Halifancin Abbasid

Juyin juya halin Abbasid, wanda kuma ake kiransa da Harkar Mazajen Bakaken Rage, shi ne kifar da Khalifancin Umayyawa (661-750 CE), na biyu daga cikin manya-manyan Khalifofi hudu a farkon tarihin Musulunci, ta uku, Khalifancin Abbasiyawa ( 750-1517 CE).Daular Umayyawa daular Larabawa ce da ke mulki a kan al'ummar da ba larabawa ba ne bayan wafatin annabin Musulunci shekaru talatin bayan wafatin AnnabiMuhammad da kuma nan da nan bayan Khalifancin Rashidun .An yi wa waɗanda ba Larabawa ba a matsayin ƴan ƙasa na biyu ba tare da la’akari da ko sun musulunta ko a’a, kuma wannan rashin jin daɗi a tsakanin addinai da ƙabilanci ya kai ga hambarar da Banu Umayyawa.Iyalan Abbasiyawa sun yi iƙirarin cewa su zuriyar al-Abbas ne, kawun Muhammad.Juyin juya halin da gaske ya nuna ƙarshen daular Larabawa da farkon wata ƙasa mai haɗaka da kabilu daban-daban a Gabas ta Tsakiya.An tuna da shi a matsayin daya daga cikin juyin juya hali mafi tsari a lokacinsa a tarihi, ya maido da hankalin al'ummar musulmi zuwa gabas.

Yakin Zab da aka yi a ranar 25 ga Janairu, 750, shi ne ya kawo karshen Khalifancin Umayyawa da farkon daular Abbasiyawa, wanda ya ci gaba har zuwa shekara ta 1517. Wadanda suke fuskantar Halifan Umayyawa Marwan II su ne Abbasiyawa, tare da dakarun Shi'a, Khawarij, da sojojin Iraki.Duk da irin fifikon da sojojin Umayyawa ke da shi da gogewa, amma kwarin guiwarsu ya yi karanci bayan shan kashi a baya.Su kuma dakarun Abbasiyawa suna da kwarin gwiwa sosai.A lokacin yakin, Abbasiyawa sun yi amfani da dabarar katangar mashi, ta yadda za su yi tir da tuhume-tuhumen dawakin Umayyawa.An fatattaki sojojin Umayyawa da kakkausar murya, wanda ya kai ga ja da baya tare da sojoji da yawa ko dai a kashe Abbasiyawa masu bin su, ko kuma suka nutse a cikin babban kogin Zab.Bayan yaƙin, Marwan II ya gudu ya ƙetare Levant amma a ƙarshe an kashe shi aMasar .Rasuwarsa da nasarar Abbasiyawa sun kawo karshen mulkin Umayyawa a yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya, inda suka kafa mulkin Abbasiyawa tare da Saffah a matsayin sabon halifa.

Yakin Talas ko yakin Artlakh wani karo ne na soji da cudanya tsakanin Larabawa da wayewar kasar Sin a karni na 8, musamman tsakanin Khalifancin Abbasiyawa tare da kawayenta, daular Tibet, da daular Tang ta kasar Sin.A cikin watan Yuli na shekara ta 751 AZ, dakarun Tang da Abbasid sun hadu a kwarin kogin Talas don neman iko a yankin Syr Darya na tsakiyar Asiya.Majiyoyin kasar Sin sun bayyana cewa, bayan shafe kwanaki da dama ana takun saka, Turkawan Karluk, wadanda asalinsu suke da alaka da daular Tang, sun bijire wa Larabawan Abbasiyawa, tare da yin tir da daidaiton karfin iko, lamarin da ya haifar da dambarwar Tang.Rashin nasara ya kawo ƙarshen faɗaɗa Tang zuwa yamma kuma ya haifar da ikon Larabawa musulmi na Transoxiana na shekaru 400 masu zuwa.Gudanar da yankin yana da fa'ida ta fuskar tattalin arziki ga Abbasiyawa saboda yana kan hanyar siliki.Fursunonin China da aka kama bayan yakin an ce sun kawo fasahar yin takarda zuwa yammacin Asiya.

Abu Ja'afar Abdallah ibn Muhammad al-Mansur wanda aka fi sani da laqabinsa Al-Mansur shine khalifan Abbasiyawa na biyu, wanda ya yi mulki daga 754 CE – 775 CE kuma ya gaji As-Saffah.An san shi da kafa 'Round City' na Madinat al-Salam, wanda zai zama tsakiyar Baghdad na daular.Masana tarihi na wannan zamani suna kallon Al-Mansur a matsayin ainihin wanda ya assasa daular Abbasiyawa, daya daga cikin manya-manyan siyasa a tarihin duniya, saboda rawar da ya taka wajen tabbatar da kafa daular.

Abd al-Rahman I, basarake na gidan sarautar Umayyawa da aka hambare, ya ƙi amincewa da ikon Khalifancin Abbasiyawa kuma ya zama sarki mai cin gashin kansa na Cordoba .Ya shafe shekaru shida yana gudun hijira bayan da Umayyawa suka rasa mukamin halifa a Damascus a shekara ta 750 a hannun Abbasiyawa.Da nufin ya dawo kan karagar mulki, sai ya yi galaba a kan sarakunan musulmin da ke yankin wadanda suka yi wa mulkin Umayyawa baya tare da hada kan kananan hukumomi daban-daban suka zama masarautu.Duk da haka, wannan haɗin kai na farko na al-Andalus karkashin Abd al-Rahman har yanzu ya ɗauki fiye da shekaru ashirin da biyar (Toledo, Zaragoza, Pamplona, ​​Barcelona).

Bayan faduwar daular Banu Umayyawa , Abbasiyawa sun nemi wani sabon babban birnin kasar domin nuna alamar mulkinsu.Sun zaɓi wani wuri kusa da babban birnin Sassanid na Ctesiphon, tare da Halifa Al-Mansur ya ba da umarnin gina Bagadaza a ranar 30 ga Yuli, 762. Barmakids ya jagoranta, an zaɓi wurin da birnin yake don matsayi mai mahimmanci a gefen Kogin Tigris, wadataccen ruwa, da sarrafawa. kan hanyoyin ciniki.Tsare-tsare na birane na Sassani ne ya rinjayi ƙirar Baghdad, tare da keɓantaccen tsari na madauwari wanda aka sani da "Birnin Zagaye."Wannan zane ya saukaka ingantaccen gudanarwa da tsaro, yayin da abubuwan more rayuwa na birni, gami da wuraren shakatawa, lambuna, da ingantaccen tsarin tsafta, sun baje kolin nagartaccen sa.Ginin ya jawo hankalin injiniyoyi da ma'aikata a duk duniya, yana mai da hankali kan lokacin taurari don wadata da haɓaka.An ayyana wadatar al'adu a Bagadaza, tare da raye-rayen dare, wuraren wanka na jama'a da ke isa ga kowane azuzuwan, da kuma tarukan ilimi waɗanda ke haɓaka labarai irin na "Daren Larabawa."Ganuwar birnin da aka sanya wa sunan kofofin da ke nuni zuwa Kufa, Basra, Khurasan, da Sham, alama ce ta alakar Bagadaza da sauran kasashen musulmi.The Golden Gate Palace, a tsakiyar birnin, yana nufin ikon halifanci da alatu, kewaye da gine-ginen gudanarwa da na zama.Duk da canje-canjen da aka yi a cikin lokaci, ciki har da rashin amfani da fadar, Baghdad ya kasance alama ce ta daukakar al'adun Musulunci da siyasa.Tsare-tsare da gine-ginen birnin sun nuna cuku-cuwa irin na Musulunci, Farisa , da ma tun kafin zuwan Musulunci, inda wadanda suka kafa birnin suka dauki kwararru daga bangarori daban-daban don samar da babban birnin da ya tsaya a matsayin shaida na kishi da hangen nesa na Daular Abbasiyya.

