Tarihin Indiya

Bisa ga ijma'i a cikin kwayoyin halitta na zamani, mutanen zamani na zamani sun fara zuwa yankin Indiya daga Afirka tsakanin shekaru 73,000 zuwa 55,000 da suka wuce.Duk da haka, farkon sanannen ɗan adam a Kudancin Asiya ya kasance shekaru 30,000 da suka gabata.Rayuwa mai daidaitawa, wacce ta ƙunshi sauyawa daga kiwo zuwa noma da kiwo, ta fara ne a Kudancin Asiya a kusan 7000 KZ.A wurin Mehrgarh ana iya yin rikodin kasancewar alkama da sha'ir, da sauri na awaki, tumaki, da shanu.A shekara ta 4500 KZ, zaman lafiya ya yaɗu sosai, kuma ya fara haɓakawa a hankali a cikin wayewar Indus Valley, farkon wayewar Tsohuwar Duniya, wacce ta yi zamani datsohuwar Masar da Mesopotamiya .Wannan wayewar ta bunƙasa tsakanin shekara ta 2500 KZ da 1900 KZ a cikin ƙasar Pakistan a yau da kuma arewa maso yammacin Indiya, kuma an lura da ita don tsara birane, gidajen bulo da aka toya, magudanar ruwa mai zurfi, da samar da ruwa.

Wayewar Kwarin Indus, wanda kuma aka fi sani da wayewar Harappan, wayewar zamanin Bronze ne a yankunan arewa maso yammacin Asiya ta Kudu, wanda ya kasance daga 3300 KZ zuwa 1300 KZ, kuma a cikin girma na 2600 KZ zuwa 1900 KZ.Tare datsohuwar Masar da Mesofotamiya , ɗaya ne daga cikin wayewar farko ta Gabas ta Tsakiya da Kudancin Asiya, kuma na uku, mafi yaɗuwa.Shafukan ta sun mamaye wani yanki daga yawancin Pakistan , zuwa arewa maso gabashin Afghanistan, da arewa maso yamma da yammacin Indiya.Wayewar ta bunƙasa duka a cikin ƙoramar kogin Indus, wanda ke ratsa cikin tsawon Pakistan, da kuma tsarin kogunan ruwan damina waɗanda suka taɓa tafiya a kusa da Ghaggar-Hakra, kogin yanayi a arewa maso yammacin Indiya. gabashin Pakistan.Kalmar Harappan wani lokaci ana amfani da ita ga wayewar Indus bayan nau'in shafinta na Harappa, na farko da aka tono a farkon karni na 20 a lokacin da yake lardin Punjab na Burtaniya Indiya kuma yanzu Punjab, Pakistan.Gano Harappa kuma ba da daɗewa ba Mohenjo-daro shine ƙarshen aikin da aka fara bayan kafuwar Binciken Archaeological na Indiya a cikin British Raj a 1861. Akwai al'adun farko da na baya da ake kira Early Harappan da Late Harappan a cikin yanki guda. .Farkon al'adun Harappan sun kasance daga al'adun Neolithic, farkon kuma sanannen su shine Mehrgarh, a Balochistan, Pakistan.Wani lokaci ana kiran wayewar Harappan Mature Harappan don bambanta ta da al'adun farko.An lura da biranen Indus na dā da tsarin biranensu, gidajen bulo da aka toya, tsarin magudanun ruwa, tsarin samar da ruwa, gungun manyan gine-ginen da ba na zama ba, da dabarun aikin hannu da ƙarfe.Mohenjo-daro da Harappa da alama sun girma sun ƙunshi tsakanin mutane 30,000 da 60,000, kuma wayewar na iya ƙunshe tsakanin mutane miliyan ɗaya da biyar yayin furenta.Bushewar yankin a hankali a cikin karni na 3 KZ mai yiwuwa ya kasance farkon abin da zai tunzura shi.Daga karshe kuma ta rage yawan ruwan da zai haifar da rugujewar wayewar da kuma tarwatsa al’ummarta zuwa gabas.Ko da yake an ba da rahoton fiye da wuraren Balagagge na Harappan dubu kuma an tono kusan ɗari, akwai manyan cibiyoyin birane guda biyar: (a) Mohenjo-daro a cikin ƙananan kwarin Indus (wanda aka ayyana Cibiyar Tarihin Duniya ta UNESCO a 1980 a matsayin "Ruins Archaeological a Mohenjodaro" ), (b) Harappa a yankin yammacin Punjab, (c) Ganeriwala a cikin hamadar Cholistan, (d) Dholavira a yammacin Gujarat (ya ayyana Cibiyar Tarihin Duniya ta UNESCO a cikin 2021 a matsayin "Dholavira: A Harappan City"), da (e). ) Rakhigarhi in Haryana.

