Nasara na Tamerlane

Timur ya zama shugaban kabilar Barlas/Berlas a mutuwar mahaifinsa.Sai dai wasu bayanan sun ce ya yi hakan ne ta hanyar taimakon Amir Husayn, wani basarake Qara'unas kuma mai mulkin Western Chagatai Khanate.

Timur ya yi suna a matsayin shugaban soji wanda yawancin sojojinsa 'yan kabilar Turkawa ne na yankin.Ya shiga cikin yakin Transoxiana tare da Khan na Chagatai Khanate.Ya haɗu da kansa a cikin dalili da kuma alaƙar dangi tare da Qazaghan, mai lalata da lalata Volga Bulgaria, ya mamaye Khorasan a kan mahayan dawakai dubu.Wannan dai shi ne karo na biyu da ya jagoranta, kuma nasarar da ta samu ta kai ga ci gaba da gudanar da ayyuka, daga cikinsu akwai na Khwarezm da Urgench.

Timur ya zama shugaban Ulus Chagatay, kuma ya fara haɓaka Samarkand a matsayin babban birninsa.Ya auri matar Husayn Saray Mulk Khanum, zuriyar Genghis Khan , wanda ya ba shi damar zama sarkin daular kabilar Chaghatay.

Timur ya fara yaƙin neman zaɓe na Farisa tare da Herat, babban birnin daular Kartid.Lokacin da Herat bai mika wuya ba, sai ya mayar da birnin cikin rugujewa tare da kashe mafi yawan 'yan kasar;ta kasance kango har sai da Shah Rukh ya ba da umarnin sake gina ta.Sai Timur ya aika da Janar don ya kamo Kandahar ta tawaye.Tare da kama Herat masarautar Kartid ta mika wuya kuma ta zama vassals na Timur;Daga baya za a haɗa shi kai tsaye ƙasa da shekaru goma daga baya a cikin 1389 da ɗan Timur Miran Shah.

An yi yakin Tokhtamysh-Timur daga 1386 zuwa 1395 tsakanin Tokhtamysh, khan na Golden Horde , da kuma mai mulki kuma mai nasara Timur, wanda ya kafa daular Timurid, a yankunan tsaunukan Caucasus, Turkistan da Gabashin Turai.Yakin da aka yi tsakanin sarakunan Mongol biyu ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen durkushewar ikon Mongol a kan manyan masarautun Rasha na farko.

Yaƙin kogin Kondurcha shine babban yaƙin farko na yaƙin Tokhtamysh–Timur.Ya faru ne a kogin Kondurcha, a cikin Bulgar Ulus na Golden Horde , a cikin abin da ke a yau Samara Oblast a Rasha.Sojojin dawakan Tokhtamysh sun yi kokarin kewaye sojojin Timur daga gefe.Sai dai sojojin na tsakiyar Asiya sun yi tir da harin, bayan harin da suka kai a gabansu ba zato ba tsammani ya sa sojojin Horde suka gudu.Duk da haka, da yawa daga cikin sojojin Golden Horde sun tsere don sake yin yaki a Terek.

Timur ya fara yakin shekaru biyar zuwa yamma a cikin 1392, yana kai hari ga Kurdistan Farisa.A cikin 1393, an kama Shiraz bayan sun mika wuya, kuma Muzaffarids suka zama ’yan mulkin Timur, duk da cewa yarima Shah Mansur ya yi tawaye amma aka ci nasara, aka hade Muzafarid.Jim kadan bayan Jojiya ta lalace ta yadda Golden Horde ba za ta iya amfani da ita wajen yin barazana ga arewacin Iran ba.A cikin wannan shekarar, Timur ya kama Bagadaza da mamaki a watan Agusta ta hanyar tafiya can cikin kwanaki takwas kawai daga Shiraz.Sultan Ahmad Jalayir ya gudu zuwa Sham, inda SarkinMusulmi Mamluk Sultan Barquq ya kare shi, ya kuma kashe wakilan Timur.Timur ya bar yariman Sarbadar Khwaja Mas'ud don mulkin Bagadaza, amma sai aka kore shi lokacin da Ahmad Jalayir ya dawo.Ahmad bai samu karbuwa ba amma ya samu taimako mai hatsari daga Qara Yusuf na Kara Koyunlu;ya sake gudu a cikin 1399, wannan lokacin zuwa Ottomans .