Harun al-Rashid shi ne Halifan Abbasiyawa na biyar.Ya yi mulki daga shekara ta 786 zuwa 809, wanda a al'adance shi ne farkon zamanin zinare na Musulunci.Haruna ya kafa babban ɗakin karatu na Bayt al-Hikma ("Gidan Hikima") a Bagadaza a Iraki ta yau, kuma a lokacin mulkinsa Baghdad ya fara bunƙasa a matsayin cibiyar ilimi, al'adu da kasuwanci ta duniya.A lokacin mulkinsa, dangin Barmakids, wadanda suka taka rawa wajen tabbatar da Halifancin Abbasiyawa, sun ragu sannu a hankali.A cikin 796, ya tura kotunsa da gwamnatinsa zuwa Raqqa a Siriya ta yau.Wani ɗan ƙasar Faransa ya zo don ba wa Haruna abokantaka a shekara ta 799. Harun ya aika da kyaututtuka iri-iri tare da jakadun a lokacin da suka koma kotun Charlemagne, ciki har da agogon da Charlemagne da abokan aikinsa suka ɗauka a matsayin haɗin gwiwa saboda sautunan da yake fitowa da kuma dabarun da yake nunawa kowane lokaci. lokaci awa daya yayi.An shirya wasu sassa na ƙagaggun dare dubu da ɗaya a harabar Haruna kuma wasu labaran nasa sun shafi Haruna da kansa.

A cikin 794-795 CE, Baghdad, a ƙarƙashin zamanin Abbasid, ya ga kafa masana'antar takarda ta farko a duniya, wanda ke nuna farfaɗowar tunani a yankin.Gabatar da takarda zuwa tsakiyar Asiya ta karni na 8 an rubuta shi, duk da haka asalin ya kasance ba tabbas.Masanin tarihin Farisa na ƙarni na 11 Al-Thaʽālibī ya ba da tabbacin fursunonin Sinawa da aka kama a yaƙin Talas a shekara ta 751 AZ da gabatar da kera takarda ga Samarkand, ko da yake ana tafka muhawara kan wannan labarin saboda rashin tushen Larabawa na zamani da kuma rashin masu yin takarda a cikin fursunonin da aka jera. Du Huan dan kasarChina .Al-Nadim, marubuci a karni na 10 daga Bagadaza, ya lura cewa, masu sana'ar Sinawa sun yi takarda a cikin Khorasan, wanda ke nuna cewa akwai takarda ta Khurasani, wadda ta bambanta dangane da zamanin Umayyawa ko Abbasiyawa.Wani masani Jonathan Bloom ya yi sabani kan dangantakar da ke tsakanin fursunonin Sinawa kai tsaye da zuwan takarda a tsakiyar Asiya, inda ya ba da misali da binciken binciken kayan tarihi da ke nuni da kasancewar takarda a Samarkand kafin shekara ta 751 CE.Bambance-bambancen fasahohin yin takarda da kayan da ke tsakanin Sin da Asiya ta Tsakiya sun nuna cewa, labarin gabatarwar Sinawa na kwatanci ne.Yin takarda ta tsakiyar Asiya, mai yuwuwa 'yan kasuwa na addinin Buddha da sufaye suka yi tasiri kafin cin nasarar Musulunci , sun bambanta daga hanyar Sinawa ta hanyar amfani da kayan sharar gida kamar tsumma.Wayewar Musulunci ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yada fasahar takarda a cikin Gabas ta Tsakiya bayan karni na 8, wanda ya kai ga gidajen Armeniya da Jojiya a shekara ta 981 AZ, daga karshe Turai da kuma bayanta.Kalmar "ream" na dam ɗin takarda, wanda aka samo daga Larabci 'rizma', ya kasance shaidar tarihi ga wannan gado.

A kan Zubaidah bint Ja’afar bn Mansur hajji na biyar a Makkah, ta ga fari ya lalatar da jama’a, ya mayar da rijiyar Zamzam da ruwa.Ta ba da umarnin a zurfafa rijiyar, sannan ta kashe sama da dinari miliyan 2 wajen inganta samar da ruwan sha na Makkah da kewaye.Wannan ya hada da gina magudanar ruwa daga magudanar Hunaini mai tazarar kilomita 95 daga gabas, da kuma shahararriyar “Ramin Zubaida” a filin Arafat, daya daga cikin wuraren ibadar Hajji.Lokacin da injiniyoyinta suka gargaɗe ta game da kuɗin, kada ku damu da matsalolin fasaha, ta amsa da cewa ta kuduri aniyar aiwatar da aikin "kowane bugun ƙwanƙwasa zai biya dinari", a cewar Ibn Khallikan.Ta kuma inganta hanyar alhazai ta hamada mil dari tara tsakanin Kufa da Makka.Titin dai an shimfida shi tare da share duwatsu sannan ta hada rumbunan ruwa a tsaka-tsaki.Tankunan ruwan sun kuma kama rarar ruwan sama daga guguwa da ke nutsar da mutane lokaci-lokaci.

A shekara ta 800 ne Halifan Abbasiyawa Haruna Al-Rashid ya nada Ibrahim I bn al-Aghlab dan wani kwamandan larabawa na Khurasani daga kabilar Banu Tamim a matsayin sarkin Ifrikiya na gado a matsayin martani ga rikicin da ya barke a wannan lardin bayan faduwar. na Muhallabid.A wancan lokacin watakila akwai Larabawa 100,000 da ke zaune a Ifriqiya, duk da cewa Berbers ne suka fi rinjaye.Ibrahim ya kasance ya mallaki wani yanki da ya mamaye gabashin Aljeriya, Tunisiya da kuma Tripolitania.Ko da yake mai cin gashin kansa ba tare da suna ba, daularsa ba ta daina amincewa da mulkin Abbasiyawa ba.Aghlabids sun yi tabarbarewar shekara ga halifan Abbasiyawa kuma an yi nuni da suzarar su a khutba a sallar Juma'a.

Da alama 'yan kabilar Tibet sun kama wasu dakaru na Halifanci tare da tura su aiki a yankin gabas a shekara ta 801. 'Yan kabilar Tibet sun yi aiki a yamma har zuwa Samarkand da Kabul.Dakarun Abbasiyawa sun fara samun galaba, sannan gwamnan Tibet na Kabul ya mika wuya ga Khalifanci kuma ya zama musulmi kimanin shekara 812 ko 815. Daga nan ne Halifanci ya afkawa gabas da Kashmir amma Tibet sun kwace shi.

