Safavid Farisa

Daular Safawiyya, wacce kuma ake kira Safaviyya, tariqa ce (Darikar Sufaye) wacce dan sufanci na Kurdawa Safi-ad-din Ardabili ya kafa (1252-1334).Ta yi fice a cikin al'umma da siyasar arewa maso yammacin Iran a karni na sha hudu da na sha biyar, amma a yau an fi saninta da kafa daular Safawiyya.Yayin da aka kafa shi da farko a karkashin mazhabar Shafi'iyya ta Sunna, daga baya daukar ra'ayoyin Shi'a kamar ra'ayin Imamanci na 'ya'ya da jikokin Safi-ad-din Ardabili ya haifar da tsari daga karshe ya hade da 'yan-sha-biyu.

Ismail I, wanda aka fi sani da Shah Ismail, shi ne wanda ya kafa daular Safawad ta Iran, wanda ya yi sarauta a matsayin Sarkin Sarakunanta (shahanshah) daga 1501 zuwa 1524. Ana daukar mulkinsa a matsayin farkon tarihin Iran na zamani, kuma yana daya daga cikin daulolin gunpowder.Mulkin Ismail I yana daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci a tarihin Iran.Kafin hawansa a shekara ta 1501, Iran, tun bayan cin nasarar da Larabawa suka yi a karni takwas da rabi a baya, ba ta wanzu a matsayin kasa guda daya a karkashin mulkin Iran na asali ba, amma jerin halifofi na Larabawa, sarakunan Turkawa, suna iko da su. da Mongol Khans.Duk da cewa daulolin Iran da yawa sun hau kan karagar mulki a tsawon wannan lokaci, a karkashin Buyids ne kawai wani yanki mai yawa na Iran ya koma mulkin Iran (945-1055).Daular da Isma'il ya kafa I zai yi mulki sama da ƙarni biyu, kasancewarsa ɗaya daga cikin manyan daulolin Iran kuma a tsawon lokacinsa yana ɗaya daga cikin daulolin da suka fi ƙarfin zamaninta, suna mulkin Iran a yau, Jamhuriyar Azerbaijan, Armeniya , galibin Georgia. , Arewacin Caucasus, Iraki , Kuwait, da Afghanistan, da kuma wasu sassan Siriya na zamani, Turkiyya , Pakistan , Uzbekistan, da Turkmenistan.Har ila yau, ta sake tabbatar da kasancewar Iran a manyan sassan Iran.Gadon daular Safawiyya kuma ita ce farfaɗowar Iran a matsayin matattarar tattalin arziki tsakanin Gabas da Yamma, kafa ƙasa mai inganci da tsarin mulki wanda ya dogara da “check and balances”, sabbin fasahohinta na gine-gine, da kuma taimakon fasahar fasaha.Daya daga cikin ayyukansa na farko shi ne shelanta kungiyar Shi'a ta 'yan-sha-biyu a matsayin addinin sabuwar daular Farisa da ya kafa, wanda ke nuni da daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin Musulunci, wanda ya haifar da babban sakamako ga tarihin da ya biyo baya. Iran.Ya haifar da rikicin addini a yankin gabas ta tsakiya a lokacin da ya rusa kaburburan halifofin Abbasiyawa, da Imaman Sunna Abu Hanifa an-Nu'man, da kuma mai kishin addinin Sufanci Abdulkadir Gilani a shekara ta 1508. Bugu da kari kuma, wannan danyen aikin ya kuma ba shi siyasa. fa'idar raba daular Safawiyya mai girma daga makwabtanta 'yan Sunna - Daular Usmaniyya zuwa yamma da Tarayyar Uzbek zuwa gabas.Duk da haka, ya kawo a cikin siyasar Iran da maƙasudin rashin yiwuwar rikici tsakanin Sarki Shah, tsarin tsarin "kasashen duniya", da kuma shugabannin addini, waɗanda suke ganin duk ƙasashen da ba ruwansu da addini a matsayin haramun ne kuma burinsu na tsarin mulkin Allah ne.

Daular Ottoman, daular Sunni, sun dauki daukar daukar nauyin 'yan kabilar Turkmen na yankin Anatoliya a matsayin babbar barazana.Domin tunkarar mulkin Safawiyya da ke tashe, a shekara ta 1502, Sultan Bayezid na biyu ya kori musulmi 'yan Shi'a da karfi da karfi daga yankin Anatoliya zuwa wasu sassan daular Usmaniyya.A shekara ta 1511, tawayen Şahkulu ya kasance wani yunkuri ne na mabiya Shi'a da na Safawiyya da aka yi wa Daular Usmaniyya daga cikin daular.Bugu da ƙari, a farkon shekarun 1510 manufofin faɗaɗawar Ismail sun tura iyakokin Safawad a ƙaramar Asiya har zuwa yamma.Ba da jimawa ba Daular Usmaniyya suka mayar da martani da wani gagarumin kutse a Gabashin Anatoliya da Safavid ghazis karkashin Nūr-‘Ali Xalifa suka yi.Wannan mataki ya zo daidai da hawan sarautar Ottoman a shekara ta 1512 na Sultan Selim I, dan Bayezid na biyu, kuma wannan lamari ne da ya kai ga yanke shawarar Selim na mamaye makwabciyarta Safavid Iran bayan shekaru biyu.A shekara ta 1514, Sultan Selim na daya ya ratsa yankin Anatoliya ya isa filin Kaldiran kusa da birnin Khoy, inda aka gwabza fada mai tsanani.Yawancin majiyoyi sun yarda cewa sojojin Ottoman sun kai girman na Isma'il aƙalla ninki biyu;haka kuma, Daular Usmaniyya na da damar yin amfani da manyan bindigogi, wadanda sojojin Safawad suka rasa.Ko da yake Isma'il ya ci nasara kuma aka kwace babban birninsa, daular Safawiyya ta tsira.Yakin da ke tsakanin manyan kasashen biyu ya ci gaba a karkashin dan Isma'il, Sarkin sarakuna Tahmasp na daya, da kuma Sarkin Musulmi Suleiman mai girma , har sai da Shah Abbās ya sake kwace yankin da Daular Usmaniyya ta yi nasara a shekara ta 1602.Sakamakon shan kashin da aka yi a Chaldiran shi ma ya kasance na hankali ga Isma'il: shan kashi ya lalata imanin Isma'il na rashin cin galaba a kansa, dangane da matsayinsa na Ubangiji.Dangantakarsa da mabiyansa Qizilbash suma an canza su sosai.Rikicin kabilanci a tsakanin Qizilbash, wanda ya tsaya na dan lokaci kafin a sha kashi a kasar Chaldiran, ya sake kunno kai cikin yanayi mai tsanani nan da nan bayan mutuwar Isma'il, kuma ya kai shekaru goma na yakin basasa (1524-1533) har zuwa lokacin da Shah Tahmāsp ya dawo da kula da al'amuran kasar. jiharHar ila yau yakin na Kaldiyawa yana da mahimmiyar tarihi a matsayin farkon yakin sama da shekaru 300 na akai-akai da kuma kazamin yaki wanda ya haifar da siyasar geo-siyasa da bambance-bambancen akida tsakanin Daular Usmaniyya da Safawad na Iran (da kuma kasashen Iran da suka biyo baya) musamman dangane da yankuna na Gabashin Anatoliya. Caucasus, da kuma Mesofotamiya.

