Farisawa Achaemenid sun ci Mesofotamiya a ƙarƙashin Cyrus Mai Girma a shekara ta 539 KZ, kuma ya kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin Farisa na ƙarni biyu.Tsawon ƙarni biyu na mulkin Achaemenid duka biyun Assuriya da Babila sun bunƙasa, Achaemenid Assuriya musamman ya zama babban tushen ƙarfin soja ga sojoji da kwandon abinci ga tattalin arziki.Mesopotamian Aramaic ya kasance yare na Daular Achaemenid, kamar yadda ya yi a zamanin Assuriya.Farisa Achaemenid, ba kamar na Neo-Assuriyawa ba, sun ɗan tsoma baki cikin al'amuran cikin gida na yankunansu, suna mai da hankali a maimakon daidaiton haraji da haraji.^[40]Athura, wanda aka fi sani da Assuriya a cikin Daular Achaemenid, yanki ne a saman Mesopotamiya daga 539 zuwa 330 KZ.Yana aiki azaman kariyar soja maimakon satrapy na gargajiya.Rubutun Achaemenid sun bayyana Athura a matsayin 'dahyu,' wanda aka fassara a matsayin rukuni na mutane ko ƙasa da mutanenta, ba tare da wani tasiri na gudanarwa ba.^[41] Athura ya kewaye mafi yawan tsoffin yankunan daular Neo-Assyrian, a yanzu sassan arewacin Iraki, arewa maso yammacin Iran, arewa maso gabashin Siriya, da kudu maso gabashin Anatoliya, amma ya cireMasar da tsibirin Sinai.^[42] Sojojin Assuriya sun yi fice a cikin sojojin Achaemenid a matsayin manyan runduna.^[43] Duk da barnar da aka yi a farko, Athura yanki ne mai wadata, musamman a fannin noma, wanda ya saba wa akidar da aka yi a baya na kasancewarta kufai.^[42]