Iyalan Barmakid sun kasance farkon masu goyon bayan tawayen Abbasiyawa ga Umayyawa da As-Saffah.Wannan ya baiwa Khalid bn Barmak gagarumin tasiri, kuma dansa Yahya bn Khalid (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 806) shi ne wazirin halifa al-Mahdi (ya yi mulki 775-785) kuma malamin Haruna al-Rashid (ya yi mulki 786-809).'Ya'yan Yahaya al-Fadl da Ja'afar (767-803), dukansu sun mamaye manyan ofisoshi a karkashin Harun.Barmakida da yawa sun kasance majibincin ilimin kimiyya, wanda ya taimaka matuka wajen yada ilmin kimiyya da ilimi na Iran zuwa duniyar Musulunci ta Bagadaza da sauran kasashen duniya.Sun taimaki malamai irin su Gebir da Jabril bn Bukhtishu.Ana kuma yaba musu da kafa kamfanin sarrafa takarda na farko a Bagadaza.Karfin Barmakidawa a wancan lokacin yana cikin Littafin Dare Dubu da Daya Waziri Ja'afar ya bayyana a cikin labarai da dama, da kuma wani tatsuniyar da ta haifar da kalmar "bikin Barmecide".A cikin 803, iyalin sun rasa tagomashi a idanun Haruna al-Rashid, kuma yawancin membobinsa sun kasance a kurkuku.

Yakin Krasos yaki ne a yakin Larabawa-Byzantine wanda aka yi a watan Agusta 804, tsakanin Rumawa karkashin sarki Nikephoros I (r. 802-811) da kuma sojojin Abbasiyawa karkashin Ibrahim ibn Jibril.Shigar Nikephoros a shekara ta 802 ya haifar da sake dawo da yaƙi tsakanin Byzantium da Khalifancin Abbasiyawa.A ƙarshen lokacin rani na 804, Abbasids sun mamaye Bizantine Ƙananan Asiya don ɗaya daga cikin hare-haren da suka saba, kuma Nikephoros ya tashi ya sadu da su.Ya yi mamaki, duk da haka, a Krasos kuma ya sha kashi sosai, da kyar ya tsere da ransa.Daga baya aka shirya sasantawa da musayar fursunoni.Duk da shan kaye da ya yi, da kuma mamayar Abbasiyawa a shekara mai zuwa, Nikephoros ya jajirce har sai da rikici a gabashin lardunan halifanci ya tilastawa Abbasiyawa yin sulhu.

Ci gaban ilimin likitanci a duniyar Islama ya sami ci gaba mai mahimmanci ta hanyar kafuwa da juyin halittar bimaristans, ko asibitoci, wanda ya fara a matsayin rukunin kula da wayar hannu a karni na 7.Waɗannan rukunin, waɗanda Rufaidah al-Asalmia ta fara farawa, an tsara su ne don ba da kulawa a yankunan karkara, daga ƙarshe sun rikide zuwa manyan asibitocin tsaye a manyan biranen Bagadaza, Damascus, da Alkahira tun daga karni na 8 zuwa gaba.Bimaristan na farko an kafa shi ne a Damascus a shekara ta 706, tare da wasu da sauri suna bin manyan cibiyoyin Musulunci, suna aiki ba kawai a matsayin wuraren warkaswa ba har ma a matsayin cibiyoyi waɗanda ke kunshe da ka'idodin Musulunci na kula da kowa, ba tare da la'akari da launin fata, addini, ko matsayin zamantakewa ba.Kafa babban asibitin farko da aka sani ya faru a Bagadaza a shekara ta 805, wanda halifa Haruna al-Rashid da wazirinsa, Yahya ibn Khalid suka qaddamar.Duk da ƙayyadaddun bayanai na tarihi game da wannan wurin, ƙirar ta ta ƙarfafa haɓakar asibitocin da ke gaba.Zuwa shekara ta 1000, Bagadaza ta fadada kayayyakin aikinta na likitanci zuwa karin asibitoci biyar.Wannan asibitin na farko a Bagadaza ya kafa tarihi na tsarin tsari wanda aka yi koyi da sabbin asibitocin da aka gina a fadin duniyar Musulunci.An lura da Bimaristans don cikakkiyar kulawar su, gami da sabis na kiwon lafiyar hankali, kuma babu ƙuntatawa kan tsawon lokacin kulawa har sai cikakkiyar murmurewa.An samar da ingantattun kayan aiki, an ba su dakunan karatu daban-daban na cututtuka daban-daban kuma an ba su ƙwararru masu kiyaye tsafta da kula da marasa lafiya, wanda koyarwar Musulunci ta shafi tsafta da ɗabi'a na sana'a.Ilimi ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin waɗannan asibitoci, yana zama cibiyoyin horar da likitanci da yada ilimin, inda ɗalibai suka sami gogewa mai amfani a ƙarƙashin kulawar kwararrun likitoci.An gabatar da jarrabawar lasisi ga likitoci a karni na 10, don tabbatar da cewa ƙwararrun mutane ne kawai za su iya yin aikin likita.Fassarar rubutun likitanci daga Hellenanci, Romani, da sauran hadisai zuwa Larabci ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga tushen ilimi, yana tasiri aikin likita da ilimi sosai a zamanin yau.Tsarin tsari a cikin waɗannan asibitocin sun ci gaba, tare da sassan fannoni daban-daban, ma'aikatan gudanarwa, da ayyuka da ke gudana sa'o'i 24 a rana zuwa karni na 10.Sun dogara ga abubuwan ba da taimako don samun kuɗi, tabbatar da cewa sabis na likita ya isa ga kowa.Asibitocin Musulunci ba wai kawai ci gaban ilmin likitanci da aiki da su ba, har ma sun kafa harsashin tsarin asibitoci na zamani, tare da jaddada kula da kowa da kowa da kuma dunkulewar ilimi a cikin cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya.

Fitna ta Hudu ko Babban Yakin Abbasiyawa (809-827 CE) rikici ne na gado tsakanin al-Amin da al-Ma'amun, 'ya'yan Halifa Haruna al-Rashid, a kan khalifancin Abbasiyawa.Bayan rasuwar Haruna a shekara ta 809, al-Amin ya gaje shi a Bagadaza, yayin da aka nada al-Ma'amun a matsayin sarkin Khurasan, tsarin da ba da jimawa ba ya haifar da tashin hankali.Yunkurin da Al-Amin ya yi na yi wa al-Ma'amun zagon kasa da kuma tabbatar da nasa magajin ya haifar da rikici a fili.Dakarun Al-Ma'amun karkashin Janar Tahir bn Husayn sun fatattaki sojojin al-Amin a shekara ta 811 sannan suka kwace Bagadaza a shekara ta 813, wanda hakan ya yi sanadin kashe al-Amin da hawan Al-Ma'amun a matsayin Halifa.Sai dai al-Ma'amun ya zabi zama a Khurasan, wanda a hade tare da manufofinsa da kuma neman gadon Alid, ya mayar da jiga-jigan Bagadaza saniyar ware tare da haifar da tarzoma da tashe-tashen hankula na cikin gida a fadin halifanci.A wannan zamani ne aka samu bullar sarakunan cikin gida da barkewar boren Alid.Rikicin ya nuna zurfafa tashe-tashen hankula a cikin gwamnatin Abbasiyawa, ciki har da al'amuran Larabawa da Farisa , rawar soja da jiga-jigan gudanarwa, da ayyukan maye gurbinsu.Yaƙin basasa ya ƙare tare da komawar al-Ma'amun zuwa Bagadaza a shekara ta 819 da kuma sake tabbatar da ikon tsakiya a hankali.Bayan haka, an sake fasalin gwamnatin Abbasiyawa, tare da sauyi a tsarin manyan sarakuna da kuma karfafa daular yankin.Wannan lokaci ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a cikin halifancin Abbasiyawa, wanda ya kafa harsashin ci gaban da zai biyo baya a harkokin mulki da zamantakewa na Musulunci.