Yaƙin Chaldiran ya ƙare da gagarumin nasara ga daular Usmaniyya akan daular Safawiyya.Sakamakon haka ne Daular Usmaniyya suka mamaye Gabashin Anatoliya da arewacin Iraki daga hannun Safawid Iran .Ya nuna farkon faɗaɗa Ottoman zuwa Gabashin Anatoliya ( Armeniya ta Yamma), da kuma dakatar da faɗaɗa Safavid zuwa yamma.Yaƙin Chaldiran ya kasance farkon shekaru 41 na yaƙin barna, wanda kawai ya ƙare a shekara ta 1555 tare da yarjejeniyar Amasya.Ko da yake Mesopotamiya da Gabashin Anatoliya (Armeniya ta Yamma) a ƙarshe Safavidwa sun sake cin nasara a ƙarƙashin mulkin Shah Abbas Mai Girma (r. 1588-1629), amma za a yi hasarar su ga Ottoman ta dindindin ta 1639 Yarjejeniyar Zuhab.A Chaldiran, Daular Usmaniyya tana da dakaru mafi girma, mafi inganci wadanda adadinsu ya kai 60,000 zuwa 100,000 da kuma manyan manyan bindigogi masu yawa, yayin da sojojin Safavid suka kai kimanin 40,000 zuwa 80,000 kuma ba su da makaman atilare a wurinsu.Shi dai Isma'il na daya shugaban Safawawa ya samu rauni kuma an kusa kama shi a lokacin yakin.Shugaban Daular Usmaniyya Selim I ne ya kama matansa, inda a kalla daya ya auri daya daga cikin 'yan siyasar Selim.Isma'il ya yi ritaya zuwa fadarsa kuma ya fice daga aikin gwamnati bayan wannan shan kaye kuma bai sake shiga yakin neman zabe ba.Bayan nasarar da suka samu, sojojin daular Usmaniyya sun kara zurfafa zuwa cikin Farisa, inda suka mamaye babban birnin Safawad, Tabriz a takaice, tare da wawashe dukiyar masarautar Farisa sosai.Yakin yana daya daga cikin manya-manyan muhimmancin tarihi domin ba wai kawai ya kawar da ra'ayin cewa Murshid na Shi'a-Qizilbash ma'asumi ba ne, har ma ya jagoranci sarakunan Kurdawa wajen tabbatar da ikonsu da sauya mubaya'arsu daga Safawiwa zuwa Daular Usmaniyya.