A cikin prehistory na ɓangarorin Indiya, Zamanin Iron ya yi nasara a zamanin Bronze Age Indiya kuma wani ɓangare ya dace da al'adun megalithic na Indiya.Sauran al'adun kayan tarihi na zamanin Iron na Indiya sune al'adun Grey Ware Fentin (1300-300 KZ) da Arewacin Black Polished Ware (700-200 KZ).Wannan ya yi daidai da sauyin mulkin Janapadas ko shuwagabannin zamanin Vedic zuwa Mahajanapadas goma sha shida ko jahohin yanki na farkon tarihin tarihi, wanda ya ƙare a bayyanar daular Maurya zuwa ƙarshen zamani.Shaida ta farko na narkewar ƙarfe ta nuna gabanin fitowar zamanin ƙarfe daidai da ƙarni da yawa.

Rigveda ko Rig Veda ("yabo" da veda "ilimi") tarin waƙoƙin Vedic Sanskrit (sūktas).Yana ɗaya daga cikin litattafan Hindu masu tsarki guda huɗu (śruti) waɗanda aka sani da Vedas. Rigveda shine mafi tsufa sanannun rubutun Vedic Sanskrit.Rubutunsa na farko suna daga cikin tsofaffin rubuce-rubuce a cikin kowane yaren Indo-Turai.Sauti da rubutun Rigveda an watsa su ta baki tun daga karni na 2 KZ.Shaidar ilimin falsafa da na harshe na nuna cewa yawancin Rigveda Samhita an haɗa su ne a yankin arewa maso yamma (duba kogin Rigvedic) na yankin Indiya, mai yiwuwa tsakanin c.1500 da 1000 KZ, ko da yake yana da faɗin kusan c.An kuma ba da 1900-1200 KZ. An jera rubutun da ya ƙunshi Samhita, Brahmanas, Aranyakas da Upanishads.Rigveda Samhita shine ainihin rubutu, kuma tarin littattafai 10 ne (maṇḍalas) tare da wakoki 1,028 (sūktas) a cikin ayoyi 10,600 (wanda ake kira ṛc, mai suna Rigveda).A cikin litattafai takwas - Littattafai na 2 zuwa na 9 - waɗanda aka tsara na farko, waƙoƙin yabo sun fi magana game da ilimin sararin samaniya, ayyukan ibada, al'adu da abubuwan yabo.Littattafai na baya-bayan nan (Littattafai na 1 da na 10) a wani bangare kuma sun yi bayani kan tambayoyi na falsafa ko hasashe, kyawawan halaye irin su dana (sadaka) a cikin al'umma, tambayoyi game da asalin duniya da yanayin Ubangiji, da sauran al'amura na zahiri a cikin su. Yabo.Wasu daga cikin ayoyinsa ana ci gaba da karanta su a lokacin bukukuwan ibadar Hindu (kamar bukukuwan aure) da addu’o’i, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama nassi mafi dadewa na addini a duniya da ake ci gaba da amfani da shi.

Lokacin Vedic, ko shekarun Vedic, shine lokacin a ƙarshen shekarun Bronze da farkon zamanin Iron na tarihin Indiya lokacin da aka haɗa wallafe-wallafen Vedas, gami da Vedas (kimanin 1300-900 KZ), a cikin yankin arewacin Indiya. , tsakanin ƙarshen wayewar Indus Valley na birni da birni na biyu, wanda ya fara a tsakiyar Indo-Gangetic Plain c.600 KZ.Vedas litattafai ne na liturgical waɗanda suka kafa tushen akidar Brahmanical mai tasiri, waɗanda suka haɓaka a cikin Masarautar Kuru, ƙungiyar ƙabilanci ta kabilun Indo-Aryan da yawa.Vedas sun ƙunshi cikakkun bayanai na rayuwa a wannan lokacin waɗanda aka fassara su zama tarihi kuma sun zama tushen farko don fahimtar lokacin.Waɗannan takaddun, tare da madaidaicin rikodin binciken kayan tarihi, suna ba da damar haɓakar al'adun Indo-Aryan da Vedic da za a iya ganowa da gano su.Vedas an haɗa su kuma an watsa su ta baki daidai gwargwado ta masu magana da tsohon yaren Indo-Aryan waɗanda suka yi ƙaura zuwa yankunan arewa maso yammacin yankin Indiya a farkon wannan lokacin.Al'ummar Vedic ta kasance ta ubangida da kakanni.Indo-Aryans na farko sun kasance al'ummar Late Bronze Age da ke tsakiya a cikin Punjab, an tsara su zuwa kabilu maimakon masarautu, kuma hanyar rayuwa ta makiyaya ta dore.Wajen c.1200-1000 KZ al'adun Aryan sun bazu zuwa gabas zuwa filin Ganges mai albarka.An yi amfani da kayan aikin ƙarfe, waɗanda ke ba da damar share gandun daji da kuma ɗaukar tsarin rayuwa mai ma'ana.Rabin na biyu na zamanin Vedic yana da alaƙa da fitowar garuruwa, masarautu, da bambance-bambancen zamantakewa mai rikitarwa ga Indiya, da tsarin masarautar Kuru na al'adar hadaya ta al'ada.A wannan lokacin, tsakiyar Ganges Plain ya mamaye al'adun Indo-Aryan mai alaƙa amma ba Vedic ba, na Babban Magadha.Ƙarshen zamanin Vedic ya shaida haɓakar birane na gaskiya da manyan jahohi (wanda ake kira mahajanapadas) da ƙungiyoyin śramaṇa (ciki har da Jainism da Buddha) waɗanda suka ƙalubalanci ka'idodin Vedic.Zamanin Vedic ya ga bullowar matsayi na azuzuwan zamantakewa wanda zai kasance mai tasiri.Addinin Vedic ya ɓullo da ƙa'idodin Brahmanical, kuma kusan farkon Zamanin Zamani, al'adar Vedic ta kafa ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke tattare da "Hindu synthesis".