Abu al-Abbas Abdallah ibn Haruna al-Rashid, wanda aka fi sani da sunansa Al-Ma'amun, shi ne halifan Abbasiyawa na bakwai, wanda ya yi mulki daga shekara ta 813 har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekara ta 833. Ya gaji kaninsa al-Amin bayan ya rasu. yakin basasa, a lokacin da hadin kan Halifancin Abbasiyawa ya raunana ta hanyar tawaye da kuma tasowar masu karfi na cikin gida aka cinye yawancin mulkinsa na cikin gida a yakin neman sulhu.Al-Ma'mun yana da ilimi sosai kuma yana da sha'awar neman ilimi, ya inganta Harkar Fassara, da furannin koyo da ilimin kimiyya a Bagadaza, da buga littafin al-Khwarizmi wanda a yanzu ake kira "Algebra".Ya kuma shahara da goyon bayan akidar Mu'utaziliyya da kuma daure Imam Ahmad bn Hanbal, tashin fitinar addini (mihna), da sake dawo da yaki mai girma da Daular Rumawa .

Masanin kimiyyar Farisa Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwārizmī ne ya haɓaka algebra sosai a wannan lokacin a cikin rubutunsa mai mahimmanci, Kitab al-Jabr wa-l-Muqabala, wanda daga cikinsa aka samo kalmar algebra .A kan Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Hindu, da aka rubuta game da 820, shine babban alhakin yada tsarin lambobi na Hindu-Larabci a cikin Gabas ta Tsakiya da Turai.

Yakin musulmi na Sicily ya fara ne a watan Yuni 827 kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa shekara ta 902, lokacin da babban birnin Rumawa na karshe a tsibirin Taormina, ya fadi.Wuraren sanduna sun kasance a hannun Byzantine har zuwa 965, amma tsibirin ya kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin musulmi har sai da Normans suka ci nasara a cikin karni na 11.Ko da yake musulmi sun kai hari a Sicily tun tsakiyar karni na 7, wadannan hare-haren ba su yi barazana ga ikon mulkin Rumawa ba a tsibirin, wanda ya kasance ruwan baya da lumana.Damar ga sarakunan Aghlabid na Ifriqiya ta zo ne a shekara ta 827, lokacin da kwamandan rundunar sojojin tsibirin, Euphemius, ya tashi ya yi tawaye ga Sarkin Byzantine Michael II.Dakarun masu aminci suka ci nasara da su kuma aka kore su daga tsibirin, Euphemius ya nemi taimakon Aghlabid.Na baya-bayan nan sun dauki wannan a matsayin wata dama ta fadadawa da karkatar da kuzarin rugujewar sojojinsu da kuma rage sukar malaman Musulunci ta hanyar jajircewa da jihadi, sannan suka tura dakaru don taimaka masa.Bayan saukar Larabawa a tsibirin, Euphemius ya yi sauri a gefe.Harin farko da aka kai kan babban birnin tsibirin, Syracuse, bai yi nasara ba, amma musulmin sun yi nasarar shawo kan harin da sojojin na Byzantine suka kai musu, suka kuma rike wasu ‘yan bindigu.Tare da taimakon dakarun Ifriqiya da al-Andalus, a shekara ta 831 sun kwace Palermo, wadda ta zama hedkwatar sabuwar lardin musulmi.Gwamnatin Rumawa ta aike da wasu 'yan balaguro don taimaka wa mutanen yankin a kan musulmi, amma ta shagaltu da gwagwarmaya da Abbasiyawa a kan iyakarsu ta gabas da kuma Cretan Saracens a cikin Tekun Aegean, amma ta kasa yin tsayin daka don korar musulmi. , wanda a cikin shekaru 30 masu zuwa suka kai farmaki kan kadarorin Rumawa kusan ba tare da hamayya ba.Kagara mai ƙarfi na Enna a tsakiyar tsibirin shine babban ginshiƙin Byzantine akan faɗaɗa musulmi, har zuwa lokacin da aka kama shi a cikin 859.

A wajajen shekara ta 830 CE, Halifa Al-Ma'amun ya umurci gungun musulmi masana falaki karkashin jagorancin Al-Khwarizmi don auna tazarar Tadmur (Palmyra) zuwa Raqqa, a kasar Siriya ta zamani.Sun ƙididdige kewayen duniya don kasancewa tsakanin kashi 15% na ƙimar zamani, kuma mai yiyuwa ne mafi kusanci.Ba a san yadda ainihin sa yake ba saboda rashin tabbas a cikin jujjuyawar tsakanin raka'o'in Larabci na zamani da na zamani, amma a kowane hali, iyakokin fasaha na hanyoyin da kayan aikin ba za su ba da izinin daidaito fiye da kusan 5%.An samar da mafi dacewa don kimantawa a cikin Codex Masudicus na Al-Biruni (1037).Sabanin magabata, wadanda suka auna kewayen duniya ta hanyar ganin Rana a lokaci daya daga wurare guda biyu, al-Biruni ya kirkiro wata sabuwar hanya ta amfani da lissafin trigonometric, dangane da kusurwar da ke tsakanin saman fili da dutse, wanda ya ba da damar yin hakan. a auna ta mutum guda daga wuri guda.Daga saman dutsen, ya hango kusurwar tsomawa wanda, tare da tsayin dutsen (wanda ya ƙididdige shi a baya), ya shafi ka'idar sines.Wannan shine farkon sanannun amfani da kusurwar tsomawa da farkon amfani da dokar sines.Duk da haka, hanyar ba za ta iya samar da ingantaccen sakamako fiye da hanyoyin da suka gabata ba, saboda ƙarancin fasaha, don haka al-Biruni ya karɓi ƙimar da balaguron al-Ma'mun ya ƙirga a ƙarni da ya gabata.

