Tarihin Jamhuriyar Pakistan Tsarin lokaci

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Tarihin Jamhuriyar Pakistan
History of Republic of Pakistan ©Anonymous

1947 - 2024

Tarihin Jamhuriyar Pakistan



An kafa Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Pakistan a ranar 14 ga Agustan 1947, ta fito daga rabe-rabenIndiya a matsayin wani bangare na Commonwealth na Burtaniya .Wannan taron ya nuna alamar halittar kasashe biyu daban-daban, Pakistan da Indiya , bisa la'akari da addini.Pakistan da farko ta ƙunshi yankuna biyu daban-daban na yanki, Yammacin Pakistan (Pakistan na yanzu) da Gabashin Pakistan (yanzu Bangladesh ), da Hyderabad, yanzu yanki na Indiya.Labarin tarihi na Pakistan, kamar yadda gwamnati ta amince da shi, ya samo asali ne tun daga mamayar Musulunci a yankin Indiya, wanda ya fara daga Muhammad bin Qasim a karni na 8 AD, kuma ya kai kololuwa a lokacin daular Mughal .Muhammad Ali Jinnah, shugaban kungiyar Musulmi ta All-India, ya zama Gwamna-Janar na farko a Pakistan, yayin da Liaquat Ali Khan, babban sakataren jam'iyyar daya, ya zama Firayim Minista.A shekarar 1956 Pakistan ta amince da kundin tsarin mulkin kasar wanda ya ayyana kasar a matsayin dimokuradiyya ta Musulunci.Sai dai kuma kasar ta fuskanci kalubale sosai.A cikin 1971, bayan yakin basasa da shiga tsakani na sojojin Indiya, Gabashin Pakistan ya balle ya zama Bangladesh.Pakistan ta kuma shiga cikin tashe-tashen hankula da dama da Indiya, musamman kan rikicin yankuna.A lokacin yakin cacar baka , Pakistan ta hada kai da Amurka , tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a yakin Afganistan da Soviet ta hanyar tallafawa 'yan Sunni Mujahidiyya.Wannan rikici ya yi tasiri sosai a Pakistan, yana ba da gudummawa ga batutuwa kamar ta'addanci, rashin zaman lafiya, da lalacewar ababen more rayuwa, musamman tsakanin 2001 da 2009.Pakistan kasa ce da ke da makamin nukiliya, bayan ta yi gwaje-gwajen nukiliya guda shida a shekarar 1998, a matsayin martani ga gwajin nukiliyar Indiya.Wannan matsayi ya sanya Pakistan a matsayin kasa ta bakwai a duniya wajen kera makaman kare dangi, ta biyu a kudancin Asiya, kuma kasa daya tilo a duniyar Musulunci.Sojojin ƙasar suna da mahimmanci, tare da ɗaya daga cikin manyan runduna a duniya.Har ila yau Pakistan mamba ce ta kafa kungiyoyin kasa da kasa da dama da suka hada da kungiyar hadin kan kasashen musulmi (OIC), kungiyar hadin gwiwar yankin kudancin Asiya (SAARC), da kungiyar hadin gwiwar yaki da ta'addanci ta Musulunci.Ta fuskar tattalin arziki, Pakistan an amince da ita a matsayin yanki da matsakaicin iko mai ci gaban tattalin arziki.Yana daga cikin kasashe "Goma sha daya" masu zuwa, wadanda aka gano cewa suna da yuwuwar zama cikin manyan kasashe mafi karfin tattalin arziki a duniya a karni na 21.Ana sa ran hanyar tattalin arziki tsakanin Sin da Pakistan (CPEC) za ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen wannan ci gaba.A geographically, Pakistan yana da matsayi mai mahimmanci, yana haɗa Gabas ta Tsakiya, Asiya ta Tsakiya, Kudancin Asiya, da Gabashin Asiya.
1947 - 1958
Samuwar da Shekarun Farkoornament
1947 Jan 1 00:01

Gabatarwa

Pakistan
Tarihin Pakistan yana da alaƙa mai zurfi da babban labarinyankin Indiya da gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai daga mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya.Kafin samun 'yancin kai, yankin ya kasance wani kaset na al'adu da addinai daban-daban, tare da manyan al'ummar Hindu da Musulmai da ke rayuwa tare a karkashin mulkin Burtaniya .Yunkurin neman 'yancin kai a Indiya ya samu karbuwa a farkon karni na 20.Manyan mutane kamar su Mahatma Gandhi da Jawaharlal Nehru sun jagoranci gwagwarmaya tare da mulkin Burtaniya, suna ba da shawara ga Indiya wacce ba ruwanta da addini inda duk addinai zasu iya zama tare.To sai dai yayin da wannan yunkuri ya ci gaba, sai aka samu tarzomar addini da ta kunno kai.Muhammad Ali Jinnah, shugaban kungiyar musulmi ta All-India, ya fito a matsayin fitacciyar muryar da ke fafutukar ganin an samar da al’umma ta daban ga musulmi.Jinnah da magoya bayansa na fargabar cewa za a mayar da musulmi saniyar ware a kasar Indiya da ke da rinjayen Hindu.Wannan ya kai ga samar da ka'idar kasa ta biyu, wacce ta yi jayayya da kasashe daban-daban bisa manyan addinai.Turawan Ingila da suka fuskanci tarzoma da tashe-tashen hankula da sarkakkiya na gudanar da al'umma dabam-dabam da rarrabuwar kawuna, daga karshe suka yanke shawarar barin yankin.A cikin 1947, an zartar da dokar 'yancin kai na Indiya, wanda ya haifar da ƙirƙirar jihohi daban-daban: yawancin Hindu Indiya da Pakistan masu rinjaye.Wannan rarrabuwar ta kasance alama ce ta tashin hankali da yawa kuma ɗayan ƙaura mafi girma a tarihin ɗan adam, yayin da miliyoyin mabiya Hindu, Musulmai, da Sikhs suka ketare kan iyakoki don shiga cikin zaɓaɓɓun al'ummarsu.Rikicin kabilanci da ya barke a wannan lokacin ya haifar da tabo mai zurfi a kan Indiya da Pakistan.
Ƙirƙirar Pakistan
Lord Mountbatten ya ziyarci wuraren tarzoma na Punjabi, a cikin hoton labarai, 1947. ©Anonymous
1947 Aug 14

Ƙirƙirar Pakistan

Pakistan
A ranar 14 ga Agusta, 1947, Pakistan ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta, sai Indiya ta sami 'yancin kai washegari.Wannan lamari mai cike da tarihi ya kawo karshen mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya a yankin.Wani muhimmin al'amari na wannan sauyi shi ne rabon lardunan Punjab da Bengal bisa kididdigar addini, wanda Hukumar Radcliffe ta shirya.An yi zargin cewa Lord Mountbatten, mataimakin na karshe na Indiya, ya rinjayi hukumar ta fifita Indiya.Sakamakon haka, yankin yammacin Punjab mafi rinjayen musulmi ya zama wani yanki na Pakistan, yayin da yankin gabas, masu rinjaye na Hindu da Sikh, suka shiga Indiya.Duk da rarrabuwar kawuna na addini, dukkanin yankuna biyu suna da ƴan tsiraru na sauran addinai.Da farko, ba a yi tsammanin cewa rabon zai buƙaci a yi jigilar jama'a mai yawa ba.Ana sa ran tsirarun za su ci gaba da kasancewa a yankunansu.Koyaya, saboda tsananin tashin hankalin jama'a a Punjab, an sami keɓancewa, wanda ya haifar da yarjejeniya tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan don musayar jama'a ta tilastawa a Punjab.Wannan musanya ta rage kasancewar tsirarun mabiya addinin Hindu da Sikh a Punjab Pakistan da kuma al'ummar musulmi a yankin Punjab na Indiya, tare da wasu tsiraru kamar al'ummar musulmi a Malerkotla, Indiya.Rikicin a Punjab ya yi tsanani kuma ya yadu.Masanin kimiyyar siyasa Ishtiaq Ahmed ya lura cewa, duk da cin zarafi na farko da musulmi suka yi, tashin hankalin ramuwar gayya ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar musulmi a Gabashin Punjab (Indiya) fiye da mutuwar Hindu da Sikh a yammacin Punjab (Pakistan).[1] Firayim Ministan Indiya Jawaharlal Nehru ya ba da rahoto ga Mahatma Gandhi cewa Musulmin da aka kashe a Gabashin Punjab sun ninka na Hindu da Sikh a Yammacin Punjab a karshen watan Agustan 1947. [2.]Sakamakon rabuwar kai ya ga daya daga cikin ƙaura mafi girma a tarihi, inda sama da mutane miliyan goma ke ketare sabbin kan iyakokin.Rikicin da aka yi a wannan lokacin, tare da kiyasin adadin wadanda suka mutu daga 200,000 zuwa 2,000,000, [3] wasu malamai sun bayyana shi a matsayin 'kisan kare dangi.'Gwamnatin Pakistan ta bayar da rahoton cewa, kimanin mata musulmi 50,000 ne mazan Hindu da mabiya addinin Sikh suka sace tare da yi musu fyade.Hakazalika, gwamnatin Indiya ta yi ikirarin cewa musulmi sun yi garkuwa da mata 'yan Hindu da 'yan Sikh kimanin 33,000 tare da yi musu fyade.[4] Wannan lokaci na tarihi yana da alaƙa da sarƙaƙƙiya, tsadar ɗan adam, da kuma tasirinsa mai dorewa akan dangantakar Indiya da Pakistan.
Shekarun Kafa Pakistan
Jinnah yana sanar da samar da Pakistan a duk gidan rediyon Indiya a ranar 3 ga Yuni 1947. ©Anonymous
1947 Aug 14 00:02 - 1949