Panchala tsohuwar masarauta ce ta arewacin Indiya, wacce ke cikin Ganges-Yamuna Doab na Babban Gangetic.A lokacin marigayi Vedic (kimanin 1100-500 KZ), ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin jihohi mafi ƙarfi na tsohuwar Indiya, masu alaƙa da Masarautar Kuru.By c.Karni na 5 KZ, ya zama haɗin kai na oligarchic, wanda aka yi la'akari da ɗaya daga cikin solasa (16) mahajanapadas (manyan jihohi) na yankin Indiya.Bayan shigar da shi cikin Daular Mauryan (322-185 KZ), Panchala ya sake samun 'yancin kai har sai da Daular Gupta ta mamaye ta a karni na 4 AD.

Videha tsohuwar kabilar Indo-Aryan ce ta arewa-maso-gabashin Kudancin Asiya wacce aka tabbatar da wanzuwarta a zamanin Iron Age.Yawan jama'ar Videha, Vaidehas, an fara tsara su zuwa sarauta amma daga baya sun zama gaṇasaṅgha (jamhuriyar oligarchic aristocratic), a halin yanzu ana kiranta Jamhuriyar Videha, wacce ke cikin babbar ƙungiyar Vajjika.

Masarautar Kosala tsohuwar masarauta ce ta Indiya wacce ke da kyawawan al'adu, daidai da yankin da yankin Awadh na Uttar Pradesh na yau zuwa Yammacin Odisha.Ya fito a matsayin ƙaramar jiha a lokacin ƙarshen Vedic, tare da haɗin kai zuwa maƙwabtan daular Videha.Kosala na cikin al'adun Ware Baƙar fata na Arewa (kimanin 700-300 KZ), kuma yankin Kosala ya haifar da ƙungiyoyin Sramana, gami da Jainism da Buddha .Ya bambanta a al'adance daga al'adun fentin Grey Ware na zamanin Vedic na Kuru-Panchala a yammacinta, bayan ci gaba mai zaman kansa zuwa birni da kuma amfani da ƙarfe.A cikin karni na 5 KZ, Kosala ya haɗa yankin dangin Shakya, wanda Buddha yake.Bisa ga rubutun Buddha Anguttara Nikaya da rubutun Jaina, Bhagavati Sutra, Kosala na ɗaya daga cikin Solasa (sha shida) Mahajanapadas (mulkoki masu ƙarfi) a cikin ƙarni na 6 zuwa 5 KZ, kuma ƙarfin al'adu da siyasa ya ba shi matsayi mai girma. iko.Daga baya ya yi rauni da jerin yaƙe-yaƙe da masarautar Magadha da ke makwabtaka da ita, kuma, a ƙarni na 5 KZ, daga ƙarshe ta mamaye ta.Bayan rugujewar daular Maurya, kuma kafin fadada daular Kushan, Kosala ta kasance karkashin daular Deva, da daular Datta, da daular Mitra.