Gidan Hikima, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Babban Laburare na Bagadaza, fitacciyar makarantar koyar da jama'a ta zamanin Abbasiyya ce kuma cibiyar ilimi a Bagadaza, mai muhimmanci a lokacin zamanin zinare na Musulunci.Da farko, maiyuwa ne ya fara a matsayin tarin sirri na khalifan Abbasiyawa na biyu al-Mansur a tsakiyar karni na 8 ko kuma a matsayin dakin karatu karkashin Halifa Haruna al-Rashid a karshen karni na 8, wanda ya rikide zuwa makarantar koyar da jama'a da dakin karatu karkashin Halifa al. -Ma'amun a farkon karni na 9.Al-Mansur ya kafa wani dakin karatu na fada da aka yi koyi da dakin karatu na Imperial na Sassani , kuma ya ba da goyon bayan tattalin arziki da siyasa ga masana da ke aiki a wurin.Ya kuma gayyaci tawagogin malamai dagaIndiya da sauran wurare don bayyana iliminsu na ilmin lissafi da falaki ga sabuwar kotun Abbasiyawa.A cikin Daular Abbasid, an fassara ayyukan kasashen waje da yawa zuwa Larabci daga Girkanci ,Sinanci , Sanskrit, Farisa da Syriac.Harkar Fassara ta samu gagarumin ci gaba a zamanin khalifa Al-Rashid, wanda kamar magabacinsa, yana da sha'awar neman ilimi da wakoki.Asalinsu nassin sun shafi likitanci, lissafi da ilmin taurari amma wasu fannonin ilimi, musamman falsafa, ba da daɗewa ba suka biyo baya.Laburaren Al-Rashid, wanda ya riga ya gabaci Gidan Hikima, kuma an san shi da Bayt al-Hikma ko, kamar yadda masanin tarihi Al-Qifti ya kira ta, Khizanat Kutub al-Hikma (Larabci don "Ma'aji na Littattafan Hikima") .An samo asali ne a wani lokaci na al'adar ilimi mai albarka, Gidan hikima ya gina bisa kokarin da malamai suka yi a zamanin Umayyawa kuma sun amfana da sha'awar Abbasiyawa ga ilimin kasashen waje da goyon bayan fassara.Halifa al-Ma'amun ya karfafa ayyukansa sosai, yana mai jaddada muhimmancin ilimi, wanda ya kai ga ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha.Mulkinsa ya ga kafa wuraren lura da taurari na farko a Bagadaza da manyan ayyukan bincike.Cibiyar ba kawai cibiyar ilimi ba ce amma kuma ta taka rawa a aikin injiniyan farar hula, likitanci, da gudanar da harkokin jama'a a Bagadaza.Malamansa sun tsunduma cikin fassara da adana ɗimbin rubutun kimiyya da na falsafa.Duk da tabarbarewar da ta samu a karkashin halifa al-Mutawakkil, wanda ya kau da kai daga tsarin tunani na magabata, gidan hikima ya kasance alama ce ta zamanin zinare na ilimin Larabawa da na Musulunci.Rushewar da Mongols suka yi a shekara ta 1258 ya kai ga tarwatsa tarin tarin rubuce-rubucen da aka yi, tare da ceto wasu daga hannun Nasir al-Din al-Tusi.Wannan hasarar dai ta kasance alama ce ta kawo karshen wani zamani a tarihin Musulunci, wanda ke nuni da raunin cibiyoyin al'adu da na tunani wajen fuskantar cin zarafi da halaka.

Abu al-Faḍl Ja'far ibn Muḥammad al-Muʽtaṣim billāh, wanda aka fi sani da sunansa Al-Mutawakkil ʽalà Allah shi ne khalifan Abbasiyawa na goma, wanda a qarqashinsa daular Abbasiyawa ta kai matsayin daularsa.Ya gaji dan uwansa al-Wathiq.Mai addini sosai, an san shi da halifan da ya kawo karshen Mihna ( zalunci da aka yi wa malaman Musulunci da yawa), ya saki Ahmad bn Hanbal, ya watsar da Mu’tazila, amma kuma ya sha suka saboda kasancewarsa mai taurin kai ga ‘yan kasa wadanda ba musulmi ba. .Kisan shi a ranar 11 ga Disamba 861 da masu gadin Turkiya tare da goyon bayan dansa, al-Muntasir, ya fara ne lokacin rikicin cikin gida da aka fi sani da "Anarchy at Samarra".

Rikicin Samarra wani lokaci ne na rashin kwanciyar hankali na cikin gida daga shekara ta 861 zuwa 870 a tarihin khalifancin Abbasiyawa, wanda ke da alamar tashin hankali na halifofin halifofi hudu, wadanda suka zama 'yan tsana a hannun kungiyoyin sojoji masu adawa da juna.Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga babban birnin da kuma wurin zama na kotun halifa, wato Samarra.An fara "anarchy" a cikin 861, tare da kisan Halifa al-Mutawakkil da masu gadinsa na Turkiyya.Magajinsa, al-Muntasir, ya yi mulki na tsawon watanni shida kafin rasuwarsa, wanda ta yiwu hafsoshin sojin Turkiyya sun saka masa guba.Al-Musta’in ne ya gaje shi.Rarrabuwar da aka samu a cikin shugabancin sojan Turkiyya ya baiwa Musta'in damar tserewa zuwa Bagadaza a shekara ta 865 tare da goyon bayan wasu hafsoshin Turkiyya (Bugha Karami da Wasif) da shugaban 'yan sanda da gwamnan Bagadaza Muhammad, amma sauran sojojin Turkiyya sun zabi wani sabon salo. Halifa a cikin al-Mu'tazz kuma ya kewaye Bagadaza, wanda ya tilasta mamaye birnin a 866. Musta'in ya yi hijira kuma aka kashe shi.Mu'tazz ya kasance mai iyawa da kuzari, kuma ya yi kokarin sarrafa hafsoshin soja tare da cire sojoji daga aikin farar hula.An yi adawa da manufofinsa, kuma a cikin Yuli 869 shi ma an cire shi kuma aka kashe shi.Shi ma magajinsa, al-Muhtadi, ya yi ƙoƙarin tabbatar da ikon Halifa, amma shi ma an kashe shi a watan Yuni 870.

An yi yakin Lalakaon a shekara ta 863 tsakanin Daular Rumawa da sojojin Larabawa mamaya a Paphlagonia (arewacin Turkiyya ta zamani).Petronas ne ya jagoranci sojojin Byzantine, kawun sarki Michael III (r. 842-867), kodayake majiyoyin Larabawa sun ambaci kasancewar sarki Mika'ilu.Sarkin Melitene (Malatya), Umar al-Aqta (r. 830s-863) ne ya jagoranci Larabawa.Umar al-Aqta ya yi nasara a kan turbar Rumawa na farko a kan mamayewarsa kuma ya isa Bahar Maliya.Daga nan ne Rumawa suka hada runduna, inda suka kewaye sojojin Larabawa kusa da kogin Lalakaon.Yakin na baya-bayan nan, wanda ya kare da nasarar Rumawa da kuma mutuwar sarki a filin wasa, an kuma yi nasarar kai farmaki a kan iyakar kasar.Nasarar da Rumawa suka yi sun kasance masu yanke hukunci babban barazanar da ke kan iyakokin Byzantine an kawar da su, kuma lokacin hawan Byzantine a Gabas (wanda ya ƙare a cikin karni na 10) ya fara.Nasarar da Rumawa ta samu ta sake samun wani tasiri: kubuta daga matsin lamba na Larabawa a kan iyakar gabas ya baiwa gwamnatin Byzantine damar mai da hankali kan lamuran Turai, musamman a makwabciyar Bulgaria .