Shekarun Kafa Pakistan

Pakistan
A cikin 1947, Pakistan ta zama sabuwar al'umma tare da Liaquat Ali Khan a matsayin Firayim Minista na farko da Muhammad Ali Jinnah a matsayin Gwamna-Janar da Kakakin Majalisa.Jinnah, ta ki amincewa da tayin Lord Mountbatten na zama Gwamna-Janar na Indiya da Pakistan, ya jagoranci kasar har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1948. A karkashin jagorancinsa, Pakistan ta dauki matakai don zama kasar Musulunci, musamman tare da gabatar da kudurin Manufofin da Firayim Minista ya gabatar. Khan a 1949, yana jaddada ikon Allah.Kudirin Manufofin ya bayyana cewa ikon Allah Ta’ala ne ga dukkan halittu.[5]Shekarun farko na Pakistan kuma sun ga gagarumin ƙaura daga Indiya, musamman zuwa Karachi, [6] babban birni na farko.Domin karfafa ababen more rayuwa na kudi na Pakistan, Sakataren Kudi nasa Victor Turner ya aiwatar da manufar kudin kasar ta farko.Wannan ya hada da kafa manyan cibiyoyi kamar Bankin Jiha, Ofishin Kididdiga na Tarayya, da Hukumar Tara Haraji ta Tarayya, da nufin inganta karfin al’umma a fannin kudi, haraji, da tara kudaden shiga.[7] Koyaya, Pakistan ta ci karo da manyan batutuwa tare da Indiya.A watan Afrilun 1948, Indiya ta katse hanyoyin samar da ruwan sha ga Pakistan daga ayyukan kanal guda biyu a Punjab, abin da ya ta'azzara rikici tsakanin kasashen biyu.Bugu da kari, da farko Indiya ta hana kason kadarori da kudade na Pakistan daga United India.Daga karshe an saki wadannan kadarorin karkashin matsin lamba daga Mahatma Gandhi.[8] Matsalolin yanki sun taso tare da makwabciyar Afghanistan akan iyakar Pakistan-Afghanistan a 1949, da Indiya akan Layin Gudanarwa a Kashmir.[9]Kasar ta kuma nemi amincewar kasashen duniya, inda Iran ce ta farko da ta amince da ita, amma ta fuskanci rashin amincewa da farko daga Tarayyar Soviet da Isra'ila .Pakistan ta himmatu wajen neman jagoranci a tsakanin kasashen musulmi, da nufin hada kan kasashen musulmi.Wannan buri dai, ya fuskanci shakku a duniya da ma wasu kasashen Larabawa.Pakistan ta kuma goyi bayan fafutuka daban-daban na 'yancin kai a duniyar musulmi.A cikin gida, manufar harshe ya zama batu mai cike da cece-kuce, inda Jinnah ta ayyana Urdu a matsayin harshen jihar, wanda ya haifar da tashin hankali a Gabashin Bengal.Bayan rasuwar Jinnah a shekarar 1948, Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin ya zama Gwamna-Janar, inda ya ci gaba da kokarin gina kasa a shekarun da Pakistan ta samu.
Yaƙin Indo-Pakistan na 1947-1948
Wani ayarin sojojin Pakistan sun yi taho-mu-gama a yankin Kashmir ©Anonymous
1947 Oct 22 - 1949 Jan 1

Yaƙin Indo-Pakistan na 1947-1948

Jammu and Kashmir
Yakin Indo-Pakistan na 1947-1948, wanda kuma aka fi sani da yakin Kashmir na farko, shi ne babban rikici na farko tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan bayan da suka zama kasashe masu cin gashin kai.Ya kasance a tsakiya a kusa da masarautar Jammu da Kashmir.Jammu da Kashmir, kafin 1815, sun ƙunshi ƙananan jihohi a ƙarƙashin mulkin Afganistan kuma daga baya ƙarƙashin ikon Sikh bayan faduwar Mughals .Yaƙin Anglo-Sikh na Farko (1845-46) ya kai ga sayar da yankin zuwa Gulab Singh, wanda ya kafa ƙasa mai sarauta a ƙarƙashin Burtaniya Raj .Rabe-raben Indiya a 1947, wanda ya haifar da Indiya da Pakistan, ya haifar da tashin hankali da ɗimbin motsi na al'umma bisa tushen addini.Yakin dai ya fara ne da dakarun Jammu da Kashmir da kuma dakarun sa-kai na kabilanci.Maharaja na Jammu da Kashmir, Hari Singh, ya fuskanci tayar da kayar baya kuma ya rasa iko da sassan masarautarsa.Mayakan kabilanci na Pakistan sun shiga jihar a ranar 22 ga Oktoba, 1947, suna ƙoƙarin kama Srinagar.Hari Singh ya nemi taimako daga Indiya, wanda aka bayar bisa yanayin shigar jihar Indiya.Maharaja Hari Singh da farko ya zaɓi kada ya shiga Indiya ko Pakistan.Babban taron kasa, babbar rundunar siyasa a Kashmir, ta fi son shiga Indiya, yayin da taron musulmi a Jammu ya fifita Pakistan.Maharaja daga ƙarshe ya yarda da Indiya, shawarar da mamayewar kabilanci da tawayen cikin gida suka yi tasiri.Daga nan aka kai sojojin Indiya ta jirgin sama zuwa Srinagar.Bayan da jihar ta shiga Indiya, rikicin ya ga hannun sojojin Indiya da Pakistan kai tsaye.Yankunan rikice-rikice sun karu a kusa da abin da daga baya ya zama Line of Control, tare da tsagaita wuta a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1949.Ayyukan soji daban-daban kamar Operation Gulmarg na Pakistan da jigilar sojojin Indiya zuwa Srinagar sun nuna yakin.Jami'an Biritaniya da ke ba da umarni a bangarorin biyu sun ci gaba da tsare hanya.Shigar da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kai ga tsagaita bude wuta da kuma kudurori na baya-bayan nan da ke da nufin cimma matsaya, wadanda ba su taba faruwa ba.Yakin dai ya kawo karshe cikin rashin jituwar da babu wani bangare da ya samu gagarumar nasara, ko da yake Indiya ta ci gaba da rike mafi yawan yankunan da ake takaddama a kai.Rikicin ya haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna na Jammu da Kashmir, wanda ya kafa harsashin rikice-rikicen Indo-Pakistan na gaba.Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kafa wata kungiya da za ta sanya ido a kan tsagaita bude wuta, kuma yankin ya ci gaba da zama wani batu na takaddama a dangantakar Indo da Pakistan da ta biyo baya.Yakin yana da gagarumin tasiri na siyasa a Pakistan kuma ya kafa fagen juyin mulkin soja da rikice-rikice a nan gaba.Yaƙin Indo-Pakistan na 1947-1948 ya kafa misali ga sarƙaƙƙiya kuma sau da yawa dangantaka tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan, musamman game da yankin Kashmir.
Shekaru Goma na Rikicin Pakistan
Sukarno & Iskander Mirza na Pakistan ©Anonymous
1951 Jan 1 - 1958

Shekaru Goma na Rikicin Pakistan

Pakistan
A shekarar 1951, an kashe firaministan Pakistan Liaquat Ali Khan a wani gangamin siyasa, wanda ya kai ga Khawaja Nazimuddin ya zama firayim minista na biyu.Tashin hankali a Gabashin Pakistan ya yi kamari a cikin 1952, wanda ya kai ga harbin 'yan sanda kan daliban da ke neman daidaito a matsayin yaren Bengali.An warware wannan lamarin lokacin da Nazimuddin ya ba da izinin amincewa da Bengali tare da Urdu, shawarar da aka tsara daga baya a cikin kundin tsarin mulki na 1956.A shekarar 1953, tarzomar adawa da Ahmadiyya, da jam’iyyun addini suka ingiza su, ta yi sanadin mutuwar mutane da dama.[10] Martanin da gwamnati ta bayar game da waɗannan tarzomar alama ce ta farko na dokar soja a Pakistan, wanda ya fara yanayin shigar sojoji cikin siyasa.[11] A wannan shekarar, an gabatar da Shirin Unit Unit, wanda ya sake tsara sassan gudanarwa na Pakistan.[12] Zaben 1954 ya nuna bambance-bambancen akida tsakanin Gabas da Yammacin Pakistan, tare da tasirin gurguzu a Gabas da kuma ra'ayin goyon bayan Amurka a yamma.A cikin 1956, an ayyana Pakistan a matsayin jamhuriyar Musulunci, inda Huseyn Suhrawardy ya zama Firayim Minista, Iskander Mirza a matsayin shugaban kasa na farko.Wa'adin Suhrawardy ya kasance alama ce ta kokarin daidaita dangantakar ketare da Tarayyar Soviet , Amurka , da Sin , da kaddamar da shirin soja da na nukiliya.[13] Shirye-shiryen Suhrawardy sun haifar da kafa shirin horar da sojojin Pakistan da Amurka ta yi, wadanda suka fuskanci turjiya sosai a Gabashin Pakistan.A mayar da martani, jam'iyyarsa ta siyasa a majalisar dokokin Pakistan ta Gabashin Pakistan ta yi barazanar ballewa daga Pakistan.Fadar shugaban kasa ta Mirza ta ga matakin danniya kan 'yan gurguzu da kungiyar Awami a gabashin Pakistan, lamarin da ya kara ta'azzara rikicin yankin.Matsakaici na tattalin arziki da bambance-bambancen siyasa ya haifar da cece-kuce tsakanin shugabannin Gabas da Yammacin Pakistan.Aiwatar da Shirin Raka'a Daya da daidaita tattalin arzikin kasa bin tsarin Soviet ya gamu da gagarumin adawa da juriya a yammacin Pakistan.A cikin karuwar rashin amincewa da matsin lamba na siyasa, Shugaba Mirza ya fuskanci kalubale, ciki har da goyon bayan jama'a ga kungiyar musulmi a yammacin Pakistan, wanda ya haifar da yanayin siyasa mara kyau nan da 1958.
1958 - 1971
Zamanin Soja na Farkoornament
1958 juyin mulkin soja na Pakistan
Janar Ayub Khan, babban kwamandan sojojin Pakistan a ofishinsa a ranar 23 ga Janairun 1951. ©Anonymous
1958 Oct 27