Tahmasp I shine Shah na biyu na Safavid Iran daga 1524 zuwa 1576. Shi ne babban dan Ismail I da babban abokinsa Tajlu Khanum.Da ya hau kan karagar mulki bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa a ranar 23 ga watan Mayun 1524, shekarun farko na mulkin Tahmasp sun yi fama da yakin basasa tsakanin shugabannin Qizilbash har zuwa shekara ta 1532, lokacin da ya tabbatar da ikonsa kuma ya fara daula cikakkiya.Ba da daɗewa ba ya fuskanci yaƙin da ya daɗe da Daular Usmaniyya , wanda ya kasu kashi uku.Daular Usmaniyya, karkashin Suleiman Mai Girma , sun yi kokarin sanya 'yan takarar da suke so a kan karagar Safavid.Yaƙin ya ƙare da Amincin Amasya a 1555, tare da Ottomans sun sami ikon mallakar Bagadaza, yawancin Kurdistan da yammacin Jojiya.Tahmasp kuma ya sami sabani da Uzbek na Bukhara akan Khorasan, tare da kai hari Herat akai-akai.Ya jagoranci runduna a shekara ta 1528 (lokacin yana da shekaru goma sha hudu), kuma ya ci Uzbek a yakin Jam;ya yi amfani da manyan bindigogi, wadanda ba a san su ba.Tahmasp ya kasance majibincin fasaha, yana gina gidan sarauta na masu zane-zane, masu zane-zane da mawaka, kuma ya kasance ƙwararren mai zane da kansa.Daga baya a mulkinsa ya zo ya raina mawaƙa, yana guje wa da yawa kuma ya kwashe su zuwa Indiya da kotun Mughal.Tahmasp sananne ne da tsoron Allah da kishin addinin Shi'a na Musulunci.Ya ba malamai gata da yawa kuma ya ba su damar saka hannu a harkokin shari’a da gudanarwa.A shekara ta 1544 ya bukaci sarkin Mughal mai gudun hijira Humayun ya koma Shi'a don neman taimakon soja don kwato karagarsa a Indiya.Duk da haka, Tahmasp har yanzu ya yi shawarwari tare da ikon Kirista na Jamhuriyar Venice da daular Habsburg.Mulkin Tahmasp na kusan shekaru hamsin da biyu shine mafi tsayi a cikin kowane memba na daular Safavid.Ko da yake labaran Yammacin duniya na wannan zamani suna da mahimmanci, masana tarihi na zamani sun kwatanta shi a matsayin jarumi mai jaruntaka kuma ƙwararren kwamanda wanda ya ci gaba da faɗaɗa daular mahaifinsa.Mulkinsa ya ga canji a siyasar akidar Safawiyya;ya kawo karshen bautar mahaifinsa a matsayin Almasihu da kabilun Turkoman Qizilbash suka yi, a maimakon haka ya kafa siffar sarki Shi'a mai addini kuma mai bin addini a bainar jama'a.Ya fara wani dogon tsari wanda magadansa suka bi don kawo karshen tasirin Qizilbash a siyasar Safawadi, ya maye gurbinsu da sabuwar 'karfi ta uku' da ta kunshi 'yan Jojiya da Armeniya masu kishin Islama.

A zamanin mulkin Tahmāsp 'yan Uzbek sun kai hari kan lardunan gabashin Masarautar sau biyar, sannan daular Usmaniyya karkashin Suleyman I sun mamaye Iran har sau hudu.Matsakaicin iko a kan sojojin Uzbek shine babban alhakin kasawar Uzbek don kutsawa cikin yankin Khorasan.Baya ga rashin jituwa na cikin gida, manyan Safavid sun mayar da martani ga barazana ga Herat a cikin 1528 ta hanyar hawa gabas tare da Tahmāsp (sai 17) tare da fatattakar manyan sojojin Uzbek a Jām.Nasarar ta haifar da akalla wani bangare na Safavid amfani da makami, wanda suke samowa tare da hakowa da su tun Chaldiran.

Yakin Ottoman-Safavid na 1532-1555 yana daya daga cikin rigingimun soji da yawa da aka gwabza tsakanin manyan abokan hamayya biyu, daular Usmaniyya karkashin jagorancin Suleiman Mai Girma , da Daular Safawad karkashin jagorancin Tahmasp I.Yakin dai ya samo asali ne sakamakon rigingimun yanki da ke tsakanin daulolin biyu, musamman lokacin da Bey na Bitlis ya yanke shawarar sanya kansa karkashin kariyar Farisa .Har ila yau, Tahmasp ya sa aka kashe gwamnan Bagadaza, mai goyon bayan Suleiman.A bangaren diflomasiyya, Safavids sun tsunduma cikin tattaunawa da Habsburgs don kafa kawancen Habsburg da Farisa wanda zai kai hari kan Daular Usmaniyya ta bangarori biyu.

Kusan lokaci guda tare da bayyanar daular Safawida, daular Mughal , wanda magajin Timurid Babur ya kafa, yana tasowa a Kudancin Asiya.Mughals sun bi (a mafi yawancin) ga Islama mai juriya na Sunni yayin da suke mulkin yawancin al'ummar Hindu.Bayan rasuwar Babur, an kori dansa Humayun daga yankunansa, aka kuma yi masa barazana daga kaninsa da abokin hamayyarsa, wadanda suka gaji yankin arewacin Babur.Bayan da ya gudu daga birni zuwa birni, Humayun ya nemi mafaka a kotun Tahmāsp da ke Qazvin a shekara ta 1543. Tahmāsp ya karɓi Humayun a matsayin sarki na gaskiya na daular Mughal, duk da cewa Humayun ya shafe fiye da shekaru goma sha biyar yana gudun hijira.Bayan da Humayun ya Musulunta Shi'i Islam (a cikin matsanancin matsin lamba), Tahmāsp ya ba shi taimakon soja don dawo da yankunansa don komawa Kandahar, wanda ke sarrafa hanyar kasuwanci ta kan kasa tsakanin tsakiyar Iran da Ganges.A shekara ta 1545 hadin gwiwar sojojin Iran-Mughal sun yi nasarar kwace Kandahar tare da mamaye Kabul.Humayun ya mika Kandahar, amma an tilasta wa Tahmāsp ya sake karbe ta a shekara ta 1558, bayan da Humayun ya kwace shi a kan mutuwar gwamna Safavid.

Mohammad Khodabanda shi ne Safawid shah na Iran na hudu daga shekara ta 1578 har zuwa 1587 da dansa Abbas I. Khodabanda ya hambarar da shi a matsayin dan uwansa Ismail II.Khodabanda ɗa ne ga Shah Tahmasp I ta mahaifiyar Turcoman, Sultanum Begum Mawsillu, kuma jikan Ismail I, wanda ya kafa daular Safavid.Bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa a shekara ta 1576, Khodabanda ya rasu a madadin kaninsa Ismail II.Khodabanda yana fama da ciwon ido wanda ya sa shi kusan makanta, don haka bisa ga al'adar Masarautar Farisa ba zai iya yin takara da karagar mulki ba.Duk da haka, bayan gajeriyar mulkin Ismail II Khodabanda ya zama magaji tilo, don haka tare da goyon bayan kabilun Qizilbash ya zama Shah a shekara ta 1578.Mulkin Khodabanda ya sami ci gaba da raunin rawani da fadace-fadacen kabilanci a zaman wani bangare na yakin basasa na biyu na zamanin Safavid.An siffanta Khodabanda a matsayin "mutum mai tsaftataccen dandano amma mai rauni".A sakamakon haka, mulkin Khodabanda ya kasance da bangaranci, tare da manyan kabilu sun daidaita kansu tare da 'ya'yan Khodabanda da magada na gaba.Wannan hargitsin cikin gida ya baiwa kasashen waje musamman masu adawa da daular Usmaniyya da ke makwabtaka da su damar samun galaba a cikin yankuna, ciki har da mamaye tsohon babban birnin Tabriz a shekara ta 1585. A karshe dai aka kifar da Khodabanda a wani juyin mulki da aka yi don goyon bayan dansa Shah Abbas na farko.