Tun daga shekara ta 902, da'i Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i ya fito fili ya kalubalanci wakilan Abbasiyawa a gabashin Magrib (Ifriqiya), daular Aghlabid.Bayan nasarar da aka samu a jere, sarkin Aghlabid na karshe ya bar kasar, kuma sojojin Kutama na Da'i suka shiga fadar birnin Raqqada a ranar 25 ga Maris 909. Abu Abdallah ya kafa Khalifancin Fatimid , sabuwar gwamnatin Shi'a, a madadinsa. ba ya nan, kuma har yanzu ba a bayyana sunansa ba, maigida.

Dare dubu daya da dari tara ne na tatsuniyoyi na gabas ta tsakiya da aka harhada cikin harshen larabci a lokacin Golden Age na Musulunci.Sau da yawa ana kiransa da Turanci da Larabawa, daga bugu na farko na Turanci (c. 1706-1721), wanda ya sanya take a matsayin Nishaɗin Dare na Larabawa. An tattara aikin a cikin ƙarni da yawa daga marubuta daban-daban, masu fassara. da masana a fadin Yamma, Tsakiya da Kudancin Asiya, da Arewacin Afirka.Wasu tatsuniyoyi sun samo asalinsu zuwa ga larabci na da da na dadewa,da Masarawa ,Indiyawa , Farisa , da kuma tarihin tarihin Mesopotamiya da adabi.Musamman, yawancin tatsuniyoyi na asali asalin labarin al'umma ne daga zamanin Abbasiyawa daMamluk , yayin da wasu, musamman ma labarin firam, wataƙila an zana su ne daga aikin Pahlavi na Farisa Hezār Afsān, wanda kuma ya dogara da wani ɓangare na abubuwan Indiyawa. Buga na Dare shine farkon labarin mai mulki Shahryār da matarsa ​​Scheherazade da na'urar da aka haɗa cikin tatsuniyoyi da kansu.Labarun sun ci gaba daga wannan tatsuniya ta asali wasu an tsara su a cikin wasu tatsuniyoyi, yayin da wasu ke tattare da kansu.Wasu bugu sun ƙunshi darare ɗari kaɗan kawai, wasu kuma sun haɗa da 1001 ko fiye.Mafi yawan rubutun yana cikin larura, ko da yake ana amfani da aya lokaci-lokaci don waƙoƙi da kacici-kacici da kuma nuna ɗaiɗaikun jin daɗi.Yawancin waqoqin ma’aurata guda ne ko quatrains, kodayake wasu sun fi tsayi.Wasu daga cikin labaran da aka fi dangantawa da Daren Larabawa—musamman “Fitila Mai Al’ajabi” da “Ali Baba da Barayi Arba’in”—ba su kasance cikin tarin tarin ba a cikin nau’ikansa na Larabci na asali amma Antoine Galland ya saka shi cikin tarin bayan ya ji. su daga wata 'yar kasar Syria Maronite mai ba da labari ta Kirista Hanna Diab a ziyarar Diab a Paris.

Siege na Chandax a cikin 960-961 ya kasance cibiyar yakin daular Rumawa na kwato tsibirin Crete wanda tun cikin shekarun 820 Larabawa musulmi ne ke mulki.Gangamin ya biyo bayan yunkurin kwato tsibirin daga hannun musulmi wanda bai yi nasara ba tun a shekara ta 827, shekaru kadan bayan fara mamayar tsibirin da Larabawa suka yi, kuma sarki Nikephoros Phokas na gaba ne ya jagoranta.Ya kasance daga kaka 960 har zuwa bazara 961, lokacin da aka kama babban sansanin musulmi da babban birnin tsibirin, Chandax (Heraklion na zamani).Komawar Karita babbar nasara ce ga Rumawa, yayin da ta maido da ikon Byzantine a kan tekun Aegean kuma ya rage barazanar 'yan fashin Saracen, wanda Crete ta ba da tushe na aiki.

A cikin 969, Janar Fatimid Jawhar the Sicilian, ya ciMasar , inda ya gina kusa da Fusṭāt wani sabon birni na fada wanda kuma ya kira al-Manṣūriyya.A karkashin Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah, Fatimids sun ci Ikhshidid Wilayah, sun kafa sabon babban birni a al-Qāhira (Alkahira) a shekara ta 969. Sunan al-Qāhirah, ma'ana "Vanquisher" ko "Mai nasara" duniyar Mars, "The Subduer", yana tashi a sararin sama a lokacin da aka fara ginin birnin.An yi nufin Alkahira a matsayin sansanin sarauta ga khalifan Fatimid da sojojinsa - ainihin manyan biranen mulki da tattalin arziki na Masar sune garuruwa irin su Fustat har zuwa shekara ta 1169. Bayan Masar Fatimidawa sun ci gaba da mamaye yankunan da ke kewaye har sai da suka yi mulki daga Ifriqiya zuwa Sham. da Sicily.

Yayin da halifa al-Mustarshid shi ne halifa na farko da ya gina rundunar da za ta iya haduwa da sojojin Seljuk a yakin, amma duk da haka an ci shi a shekara ta 1135 kuma aka kashe shi.Halifa al-Muqtafi shi ne halifan Abbasiyawa na farko da ya sake samun cikakken ‘yancin kai na soja na halifanci, tare da taimakon wazirinsa Ibn Hubayra.Bayan shekaru kusan 250 yana mika wuya ga daulolin kasashen waje, ya samu nasarar kare Bagadaza daga hannun 'yan Seljuq a harin Bagadaza (1157), ta haka ne ya tabbatar da Iraki ga Abbasiyawa.

Crusade na farko , wanda aka kaddamar a karshen karni na 11, ya nuna wani muhimmin lokaci a cikin mu'amala tsakanin kasashen Kirista da Musulunci, inda Halifancin Abbasiyawa ke taka muhimmiyar rawa amma ba kai tsaye ba a cikin fa'ida.An qaddamar da shi a cikin 1096, yaƙin neman zaɓe na farko shine martani ga faɗaɗawar Seljuk Turkawa , wanda ke barazana ga yankunan Byzantine da hana hanyoyin aikin hajji na Kirista zuwa ƙasa mai tsarki.Halifancin Abbasiyawa da ke da cibiya a Bagadaza, a wannan lokaci ya ga koma bayan ikonta na siyasa, inda 'yan Seljuk suka kafa kansu a matsayin sabon iko a yankin, musamman bayan nasarar da suka samu a yakin Manzikert a shekara ta 1071.Duk da raunin da suke da shi, abin da Abbasiyawa suka yi game da Yaƙin Salibiyya ya ɓaci.Yayin da suke nisanta kansu daga rigingimun da ke faruwa kai tsaye a cikin mazhabar Levant, matsayinsu na jagororin al'ummar musulmi na nufin ci gaban 'yan Salibiyya bai da alaka da muradunsu gaba daya.Yakin Salibiyya ya nuna rarrabuwar kawuna a duniyar Musulunci, inda karfin ruhin Khalifancin Abbasiyawa ya sha banban da karfin soja na Seljuk da sauran kasashen yankin.Har ila yau, shigar da Abbasiyawa a kaikaice a yakin Salibiyya na farko yana bayyana ta hanyar diflomasiyya da kawancensu.Yayin da ’yan Salibiyya suka zagaya hanyarsu ta Gabas Kusa, sauye-sauyen mubaya’a da gwagwarmayar mulki tsakanin shugabannin Musulmi, ciki har da wadanda ke da alaka da Abbasiyawa, sun yi tasiri ga ci gaban da ‘yan Salibiyya suka samu.Misali, Halifancin Fatimid a Masar, masu adawa da Abbasiyawa da Seljuk, da farko suna ganin ‘yan Salibiyya a matsayin wani abu mai yuwuwar cin karo da ikon Seljuk, wanda ke nuni da sarkakiya ta yanar gizo da ta ayyana lokacin.Haka kuma, tasirin yakin Salibiyya na farko a kan khalifancin Abbasiyawa ya kai ga musayar al'adu da ilimi da ya biyo bayan farkarwar 'yan Salibiyya.Ganawar da aka yi tsakanin Gabas da Yamma ta hanyar Crusades ta haifar da watsa ilimi, tare da jihohin Crusader suna aiki a matsayin hanyar kimiyyar Larabci, lissafi , likitanci, da falsafa don kwarara zuwa Turai.Wannan lokaci na mu'amala, duk da cewa akwai rikice-rikice, ya ba da gudummawa ga farfadowar Turai, wanda ke nuna tasirin daular Abbasiyya ta dawwama a tarihin duniya, duk da cewa ikonsu na siyasa ya ragu.