1958 juyin mulkin soja na Pakistan

Pakistan
Tsawon lokacin da Ayub Khan ya ayyana dokar soji a Pakistan ya kasance da rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa da siyasar bangaranci.Gwamnati, da ake ganin ta gaza wajen gudanar da mulkinta, ta fuskanci batutuwa kamar rigingimun ruwan magudanar ruwa da ba a warware ba, da suka shafi tattalin arzikin dogaro da kai, da kuma kalubale wajen tunkarar kasancewar Indiya a Jammu da Kashmir.A shekara ta 1956 Pakistan ta sauya sheka daga mulkin Birtaniya zuwa Jamhuriyar Musulunci tare da sabon kundin tsarin mulki, kuma Manjo Janar Iskander Mirza ya zama shugaban kasa na farko.Sai dai kuma, wannan lokaci ya gamu da rigingimun siyasa da kuma samun nasarar maye gurbin firayim minista hudu cikin shekaru biyu, lamarin da ya kara tayar da hankalin jama'a da sojoji.Rikicin da Mirza ya yi na amfani da madafun iko, musamman shirinsa na Unit Unit na hade lardunan Pakistan zuwa fikafikai biyu, Gabas da Yammacin Pakistan, ya kawo rarrabuwar kawuna a siyasance da wuya a aiwatar da shi.Wannan hargitsi da ayyukan Mirza ya haifar da imani a cikin sojoji cewa jama'a za su goyi bayan juyin mulki, wanda hakan ya share hanyar da Ayub Khan ya dauka.A ranar 7 ga Oktoba, Shugaba Mirza ya ayyana dokar ta-baci, ya soke kundin tsarin mulkin 1956, ya kori gwamnati, ya rusa majalisun dokoki, da kuma haramta jam'iyyun siyasa.Ya nada Janar Ayub Khan a matsayin Babban Jami’in Shari’ar Martial kuma ya ba shi mukamin sabon Firayim Minista.Duka Mirza da Ayub Khan suna kallon juna a matsayin masu fafatawa a kan mulki.Mirza, yana jin rawar da ya taka ta sake komawa baya bayan Ayub Khan ya karbi mafi yawan hukumomin zartarwa a matsayin babban jami'in shari'a kuma Firayim Minista, ya yi kokarin sake jaddada matsayinsa.Akasin haka, Ayub Khan ya zargi Mirza da kulla masa makirci.An sanar da Ayub Khan game da aniyar Mirza na kama shi bayan ya dawo daga Dhaka.Daga karshe dai ana kyautata zaton cewa Ayub Khan, tare da goyon bayan manyan janar-janar, ya tilastawa Mirza yin murabus.[14] Bayan haka, da farko an kai Mirza zuwa Quetta, babban birnin Baluchistan, sannan aka kai shi Landan, Ingila, a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba, inda ya rayu har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekara ta 1969.Tun da farko an yi maraba da juyin mulkin soja a Pakistan a matsayin hutu daga rashin kwanciyar hankali, tare da fatan daidaita tattalin arziki da zamanantar da siyasa.Gwamnatin Ayub Khan ta samu tallafi daga gwamnatocin kasashen waje, ciki har da Amurka .[15] Ya haɗu da matsayin shugaban ƙasa da Firayim Minista, ya kafa majalisar ministocin fasaha, hafsoshin soja, da jami'an diflomasiyya.Ayub Khan ya nada Janar Muhammad Musa a matsayin sabon hafsan soji kuma ya tabbatar da hukuncin shari'a don karbar mukaminsa karkashin "Rundunar dole."
Babban Goma: Pakistan karkashin Ayub Khan
Ayub Khan a 1958 tare da HS Suhrawardy da Mr. da Mrs. SN Bakar. ©Anonymous
1958 Oct 27 - 1969 Mar 25

Babban Goma: Pakistan karkashin Ayub Khan

Pakistan
A shekara ta 1958, tsarin majalisar dokokin Pakistan ya ƙare tare da kafa dokar soja.Rashin jin daɗin jama'a game da cin hanci da rashawa a cikin tsarin mulkin farar hula da gudanarwa ya haifar da goyon baya ga ayyukan Janar Ayub Khan.[16] Gwamnatin soja ta aiwatar da gyare-gyaren ƙasa mai mahimmanci kuma ta aiwatar da Dokar Rarraba Zaɓuɓɓuka, ta hana HS Suhrawardy daga ofishin jama'a.Khan ya gabatar da "Basic Democracy," wani sabon tsarin shugaban kasa inda kwalejin zabe mai mutane 80,000 suka zabi shugaban kasa, kuma suka kaddamar da kundin tsarin mulki na 1962.[17] A cikin 1960, Ayub Khan ya sami goyon bayan jama'a a cikin ƙuri'ar raba gardama ta ƙasa, yana rikidewa daga soja zuwa gwamnatin farar hula ta tsarin mulki.[16]Muhimman abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin shugabancin Ayub Khan sun hada da mayar da ababen more rayuwa na babban birnin kasar daga Karachi zuwa Islamabad.Wannan zamanin, wanda aka fi sani da "Babban Goma," ana yin bikin ne saboda haɓakar tattalin arziki da sauye-sauyen al'adu, [18] gami da haɓakar kiɗan pop, fina-finai, da masana'antar wasan kwaikwayo.Ayub Khan ya hada kai da Pakistan da Amurka da kasashen yammacin duniya, inda ya shiga kungiyar ta Central Treaty Organisation (CENTO) da kuma kungiyar kudu maso gabashin Asiya (SEATO).Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu sun karu, kuma kasar ta samu ci gaba a fannin ilimi, ci gaban dan Adam, da kimiyya, gami da kaddamar da shirin sararin samaniya da ci gaba da shirin makamashin nukiliya.[18]Duk da haka, abin da ya faru na jirgin leken asirin U2 a 1960 ya fallasa ayyukan sirri na Amurka daga Pakistan, wanda ke yin illa ga tsaron kasa.A wannan shekarar, Pakistan ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ruwa ta Indus tare da Indiya don daidaita dangantaka.[19 <] > Dangantaka da kasar Sin ta karfafa, musamman bayan yakin Sino-Indiya, wanda ya kai ga cimma yarjejeniyar kan iyaka a shekarar 1963 wadda ta sauya yanayin yakin cacar baka .A shekara ta 1964, sojojin Pakistan sun murkushe wani tawaye da ake zargin 'yan gurguzu ne a yammacin Pakistan, kuma a shekarar 1965, Ayub Khan ya ci zaben shugaban kasa da kyar a kan Fatima Jinnah.
Rashin Ayub Khan da Tashin Bhutto
Bhutto a Karachi a 1969. ©Anonymous
1965 Jan 1 - 1969

Rashin Ayub Khan da Tashin Bhutto

Pakistan
A shekara ta 1965, Ministan Harkokin Wajen Pakistan Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, a babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, tare da masanin kimiyyar nukiliya Aziz Ahmed, ya bayyana aniyar Pakistan na samar da makamashin nukiliya idan Indiya ta yi haka, ko da ta hanyar tattalin arziki mai girma.Wannan ya haifar da fadada kayan aikin nukiliya tare da haɗin gwiwar kasa da kasa.Sai dai rashin jituwar da Bhutto ta yi da yarjejeniyar Tashkent a shekarar 1966 ta kai ga korar shi daga shugaban kasar Ayub Khan, lamarin da ya haifar da zanga-zangar jama'a da zanga-zanga.Ayub Khan na "Shekarun Ci gaba" a cikin 1968 ya fuskanci adawa, tare da daliban hagu suna lakafta shi "Shekarun Decadence", [20] suna sukar manufofinsa don inganta tsarin jari-hujja da kabilanci-yan kishin kasa. Bambancin tattalin arziki tsakanin Yammaci da Gabashin Pakistan ya haifar da kishin kasa na Bengali. , tare da jam'iyyar Awami, karkashin jagorancin Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, na neman 'yancin cin gashin kai.Hanyar gurguzu da jam'iyyar Pakistan People's Party (PPP) da Bhutto ta kafa, ya kara kalubalanci gwamnatin Khan.A cikin 1967, PPP ta yi amfani da rashin jin daɗin jama'a, wanda ya jagoranci manyan yajin aikin.Duk da danniya, wani yunkuri mai yaduwa ya bulla a shekarar 1968, wanda ya raunana matsayin Khan;An san shi da motsi na 1968 a Pakistan.[21] An janye shari'ar Agartala, wadda ta shafi kama shugabannin Awami League, biyo bayan tayar da hankali a Gabashin Pakistan.Da yake fuskantar matsin lamba daga PPP, tashin hankalin jama'a, da raguwar lafiya, Khan ya yi murabus a shekara ta 1969, inda ya mika mulki ga Janar Yahya Khan, wanda ya kafa dokar ta-baci.
Yakin Indiya-Pakistan na biyu
Azad Kashmiri Sojojin da ba na ka'ida ba, Yaƙin 1965 ©Anonymous
1965 Aug 5 - 1965 BCE Sep 23