Abbas I, wanda aka fi sani da Abbas Mai Girma, shi ne Safawid Shah (sarki) na Iran na 5, kuma ana daukarsa a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan sarakunan tarihin Iran da daular Safawiyya.Shi ne ɗa na uku ga Shah Mohammad Khodabanda.Duk da cewa Abbas ne zai jagoranci koli na soja, siyasa da tattalin arziki na Safavid Iran, ya hau karagar mulki ne a lokacin da kasar ke fama da rikici.A karkashin mulkin mahaifinsa mara inganci, kasar ta fada cikin rashin jituwa tsakanin bangarori daban-daban na sojojin Qizilbash, wadanda suka kashe mahaifiyar Abbas da kuma babban yayansa.A halin da ake ciki, makiya Iran, daular Usmaniyya (makiyarta) da Uzbek, sun yi amfani da wannan hargitsin siyasa wajen kwace wa kansu yankuna.A shekara ta 1588, daya daga cikin shugabannin Qizilbash, Murshid Qoli Khan, ya hambarar da Shah Mohammed a wani juyin mulki, ya kuma dora Abbas dan shekaru 16 a kan karagar mulki.Sai dai kuma nan da nan Abbas ya kwace mulki da kansa.A karkashin jagorancinsa, Iran ta haɓaka tsarin ghilman inda dubban sojojin Circassian, Georgian, da Armeniya bayi-sojoji suka shiga aikin gwamnati da soja.Tare da taimakon wadannan sabbin masarrafan da aka kirkira a cikin al'ummar Iran (wanda magabata suka fara, amma kuma sun fadada sosai a lokacin mulkinsa), Abbas ya yi nasarar kawar da karfin Qizilbash a gwamnatin farar hula, da gidan sarauta, da sojoji.Wadannan ayyuka da kuma sauye-sauyen da ya yi na sojojin Iran, sun ba shi damar yakar daular Usmaniyya da Uzbek da kuma kwato lardunan Iran da suka bata ciki har da Kakheti wadanda ya yi wa al'ummarsu kisan gilla da korarsu.A karshen yakin Ottoman na 1603-1618, Abbas ya sake mallakar Transcaucasia da Dagestan, da kuma yankunan Gabashin Anatoliya da Mesopotamiya .Ya kuma karbe kasa daga hannun Turawan Fotigal da Mughal da fadada mulkin Iran da tasirinsa a Arewacin Caucasus, fiye da yankunan gargajiya na Dagestan.Abbas ya kasance babban magini kuma ya mayar da babban birnin masarautarsa ​​daga Qazvin zuwa Isfahan, wanda hakan ya sanya birnin ya zama kololuwar gine-ginen Safawida.

Hakurin da Abbas ya yi wa Kiristoci na daga cikin manufofinsa na kulla alaka ta diflomasiyya da kasashen Turai don kokarin neman taimakonsu a yakin da suke yi da makiyansu, daular Usmaniyya .A shekara ta 1599 Abbas ya aika da ofishin diflomasiyya na farko zuwa Turai.Ƙungiyar ta haye Tekun Caspian kuma sun yi lokacin sanyi a Moscow kafin su wuce ta Norway da Jamus (inda Sarkin sarakuna Rudolf na biyu ya karɓa) zuwa Roma, inda Paparoma Clement na VIII ya ba matafiya da yawa masu sauraro.A ƙarshe sun isa kotun Filibus na uku naSpain a shekara ta 1602. Ko da yake balaguron bai taɓa samun damar komawa Iran ba, yayin da jirgin ruwa ya tarwatse a kan tafiya a Afirka, ya nuna wani muhimmin mataki na tuntuɓar Iran da Turai.An samu karin mu'amalar Abbas da turawan Ingila, duk da cewa Ingila ba ta da sha'awar yaki da Ottoman.'Yan'uwan Shirley sun isa a cikin 1598 kuma sun taimaka wajen sake tsara sojojin Iran, wanda ya kasance mai mahimmanci a yakin Ottoman-Safavid (1603-18), wanda ya haifar da cin nasara a Ottoman a kowane mataki na yakin da kuma nasarar farko na Safawida na nasara. archivals.Daya daga cikin 'yan'uwan Shirley, Robert Shirley, zai jagoranci tawagar jakadan Abbas ta biyu zuwa Turai daga 1609-1615.Har ila yau Ingilishi a teku, wanda Kamfanin Ingila na Gabashin Indiya ya wakilta, shi ma ya fara sha'awar Iran, kuma a cikin 1622 guda hudu daga cikin jiragen ruwa sun taimaka wa Abbas ya kwato Hormuz daga Portuguese a Kame Ormuz (1622).Wannan shi ne mafarin sha'awar da Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya ya dade a kan Iran.