Wani lokaci tsakanin 800 zuwa 200 KZ an kafa ƙungiyar Śramaṇa, wanda daga gare ta ya samo asali na Jainism da Buddha .A cikin wannan lokacin, an rubuta Upanishads na farko.Bayan 500 KZ, an fara abin da ake kira "ƙaramar birni na biyu", tare da sababbin ƙauyuka na birni sun taso a filin Ganges, musamman filin Ganges ta Tsakiya.An kafa harsashin "zaman birni na biyu" kafin 600 KZ, a cikin al'adun Grey Ware Painted na Ghaggar-Hakra da Upper Ganges Plain;duk da cewa galibin wuraren PGW kananan kauyuka ne na noma, “dozin da dama” daga karshe wuraren PGW sun fito a matsayin manyan matsuguni da za a iya kwatanta su da garuruwa, mafi girma daga cikinsu an yi garkuwa da su ta hanyar ramuka ko tudu da tarkace da aka yi da dunkulewar kasa da palisades na katako, duk da karami. kuma mafi sauƙi fiye da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan manyan garuruwa waɗanda suka girma bayan 600 KZ a cikin al'adun Baƙar fata ta Arewa.Filin Ganges na Tsakiya, inda Magadha ya yi fice, wanda ya zama tushen daular Maurya, yanki ne na al'adu daban-daban, tare da sabbin jahohi da suka taso bayan 500 KZ a lokacin da ake kira "ƙaramar birni na biyu".Al'adun Vedic ne suka rinjaye shi, amma ya bambanta sosai da yankin Kuru-Panchala.Ya kasance "yankin da aka fi sani da noman shinkafa a Kudancin Asiya kuma a shekara ta 1800 KZ shine wurin da yawan jama'ar Neolithic ke da alaƙa da wuraren Chirand da Chechar".A wannan yanki, ƙungiyoyin Śramaṇic sun bunƙasa, kuma Jainism da Buddha sun samo asali.

Gautama Buddha malami ne mai ban sha'awa da ruhaniya na Kudancin Asiya wanda ya rayu a ƙarshen rabin karni na farko KZ.Shi ne wanda ya kafa addinin Buddha kuma mabiya addinin Buddah suna girmama shi a matsayin cikakken haske wanda ya koyar da hanya zuwa Nirvana (lit. vanishing or extinguishing), 'yanci daga jahilci, sha'awa, sake haifuwa da wahala.Bisa ga al'adar addinin Buddha, an haifi Buddha ne a Lumbini a yanzu a Nepal, ga iyayen da aka haifa na dangin Shakya, amma ya watsar da iyalinsa don ya zauna a matsayin mai yawo.Yana jagorantar rayuwa ta bara, son zuciya, da tunani, ya kai ga Nirvana a Bodh Gaya.Buddha daga baya ya yi yawo ta cikin ƙananan filin Gangetic, yana koyarwa da gina tsarin sufi.Ya koyar da hanyar tsaka-tsaki tsakanin sha'awar sha'awa da tsananin son zuciya, horar da hankali wanda ya haɗa da horo na ɗabi'a da ayyukan tunani kamar ƙoƙari, tunani, da jhana.Ya mutu a Kushinagar, ya kai ga paranirvana.Addinai da al'ummomi da yawa a duk faɗin Asiya sun girmama Buddha tun daga lokacin.

Daular Nanda ta yi mulki a yankin arewacin yankin Indiya a karni na 4 KZ, kuma mai yiyuwa ne a karni na 5 KZ.Nandas sun hambarar da daular Shaishunaga a yankin Magadha da ke gabashin Indiya, kuma sun fadada daularsu zuwa wani yanki mai girma na arewacin Indiya.Majiyoyin dā sun bambanta sosai game da sunayen sarakunan Nanda, da tsawon lokacin mulkinsu, amma bisa al'adar addinin Buddha da aka rubuta a Mahavamsa, sun bayyana sun yi mulki a lokacin c.345-322 KZ, ko da yake wasu ka'idoji sun nuna farkon mulkinsu zuwa karni na 5 KZ.Nandas sun gina bisa nasarorin da magabata na Haryanka da Shaishunaga suka samu, kuma suka kafa gwamnati mai ma'ana.Majiyoyin dā sun ba su tabbacin tara dukiya mai yawa, wanda wataƙila ya samo asali ne sakamakon bullo da sabon tsarin kuɗi da haraji.Rubuce-rubucen da suka kuma ba da shawarar cewa Nandas ba su da farin jini a tsakanin al'ummominsu saboda ƙarancin matsayinsu na haihuwa, harajin da ya wuce kima, da kuma rashin ɗa'a na gaba ɗaya.Chandragupta Maurya, wanda ya kafa Daular Maurya, kuma mashawarcin Chanakya ya hambarar da Sarkin Nanda na ƙarshe.Masana tarihi na zamani gabaɗaya sun bayyana mai mulkin Gangaridai da Prasii da aka ambata a cikin tsoffin asusun Greco-Roman a matsayin sarkin Nanda.Yayin da suke kwatanta mamayar Alexander the Great na arewa maso yammacin Indiya (327-325 KZ), marubutan Greco-Romawa sun kwatanta wannan mulkin a matsayin babban ƙarfin soja.Hasashen yaƙi da wannan masarauta, haɗe da gajiyar yaƙin neman zaɓe na kusan shekaru goma, ya kai ga gaci a tsakanin sojojin Alexander na rashin gida, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen yaƙin neman zaɓe na Indiya.