Yakin Indiya-Pakistan na biyu

Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Ind
Yaƙin Indo-Pakistani na 1965, wanda kuma aka sani da Yaƙin Indiya na Biyu –Pakistan, ya buɗe kan matakai da yawa, waɗanda ke da alamun manyan al'amura da sauye-sauye na dabaru.Rikicin ya samo asali ne daga takaddamar da aka dade ana yi kan Jammu da Kashmir.Hakan ya ta'azzara ne bayan Operation Gibraltar na Pakistan a watan Agustan 1965, wanda aka tsara don kutsawa dakaru cikin Jammu da Kashmir domin tada kayar baya ga mulkin Indiya.Gano aikin da aka yi ya haifar da karuwar tashin hankalin soji a tsakanin kasashen biyu.Yaƙin ya ga manyan haƙƙin soja, gami da yaƙin tanka mafi girma tun bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu.Dukansu Indiya da Pakistan sun yi amfani da ƙasa, da iska, da sojojin ruwa.Fitattun ayyuka a lokacin yakin sun hada da Operation Desert Hawk na Pakistan da kuma farmakin da Indiya ta kai a gaban Lahore.Yakin Asal Uttar ya kasance wani muhimmin wuri inda sojojin Indiya suka yi tafka asara mai yawa a bangaren masu sulke na Pakistan.Sojojin saman Pakistan sun taka rawar gani duk da cewa sun fi karfinsu, musamman wajen kare Lahore da sauran wurare masu mahimmanci.Yaƙin ya ƙare a watan Satumba na 1965 tare da tsagaita wuta, bayan shiga tsakani na diflomasiyya da Tarayyar Soviet da Amurka suka yi da kuma amincewa da kuduri mai lamba 211. Sanarwar Tashkent daga baya ta tsara tsagaita wuta.A karshen rikicin, Indiya ta rike wani yanki mafi girma na kasar Pakistan, musamman a yankuna masu albarka kamar Sialkot, Lahore, da Kashmir, yayin da Pakistan ta samu ci gaba a yankunan hamada da ke gaban Sindh da kuma kusa da yankin Chumb a Kashmir.Yakin ya haifar da sauye-sauyen yanayin siyasa a cikin yankin, tare da Indiya da Pakistan suna jin cin amana saboda rashin goyon baya daga abokansu na baya, Amurka da Burtaniya .Wannan sauye-sauye ya haifar da Indiya da Pakistan sun haɓaka dangantaka ta kud da kud da Tarayyar Soviet daChina , bi da bi.Rikicin ya kuma yi tasiri sosai kan dabarun soji da manufofin kasashen waje na kasashen biyu.A Indiya, ana ganin yakin a matsayin nasara mai dabara, wanda ke haifar da sauye-sauye a dabarun soji, tattara bayanan sirri, da manufofin kasashen waje, musamman kusanci da Tarayyar Soviet.A Pakistan ana tunawa da yakin ne saboda kwazon da sojojin saman kasar suka yi kuma ana bikin ranar tsaro.Duk da haka, ya kuma haifar da ƙima mai mahimmanci na shirye-shiryen soja da sakamakon siyasa, da kuma matsalolin tattalin arziki da karuwar tashin hankali a gabashin Pakistan.Labarin yakin da tunawa da shi ya kasance batutuwan muhawara a cikin Pakistan.
Shekarun Dokar Martial
Janar Yahya Khan (a hagu), tare da shugaban Amurka Richard Nixon. ©Oliver F. Atkins
1969 Jan 1 - 1971

Shekarun Dokar Martial

Pakistan
Shugaba Janar Yahya Khan, wanda ya san halin da ake ciki na siyasa a Pakistan, ya sanar da shirye-shiryen gudanar da zabukan kasar baki daya a shekarar 1970, ya kuma ba da Dokar Tsarin Mulki mai lamba 1970 (LFO No. 1970), wanda ya haifar da gagarumin sauyi a yammacin Pakistan.An narkar da shirin Unit Unit, wanda ya baiwa larduna damar komawa tsarinsu kafin 1947, kuma an bullo da tsarin kada kuri'a kai tsaye.Koyaya, waɗannan sauye-sauyen ba su shafi Gabashin Pakistan ba.Zaɓen dai ya ga jam'iyyar Awami League mai fafutukar fafutukar maki shida, ta yi nasara da gagarumin rinjaye a Gabashin Pakistan, yayin da jam'iyyar Zulfikar Ali Bhutto ta Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) ta samu gagarumin goyon baya a yammacin Pakistan.Kungiyar musulmin Pakistan masu ra'ayin mazan jiya (PML) ta kuma gudanar da yakin neman zabe a fadin kasar.Duk da cewa jam'iyyar Awami ta samu rinjaye a majalisar dokokin kasar, manyan 'yan kasar ta yammacin Pakistan sun hakura da mika mulki ga wata jam'iyyar gabashin Pakistan.Wannan ya haifar da cikas ga tsarin mulki, tare da Bhutto ta bukaci tsarin raba madafun iko.A cikin wannan tashin hankalin na siyasa, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman ya kaddamar da wani yunkuri na rashin hadin kai a gabashin Pakistan, wanda ya gurgunta ayyukan gwamnati.Rashin nasarar tattaunawar da aka yi tsakanin Bhutto da Rahman ya sa shugaba Khan ya ba da umarnin daukar matakin soji a kan kungiyar ta Awami, lamarin da ya kai ga murkushe masu tsaurin ra'ayi.An kama Sheikh Rahman, kuma shugabancin Awami League ya gudu zuwa Indiya , ya kafa gwamnati mai kama da juna.Hakan ya zarce yakin 'yantar da Bangladesh, inda Indiya ke ba da tallafin soji ga 'yan tawayen Bengali.A cikin Maris 1971, Manjo Janar Ziaur Rahman ya ayyana gabashin Pakistan 'yancin kai a matsayin Bangladesh .
1971 - 1977
Zaman Dimokuradiyya Na Biyuornament
Yakin &#39;Yancin Bangladesh
Sa hannu kan kayan aikin Pakistan na mika wuya ta Pakistan Lt.Gen.AAK Niazi da Jagjit Singh Aurora a madadin Sojojin Indiya da Bangladesh a Dhaka a ranar 16 Dec. 1971 ©Indian Navy
1971 Mar 26 - Dec 16

Yakin 'Yancin Bangladesh

Bangladesh
Yakin 'yantar da Bangladesh ya kasance rikicin makami na juyin juya hali a Gabashin Pakistan wanda ya kai ga kirkiro Bangladesh .An fara ne a daren ranar 25 ga Maris, 1971, tare da gwamnatin mulkin sojan Pakistan, karkashin Yahya Khan, ta kaddamar da Operation Searchlight, wanda ya fara kisan kare dangi na Bangladesh.Kungiyar Mukti Bahini, kungiyar gwagwarmayar ‘yan daba da ta hada da sojan Bengali, ‘yan sanda, da fararen hula, sun mayar da martani ga tashin hankalin ta hanyar kaddamar da yakin neman zabe a kan sojojin Pakistan.Wannan yunƙurin 'yantarwar ya sami gagarumar nasara a farkon watanni.Sojojin Pakistan sun sake samun galaba a lokacin damina, amma ‘yan tawayen Bengali, wadanda suka hada da ayyuka kamar Operation Jackpot da sojojin ruwa na Pakistan da kuma wasu nau’o’in rundunar sojin saman Bangladesh na asali, sun yi yaki sosai.Indiya ta shiga rikicin ne a ranar 3 ga Disamba, 1971, bayan wani harin da jiragen saman Pakistan suka kai musu a arewacin Indiya.An yi yakin Indo-Pakistan ta bangarori biyu.Tare da fifikon iska a gabas da ci gaba da sauri daga Rundunar Sojojin Mukti Bahini da sojojin Indiya, Pakistan ta mika wuya a Dhaka a ranar 16 ga Disamba, 1971, wanda ke nuna mika wuya mafi girma na sojoji tun yakin duniya na biyu .A Gabashin Pakistan, an gudanar da ayyukan soji da dama da kuma hare-hare ta sama don murkushe rashin biyayyar jama'a bayan dage zaben 1970.Sojojin Pakistan, da ke samun goyon bayan mayakan Islama irin su Razakars, Al-Badr, da Al-Shams, sun aikata ta'asar da suka hada da kisan jama'a, kora, da fyade na kisan kiyashi kan fararen hula na Bengali, masu hankali, tsirarun addinai, da ma'aikata dauke da makamai.Babban birnin Dhaka ya fuskanci kisan kiyashi da dama ciki har da jami'ar Dhaka.Rikicin kabilanci ya kuma barke tsakanin 'yan Bengali da Biharis, lamarin da ya kai ga kimanin 'yan gudun hijira na Bengali miliyan 10 da suka tsere zuwa Indiya da kuma miliyan 30 da suka rasa matsugunansu.Yakin ya sauya yanayin yanayin siyasar Kudancin Asiya sosai, inda Bangladesh ta zama kasa ta bakwai mafi yawan al'umma a duniya.Rikicin ya kasance wani muhimmin al'amari a cikin yakin cacar baka , wanda ya shafi manyan kasashe kamar Amurka , Tarayyar Soviet , da Sin .Mafi yawan kasashe mambobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun amince da Bangladesh a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta a shekarar 1972.
Shekarun Bhutto a Pakistan
Bhutto a shekarar 1971. ©Anonymous
1973 Jan 1 - 1977