Yaƙin Abbas I na Kakhetian da Kartlian yana nufin yaƙin neman zaɓe guda huɗu Safavid sarki Abbas na jagoranta tsakanin 1614 zuwa 1617, a cikin masarautun vassal na Gabashin Jojiya na Kartli da Kakheti a lokacin Yaƙin Ottoman–Safavid (1603–18).An fara kamfen ɗin ne a matsayin martani ga rashin biyayya da aka nuna kuma daga baya suka tayar da tawaye daga Abbas 'yan ghulam na Jojiya a da, wato Luarsab II na Kartli da Teimuraz I na Kahketi (Tahmuras Khan).Bayan rugujewar Tbilisi gaba daya, da murkushe boren, da kisan kiyashin da aka yi wa 'yan kasar Georgia kusan 100,000, da kuma korar wasu 130,000 zuwa 200,000 zuwa babban yankin Iran , Kakheti, da Kartli na dan lokaci a karkashin ikon Iran.

Yakin Ottoman-Safavid na 1623-1639 shi ne na karshe na jerin tashe-tashen hankula da aka gwabza tsakanin Daular Usmaniyya da Daular Safavid, sannan manyan kasashe biyu na Yammacin Asiya, kan iko da Mesopotamiya .Bayan nasarar farko da Farisa suka yi wajen kwato Bagadaza da galibin Irakin na zamani, bayan da suka yi hasarar shekaru 90, yakin ya zama mai daure kai yayin da Farisawa suka kasa kara matsawa zuwa cikin Daular Usmaniyya, kuma daular Usmaniyya da kansu suka shagala da yake-yake a Turai kuma suka raunana. ta tashin hankali.Daga karshe dai Daular Usmaniyya sun sami nasarar kwato Bagadaza, inda suka yi tafka asara mai yawa a yakin karshe, kuma rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Zuhab ya kawo karshen yakin da nasarar Ottoman.Kusan a magana, yarjejeniyar ta maido da iyakokin 1555, tare da Safavids sun kiyaye Dagestan, gabashin Jojiya, Armeniya ta Gabas, da Jamhuriyar Azerbaijan ta yau, yayin da yammacin Jojiya da yammacin Armeniya suka shiga karkashin mulkin Ottoman.Gabashin Samtskhe (Meskheti) ya yi hasara ga Ottomans da kuma Mesofotamiya.Duk da cewa Iraniyawa sun sake kwace wasu sassan Mesofotamiya a takaice daga baya a tarihi, musamman a zamanin mulkin Nader Shah (1736-1747) da Karim Khan Zand (1751-1779), tun daga nan ya kasance a hannun Ottoman har zuwa bayan yakin duniya na daya. .

An nada Safi sarauta a ranar 28 ga Janairu 1629 yana da shekaru sha takwas.Ya kawar da duk wani wanda yake ganin barazana ce ga mulkinsa ba tare da tausayi ba, inda ya kashe kusan dukkan sarakunan masarautar Safawad da kuma manyan hakimai da janar-janar.Bai mai da hankali sosai kan harkokin gwamnati kuma ba shi da wata al’ada ko ilimi (bai taba koyon karatu ko rubutu yadda ya kamata ba), ya gwammace ya shafe lokacinsa yana shan giya ko kuma ya shiga cikin sha’anin noma.Babban jigo a siyasar mulkin Safi shi ne Saru Taqi, wanda aka nada shi babban waziri a shekara ta 1634. Saru Taqi ya kasance marar lalacewa kuma ya kware wajen tara kudaden shiga ga jihar, amma kuma yana iya zama mai mulkin kama karya da girman kai.Makiya kasashen waje na Iran sun yi amfani da damar da suka samu wajen amfani da raunin da ake ganin Safi ya yi.Duk da nasarorin farko na Safavid da cin nasara a cikin Ottoman –Safavid War (1623-1639) na kakan Safi kuma magajin Shah Abbas the Great, daular Usmaniyya, bayan da tattalin arzikinsu da soja suka daidaita kuma suka sake tsarawa karkashin Sultan Murad IV sun mamaye yamma. a shekara guda bayan hawan Safi kan karagar mulki.A cikin 1634 sun mamaye Yerevan da Tabriz na ɗan lokaci kuma a cikin 1638 daga ƙarshe sun sami nasarar sake kwato Bagadaza Reconquest na Bagadaza (1638) da sauran sassan Mesofotamiya ( Iraƙi ) wanda, duk da cewa Farisa sun sake ɗauka sau da yawa daga baya a tarihi kuma mafi mahimmanci ta hanyar Farisa. Nader Shah, duk zai kasance a hannunsu har zuwa bayan yakin duniya na daya .Duk da haka, yerjejeniyar Zuhab da ta gudana a shekara ta 1639 ta kawo karshen duk wasu yaƙe-yaƙe da aka yi tsakanin Safawa da Daular Usmaniyya.Baya ga yakin daular Usmaniyya, Iran ta fuskanci matsalar Uzbek da Turkmen a gabas sannan ta yi hasarar Kandahar a yankunansu na gabas a takaice a hannun Mughal a shekara ta 1638, saboda abin da ake ganin tamkar daukar fansa ne da gwamnansu na yankin Ali Mardan ya yi. Khan, bayan an sallame shi daga aiki.

