɗan zato.Hoton dan Armeniya a matsayin "dan kasuwa mai hikima" ya riga ya yadu.Sarakunan Rasha sun sami kuɗin shiga daga gidajensu da ƴan kasuwa ke yi kuma, tare da ƙin sha'awarsu na kasuwanci, ba su da ɗan fahimta ko kuma tausayi ga rayuwar Armaniyawa masu fataucin kuɗi.Amma duk da haka, Armeniyawa masu matsakaicin matsayi sun sami ci gaba a ƙarƙashin mulkin Rasha kuma su ne farkon waɗanda suka fara amfani da sabbin damammaki tare da rikitar da kansu zuwa bourgeoisie mai wadata lokacin da jari hujja da masana'antu suka zo Transcaucasia a ƙarshen rabin karni na 19.Armeniyawa sun ƙware sosai wajen daidaita yanayin tattalin arziƙi fiye da maƙwabtansu a Transcaucasia, Jojiya da Azeris.Sun zama mafi ƙarfi a cikin rayuwar gundumar Tbilisi, birnin da 'yan Jojiya ke ɗauka a matsayin babban birninsu, kuma a ƙarshen karni na 19 sun fara sayen ƙasashen sarakunan Jojiya, waɗanda suka koma baya bayan 'yantar da su. serfs.’Yan kasuwan Armeniya sun yi gaggawar cin gajiyar hako man da aka fara a Transcaucasia a shekarun 1870, inda suka zuba jari mai yawa a rijiyoyin mai a Baku a Azerbaijan da matatun mai na Batumi a gabar tekun Black Sea.Duk wannan yana nufin cewa tashe-tashen hankula tsakanin Armeniyawa, Jojiya da Azariya a Transcaucasia na Rasha ba wai kawai kabilanci ko addini ba ne a cikin yanayi amma ya kasance saboda abubuwan zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ma.Duk da haka, duk da shahararren hoton Armeniya na yau da kullum a matsayin dan kasuwa mai nasara, a karshen karni na 19 kashi 80 cikin 100 na Armeniyawa na Rasha har yanzu manoma ne da ke aiki a ƙasar.

A cikin 1915, daular Ottoman ta aiwatar da tsarin kisan kiyashin Armeniya.Wannan ya biyo bayan guguwar kisan kiyashi a tsakanin shekarun 1894 zuwa 1896, da kuma wani a 1909 a Adana.A ranar 24 ga Afrilu, 1915, hukumomin Ottoman sun tattara, kama, da kuma korar 235 zuwa 270 masu ilimi da shugabannin al'ummar Armeniya daga Constantinople zuwa yankin Ankara, inda aka kashe yawancinsu.An gudanar da kisan kiyashin ne a lokacin yakin duniya na daya da bayan yakin duniya na daya kuma an aiwatar da shi a matakai biyu—kisan gillar da aka yi wa maza da mata ta hanyar kisan gilla da mika aikin soja ga aikin tilastawa, sannan aka kori mata da yara da tsofaffi. da majinyata sun yi tattaki zuwa jejin Sham.Masu rakiya da sojoji suka yi gaba, an hana waɗanda aka kora daga abinci da ruwan sha tare da yi musu fashi lokaci-lokaci, fyade, da kisa.