Daular Maurya wani yanki ne mai fa'ida mai girman tarihi na zamanin Indiya a Kudancin Asiya wanda yake a Magadha, Chandragupta Maurya ne ya kafa shi a cikin 322 KZ, kuma ya kasance cikin salon saƙa har zuwa 185 KZ.Masarautar Maurya ta kasance a tsakiya ta hanyar cin nasarar Indo-Gangetic Plain, kuma babban birninta yana Pataliputra (Patana ta zamani).A wajen wannan cibiyar daular, girman daular ya dogara ne da amincin kwamandojin sojoji waɗanda ke sarrafa garuruwa masu ɗauke da makamai suna yayyafa mata.A lokacin mulkin Ashoka (kimanin 268-232 KZ) daular ta dan takaita manyan cibiyoyi na birane da arteries na yankin Indiya ban da zurfin kudu.Ya ragu na kimanin shekaru 50 bayan mulkin Ashoka, kuma ya rushe a shekara ta 185 KZ tare da kashe Brihadratha da Pushyamitra Shunga da kafuwar daular Shunga a Magadha.Chandragupta Maurya ya tayar da sojoji, tare da taimakon Chanakya, marubucin Arthasastra, kuma ya kifar da Daular Nanda a c.322 KZ.Chandragupta da sauri ya fadada ikonsa zuwa yamma a tsakiya da yammacin Indiya ta hanyar cin nasara a kan satraps da Alexander the Great ya bari, kuma a shekara ta 317 KZ, daular ta mamaye arewa maso yammacin Indiya.Daular Mauryan ta ci nasara kan Seleucus I, diadochus kuma wanda ya kafa daular Seleucid , a lokacin yakin Seleucid-Mauryan, ta haka ya sami yanki yammacin kogin Indus.A karkashin Mauryas, harkokin kasuwanci na ciki da na waje, noma, da kuma harkokin tattalin arziki sun bunƙasa tare da faɗaɗa ko'ina cikin Kudancin Asiya saboda ƙirƙirar tsarin kuɗi, gudanarwa, da tsaro guda ɗaya.Daular Maurya ta gina babban titin Grand Trunk daga Patliputra zuwa Taxila.Bayan yakin Kalinga, daular ta fuskanci kusan rabin karni na mulkin tsakiya karkashin Ashoka.Rungumar Ashoka na addinin Buddah da tallafawa masu mishan na Buddha ya ba da damar fadada wannan bangaskiya zuwa Sri Lanka, arewa maso yammacin Indiya, da Asiya ta Tsakiya.An kiyasta yawan mutanen Kudancin Asiya a lokacin Mauryan tsakanin miliyan 15 zuwa 30.Zaman mulkin daular yana da alamar kerawa ta musamman a fasaha, gine-gine, rubuce-rubuce da kuma samar da rubutu, amma kuma ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar ɓangarorin a filin Gangetic, da raguwar haƙƙin mata a cikin manyan yankunan Indo-Aryan na Indiya.Arthashastra da Dokokin Ashoka sune tushen tushen rubutaccen tarihin zamanin Mauryan.Babban birnin Lion na Ashoka a Sarnath alama ce ta ƙasa ta Jamhuriyar Indiya .