Abbas na biyu shi ne Shah na bakwai na Safavid Iran, wanda ya mulki daga 1642 zuwa 1666. A matsayinsa na babban dan Safi da matarsa ​​'yar Circassian, Anna Khanum, ya gaji sarauta yana da shekaru tara, kuma dole ne ya dogara da mulkin da Saru ya jagoranta. Taqi, babban wazirin mahaifinsa, ya yi mulki a madadinsa.A lokacin mulkin Abbas ya samu ilimin sarauta wanda har zuwa lokacin an hana shi.A shekara ta 1645, yana da shekaru goma sha biyar, ya sami damar kawar da Saru Taqi daga mulki, kuma bayan ya kawar da karagar mulki, ya tabbatar da ikonsa a kan kotunsa, ya kuma fara gudanar da cikakken mulkinsa.Mulkin Abbas II ya sami zaman lafiya da ci gaba.Da gangan ya kaucewa yaki da Daular Usmaniyya , kuma dangantakarsa da Uzbek a gabas ta kasance abokantaka.Ya kara masa suna a matsayinsa na kwamandan soji ta hanyar jagorantar sojojinsa a lokacin yakin daular Mughal , tare da samun nasarar kwato birnin Kandahar.Bisa ga umarninsa, Rostom Khan, Sarkin Kartli da Safavid vassal, sun mamaye masarautar Kakheti a shekara ta 1648 kuma ya aika da sarki mai tawaye Teimuraz I zuwa gudun hijira;a shekara ta 1651, Teimuraz yayi kokarin kwato kambinsa da ya bata tare da goyon bayan Rasha Tsardom , amma sojojin Abbas sun sha kashi a hannun Rasha a wani dan gajeren rikici da aka gwabza tsakanin 1651 da 1653;Babban abin da ya faru a yakin shi ne rugujewar katangar Rasha da ke gefen kogin Terek na Iran.Abbas kuma ya murkushe tawayen da 'yan Jojiya suka jagoranta a tsakanin 1659 zuwa 1660, inda ya amince da Vakhtang V a matsayin sarkin Kartli, amma ya sa aka kashe shugabannin 'yan tawayen.Tun daga tsakiyar shekarun mulkinsa Abbas ya shagaltu da tabarbarewar kudi wacce ta addabi daular har zuwa karshen daular Safawiyya.Domin samun karuwar kudaden shiga, a shekara ta 1654 Abbas ya nada Mohammad Beg, fitaccen masanin tattalin arziki.Duk da haka, ya kasa shawo kan koma bayan tattalin arziki.Yunkurin Mohammad Beg yakan lalata baitul mali.Ya karbi cin hanci daga Kamfanin Dutch East India Company kuma ya sanya ’yan uwansa a mukamai daban-daban.A cikin 1661, Mohammad Beg ya maye gurbinsa da Mirza Mohammad Karaki, mai rauni kuma mai gudanar da aiki.An cire shi daga kasuwancin shah a cikin gidan sarauta, har ya zuwa lokacin da ya jahilci samuwar Sam Mirza, Suleiman na gaba da kuma Safavid shah na Iran na gaba.

An yi yakin Mughal -Safavid na 1649-1653 tsakanin daulolin Mughal da Safavid a cikin yankin Afganistan na zamani.A yayin da Mughals ke yaki da Janid Uzbek, sojojin Safawad sun kwace birnin Kandahar mai kagara da sauran manyan garuruwan da ke iko da yankin.Mughals dai sun yi yunkurin kwato birnin, amma kokarinsu bai yi nasara ba.

Baya ga yakar makiyanta da suka dade dadewa, abokan gabarsu na Ottoman da Uzbek yayin da karni na 17 ke ci gaba, Iran ta yi fama da bullar sabbin makwabta.Muscovy na Rasha a karnin da ya gabata ya kori khanates biyu na yammacin Asiya na Golden Horde kuma ya fadada tasirinsa zuwa Turai, tsaunin Caucasus da Asiya ta Tsakiya.Astrakhan ya zo karkashin mulkin Rasha , yana kusa da kayan Safawad a Dagestan.A cikin yankunan gabas mai nisa, Mughal na Indiya sun fadada zuwa Khorasan (yanzu Afganistan) tare da kashe ikon Iran, sun dauki Kandahar a takaice.Mafi mahimmanci, Kamfanin Dutch Gabashin Indiya daga baya Ingilishi / Burtaniya sun yi amfani da mafi kyawun hanyoyin ikon teku don sarrafa hanyoyin kasuwanci a yammacin Tekun Indiya.Sakamakon haka, Iran ta yanke huldar da ke ketare zuwa gabashin Afirka, da yankin Larabawa, da Kudancin Asiya.Kasuwancin tudu ya karu sosai duk da haka, yayin da Iran ta sami damar ci gaba da bunkasa kasuwancinta na kan kasa da Arewa da Tsakiyar Turai a cikin rabin na biyu na karni na sha bakwai.A ƙarshen karni na sha bakwai, 'yan kasuwa na Iran sun kafa wurin zama na dindindin har zuwa arewacin Narva a kan tekun Baltic, a cikin ƙasar Estonia a yanzu.Har yanzu turawan Holland da na Ingila sun iya kwashe da yawa daga cikin kayayyakin karafa masu daraja da gwamnatin Iran ta samu.Sai dai Shah Abbas na biyu, sarakunan Safawiya bayan Abbas I don haka aka mayar da su ba su da wani tasiri, kuma gwamnatin Iran ta ki, daga karshe kuma ta ruguje a lokacin da wata mummunar barazanar soji ta kunno kai a kan iyakarta ta gabas a farkon karni na sha takwas.Ƙarshen mulkin Abbas na biyu, 1666, ta haka ne ya zama farkon ƙarshen daular Safawad.Duk da faɗuwar kudaden shiga da barazanar soji, daga baya shahs suna da kyawawan salon rayuwa.Soltan Hoseyn (1694-1722) musamman an san shi da son giya da rashin sha'awar mulki.