Kisan kiyashin Armeniya shi ne halakar da al'ummar Armeniya da kuma asalinsu a cikin daular Usmaniyya a lokacin yakin duniya na daya .Kwamitin da ke karkashin jagorancin kwamitin hadin kai da ci gaba (CUP), an aiwatar da shi ne ta hanyar kisan gillar da aka yi wa 'yan Armeniyawa kusan miliyan daya a lokacin zanga-zangar kisa zuwa cikin hamadar Siriya da tilasta wa mata da yara kanana Armeniya Musulunci Musulunci.Kafin yakin duniya na daya, Armeniyawa sun mamaye wani wuri mai karewa, amma na karkashin kasa a cikin al'ummar Ottoman.Kisan kiyashin da aka yi wa Armeniyawa da yawa ya faru ne a shekarun 1890 zuwa 1909. Daular Usmaniyya ta sha fama da tashe-tashen hankula na soji da kuma asarar yankuna—musamman yakin Balkan na 1912-1913—wanda ya kai ga fargaba a tsakanin shugabannin CUP cewa Armeniyawa, wadanda kasarsu ta haihuwa a lardunan gabas. ana kallonta a matsayin cibiyar al'ummar Turkiyya, za ta nemi 'yancin kai.A lokacin da suka mamaye yankunan Rasha da Farisa a shekara ta 1914, dakarun daular Usmaniyya sun yi wa Armeniyawa kisan kiyashi.Shugabannin Ottoman sun dauki kebantattun alamun juriyar Armeniya a matsayin shaida na tawayen tawaye, kodayake babu irin wannan tawaye.An yi niyyar korar jama'a ne don hana yiwuwar samun yancin cin gashin kai ko 'yancin kan Armeniya.A ranar 24 ga Afrilun 1915, hukumomin Ottoman suka kama tare da korar daruruwan masana da shugabanin Armeniya daga Konstantinoful.Bisa umarnin Talaat Pasha, an aika da Armeniyawa kimanin 800,000 zuwa miliyan 1.2 a tattakin mutuwa zuwa cikin hamadar Siriya a 1915 da 1916. Dakarun sojoji da ke rakiya suka yi gaba, an hana mutanen da aka kora abinci da ruwan sha tare da yi musu fashi, fyade, da kuma fyade. kisan kiyashi.A cikin hamadar Siriya, an tarwatsa wadanda suka tsira zuwa sansanonin tara jama'a.A shekara ta 1916, an ba da umarnin sake yin kisan kiyashi, inda aka kori kimanin 200,000 da rai a ƙarshen shekara.Kimanin mata da yara 100,000 zuwa 200,000 na Armeniyawa ne aka tilasta musu musulunta aka shigar da su cikin gidajen musulmi.Kungiyar masu kishin kasa ta Turkiyya ta aiwatar da kisan kiyashi da tsarkake kabilanci ga wadanda suka tsira da rayukansu a lokacin yakin neman 'yancin kai na Turkiyya bayan yakin duniya na daya.Wannan kisan kare dangi ya kawo karshen wayewar Armeniya sama da shekaru dubu biyu.Tare da kisan gillar da aka yi da kuma korar Kiristocin Siriyawa da na Orthodox na Girka, ya ba da damar kafa kasar Turkiyya mai kishin kabilanci.

Jamhuriyar Armeniya ta farko, wacce aka fi sani da ita a hukumance a lokacin da aka kafa ta da Jamhuriyar Armeniya, ita ce kasar Armeniya ta farko a wannan zamani tun bayan rasa kasar Armeniya a tsakiyar zamanai.An kafa jamhuriyar ne a yankunan da Armeniya ke da yawan jama'a na daular Rasha da ta wargaje, wadda aka fi sani da Armeniya ta Gabas ko Armeniya ta Rasha.Shugabannin gwamnatin sun fito galibi daga kungiyar juyin juya halin Armeniya (ARF ko Dashnaktsutyun).Jamhuriya ta farko ta Armeniya tana iyaka da Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Jojiya daga arewa, da Daular Usmaniyya a yamma, da Farisa a kudu, da Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Azarbaijan daga gabas.Tana da fadin kasa kusan kilomita 70,000, kuma tana da yawan jama'a miliyan 1.3.Majalisar Armeniya ta ayyana ‘yancin kai a ranar 28 ga Mayun 1918. Tun daga farkonta, Armeniya ta yi fama da matsalolin gida da waje iri-iri.Rikicin jin kai ya kunno kai bayan kisan kiyashin Armeniya yayin da aka tilastawa dubban daruruwan Armeniyawa 'yan gudun hijira daga Daular Usmaniyya zama a cikin sabuwar jamhuriya.Tsawon shekaru biyu da rabi na wanzuwa, Jamhuriyar Armeniya ta shiga cikin rigingimu da dama da maƙwabta, wanda ya haifar da da'awar yankuna.A karshen shekara ta 1920, an raba al'ummar kasar tsakanin dakarun 'yan kishin kasa na Turkiyya da kuma Red Army na Rasha.Jamhuriya ta farko, tare da jamhuriyar Armeniya mai tsaunuka wadda ta kori mamayar Soviet har zuwa watan Yuli na shekarar 1921, ta daina wanzuwa a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta, wacce jamhuriyar Socialist ta Armeniya ta maye gurbinta da ta zama wani bangare na Tarayyar Soviet a 1922.