Daular Almohad Caliphate ita ce daular Musulman Berber ta Arewacin Afirka da aka kafa a karni na 12.A tsawonsa, ta mallaki mafi yawan yankin Iberian Peninsula (Al Andalus) da Arewacin Afirka (Maghrib).An kafa kungiyar Almohad ta Ibn Tumart a cikin kabilar Berber Masmuda, amma almohad khalifanci da daular mulkinsa sun kafu bayan mutuwarsa. by Abd al-Mu'min al-Gumi.A shekara ta 1120, Ibn Tumart ya fara kafa ƙasar Berber a Tinmel a cikin tsaunukan Atlas.

Omar Khayyam masanin ilmin lissafin Farisa ne, masanin lissafi , masanin taurari, masanin tarihi, masanin falsafa, kuma mawaƙi.An haife shi a Nishapur, babban birnin farko na Daular Seljuk .A matsayinsa na malami, ya yi zamani da mulkin daular Seljuk a lokacin yakin Crusade na farko .A matsayinsa na masanin ilmin lissafi, ya fi shahara saboda aikinsa akan rarrabuwa da warware ma'auni na cubic, inda ya ba da mafita na geometric ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar conics.Khayyam kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga fahimtar axiom mai kama da juna.

Al-Nasir Salah al-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub, wanda aka fi sani da Salah ad-Din ko Saladin (), shi ne Kurdawan musulmi mabiya Sunna wanda ya zama sarkin musulmi na farko aMasar da Sham, kuma shi ne ya kafa daular Ayyubid .An aika da shi zuwa Fatimid Masar a shekara ta 1164 tare da kawunsa Shirkuh, babban janar na sojojin Zengid, bisa umarnin ubangijinsu Nur ad-Din don ya taimaka wajen maido da Shawar a matsayin wazirin matashin Fatimid khalifa Al-Adid.Rikicin mulki ya barke tsakanin Shirkuh da Shawar bayan an dawo da na baya.A halin da ake ciki, Salahuddin ya haura matakin gwamnatin Fatimid ne sakamakon nasarorin da sojoji suka samu a kan hare-haren 'yan Salibiyya a yankinta da kuma kusancinsa da al-Adid.Bayan da aka kashe Shawar kuma ya mutu Shirkuh a shekara ta 1169, al-Adid ya nada Saladin vizier, wanda ba kasafai ake nada shi musulmin Sunna ba zuwa irin wannan muhimmin matsayi a khalifancin Shi'a.A lokacin da yake rike da mukamin waziri, Salahaddin ya fara ruguza kafa Fatimid kuma, bayan rasuwar al-Adid a shekara ta 1171, ya kawar da Khalifancin Fatimid, ya kuma amince da mubaya’ar kasar da ‘yan Sunni, da ke Bagadaza.

Yakin birnin Kudus, daga ranar 20 ga Satumba zuwa 2 ga Oktoba, 1187, ya kare ne bayan da Saladin ya kwace birnin daga Balian na Ibelin.Wannan lamari ya biyo bayan nasarorin da Salahuddin ya samu a baya da kuma kwace muhimman garuruwa, wanda ya kai ga faduwar Kudus, wani muhimmin lokaci a yakin Salibiyya.Duk da karancin sojoji a birnin, tun da farko masu kare birnin sun dakile harin Salahuddin.Balian ta yi shawarwari kan mika wuya ga birnin, tare da tabbatar da amintacciyar hanya ga mazauna garin da yawa don musanya kudin fansa, sabanin harin da 'yan Salibiyya suka yi a baya a 1099 da aka sani da zalunci.Masarautar Kudus , wadda tuni ta yi rauni saboda rigingimun cikin gida da kuma mummunar fatara da aka yi a yakin Hattin, ta ga dakarun Salahaddin cikin hanzari suna kame wurare masu mahimmanci.Balian, ya shiga Urushalima a ƙarƙashin alƙawarin da ya yi wa Saladin, an shawo kansa ya jagoranci tsaro a cikin damuwa.Garin da ya cika da ‘yan gudun hijira da kuma rashin isassun masu karewa, ya fuskanci hare-hare ba kakkautawa daga sojojin Saladin.Duk da keta haddin da aka yi, masu tsaron sun ci gaba har sai da Balian ta yi shawarwari tare da Saladin, tare da jaddada kare wuraren tsarki na Kirista da kuma tabbatar da sakin ko tashi daga mazauna birnin.Yunkurin da Salahuddin ya yi ya haifar da gagarumin canje-canje a yanayin addini na Kudus.Ya maido da wuraren tsarki na musulmi, ya ba da izinin gudanar da aikin hajji na Kirista, da kuma nuna juriya ga ƙungiyoyin Kirista daban-daban.Mika kai da birnin ya yi ya taimaka wajen ficewa daga cikin dakarun 'yan Salibiyya da wadanda ba musulmi ba bisa ka'idojin da aka amince da su, tare da kaucewa yawaitar kisa.Ayyukan da Salahuddin ya yi bayan daƙile sun nuna haɗakar tsarin mulki da mutunta bambancin addini, tare da maido da ikon musulmi yayin da ya ba wa Kirista damar shiga wurare masu tsarki.Faduwar birnin Kudus ne ya janyo yakin Crusade na uku, wanda sarakunan Turawa suka shirya da nufin kwato birnin.Duk da ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarcen ’Yan Salibiyya, Masarautar Urushalima ba ta sake farfadowa ba, ta mai da babban birninta zuwa Taya kuma daga baya Acre.Nasarar da Salahuddin ya samu a birnin Kudus ya kasance wani muhimmin al'amari, wanda ke nuna irin sarkakiya na yakin tsakiyar zamanai, diflomasiyya, da zaman tare na addini.