Daular Pandya, wacce kuma ake kira Pandyas na Madurai, tsohuwar daular Kudancin Indiya ce, kuma daga cikin manyan masarautu uku na Tamilakam, sauran biyun kuma su ne Cholas da Cheras.Daular ta wanzu tun aƙalla ƙarni na 4 zuwa na 3 KZ, daular ta wuce ta tsawon lokaci biyu na mulkin daular, wato ƙarni na 6 zuwa na 10 CE, kuma a ƙarƙashin 'Later Pandyas' (ƙarni na 13 zuwa 14 CE).Pandyas sun mallaki yankuna masu yawa, a wasu lokuta ciki har da yankuna na Kudancin Indiya na yau da arewacin Sri Lanka ta cikin jihohin vassal da ke ƙarƙashin Madurai.An kira sarakunan daular Tamil guda uku a matsayin "sarakuna masu rawani uku (mu-ventar) na kasar Tamil".Asalin da lokacin daular Pandya yana da wahala a kafa shi.Shugabannin Pandya na farko sun mallaki ƙasarsu (Pandya Nadu) tun daga zamanin da, wanda ya haɗa da birnin Madurai na cikin ƙasa da tashar jiragen ruwa na kudancin Korkai.Ana yin bikin Pandyas a cikin waƙoƙin Tamil na farko da aka samu (Littafin Sangam)) Lissafin Graeco-Roman (a farkon karni na 4 KZ), dokokin Sarkin Maurya Ashoka, tsabar kudi masu tatsuniyoyi a rubutun Tamil-Brahmi, da rubutun Tamil-Brahmi. yana ba da shawarar ci gaba da daular Pandya tun daga karni na 3 KZ zuwa farkon ƙarni na AZ. Pandyas na farko mai tarihi ya dushe cikin duhu bayan hawan daular Kalabhra a kudancin Indiya.Daga karni na 6 zuwa karni na 9 AZ, Chalukyas na Badami ko Rashtrakutas na Deccan, Pallavas na Kanchi, da Pandyas na Madurai sun mamaye siyasar kudancin Indiya.Pandyas sau da yawa ya yi mulki ko kuma ya mamaye yankin mai albarka na Kaveri (ƙasar Chola), tsohuwar ƙasar Chera (Kongu da Kerala ta tsakiya) da Venadu (kudancin Kerala), ƙasar Pallava da Sri Lanka.Pandyas sun fada cikin raguwa tare da haɓakar Cholas na Thanjavur a cikin karni na 9 kuma suna cikin rikici akai-akai tare da na ƙarshe.Pandyas sun hada kai da Sinhalese da Cheras wajen tursasa daular Chola har sai da ta sami damar farfado da iyakokinta a karshen karni na 13.Pandyas sun shiga zamaninsu na zinari a ƙarƙashin Maravarman I da Jatavarman Sundara Pandya I (ƙarni na 13).Wasu ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce na farko da Maravarman I ya yi don faɗaɗa cikin tsohuwar ƙasar Chola, Hoysalas sun duba yadda ya kamata.Jatavarman I (a. 1251) ya sami nasarar faɗaɗa masarauta zuwa ƙasar Telugu (har zuwa arewa zuwa Nellore), kudancin Kerala, kuma ya ci arewacin Sri Lanka.Birnin Kanchi ya zama babban birni na biyu na Pandyas. Hoysalas, gaba ɗaya, sun kasance a Mysore Plateau kuma har ma an kashe sarki Somesvara a yakin da Pandyas.Maravarman Kulasekhara I (1268) ya kayar da kawancen Hoysalas da Cholas (1279) kuma ya mamaye Sri Lanka.Pandyas ne suka tafi da Ɗakin Haƙori mai daraja na Buddha.A wannan lokacin, an raba mulkin masarautar a tsakanin wasu sarakuna, daya daga cikinsu yana jin daɗin firamare fiye da sauran.Rikicin cikin gida a masarautar Pandya ya zo daidai da mamayewar Khalji a kudancin Indiya a 1310-11.Rikicin siyasar da ya biyo baya ya ga karin hare-haren sultanate da ganima, asarar kudancin Kerala (1312), da arewacin Sri Lanka (1323) da kuma kafa Madurai sultanate (1334).Pandyas na Ucchangi (ƙarni na 9-13), a cikin kwarin Tungabhadra suna da alaƙa da Pandyas na Madurai.Bisa ga al'ada, an gudanar da almara Sangams ("Academies") a Madurai a karkashin kulawar Pandyas, kuma wasu daga cikin sarakunan Pandya sun yi iƙirarin su ne mawaƙa.Pandya Nadu ya kasance gida ga manyan haikali da yawa, gami da Haikali na Meenakshi a Madurai.Farfadowar ikon Pandya ta Kadungon (ƙarni na 7 AZ) ya zo daidai da shaharar Shaivite nayanars da Vaishnavite alvars.An san cewa sarakunan Pandya sun bi Jainism na ɗan gajeren lokaci a tarihi.