Jamhuriyyar Socialist ta Tarayyar Soviet, wacce kuma aka fi sani da Soviet Armenia ko Armenia na ɗaya daga cikin jamhuriyar Tarayyar Soviet a cikin Disamba 1922 da ke yankin Kudancin Caucasus na Eurasia.An kafa ta ne a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1920, lokacin da Soviets suka karbe ragamar mulkin Jamhuriya ta Farko ta Armeniya na ɗan gajeren lokaci, kuma ta kasance har zuwa 1991. Masana tarihi a wasu lokuta suna kiranta da Jamhuriyar Armeniya ta biyu, bayan rasuwar Jamhuriya ta farko.A matsayin wani ɓangare na Tarayyar Soviet, SSR ta Armeniya ta rikiɗe daga ƙasa mai ƙaƙƙarfar noma zuwa cibiyar samar da masana'antu mai mahimmanci, yayin da yawanta ya kusan rubanya daga kusan 880,000 a 1926 zuwa miliyan 3.3 a 1989 saboda haɓakar yanayi da kuma kwararar kisan kare dangi na Armeniya. wadanda suka tsira da zuriyarsu.A ranar 23 ga watan Agustan 1990 aka amince da ayyana 'yancin kai na Armeniya.A ranar 21 ga watan Satumban shekarar 1991 ne aka tabbatar da 'yancin kan Jamhuriyar Armeniya a zaben raba gardama.An amince da shi a ranar 26 ga Disamba 1991 tare da rushe Tarayyar Soviet.

Shugaban kasar Armeniya Levon Ter-Petrossian da sakataren majalisar koli na Armeniya Ara Sahakian ne suka rattaba hannu kan ayyana shelanta ikon kasar a ranar 23 ga Agusta, 1990 a Yerevan, Armenia.An kafa Jamhuriyar Armeniya a ranar 23 ga Satumba, 1991 bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet .Sanarwar ta samo asali ne a ranar 1 ga Disamba, 1989, yanke shawara na hadin gwiwa na Majalisar Koli ta SSR ta Armenia da Majalisar Kasa ta Artsakh kan "Sakamakon SSR na Armeniya da yankin tsaunukan Karabakh" tare da dangantaka da Jamhuriyar Armeniya da aka kafa a ranar 28 ga Mayu. , 1918 da Sanarwar 'Yancin Armeniya (1918).Sanarwar ta hada da ayyana guda 12 da suka hada da kafa ‘yancin dawowa ga al’ummar Armeniya.Ya sake suna SSR na Armeniya zuwa Jamhuriyar Armeniya kuma ya tabbatar da cewa jihar tana da tuta, rigar makamai, da kuma taken ƙasa.Har ila yau, ta bayyana 'yancin kai na al'umma tare da kudinta, soja, da tsarin banki.Sanarwar ta ba da tabbacin 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, 'yan jarida, da rarraba shugabanci tsakanin bangaren shari'a, majalisa da shugaban kasa.Yana kira ga dimokradiyyar jam’iyyu da yawa.Ya kafa harshen Armeniya a matsayin hukuma.