Abū al-ʿAbbās Aḥmad ibn al-Hasan al-Mustaḍīʾ, wanda aka fi sani da al-Nāṣir li-Dīn Allāh (1158-1225), shi ne halifan Abbasiyawa a Bagadaza daga 1180 har zuwa rasuwarsa, wanda aka san shi da sake farfado da tasirin halifanci da ikonsa.Karkashin jagorancinsa, khalifancin Abbasiyawa ya fadada yankinsa, musamman ma mamayar wasu sassa na kasar Iran, inda ya nuna shi a matsayin halifan Abbasiyawa na karshe a cewar masanin tarihi Angelika Hartmann.Mulkin Al-Nasir ya ga an gina muhimman abubuwan tarihi a Bagadaza, wadanda suka hada da Masallacin Zumurrud Khatun da Mausoleum.Mulkin Al-Nasir na farko ya kasance da yunƙurin daƙile ikon Seljuq , wanda ya kai ga Seljuq Sultan na Farisa, Toghrul na Uku ya sha kaye kuma ya mutu a shekara ta 1194 a hannun Khwarezm Shah, Ala ad-Din Tekish, wanda al-Nasir ya tunzura shi.Wannan nasara ta ba Tekish damar zama babban mai mulkin Gabas kuma ya faɗaɗa ikonsa zuwa yankunan da Seljuq ke iko da shi a baya.Al-Nasir ya kuma tsunduma cikin sake fasalin kungiyoyin zamantakewa na birnin Bagadaza, ko futuwwa, tare da daidaita su da akidar Sufanci don zama makamin tafiyar da mulkinsa.A tsawon mulkinsa, al-Nasir ya fuskanci kalubale da tashin hankali, musamman tare da Khwarezm Shah, wanda ya haifar da rikice-rikice da rashin kwanciyar hankali.Musamman ma, yunƙurin da ya yi na kalubalantar ɗan Tekish, Muhammad II, ya haɗa da roƙon da ake ta cece-kuce ga ƙasashen waje, ciki har da yiwuwar Genghis Khan , kodayake wannan dabarar ta fallasa Baghdad ga sabbin barazana.Mulkin nasa ya sami gagarumar rawar soja da siyasa, gami da kawance, rikice-rikice, da kokarin diflomasiyya a gabas ta tsakiya.Kin amincewar da Al-Nasir ya yi na da'awar Muhammad II na shah a shekara ta 1217 ya haifar da gazawar yunkurin mamayar da Muhammad ya yi zuwa Bagadaza, tare da cikas da cikas.Shekarun karshen halifan sun yi fama da rashin lafiya, wanda ya kai ga rasuwarsa a shekara ta 1225, dansa al-Zahir ya gaje shi.Duk da takaitaccen tsarin mulki, an lura da kokarin al-Zahir na karfafa halifanci kafin rasuwarsa da wuri, wanda jikan al-Nasir al-Mustansir ya gaje shi.

Siege na Bagadaza wani hari ne da ya faru a Bagadaza a shekara ta 1258, wanda ya dauki tsawon kwanaki 13 daga ranar 29 ga Janairu, 1258 har zuwa ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 1258. Siege, da sojojin Ilkhanate Mongol da dakarun kawance suka kafa, ya hada da zuba jari, kamawa, da kuma kora. na Bagadaza, wadda ita ce helkwatar Khalifancin Abbasiyawa a lokacin.Mongols sun kasance karkashin jagorancin Hulagu Khan, ɗan'uwan khagan Möngke Khan, wanda ya yi niyyar kara wa'adin mulkinsa zuwa Mesopotamiya amma ba kai tsaye ya kifar da Halifanci ba.Möngke, duk da haka, ya umurci Hulagu da ya kai hari Baghdad idan halifa Al-Musta'sim ya ki amincewa da bukatun Mongol na ci gaba da mika wuya ga khagan da kuma biyan haraji a cikin nau'i na tallafin soja ga sojojin Mongol a Farisa .Hulagu ya fara yakinsa a Farisa a kan tungar Nizari Ismailis, wadanda suka rasa matsuguninsu na Alamut.Daga nan sai ya zarce zuwa Bagadaza, yana mai neman Al-Musta'sim ya amince da sharuddan da Möngke ya gindaya wa Abbasiyawa.Duk da cewa Abbasiyawa sun kasa shiryawa mamaya, amma Halifa ya yi imanin cewa Bagadaza ba za ta iya fadawa hannun dakarun mamaya ba, ya ki mika wuya.Daga bisani Hulagu ya kewaye birnin, wanda ya mika wuya bayan kwanaki 12.A cikin mako mai zuwa, Mongols sun kori Bagadaza, inda suka aikata ta'asa da dama akwai muhawara a tsakanin masana tarihi game da matakin lalata littattafan laburare da kuma manyan dakunan karatu na Abbasiyawa.Mongoliya sun kashe Al-Musta'sim tare da kashe jama'a da dama a cikin birnin, wanda ya yi barna matuka.An yi la'akari da wannan kawanya a matsayin karshen zamanin zinare na Musulunci, wanda a lokacin halifofi suka tsawaita mulkinsu tun dagatsibirin Iberian zuwa Sindh, wanda kuma ya sami nasarori da dama na al'adu a fagage daban-daban.

Mahimmin Bincike:Ana daukar lokacin tarihin Abbasiyawa a matsayin Zamanin Zinare na Musulunci.A wannan lokacin duniyar musulmi ta zama cibiyar ilimi ta ilimi, falsafa, likitanci da ilimi.Masanin kimiya na larabawa Ibn al-Haytham ya kirkiro hanyar kimiyya ta farko a cikin littafinsa na gani (1021).Likitanci a Islama na tsakiya wani yanki ne na kimiyya wanda ya ci gaba musamman a zamanin Abbasiyawa.Al-Battani ya ci gaba da ilimin taurari a Islama na da, wanda ya inganta ma'aunin ma'aunin gaban duniya.Shahararriyar almara daga duniyar Musulunci ita ce Littafin darare dubu da daya, tarin tatsuniyoyi masu ban sha'awa, tatsuniyoyi da misalan da aka hada tun farko a zamanin Abbasiyawa.Wakar Larabci ta kai matsayi mafi girma a zamanin Abbasiyawa.A karkashin Harun al-Rashid, Baghdad ta yi suna a wuraren sayar da litattafai, wadanda suka yadu bayan an gabatar da takarda.Masu yin takarda na kasar Sin na daga cikin wadanda Larabawa suka kama a yakin Talas a shekara ta 751.Babban ci gaba shi ne ƙirƙirar ko faɗaɗa manyan biranen yayin da aka mayar da su babban birnin daular, tun daga ƙirƙirar Baghdad a shekara ta 762.Masar ta kasance cibiyar masana'antar masaka wani bangare ne na ci gaban al'adun Abbasiyawa.An samu ci gaba a fannin ban ruwa da noma, ta hanyar amfani da sabbin fasahohi kamar injin injin iska.An kawo amfanin gona irin su almonds da 'ya'yan citrus zuwa Turai ta hanyar al-Andalus, kuma a hankali Turawa sun karɓi noman sukari.’Yan kasuwan Larabawa sun mamaye harkokin kasuwanci a Tekun Indiya har zuwan Turawan Portugal a karni na 16.Injiniyoyi a zamanin khalifancin Abbasiyawa sun yi amfani da sabbin masana'antu da dama na amfani da wutar lantarki.An samar da masana'antu da yawa a lokacin juyin juya halin noma na Larabawa