Shekarun Bhutto a Pakistan

Pakistan
Rabuwar Gabashin Pakistan a shekarar 1971 ya sanya al'ummar kasar cikin rudani sosai.Karkashin jagorancin Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, jam'iyyar Pakistan People's Party (PPP) ta kawo lokacin dimokuradiyya mai ra'ayin hagu, tare da manyan tsare-tsare wajen mayar da tattalin arzikin kasa kasa, bunkasar nukiliya a boye, da inganta al'adu.Bhutto, tana magana game da ci gaban nukiliyar Indiya , ta ƙaddamar da aikin bam ɗin nukiliya na Pakistan a cikin 1972, wanda ya haɗa da manyan masana kimiyya kamar Abdus Salam wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel.Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1973, wanda aka ƙirƙira tare da goyon bayan Islama, ya ayyana Pakistan a matsayin Jamhuriyar Musulunci, wanda ya ba da umarni cewa duk dokoki sun yi daidai da koyarwar Musulunci.A wannan lokacin, gwamnatin Bhutto ta fuskanci tawaye na kishin kasa a Balochistan, wanda aka danne tare da taimakon Iran .An aiwatar da manyan gyare-gyare, ciki har da sake tsarin soja da fadada tattalin arziki da ilimi.A wani gagarumin yunkuri, Bhutto ta mika wuya ga matsin lamba na addini, wanda ya kai ga ayyana Ahmadis a matsayin wadanda ba musulmi ba.Dangantakar kasa da kasa ta Pakistan ta sauya, tare da kyautata alaka da Tarayyar Soviet , Gabas ta Tsakiya, da Sin , yayin da dangantakar da ke tsakaninta da Amurka ta tabarbare.Wannan lokacin ya ga kafa masana'antar sarrafa karafa ta farko ta Pakistan tare da taimakon Soviet da kuma karfafa kokarin raya makamashin nukiliya bayan gwajin nukiliyar Indiya a 1974.Hanyoyin siyasa sun canza a cikin 1976, tare da kawancen gurguzu na Bhutto da adawa daga masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da masu kishin Islama suna karuwa.Kungiyar Nizam-e-Mustafa ta bullo, inda ta bukaci da a samar da daular Musulunci da kuma gyara al'umma.Bhutto ta mayar da martani ta hanyar hana barasa, wuraren shakatawa na dare, da tseren dawakai a tsakanin musulmi.Zabukan 1977 da jam'iyyar PPP ta lashe, an yi ta fama da zarge-zargen magudi, lamarin da ya haifar da zanga-zanga.Wannan tashin hankalin ya kai ga juyin mulkin Janar Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq wanda ya kifar da gwamnatin Bhutto.Bayan wata shari'a mai rikitarwa, an kashe Bhutto a cikin 1979 saboda ba da izinin kisan kai na siyasa.
1977 - 1988
Zamanin Soja Na Biyu Da Musulunciornament
Shekaru goma na Conservatism na Addini da Rikicin Siyasa a Pakistan
Hoton tsohon shugaban kasar Pakistan kuma hafsan soji, Janar Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. ©Pakistan Army
1977 Jan 1 00:01 - 1988

Shekaru goma na Conservatism na Addini da Rikicin Siyasa a Pakistan

Pakistan
Daga 1977 zuwa 1988, Pakistan ta fuskanci wani lokaci na mulkin soja a karkashin Janar Zia-ul-Haq, wanda ke da girman ci gaban ra'ayin addini da zalunci da gwamnati ke daukar nauyinta.Zia ta himmatu wajen kafa daular Musulunci da aiwatar da shari'ar Musulunci, da kafa kotunan shari'a daban-daban, da gabatar da hukunce-hukuncen laifuka na Musulunci, gami da hukumci mai tsanani.Musuluntar Tattalin Arziki ya haɗa da canje-canje kamar maye gurbin biyan ruwa tare da raba riba-asara da sanya harajin zakka.Har ila yau, mulkin Zia ya ga kawar da tasirin gurguzu da haɓaka fasahar fasaha, tare da jami'an soja da ke mamaye matsayin farar hula da kuma sake dawo da manufofin jari-hujja.Kungiyar 'yan tawaye karkashin jagorancin Bhutto ta fuskanci danniya mai tsanani, yayin da aka dakile yunkurin ballewa a Balochistan.Zia ya gudanar da zaben raba gardama a shekarar 1984, inda ya samu goyon bayan manufofinsa na addini.Dangantakar kasashen waje ta Pakistan ta canja, inda dangantakarta da Tarayyar Soviet ta kara tabarbarewa, da kuma karfafa dangantakarta da Amurka , musamman bayan tsoma bakin Soviet a Afghanistan .Pakistan ta zama mai taka rawa wajen tallafawa sojojin da ke adawa da Tarayyar Soviet, yayin da take kula da kwararar 'yan gudun hijirar Afghanistan da kuma fuskantar kalubalen tsaro.Tashin hankali da Indiya ya karu, gami da rikice-rikice game da Glacier na Siachen da tura sojoji.Zia ta yi amfani da diflomasiyyar cricket don sassauta rikici da Indiya tare da yin kalamai masu tayar da hankali don dakile matakin sojan Indiya.A karkashin matsin lamba na Amurka, Zia ta dage dokar soja a shekarar 1985, inda ta nada Muhammad Khan Junejo a matsayin firaminista, amma daga baya ta sallame shi a cikin tashin hankali.Zia ta mutu a wani hatsarin jirgin sama mai ban mamaki a cikin 1988, ya bar gadon gado na karuwar tasirin addini a Pakistan da kuma canjin al'adu, tare da haɓaka kidan dutsen karkashin kasa wanda ke ƙalubalantar ƙa'idodin mazan jiya.
1988 - 1999
Zaman Dimokuradiyya Na Ukuornament
Komawa Dimokuradiyya a Pakistan
Benazir Bhutto a Amurka a 1988. Bhutto ta zama mace ta farko da ta zama Firai minista a Pakistan a 1988. ©Gerald B. Johnson
1988 Jan 1 00:01

Komawa Dimokuradiyya a Pakistan

Pakistan
A cikin 1988, an sake kafa dimokuradiyya a Pakistan tare da zaɓe gama gari bayan mutuwar shugaba Zia-ul-Haq.Wadannan zabukan dai sun kai ga dawowar jam'iyyar Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) kan karagar mulki, inda Benazir Bhutto ta zama Firayi ministar Pakistan mace ta farko kuma mace ta farko da ta shugabanci gwamnati a kasar da ke da rinjayen musulmi.Wannan lokacin, wanda ya kasance har zuwa 1999, yana da tsarin tsarin jam'iyyu biyu masu gasa, tare da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na tsakiya karkashin jagorancin Nawaz Sharif da masu ra'ayin gurguzu na tsakiya a karkashin Benazir Bhutto.A lokacin mulkinta, Bhutto ta jagoranci Pakistan ta matakin karshe na yakin cacar baka , tana kiyaye manufofin goyon bayan kasashen yamma saboda rashin yarda da kwaminisanci daya.Gwamnatinta ta shaida janyewar sojojin Soviet daga Afghanistan .Sai dai kuma gano aikin bam na nukiliya na Pakistan ya haifar da dagula dangantaka da Amurka tare da sanya takunkumin tattalin arziki.Ita ma gwamnatin Bhutto ta fuskanci kalubale a Afganistan, inda ta gaza shiga tsakani na soja wanda ya kai ga korar daraktocin hukumar leken asiri.Duk da kokarin farfado da tattalin arzikin kasar, ciki har da shirin shekaru biyar na bakwai, Pakistan ta fuskanci tabarbarewar tattalin arziki, kuma daga karshe shugaban masu ra'ayin rikau Ghulam Ishaq Khan ya kori gwamnatin Bhutto.
Nawaz Sharif Zamanin Pakistan
Nawaz Sharif, 1998. ©Robert D. Ward
1990 Jan 1

Nawaz Sharif Zamanin Pakistan

Pakistan
A babban zaɓen shekarar 1990, ƙungiyar masu ra'ayin mazan jiya ta dama, wato Islamic Democratic Alliance (IDA) karkashin jagorancin Nawaz Sharif, ta sami isasshen goyon baya don kafa gwamnati.Wannan dai shi ne karon farko da kawancen masu ra'ayin mazan jiya ya karbi mulki karkashin tsarin dimokuradiyya a Pakistan.Gwamnatin Sharif ta mayar da hankali ne kan magance tabarbarewar tattalin arzikin kasar ta hanyar aiwatar da manufofin mayar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da walwalar tattalin arziki.Bugu da ƙari, gwamnatinsa ta ci gaba da aiwatar da manufar rashin fahimta game da shirye-shiryen bam ɗin nukiliya na Pakistan.A lokacin mulkinsa, Sharif ya shiga cikin Pakistan a yakin Gulf a shekarar 1991, ya kuma kaddamar da farmakin soji kan sojojin masu sassaucin ra'ayi a Karachi a shekarar 1992. Duk da haka, gwamnatinsa ta fuskanci kalubale na hukumomi, musamman ma shugaba Ghulam Khan.Khan ya yi yunkurin korar Sharif ne ta hanyar amfani da irin wannan tuhume-tuhumen da ya taba yi wa Benazir Bhutto.Da farko dai an hambarar da Sharif amma aka mayar da shi kan karagar mulki bayan hukuncin da kotun koli ta yanke.A wani yunkuri na siyasa, Sharif da Bhutto sun hada kai don tsige shugaba Khan daga mukaminsa.Duk da haka, wa’adin Sharif bai yi kadan ba, domin a karshe ya tilasta masa sauka daga mukaminsa saboda matsin lamba daga shugabannin sojoji.
Wa&#39;adi na biyu na Benazir Bhutto
A taron kungiyar hadin kan musulmi ta 1993 a kasar Cyprus. ©Lutfar Rahman Binu
1993 Jan 1