Daular Chola ta Tamil daular thalassocrat ce ta kudancin Indiya kuma ɗaya daga cikin dauloli mafi dadewa a tarihin duniya.Nassoshi na farko game da Chola sun fito ne daga rubuce-rubucen da aka rubuta zuwa karni na 3 KZ a lokacin mulkin Ashoka na Daular Maurya.A matsayin daya daga cikin Sarakunan Tamilakam guda uku, tare da Chera da Pandya, daular ta ci gaba da mulki a kan yankuna daban-daban har zuwa karni na 13 AD.Duk da waɗannan tsoffin asali, haɓakar Chola, a matsayin "Daular Chola," kawai ta fara ne da Cholas na daɗaɗɗen a tsakiyar karni na 9 AZ.Ƙasar tsakiyar Cholas ita ce kwarin kogin Kaveri mai albarka.Duk da haka, sun yi mulkin yanki mafi girma a tsayin ikonsu daga ƙarshen rabin karni na 9 zuwa farkon karni na 13.Sun haɗu da yankin Indiya, kudu da Tungabhadra, kuma sun kasance ƙasa ɗaya har tsawon ƙarni uku tsakanin 907 zuwa 1215 CE.Karkashin Rajaraja I da magajinsa Rajendra I, Rajadiraja I, Rajendra II, Virarajendra, da Kulothunga Chola I, daular ta zama mai karfin soja, tattalin arziki da al'adu a Kudancin Asiya da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya.Ƙarfi da martabar Cholas da ke da iko na siyasa a Kudu, Kudu-maso-gabas, da Gabashin Asiya a kololuwar sa ya bayyana ta hanyar balaguron da suka yi zuwa Ganges, hare-haren da sojojin ruwa suka kai a garuruwan daular Srivijaya da ke da tushe a tsibirin Sumatra, da nasu. akai-akai a ofisoshin jakadancin kasar Sin.Jirgin ruwan Chola ya wakilci zenith na tsohuwar ƙarfin tekun Indiya.A cikin lokacin 1010-1153 CE, yankunan Chola sun shimfiɗa daga Maldives a kudu zuwa gaɓar kogin Godavari a Andhra Pradesh a matsayin iyakar arewa.Rajaraja Chola ya mamaye yankin Kudancin Indiya, ya mamaye wani yanki na masarautar Rajarata a Sri Lanka ta yau, kuma ya mamaye tsibiran Maldives.Ɗansa Rajendra Chola ya ƙara faɗaɗa yankin Cholar ta hanyar aika wani balaguro mai nasara zuwa Arewacin Indiya wanda ya taɓa kogin Ganges kuma ya ci nasara da mai mulkin Pala na Pataliputra, Mahipala.A shekara ta 1019, ya kuma ci daular Rajarata gaba daya ta Sri Lanka tare da shigar da ita daular Chola.A shekara ta 1025, Rajendra Chola shi ma ya yi nasarar mamaye garuruwan daular Srivijaya, da ke kan tsibirin Sumatra.Duk da haka, wannan mamayewa ya kasa shigar da gwamnati kai tsaye a kan Srivijaya, saboda mamayewar ya kasance gajere kuma yana nufin wawashe dukiyar Srivijaya ne kawai.Koyaya, tasirin Chola akan Srivijava zai kasance har zuwa 1070, lokacin da Cholas suka fara rasa kusan dukkan yankunansu na ketare.Daga baya Cholas (1070-1279) zai kasance yana mulkin sassan Kudancin Indiya.Daular Chola ta shiga rugujewa a farkon karni na 13 tare da bullowar daular Pandyan, wanda a karshe ya haifar da faduwarsu.Cholas sun yi nasarar gina daular thalassocratic mafi girma a tarihin Indiya, ta haka suka bar gado mai ɗorewa.Sun kafa tsarin mulki na tsakiya da tsarin mulki mai ladabi.Bugu da ƙari, goyon bayansu na adabin Tamil da himmarsu don gina haikali ya haifar da wasu manyan ayyukan adabin Tamil da gine-gine.Sarakunan Chola sun kasance masu ƙwazo kuma suna tunanin haikali a cikin masarautunsu ba kawai a matsayin wuraren ibada ba amma har ma a matsayin cibiyoyin ayyukan tattalin arziki.Wurin tarihin duniya na UNESCO, haikalin Brihadisvara a Thanjavur, wanda Rajaraja Chola ya ba da izini a 1010 AZ, babban misali ne na gine-ginen Cholar.An kuma san su sosai don taimakon fasaha.Haɓaka takamaiman fasaha na sassaƙa da aka yi amfani da su a cikin 'Chola bronzes', kyawawan sassaken tagulla na gumakan Hindu da aka gina a cikin tsarin kakin zuma da ya ɓace an fara aikin farko a lokacinsu.Al'adar fasaha ta Chola ta yaɗu kuma ta yi tasiri ga gine-gine da fasahar Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya.

Shungas ya samo asali ne daga Magadha, kuma yankunan da ke da iko a tsakiya da gabashin Indiya daga kusan 187 zuwa 78 KZ.Pushyamitra Shunga ne ya kafa daular, wanda ya hambarar da sarki Maurya na karshe.Babban birninta shine Pataliputra, amma daga baya sarakuna, irin su Bhagabhadra, suma sun gudanar da shari'a a Vidisha, Besnagar zamani a Gabashin Malwa.Pushyamitra Shunga ya yi mulki na tsawon shekaru 36 kuma dansa Agnimitra ya gaje shi.Sarakunan Shunga goma ne.Duk da haka, bayan mutuwar Agnimitra, daular ta rushe da sauri;rubuce-rubuce da tsabar kudi sun nuna cewa yawancin arewaci da tsakiyar Indiya sun ƙunshi ƙananan masarautu da jahohin birni waɗanda ba su da 'yancin kai daga kowace mulkin Shunga.An san daular saboda yaƙe-yaƙe masu yawa da ƙasashen waje da na ƴan asalin ƙasar.Sun yi yaƙe-yaƙe da daular Mahameghavahana na Kalinga, daular Satavahana na Deccan, da Indo-Greeks, da yuwuwar Panchalas da Mitras na Mathura.Art, ilimi, falsafa, da sauran nau'o'in ilmantarwa sun yi fure a wannan lokacin ciki har da ƙananan hotuna na terracotta, manyan sassaka na dutse, da gine-ginen gine-gine irin su Stupa a Bharhut, da kuma sanannen Great Stupa a Sanchi.Sarakunan Shunga sun taimaka wajen kafa al'adar tallafa wa ilimi da fasaha na sarauta.Rubutun da daular ke amfani da shi wani bambance-bambancen Brahmi ne kuma an yi amfani da shi wajen rubuta yaren Sanskrit.Masarautar Shunga ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kula da al'adun Indiya a daidai lokacin da wasu muhimman ci gaba a tunanin Hindu ke faruwa.Wannan ya taimaka wa daular ta bunkasa da samun iko.