A shekara ta 1368, sojojin kasar Han sun kori Mongols dagakasar Sin .Na farko daga cikin sabbin sarakunan daular Ming , Sarkin Hongwu, da dansa, Sarkin Yongle, sun samar da jahohi masu rarrafe na kasashen tsakiyar Asiya.Dangantakar suzerain-vassal tsakanin daular Ming da Timurid ta wanzu na dogon lokaci.A cikin 1394, jakadun Hongwu daga ƙarshe sun ba wa Timur wasiƙar da ke magana da shi a matsayin batun.Ya sa aka tsare jakadun Fu An, Guo Ji, da Liu Wei.Timur a ƙarshe ya shirya ya mamaye China.Don haka Timur ya yi ƙawance tare da tsirarun kabilun Mongol da ke Mongoliya kuma ya shirya har zuwa Bukhara.

Ya fatattaki Tokhtamysh da gaske a yakin kogin Terek a ranar 15 ga Afrilu 1395. An ruguza dukkan manyan garuruwan khanate: Sarai, Ukek, Majar, Azaq, Tana da Astrakhan.Harin Timur a kan garuruwan Golden Horde a cikin 1395 ya haifar da farkon wadanda aka kashe na Yammacin Turai, tun lokacin da ya haifar da lalata yankunan kasuwancinItaliya (kwakwalwa) a Sarai, Tana da Astrakhan.A lokacin da aka kewaye garin Tana, al'ummomin kasuwancin sun aika da wakilai don yi wa Timur magani, amma na karshen ya yi amfani da su ne kawai a cikin wata dabara don sake duba birnin.An kare birnin Caffa na kasar Genoa da ke gabar tekun Crimea, duk da kasancewarsa tsohon kawancen Tokhtamysh.

A cikin 1398, Timur ya fara yaƙin neman zaɓe zuwaƘasar Indiya (Hindustan).A wancan lokacin Sultan Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq na daular Tughlaq ne ke mulkin wannan kasa amma an riga an raunana ta saboda samuwar sarakunan yankin da gwagwarmayar samun gado a cikin gidan sarauta.Timur ya fara tafiya daga Samarkand.Ya mamaye yankin Arewacin Indiya (a yau Pakistan da Arewacin Indiya) ta hanyar ketare kogin Indus a ranar 30 ga Satumba, 1398. Ahirs, Gujjars da Jats sun yi adawa da shi amma Delhi Sultanate bai hana shi ba.

Yaƙin da aka yi tsakanin Sultan Nasir-ud-Din Tughlaq da ke da alaƙa da Mallu Iqbal da Timur ya faru ne a ranar 17 ga Disamba 1398. Sojojin Indiya sun sa giwaye na yaƙi sanye da sarƙoƙi da guba a hankunsu.Yayin da dakarunsa na Tatar suka ji tsoron giwaye, Timur ya umarci mutanensa da su tona rami a gaban wuraren da suke.Timur sai ya ɗora wa raƙumansa da itace da ciyawa gwargwadon iya ɗauka.Lokacin da giwayen yaƙi suka caje, Timur ya kunna ciyawa a wuta kuma ya kori raƙuma da sandunan ƙarfe, ya sa su yi caje kan giwayen, suna kururuwa da zafi: Timur ya fahimci cewa giwaye suna firgita cikin sauƙi.Suna fuskantar wani abin al'ajabi na raƙuma da ke tashi tsaye a kansu da harshen wuta na tsalle daga bayansu, giwayen suka juyo suka koma kan layinsu.Timur ya yi amfani da tarzomar da ta biyo baya a cikin sojojin Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq, tare da samun nasara cikin sauki.Sultan na Delhi ya gudu tare da ragowar sojojinsa.An kori Delhi kuma an bar shi cikin kufai.Bayan yakin, Timur ya nada Khizr Khan, Gwamnan Multan a matsayin sabon Sultan na Delhi Sultanate a karkashin mulkinsa.Nasarar da Delhi ta yi na daya daga cikin manyan nasarorin da Timur ya samu, wanda za a iya cewa ya zarce Darius Great, Alexander the Great da Genghis Khan saboda tsananin yanayin tafiyar da kuma nasarar da aka samu na kwace birnin mafi arziki a duniya a lokacin.Delhi ya yi babban rashi saboda wannan kuma ya dauki karni daya kafin ya farfado.