Wa'adi na biyu na Benazir Bhutto

Pakistan
A cikin babban zaɓe na 1993, jam'iyyar Benazir Bhutto ta sami jam'i mai yawa, wanda ya kai ga kafa gwamnati tare da zabar shugaban kasa.Ta nada dukkan hafsoshin hafsoshin guda hudu - Mansurul Haq (Navy), Abbas Khattak (Rundunar Sojan Sama), Abdul Waheed (Sojoji), da Farooq Feroze Khan (Hafsan Hafsoshin Soja).Tsayayyen tsarin da Bhutto ta bi wajen samun kwanciyar hankali a siyasance da kuma furucinta ya sa ‘yan adawa ake mata lakabi da “Iron Lady”.Ta goyi bayan dimokuradiyyar zamantakewa da girman kai na kasa, ci gaba da mayar da tattalin arzikin kasa da daidaitawa a karkashin shirin shekaru biyar na takwas don yaki da stagflation.Manufarta na harkokin waje ta yi ƙoƙarin daidaita dangantaka da Iran , Amurka , Tarayyar Turai , da kuma masu ra'ayin gurguzu.A zamanin Bhutto, hukumar leken asiri ta Pakistan, Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), ta taka rawar gani wajen tallafawa ƙungiyoyin musulmi a duniya.Wannan ya hada da bijirewa takunkumin makamai na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don taimakon Musulman Bosnia, [22] shiga cikin Xinjiang, Philippines , da Asiya ta Tsakiya, [23] da kuma amincewa da gwamnatin Taliban a Afghanistan .Bhutto ta kuma ci gaba da matsa lamba kan Indiya game da shirinta na nukiliya da ci gaba da makaman nukiliya da makamanta masu linzami na Pakistan, gami da samar da fasahar sarrafa iska daga Faransa.A al'adance, manufofin Bhutto sun haifar da haɓaka a cikin masana'antar kiɗan rock da pop da kuma farfado da masana'antar fim tare da sabbin hazaka.Ta dakatar da kafafen yada labarai na Indiya a Pakistan yayin da take tallata talabijin na gida, wasan kwaikwayo, fina-finai, da kiɗa.Bhutto da Sharif duka sun ba da ƙwaƙƙwaran tallafi na tarayya don ilimin kimiyya da bincike saboda damuwar jama'a game da raunin tsarin ilimi.Duk da haka, farin jinin Bhutto ya ragu bayan mutuwar dan uwanta Murtaza Bhutto, tare da zargin hannunta, ko da yake ba a tabbatar da shi ba.A shekarar 1996, makonni bakwai kacal bayan mutuwar Murtaza, gwamnatin Bhutto ta kori gwamnatin da shugabar da ta nada, wani bangare na tuhumar da ake yi masa na mutuwar Murtaza Bhutto.
Zamanin Nukiliyar Pakistan
Nawaz a Washington DC, tare da William S. Cohen a 1998. ©R. D. Ward
1997 Jan 1

Zamanin Nukiliyar Pakistan

Pakistan
A zabukan shekarar 1997, jam'iyyar masu ra'ayin rikau ta samu gagarumin rinjaye, wanda ya ba su damar yin kwaskwarima ga kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, domin a rage tantancewa da daidaita karfin ikon Firayim Minista.Nawaz Sharif ya fuskanci kalubalen hukumomi daga manyan mutane kamar shugaba Farooq Leghari, shugaban kwamatin hafsan hafsoshin sojojin Janar Jehangir Karamat, babban hafsan sojin ruwa Admiral Fasih Bokharie, da kuma babban mai shari'a Sajjad Ali Shah.Sharif ya yi nasarar tinkarar wadannan kalubalen, wanda ya yi sanadiyar murabus din dukkansu hudu, inda alkalin alkalai Shah ya sauka daga mukaminsa bayan da magoya bayan Sharif suka mamaye kotun kolin.Tashin hankali da Indiya ya karu a cikin 1998 bayan gwaje-gwajen nukiliya na Indiya (Operation Shakti).A martanin da ya mayar, Sharif ya kira taron kwamitin tsaro na majalisar ministocin, inda daga bisani ya ba da umarnin yin gwajin makaman nukiliya na Pakistan a tsaunin Chagai.Wannan matakin, yayin da aka yi Allah wadai da shi, ya kasance sananne a cikin gida da kuma haɓaka shirye-shiryen soja a kan iyakar Indiya .Babban martanin da Sharif ya mayar kan sukar da kasashen duniya ke yi bayan gwaje-gwajen nukiliyar sun hada da yin Allah wadai da Indiya kan yaduwar makaman nukiliya da kuma sukar Amurka kan amfani da makamin nukiliya a tarihi akasar Japan .Duniya, maimakon ta matsa wa [Indiya]...ka da ta dauki hanya mai barna... ta kakaba wa [Pakistan] takunkumi iri-iri ba tare da wani laifi ba...!Idan da Japan na da nata makaman nukiliya...[garuruwan]...Hiroshima da Nagasaki da ba su fuskanci halakar atomic a hannun Amurka ba.A karkashin jagorancinsa, Pakistan ta zama kasa ta bakwai da aka ayyana mallakar makamin nukiliya kuma ta farko a duniyar musulmi.Baya ga ci gaban nukiliya, gwamnatin Sharif ta aiwatar da manufofin muhalli ta hanyar kafa hukumar kare muhalli ta Pakistan.A ci gaba da manufofin al'adu na Bhutto, Sharif ya ba wa wasu damar shiga kafafen yada labarai na Indiya, wanda ke nuna dan canji a manufofin yada labarai.
1999 - 2008
Zamanin Soja Na Ukuornament
Musharraf zamanin Pakistan
Shugaban Amurka George W. Bush da Musharraf sun yi jawabi ga manema labarai a Cross Hall. ©Susan Sterner
1999 Jan 1 00:01 - 2007

Musharraf zamanin Pakistan

Pakistan
Shugaban kasar Pervez Musharraf daga 1999 zuwa 2007 shi ne karon farko da dakarun masu sassaucin ra'ayi ke rike da madafun iko a Pakistan.An gabatar da yunƙurin samar da sassaucin ra'ayi na tattalin arziƙi, mai zaman kansa, da 'yancin kafofin watsa labarai, tare da babban jami'in bankin Citibank Shaukat Aziz ya mallaki tattalin arzikin.Gwamnatin Musharraf ta yi afuwa ga ma'aikatan siyasa daga jam'iyyun masu sassaucin ra'ayi, tare da mayar da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da na hagu.Musharraf ya kara fadada kafofin yada labarai masu zaman kansu sosai, da nufin dakile tasirin al'adun Indiya.Kotun koli ta ba da umarnin gudanar da babban zabe a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2002, kuma Musharraf ya amince da mamayar da Amurka ta yi wa Afganistan a shekara ta 2001. Rikicin da Indiya ta yi kan Kashmir ya haifar da cece-kuce a cikin 2002.Kuri'ar raba gardamar da Musharraf ya yi a shekara ta 2002, wadda ake ganin tana da cece-kuce, ta tsawaita wa'adin shugabancinsa.Zaben gama gari na shekara ta 2002 ya ga masu sassaucin ra'ayi da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun sami rinjaye, inda suka kafa gwamnati tare da goyon bayan Musharraf.Kwaskwari na 17 ga Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Pakistan ya sake halasta ayyukan Musharraf tare da tsawaita shugabancinsa.Shaukat Aziz ya zama Firayim Minista a shekara ta 2004, yana mai da hankali kan ci gaban tattalin arziki amma yana fuskantar adawa ga sake fasalin zamantakewa.Musharraf da Aziz sun tsallake rijiya da baya a yunkurin kashe su da ake dangantawa da al-Qaeda.Bangaren kasa da kasa, zarge-zargen da ake yi na yaduwar makaman nukiliya ya zubar da mutuncinsu.Kalubalan cikin gida sun hada da rikice-rikice a yankunan kabilanci da sasantawa da Taliban a shekara ta 2006, ko da yake an ci gaba da samun tashin hankalin.
Kargil War
Sojojin Indiya bayan sun yi nasara a yakin Kargil ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1999 May 3 - Jul 26

Kargil War

Kargil District
Yakin Kargil, wanda aka gwabza tsakanin Mayu da Yuli 1999, ya kasance wani gagarumin rikici tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan a gundumar Kargil na Jammu da Kashmir da kuma kan Layin Sarrafa (LoC), kan iyaka a yankin Kashmir da ake takaddama a kai.A Indiya, ana kiran wannan rikici da Operation Vijay, yayin da rundunar hadin gwiwar sojojin saman Indiya tare da sojoji ake kira Operation Safed Sagar.Yakin ya fara ne da kutsawar sojojin Pakistan, wadanda suka yi kama da 'yan bindigar Kashmir, zuwa wurare masu mahimmanci a bangaren Indiya na LoC.Da farko Pakistan ta alakanta rikicin da 'yan tawayen Kashmir, amma shaidu da kuma amincewar da shugabannin Pakistan suka yi sun nuna hannun dakarun sa kai na Pakistan karkashin jagorancin Janar Ashraf Rashid.Sojojin Indiya, da ke samun goyon bayan Sojan Sama, sun kwato mafi yawan mukaman da ke gefensu na LoC.A karshe matsin lamba na diflomasiyya na kasa da kasa ya kai ga janye sojojin Pakistan daga sauran wurare na Indiya.Yaƙin Kargil sananne ne a matsayin misali na baya-bayan nan na yaƙi mai tsayi a cikin ƙasa mai tsaunuka, yana gabatar da ƙalubalen dabaru.Har ila yau, ya yi fice a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan tsiraru na yakin da aka saba yi tsakanin kasashen da ke da makamin nukiliya, bayan gwajin makamin nukiliya na farko da Indiya ta yi a shekarar 1974 da kuma gwajin farko da Pakistan ta yi a 1998, jim kadan bayan gwaje-gwaje na biyu da Indiya ta yi.
1999 juyin mulkin Pakistan
Pervez Musharraf sanye da kakin sojoji. ©Anonymous
1999 Oct 12 17:00