Suleiman I shi ne na takwas kuma dan sarki Shah na Safavid Iran daga 1666 zuwa 1694. Shi ne babban dan Abbas II da kuyangarsa, Nakihat Khanum.An haife shi a matsayin Sam Mirza, Suleiman ya yi kuruciyarsa a cikin harama a tsakanin mata da bokaye kuma kasancewarsa a boye ga jama'a.Lokacin da Abbas II ya rasu a shekara ta 1666, babban wazirinsa, Mirza Mohammad Karaki, bai san cewa shah yana da ɗa ba.Bayan nadin sarauta na biyu, Suleiman ya koma cikin harama don jin dadin nama da yawan sha.Ya kasance mai halin ko-in-kula ga al'amuran jihar, kuma sau da yawa ba ya cikin jama'a tsawon watanni.Sakamakon zaman banza, mulkin Suleiman ba shi da abubuwan ban mamaki ta fuskar yaƙe-yaƙe da tawaye.Don haka ne masana tarihi na yammacin turai suka ɗauki mulkin Suleiman a matsayin "abin ban mamaki ba don komai ba" yayin da tarihin kotu na Safawiya ya ƙi yin rikodin wa'adinsa.Mulkin Suleiman ya ga raguwar sojojin Safawad, har sojoji suka zama marasa tarbiyya, ba su yi wani yunƙuri na yin hidima kamar yadda aka bukace su ba.A daidai lokacin da sojojin da ke raguwa, iyakar gabashin daular ta kasance a karkashin hare-haren Uzbek da Kalmyks da suka zauna a Astrabad su ma sun fara nasu ganima.Sau da yawa ana kallonsa a matsayin gazawa a sarauta, mulkin Suleiman shine farkon faduwar Safawid: raunin ƙarfin soja, faɗuwar aikin noma da kuma gurɓataccen tsarin mulki, duk sun kasance faɗakarwa ne game da mulkin mai cike da damuwa na magajinsa, Soltan Hoseyn, wanda mulkinsa ya ga ƙarshen. na daular Safawiyya.Suleiman shi ne Safawad Shah na farko da bai yi sintiri a masarautarsa ​​ba kuma bai taba jagorantar dakaru ba, don haka ya ba da al'amuran gwamnati ga manyan fadawan kotuna da matan harami da kuma manyan malaman Shi'a.

Soltan Hoseyn shi ne Safavid shah na Iran daga 1694 zuwa 1722. Shi ne da kuma magajin Shah Solayman (r. 1666-1694).An haife shi kuma ya girma a cikin gidan sarauta, Soltan Hoseyn ya hau kan karagar mulki tare da ƙarancin gogewar rayuwa kuma ko kaɗan ba shi da ƙwarewa a cikin lamuran ƙasar.An nada shi kan karagar mulki ne ta hanyar kokarin babbar goggo Maryam Begum, da kuma alkalan kotuna, wadanda suke son kara musu karfin iko ta hanyar cin gajiyar wani shugaba mai rauni da burgewa.A tsawon mulkinsa, Soltan Hoseyn ya shahara da tsantsar sadaukarwa, wanda ya haɗu da camfi, halayensa mai ban sha'awa, yawan neman jin daɗi, lalata, da almubazzaranci, waɗanda duka marubutan zamani da na baya suka ɗauka a matsayin abubuwan da suka taka leda. wani bangare na koma bayan kasar.Shekaru goma da suka gabata na mulkin Soltan Hoseyn, an yi fama da rikice-rikicen birane, rikicin kabilanci, da mamayewar makwabtan kasar.Babbar barazana ta zo ne daga gabas, inda 'yan Afganistan suka yi tawaye a karkashin jagorancin jagoran yaki Mirwais Hotak.Dan na karshe kuma magajinsa, Mahmud Hotak ya kai kutsawa cikin tsakiyar kasar, inda daga karshe ya isa Isfahan babban birnin kasar a shekara ta 1722, wanda aka yi wa kawanya.Ba da da ewa ba yunwa ta bulla a cikin garin, wanda ya tilasta wa Soltan Hoseyn mika wuya a ranar 21 ga Oktoba 1722. Ya mika wa Mahmud Hotak kayansa na alfarma, wanda daga baya aka daure shi, ya zama sabon sarkin birnin.A watan Nuwamba, dan Soltan Hoseyn na uku kuma magajinsa, ya ayyana kansa a matsayin Tahmasp II a birnin Qazvin.

Yakin Russo-Persian na 1722-1723, wanda aka sani a tarihin tarihin kasar Rasha a matsayin yakin Farisa na Peter Mai Girma, yaki ne tsakanin Daular Rasha da Safavid Iran , wanda ya haifar da yunkurin tsar na fadada tasirin Rasha a yankunan Caspian da Caucasus don hana kishiyarta, daular Ottoman , samun ribar yankuna a yankin a ci gaba da raguwar Safavid Iran.Nasarar da Rasha ta samu ta tabbatar da ficewar Safavid Iran daga yankunansu a Arewacin Caucasus, Kudancin Caucasus da Arewacin Iran na wannan zamani zuwa Rasha, wanda ya ƙunshi garuruwan Derbent (kudancin Dagestan) da Baku da ƙasashen da ke kusa da su, da lardunan Gilan. Shirvan, Mazandaran da Astarabad sun cika yarjejeniyar Saint Petersburg (1723).Yankunan sun kasance a hannun Rasha har tsawon shekaru tara da goma sha biyu, yayin da aka mayar da su Iran bisa ga yarjejeniyar Resht na 1732 da Ganja na 1735 a lokacin mulkin Anna Ioannovna.