Timur ya fara yaki da Bayezid I, Sarkin Daular Usmaniyya , da SarkinMamluk na Masar Nasir-ad-Din Faraj.Bayezid ya fara mamaye yankin Turkmen da sarakunan musulmi a yankin Anatoliya.Kamar yadda Timur ya yi iƙirarin ikon mallakar sarakunan Turkoman, sun fake a bayansa.

Masarautar Jojiya, daular Kirista da ta mamaye mafi yawan Caucasus, Timur ya yi masa biyayya sau da yawa tsakanin 1386 da 1403. Waɗannan rikice-rikice suna da alaƙa da yaƙe-yaƙe tsakanin Timur da Tokhtamysh, Khan na ƙarshe na Golden Horde .Timur ya koma don ya lalata jihar Jojiya sau ɗaya kuma gaba ɗaya.Ya bukaci George VII ya mika Jalayirid Tahir amma George VII ya ki amincewa ya sadu da Timur a kogin Sagim a Lower Kartli, amma ya sha kashi.Bayan yaƙin, na waɗanda suka tsira daga faɗa da ramuwar gayya, dubbai da yawa sun mutu saboda yunwa da cututtuka, kuma waɗanda suka tsira 60,000 ne sojojin Timur suka bautar da su.Ya kuma kori Sivas a Asiya Ƙarama.

Kafin kai hari a garuruwan Syria, da farko Timur ya aika da jakada zuwa Damascus wanda mataimakin birninMamluk , Sudun ya kashe.A shekara ta 1400 ya fara yaki da Sarkin Mamluk na Masar Nasir-ad-Din Faraj ya kuma mamaye Mamluk Syria.

Mamluk sun yanke shawarar faɗa a fili a wajen katangar birnin.Bayan kwana biyu ana gwabzawa, sojojin dawakan Timur sun matsa da sauri cikin sifar baka don kai hari a gefen layin abokan gaba, yayin da cibiyarsa ciki har da giwaye dagaIndiya suka tsaya tsayin daka.Hare-haren da sojojin dawakai suka kai sun tilastawa Mamluks karkashin jagorancin Tamardash, gwamnan Aleppo, ballewa, suka tsere zuwa kofar birnin.Bayan haka, Timur ya kama Aleppo, sannan ya kashe da yawa daga cikin mazaunan, inda ya ba da umarnin gina hasumiya mai kawuna 20,000 a wajen birnin.

Dakarun da SarkinMamluk Sultan Nasir-ad-Din Faraj ya jagoranta sun sha kaye a hannun Timur a wajen birnin Damascus da ya bar birnin bisa jin kai na 'yan kawayen Mongol.Da aka samu galaba a kan sojojinsa, Sarkin Mamluk ya aika da wakilai daga birnin Alkahira, ciki har da Ibn Khaldun, wadanda suka tattauna da shi, amma bayan janyewarsu ya sa garin ya kori.Sojojin Timur sun kuma yi wa matan Damascus fyade da yawa tare da azabtar da mutanen birnin ta hanyar kona su, ta hanyar amfani da bastinados da murkushe su a cikin matse ruwan inabi.Yara sun mutu saboda yunwa.Timur ya aikata wadannan laifukan fyade da cin zarafi a kasar Siriya akan mabiya addinin sa na musulmi.

Sifen Baghdad (Mayu-9 ga Yuli 1401) na ɗaya daga cikin manyan nasarorin Tamerlane, kuma ya ga birnin ya kusan rugujewa bayan da guguwa ta ɗauke shi a ƙarshen kwanaki arba'in da aka yi.Bayan da aka kwace birnin, an kashe 'yan kasar 20,000.Timur ya ba da umarnin cewa kowane soja ya dawo tare da yanke kawunan mutane aƙalla guda biyu don nuna masa.A lokacin da suka kure mazan da za su yi kisa, mayaƙa da yawa sun kashe fursunonin da aka kama a farkon yaƙin neman zaɓe, kuma lokacin da fursunonin suka kare da za su yi kisa, da yawa sun koma kan fille kawunan matansu.