1999 juyin mulkin Pakistan

Prime Minister's Secretariat,
A cikin 1999, Pakistan ta fuskanci juyin mulkin soja ba tare da jini ba a karkashin jagorancin Janar Pervez Musharraf da ma'aikatan soja a hedkwatar rundunar hadin gwiwa.A ranar 12 ga watan Oktoba, sun kwace iko daga hannun gwamnatin farar hula ta Firaminista Nawaz Sharif.Kwanaki biyu bayan haka, Musharraf, a matsayinsa na Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa, ya dakatar da kundin tsarin mulkin Pakistan a cikin takaddama.Juyin mulkin dai ya biyo bayan takun saka tsakanin gwamnatin Sharif da sojoji, musamman da Janar Musharraf.Yunkurin Sharif na maye gurbin Musharraf da Laftanar-Janar Ziauddin Butt a matsayin babban hafsan soji ya fuskanci turjiya daga manyan jami'an soji wanda ya kai ga tsare Butt.Kisan juyin mulkin ya yi sauri.A cikin sa'o'i 17, kwamandojin soji sun kwace wasu muhimman cibiyoyin gwamnati, inda suka sanya Sharif da gwamnatinsa, ciki har da dan uwansa, a tsare a gidan yari.Sojojin sun kuma karbe iko da muhimman hanyoyin sadarwa.Kotun kolin Pakistan, karkashin jagorancin Alkalin Alkalai Irshad Hassan Khan, ta tabbatar da dokar soja a karkashin "a'idar larura," amma ta takaita tsawonta zuwa shekaru uku.An dai gurfanar da Sharif gaban shari’a kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin daurin rai da rai a cikin jirgin da ke dauke da Musharraf, matakin da ya haifar da cece-kuce.A cikin watan Disambar 2000, Musharraf ya yi wa Sharif afuwa ba zato ba tsammani, wanda daga nan ya wuce Saudiyya.A shekara ta 2001, Musharraf ya zama shugaban kasa bayan tilastawa shugaba Rafiq Tarar yin murabus.Kuri'ar raba gardama ta kasa da aka yi a watan Afrilun 2002, wadda mutane da yawa suka yi suka da cewa yaudara ce ta tsawaita wa'adin mulkin Musharraf.Zaben 2002 na gama-gari ya dawo kan tafarkin dimokuradiyya, inda jam'iyyar PML(Q) ta Musharraf ta kafa gwamnatin 'yan tsiraru.
2008
Zamanin Dimokuradiyya na Huduornament
Juyin Zabe na 2008 a Pakistan
Yousaf Raza Gilani ©World Economic Forum
2008 Feb 18

Juyin Zabe na 2008 a Pakistan

Pakistan
A shekara ta 2007, Nawaz Sharif ya yi ƙoƙarin dawowa daga gudun hijira amma an hana shi.Benazir Bhutto ta dawo ne daga gudun hijira na tsawon shekaru takwas, inda ta ke shirin tunkarar zabukan 2008 amma an yi niyya a wani mummunan harin kunar bakin wake.Sanarwar da Musharraf ya yi na kafa dokar ta-baci a watan Nuwamban shekarar 2007, wadda ta hada da korar alkalan kotun kolin kasar da kuma haramtawa kafafen yada labarai masu zaman kansu, ya haifar da zanga-zanga.Sharif ya koma Pakistan a watan Nuwamban 2007, tare da tsare magoya bayansa.Dukansu Sharif da Bhutto sun gabatar da sunayen ‘yan takara a zaben da ke tafe.An kashe Bhutto a watan Disambar 2007, wanda ya haifar da cece-kuce da bincike kan ainihin musabbabin mutuwarta.An dage zaben da aka shirya yi a ranar 8 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2008 saboda kisan Bhutto.Zaben 2008 da aka gudanar a Pakistan ya nuna gagarumin sauyi na siyasa, inda jam'iyyar Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) mai ra'ayin mazan jiya da jam'iyyar Pakistan Muslim League (PML) mai ra'ayin mazan jiya ta samu rinjayen kujeru.Wannan zaben dai ya kawo karshen mamayar kawancen masu sassaucin ra'ayi da suka yi fice a lokacin mulkin Musharraf.Yousaf Raza Gillani, mai wakiltar PPP, ya zama Firayim Minista kuma ya yi aiki don shawo kan matsalolin siyasa da kuma jagorantar yunkurin tsige Shugaba Pervez Musharraf.Gwamnatin hadin guiwar da Gillani ke jagoranta, ta zargi Musharraf da zagon kasa ga hadin kan Pakistan, da keta kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, da kuma taimakawa wajen tabarbarewar tattalin arziki.Wannan yunkurin dai ya kai ga murabus din Musharraf a ranar 18 ga watan Agustan 2008, a wani jawabi da ya yi a gidan talabijin ga al'ummar kasar, wanda hakan ya kawo karshen mulkinsa na shekaru tara.
Pakistan karkashin Gillani
Firayim Ministan Pakistan Yousaf Raza Gilani yayin wani taron aiki a Dushanbe, Tajikistan. ©Anonymous
2008 Mar 25 - 2012 Jun 19

Pakistan karkashin Gillani

Pakistan
Firayim Minista Yousaf Raza Gillani ya jagoranci gwamnatin hadin gwiwa da ke wakiltar jam'iyyu daga dukkan larduna hudu na Pakistan.A lokacin mulkinsa, manyan sauye-sauyen siyasa sun sauya tsarin mulkin Pakistan daga tsarin shugaban kasa zuwa tsarin dimokuradiyya na majalisar dokoki.Wannan canjin ya sami karbuwa tare da amincewar doka ta 18 na gyara ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Pakistan, wanda ya mayar da shugaban kasa zuwa wani aikin biki da kuma inganta ikon Firayim Minista.Gwamnatin Gillani da ke mayar da martani ga matsin lambar jama'a tare da hadin gwiwar Amurka , ta kaddamar da hare-haren soji a kan dakarun Taliban a arewa maso yammacin Pakistan tsakanin 2009 da 2011. Wannan yunkurin ya yi nasara wajen murkushe ayyukan Taliban a yankin, ko da yake an ci gaba da kai hare-haren ta'addanci a wasu wurare a cikin Pakistan. kasa.A halin da ake ciki, an kara samun sassaucin ra'ayi a fagen yada labarai a Pakistan, inda aka inganta kide-kide, fasaha, da al'adu na Pakistan, musamman ma bayan dakatar da tashoshin watsa labarai na Indiya.Dangantakar Pakistan da Amurka ta tabarbare a shekarar 2010 da 2011 bayan wasu al'amura da suka hada da wani dan kwangilar CIA ya kashe farar hula biyu a Lahore da kuma harin da Amurka ta kashe Osama bin Laden a Abbottabad, kusa da Kwalejin Soja ta Pakistan.Wadannan al'amura sun haifar da sukar Amurka mai tsanani ga Pakistan kuma sun sa Gillani ya sake duba manufofin ketare.Dangane da rikicin kan iyaka da kungiyar tsaro ta NATO ta yi a shekarar 2011, gwamnatin Gillani ta toshe manyan layukan samar da kayayyaki na NATO, lamarin da ya haifar da tsamin dangantaka da kasashen NATO.Dangantakar Pakistan da Rasha ta samu ci gaba a shekarar 2012 bayan wata ziyarar sirri da ministar harkokin wajen kasar Hina Khar ta kai.Koyaya, ƙalubalen cikin gida sun ci gaba ga Gillani.Ya fuskanci batutuwan shari'a saboda rashin bin umarnin kotun koli na binciken zargin cin hanci da rashawa.A sakamakon haka, an tuhume shi da laifin wulakanci kotu da kuma kore shi daga mukaminsa a ranar 26 ga Afrilu, 2012, inda Pervez Ashraf ya gaje shi a matsayin Firayim Minista.
Daga Sharif zuwa Khan
Abbasi tare da mambobin majalisar ministocinsa da kuma babban hafsan soji Qamar Javed Bajwa ©U.S. Department of State
2013 Jan 1 - 2018

Daga Sharif zuwa Khan

Pakistan
A karon farko a tarihinta, Pakistan ta ga majalisar dokokinta ta cika wa'adin mulki, wanda ya kai ga gudanar da babban zabe a ranar 11 ga Mayu, 2013. Wadannan zabukan sun kawo sauyi sosai a fagen siyasar kasar, inda jam'iyyar Pakistan Muslim League (N) mai ra'ayin mazan jiya ta tabbatar da kusan mafi rinjaye. .Nawaz Sharif ya zama firaministan kasar a ranar 28 ga watan Mayu. Wani muhimmin ci gaba a lokacin da yake kan mulki shi ne kaddamar da hanyar tattalin arziki tsakanin Sin da Pakistan a shekarar 2015, wani muhimmin aikin samar da ababen more rayuwa.Sai dai a shekara ta 2017, shari'ar Panama Papers ta kai ga kotun kolin ta kori Nawaz Sharif, lamarin da ya sa Shahid Khaqan Abbasi ya zama Firaminista har zuwa tsakiyar shekarar 2018, lokacin da aka rusa gwamnatin PML-N bayan kammala wa'adinta na 'yan majalisa.Babban zaɓen 2018 ya kasance wani muhimmin lokaci a tarihin siyasar Pakistan, wanda ya kawo Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) kan karagar mulki a karon farko.An zabi Imran Khan Firayim Minista, tare da babban abokinsa Arif Alvi ya hau kujerar shugabancin kasar.Wani muhimmin ci gaba a cikin 2018 shi ne hadewar kananan hukumomin da ke karkashin gwamnatin tarayya da lardin Khyber Pakhtunkhwa mai makwabtaka, wanda ke wakiltar babban sauyi na mulki da siyasa.
Gwamnatin Imran Khan
Imran Khan yana magana ne a gidan Chatham da ke Landan. ©Chatham House
2018 Jan 1 - 2022