Tahmasp II daya ne daga cikin sarakunan Safawiyawa na karshe na Farisa ( Iran ).Tahmasp shi ne dan Soltan Hoseyn, Shah na Iran a lokacin.Lokacin da 'yan Afganistan suka tilasta wa Soltan Hoseyn yin murabus a shekara ta 1722, Yarima Tahmasp ya yi fatan samun sarauta.Daga Isfahan babban birnin Safavid da aka yiwa kawanya ya gudu zuwa Tabriz inda ya kafa gwamnati.Ya sami goyon bayan Musulmi Ahlus Sunna na Caucasus (har ma na Lezgins masu tawaye a baya), da kuma kabilun Qizilbash da dama (ciki har da Afshars, a karkashin ikon shugaban Iran na gaba, Nader Shah).A watan Yuni 1722, Peter the Great, sarkin daular Rasha da ke makwabtaka da shi a lokacin, ya shelanta yaki a kan Safavid Iran a wani yunƙuri na faɗaɗa tasirin Rasha a yankunan Caspian da Caucasus da kuma hana kishiyarta, Daular Usmaniyya , daga ribar yankuna a yankin. tare da kashe Iran Safawad.Nasarar da Rasha ta samu ta tabbatar da ficewar Iraniyawa Safavid daga yankunansu a Arewa, Kudancin Caucasus da Arewacin Iran na zamani, wanda ya ƙunshi biranen Derbent (kudancin Dagestan) da Baku da ƙasashen da ke kusa da su, da lardunan Gilan, Shirvan. , Mazandaran, da Astrabad zuwa Rasha bisa yarjejeniyar Saint Petersburg (1723).A shekara ta 1729, Tahmasp ya mallaki mafi yawan ƙasar.Nan da nan bayan yaƙin Ottoman na wauta na 1731, Nader Shah na gaba ya kore shi a 1732 don goyon bayan dansa, Abbas III;An kashe su duka a Sabzevar a 1740 ta hannun babban ɗan Nader Shah Reza-qoli Mirza.

'Yan kabilar Afganistan sun yi ta yin kaca-kaca a kan yankunan da suka mamaye na tsawon shekaru bakwai amma Nader Shah, wani tsohon bawa da ya samu shugabancin soja a cikin kabilar Afshar a Khorasan, ya hana su ci gaba da samun nasara.Da sauri yin suna a matsayin ƙwararren soja wanda ake jin tsoro da mutuntawa a tsakanin abokan da maƙiyan daular (ciki har da daular Ottoman ta Iran, da Rasha ; duka dauloli Nader za su magance nan da nan bayan haka), Nader Shah ya ci nasara kan sojojin Hotaki na Afghanistan a cikin 1729. Yakin Damghan.Ya kawar da su daga mulki kuma ya kore su daga Iran a shekara ta 1729. A shekara ta 1732 da Yarjejeniyar Resht da kuma Yarjejeniyar Ganja ta 1735, ya yi yarjejeniya da gwamnatin Empress Anna Ioanovna da ta sa aka dawo da yankunan Iran da aka mamaye kwanan nan. , wanda ya sa akasarin yankin Caucasus suka koma hannun Iran, yayin da suke kulla kawance tsakanin Iran da Rasha kan abokan gabar daular Usmaniyya.A cikin Yakin Ottoman-Iran (1730-35), ya sake kwato duk yankunan da mamayar Ottoman suka rasa a shekarun 1720, da kuma bayan haka.Tare da tabbatar da jihar Safavid da yankunanta, a cikin 1738 Nader ya ci nasara a kan iyakar Hotaki na karshe a Kandahar;A cikin wannan shekarar, yana bukatar arziki don taimakon aikin soja a kan abokan hamayyarsa na Ottoman da na Rasha, ya fara mamaye daular Mughal masu arziki amma mai rauni tare da batunsa na Jojiya Erekle II, yana mamaye Ghazni, Kabul, Lahore, da kuma kamar yadda yake. har zuwa Delhi, a Indiya, lokacin da ya wulakanta gaba daya tare da wawashe Mughals na kasa da kasa na soja.Daga baya kwamandan sojojin Abdali na Afganistan, Ahmad Shah Durrani, ya gaji wadannan garuruwa, wanda zai ci gaba da kafa daular Durrani a shekara ta 1747. Nadir ya sami iko mai inganci a karkashin Shah Tahmasp II sannan ya yi sarautar Jarumi Abbas III har zuwa 1736 lokacin da ya yi mulki. ya da kansa rawanin sha.

Yakin Ottoman da Farisa rikici ne tsakanin sojojin Daular Safawiyya da na Daular Usmaniyya daga 1730 zuwa 1735. Bayan goyon bayan Ottoman ya kasa sanya mahara Ghilzai na Afganistan a kan karagar Farisa, mallakar Ottoman a yammacin Farisa, wanda ya ci gaba da kasancewa tare da shi. Daular Hotaki ta ba su, sun shiga cikin haɗarin sake shiga cikin sabuwar daular Farisa.Haziƙin Janar na Safavid Nader, ya ba wa Ottoman wa'adin janyewa, wanda daular Usmaniyya suka zaɓi yin watsi da shi.An gudanar da jerin gwano, inda kowanne bangare ya samu galaba a kan al'amuran da suka dade suna tada kayar baya da suka dauki tsawon rabin shekaru.A ƙarshe, nasarar Farisa a Yeghevard ya sa Ottomans sun kai ƙarar zaman lafiya kuma sun amince da yankin Farisa da mulkin Farisa a kan Caucasus.

Nan da nan bayan kisan da aka yi wa Nader Shah a shekara ta 1747 da kuma wargajewar daularsa ta gajeruwar lokaci, sai aka sake nada Safawiya a matsayin shah na Iran domin a ba da hakki ga daular Zand.Duk da haka, taƙaitaccen mulkin ɗan tsana na Ismail III ya ƙare a shekara ta 1760 lokacin da Karim Khan ya ji ƙarfin da zai iya ɗaukar ikon ƙasar kuma ya kawo karshen daular Safawida a hukumance.