An shafe shekaru da wasiku na batanci tsakanin Timur da Bayezid.Dukansu sarakunan sun ci mutuncin junansu ta hanyar da suka dace yayin da Timur ya gwammace ya yi wa Bayezid zagon kasa a matsayin mai mulki tare da yin watsi da muhimmancin nasarorin da ya samu na soja.Daga karshe Timur ya mamaye yankin Anatoliya tare da fatattakar Bayezid a yakin Ankara a ranar 20 ga Yulin 1402. An kama Bayezid a yakin kuma daga baya ya mutu a zaman talala, wanda ya fara da mulkin Ottoman na shekaru goma sha biyu.Dalilin da Timur ya bayyana na kai hari Bayezid da Daular Usmaniyya shine maido da ikon Seljuq.Timur ya ga Seljuks a matsayin masu mulkin Anatolia kamar yadda masu cin nasara Mongol suka ba su mulki, yana nuna sha'awar Timur tare da halaccin Genghizid.

Bayan yaƙin, Timur ya zarce ta yammacin Anatoliya zuwa gaɓar tekun Aegean, inda ya kewaye shi kuma ya ɗauki birnin Smyrna, ƙaƙƙarfan mafaka na Ma'aikatan Asibitin Kirista.Yakin ya kasance bala'i ga kasar Ottoman , ya karya abin da ya rage kuma ya kawo kusan rugujewar daular.Hakan ya haifar da yakin basasa tsakanin ‘ya’yan Bayezid.Yakin basasar Ottoman ya ci gaba har tsawon wasu shekaru 11 (1413) bayan yakin Ankara.Yakin kuma yana da matukar muhimmanci a tarihin Ottoman kasancewar shine kadai lokacin da aka kama wani Sultan da kansa.

Timur ya fi son yin yaƙi da yaƙe-yaƙe a cikin bazara.Duk da haka, ya mutu a kan hanya a lokacin yakin hunturu mara kyau.A watan Disamba na 1404, Timur ya fara yakin soja a kan Ming China kuma ya tsare wani wakilin Ming.Ya yi fama da rashin lafiya a lokacin da ya yi sansani a mafi nisa na Syr Daria kuma ya mutu a Farab a ranar 17 ga Fabrairun 1405, kafin ya isa kan iyakar kasar Sin.Bayan rasuwarsa, jikansa Khalil Sultan ya sako wakilan Ming kamar Fu An da sauran tawagar.

Ƙarfin Timurids ya ragu da sauri a cikin rabin na biyu na karni na 15, musamman saboda al'adar Timurid na rarraba daular.Aq Qoyunlu ya mamaye yawancin Iran daga hannun Timurid, kuma a shekara ta 1500, daular Timurid da ke wargaje da yaki ta rasa iko da mafi yawan yankunanta, kuma a cikin shekaru da suka biyo baya an mayar da su baya ta kowane bangare.Farisa, Caucasus, Mesopotamiya, da Anatoliya ta Gabas sun fada cikin sauri zuwa Daular Safawad na Shi'a, wanda Shah Ismail I ya samu a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa.Yawancin kasashen tsakiyar Asiya sun mamaye Uzbek na Muhammad Shaybani wanda ya ci manyan biranen Samarkand da Herat a 1505 da 1507, wanda ya kafa Khanate na Bukhara.Daga Kabul, an kafa daular Mughal a 1526 ta Babur, zuriyar Timur ta mahaifinsa kuma watakila zuriyar Genghis Khan ta hanyar mahaifiyarsa.Daular da ya kafa an fi saninta da daular Mughal duk da cewa an gaji ta ne kai tsaye daga Timurids.A karni na 17, daular Mughal ta mallaki yawancinIndiya amma daga baya ta ragu a cikin karni na gaba.Daular Timurid a ƙarshe ta zo ƙarshe yayin da sauran mulkin mallaka na Mughals aka soke daular Birtaniyya bayan tawayen 1857.