Gwamnatin Imran Khan

Pakistan
Imran Khan, bayan samun kuri'u 176, ya zama Firayim Minista na 22 na Pakistan a ranar 18 ga Agusta, 2018, yana sa ido kan manyan sauye-sauye a manyan mukaman gwamnati.Zaben majalisar ministocinsa ya hada da tsoffin ministocin zamanin Musharraf, tare da wasu ficewa daga jam'iyyar People's Party mai ra'ayin rikau.Bangaren kasa da kasa, Khan ya ci gaba da daidaita alakar kasashen waje, musamman ma Saudiyya da Iran , yayin da ya ba da fifiko kan hulda dakasar Sin .Ya fuskanci suka kan kalamansa kan batutuwa masu muhimmanci da suka hada da na Usama bin Laden da kuma tufafin mata.Dangane da manufofin tattalin arziki, gwamnatin Khan ta nemi taimakon IMF don magance ma'auni na biyan kuɗi da rikicin bashi, wanda ya haifar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu da mayar da hankali kan karuwar kudaden haraji da harajin shigo da kaya.Wadannan matakan, tare da yawan kudaden da ake aikawa da su, sun inganta matsayin kudi na Pakistan.Har ila yau, gwamnatin Khan ta samu gagarumin ci gaba wajen inganta sassaucin da Pakistan ke da shi na gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci da kuma sake yin shawarwari kan yarjejeniyar ciniki cikin 'yanci tsakanin Sin da Pakistan.A fannin tsaro da ta'addanci, gwamnati ta haramtawa kungiyoyi irinsu Jamaat-ud-Dawa, tare da mai da hankali kan magance tsatsauran ra'ayi da tashe-tashen hankula.Kalaman Khan kan batutuwa masu mahimmanci a wasu lokuta suna haifar da suka a cikin gida da waje.A fannin zamantakewa, gwamnati ta yi ƙoƙari don dawo da wuraren addini na tsiraru tare da kafa gyare-gyare a fannin ilimi da kiwon lafiya.Gwamnatin Khan ta fadada tsarin tsaron lafiyar jama'a da jin dadin jama'a na Pakistan, ko da yake wasu kalaman Khan kan batutuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa suna da cece-kuce.Muhalli, an mayar da hankali ne kan haɓaka samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa da kuma dakatar da ayyukan samar da wutar lantarki a nan gaba.Ƙaddamarwa kamar aikin Plant for Pakistan wanda ke da niyya ga manyan bishiyoyi da faɗaɗa wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa.A bangaren mulki da kuma yaki da cin hanci da rashawa, gwamnatin Khan ta yi aiki wajen yin garambawul ga ma'aikatun gwamnati da suka kunno kai tare da kaddamar da yakin yaki da cin hanci da rashawa, wanda ya kwato makudan kudade amma ya fuskanci suka kan zargin kai hari ga abokan hamayyar siyasa.
Shehbaz Sharif Governance
Shehbaz tare da babban yayansa Nawaz Sharif ©Anonymous
2022 Apr 10

Shehbaz Sharif Governance

Pakistan
A cikin Afrilu 2022, Pakistan ta sami sauye-sauye na siyasa.Bayan kada kuri'ar rashin amincewa da rikicin kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, jam'iyyun adawa sun zabi Sharif a matsayin dan takarar firaminista, lamarin da ya kai ga hambarar da Firaminista Imran Khan.An zabi Sharif a matsayin Firayim Minista a ranar 11 ga Afrilu, 2022, kuma ya yi rantsuwar kama aiki a wannan rana.Shugaban majalisar dattawa Sadiq Sanjrani ne ya rantsar da shi, yayin da shugaba Arif Alvi ke jinya.Gwamnatin Sharif, mai wakiltar Pakistan Democratic Movement, ta fuskanci matsalar tattalin arziki mai tsanani, wanda ake ganin mafi muni tun bayan samun 'yancin kai na Pakistan.Gwamnatinsa ta nemi agaji ta hanyar wata yarjejeniya da Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya (IMF) da nufin inganta dangantaka da Amurka.Duk da haka, martani ga waɗannan ƙoƙarin ya iyakance.A halin da ake ciki, ministan harkokin wajen kasar Sin Qin Gang ya bayyana damuwarsa game da rashin zaman lafiya a cikin gida na Pakistan, duk da yadda kasar Sin ke ci gaba da ba da goyon bayan tattalin arziki ga Pakistan, lamarin da ke nuni da irin sarkaki da kalubalen da Sharif ya fuskanta a zamanin mulkin Shariff wajen tafiyar da matsalolin tattalin arziki da huldar kasa da kasa.A shekarar 2023, an zabi Kakar a matsayin Firaministan Pakistan na rikon kwarya, shawarar da shugaban 'yan adawa mai barin gado da kuma Firayim Minista Shehbaz Sharif suka amince da shi.Shugaba Arif Alvi ya amince da wannan nadin, inda ya nada Kakar a hukumance a matsayin Firayim Minista na riko na 8 a Pakistan.Bikin rantsuwar nasa ya zo daidai da ranar samun ‘yancin kai na Pakistan karo na 76 a ranar 14 ga Agusta, 2023. A wannan rana mai ban mamaki, Kakar ma ya sauka daga mukaminsa na Majalisar Dattawa, kuma nan take Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa Sadiq Sanjrani ya amince da murabus din nasa.

Appendices



APPENDIX 1

Pakistan's Geographic Challenge 2023


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APPENDIX 2

Pakistan is dying (and that is a global problem)


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Characters



Pervez Musharraf

Pervez Musharraf

President of Pakistan

Imran Khan

Imran Khan

Prime Minister of Pakistan

Abdul Qadeer Khan

Abdul Qadeer Khan

Pakistani nuclear physicist

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Founder of Pakistan

Abdul Sattar Edhi

Abdul Sattar Edhi

Pakistani Humanitarian

Dr Atta-ur-Rahman

Dr Atta-ur-Rahman

Pakistani organic chemist

Benazir Bhutto

Benazir Bhutto

Prime Minister of Pakistan

Malala Yousafzai

Malala Yousafzai

Pakistani female education activist

Mahbub ul Haq

Mahbub ul Haq

Pakistani economist

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

President of Pakistan

Liaquat Ali Khan

Liaquat Ali Khan

First prime minister of Pakistan

Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq

Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq

President of Pakistan

Footnotes



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  2. Nisid Hajari (2015). Midnight's Furies: The Deadly Legacy of India's Partition. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 139–. ISBN 978-0547669212. Archived from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
  3. Talbot, Ian (2009). "Partition of India: The Human Dimension". Cultural and Social History. 6 (4): 403–410. doi:10.2752/147800409X466254. S2CID 147110854."
  4. Daiya, Kavita (2011). Violent Belongings: Partition, Gender, and National Culture in Postcolonial India. Temple University Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-1-59213-744-2.
  5. Hussain, Rizwan. Pakistan. Archived from the original on 29 March 2016. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
  6. Khalidi, Omar (1 January 1998). "From Torrent to Trickle: Indian Muslim Migration to Pakistan, 1947—97". Islamic Studies. 37 (3): 339–352. JSTOR 20837002.
  7. Chaudry, Aminullah (2011). Political administrators : the story of the Civil Service of Pakistan. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199061716.
  8. Aparna Pande (2011). Explaining Pakistan's Foreign Policy: Escaping India. Taylor & Francis. pp. 16–17. ISBN 978-1136818943. Archived from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
  9. "Government of Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan". Story of Pakistan press (1947 Government). June 2003. Archived from the original on 7 April 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2013.
  10. Blood, Peter R. (1995). Pakistan: a country study. Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. pp. 130–131. ISBN 978-0844408347. Pakistan: A Country Study."
  11. Rizvi, Hasan Askari (1974). The military and politics in Pakistan. Lahore: Progressive Publishers.
  12. "One Unit Program". One Unit. June 2003. Archived from the original on 11 April 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2013.
  13. Hamid Hussain. "Tale of a love affair that never was: United States-Pakistan Defence Relations". Hamid Hussain, Defence Journal of Pakistan.
  14. Salahuddin Ahmed (2004). Bangladesh: past and present. APH Publishing. pp. 151–153. ISBN 978-81-7648-469-5.
  15. Dr. Hasan-Askari Rizvi. "Op-ed: Significance of October 27". Daily Times. Archived from the original on 2014-10-19. Retrieved 2018-04-15.
  16. "Martial under Ayub Khan". Martial Law and Ayub Khan. 1 January 2003. Archived from the original on 5 April 2013. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
  17. Mahmood, Shaukat (1966). The second Republic of Pakistan; an analytical and comparative evaluation of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Lahore: Ilmi Kitab Khana.
  18. "Ayub Khan Became President". Ayub Presidency. June 2003. Archived from the original on 5 April 2013. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
  19. Indus Water Treaty. "Indus Water Treaty". Indus Water Treaty. Archived from the original on 5 April 2013. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
  20. "Pakistani students, workers, and peasants bring down a dictator, 1968-1969 | Global Nonviolent Action Database". nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu. Archived from the original on 1 September 2018. Retrieved 1 September 2018.
  21. Ali, Tariq (22 March 2008). "Tariq Ali considers the legacy of the 1968 uprising, 40 years after the Vietnam war". the Guardian. Archived from the original on 1 September 2018. Retrieved 1 September 2018.
  22. Wiebes, Cees (2003). Intelligence and the War in Bosnia, 1992–1995: Volume 1 of Studies in intelligence history. LIT Verlag. p. 195. ISBN 978-3825863470. Archived from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
  23. Abbas, Hassan (2015). Pakistan's Drift Into Extremism: Allah, the Army, and America's War on Terror. Routledge. p. 148. ISBN 978-1317463283. Archived from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2020.

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