Daular Chera ta kasance daya daga cikin manyan zuriya a ciki da kuma kafin tarihin Sangam na jihar Kerala da yankin Kongu Nadu na yammacin Tamil Nadu a kudancin Indiya.Tare da Cholas na Urayiyur (Tiruchirappalli) da Pandyas na Madurai, farkon Cheras an san su da ɗaya daga cikin manyan iko guda uku (muventar) na tsohuwar Tamilakam a farkon ƙarni na Zamani na gama gari.Ƙasar Chera ta kasance tana da kyau a yanayin ƙasa don samun riba daga kasuwancin teku ta hanyar manyan hanyoyin sadarwa na Tekun Indiya.Musayar kayan yaji, musamman barkono baƙi, tare da 'yan kasuwa na Gabas ta Tsakiya da Graeco-Roman an tabbatar da su a wurare da yawa.Cheras na farkon tarihin tarihi (c. karni na biyu KZ - karni na uku AD) an san cewa suna da asalin cibiyarsu a Vanchi da Karur a Kongu Nadu da tashar jiragen ruwa a Muchiri (Muziris) da Thondi (Tyndis) a kan Indiya. Tekun Tekun (Kerala).Sun gudanar da mulkin yankin gabar tekun Malabar tsakanin Alappuzha a kudu zuwa Kasaragod a arewa.Wannan kuma ya haɗa da Palakkad Gap, Coimbatore, Dharapuram, Salem, da Kolli Hills.Yankin da ke kusa da Coimbatore ya kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin Cheras a lokacin Sangam tsakanin c.Ƙarni na 1 da na 4 AZ kuma ya kasance ƙofar gabas zuwa ga Palakkad Gap, babbar hanyar kasuwanci tsakanin Tekun Malabar da Tamil Nadu.Sai dai yankin kudancin jihar Kerala na yanzu (Babban bel na bakin teku tsakanin Thiruvananthapuram da kudancin Alappuzha) ya kasance karkashin daular Ay, wanda ya fi alaka da daular Pandya na Madurai.An kwatanta farkon siyasar Tamil kafin Pallava na tarihi a matsayin "kasashen tattalin arziƙin sake rarrabawa tushen dangi" wanda aka tsara shi ta hanyar "cin abinci na makiyaya-cum-agrarian" da "siyasa na yau da kullun".Tsohuwar alamar kogon Tamil Brahmi, bayyana Ilam Kadungo, ɗan Perum Kadungo, da jikan Ko Athan Cheral na dangin Irumporai.Tsabar kudi da aka rubuta tare da tatsuniyoyi na Brahmi suna ba da adadin sunayen Chera, tare da alamun Chera na baka da kibiya da aka kwatanta a baya.Tarihin rubutun Tamil na farko shine babban tushen bayanai game da farkon Cheras.Chenguttuvan, ko Chera mai kyau, ya shahara ga al'adun da ke kewaye da Kannaki, babban halayen mata na waƙar Tamil Chilapathikaram.Bayan ƙarshen zamanin tarihi na farko, kusan ƙarni na 3-5 AZ, da alama akwai lokacin da ikon Cheras ya ragu sosai.Cheras na kasar Kongu an san yana iko da yammacin Tamil Nadu tare da daula a tsakiyar Kerala a farkon zamanin da.Kerala ta tsakiya na yau mai yiwuwa masarautar Kongu Chera ta ware kusan karni na 8 zuwa 9 AZ don kafa daular Chera Perumal da masarautar Kongu chera (kimanin karni na 9-12 CE).Ainihin yanayin dangantakar da ke tsakanin rassa daban-daban na masu mulkin Chera ba a da ɗanɗano. Nambutiris ya nemi wakilin sarkin Chera daga Punthura kuma an ba shi Firayim Minista wanda ya fito daga Punthura.Don haka Zamorin ke riƙe da lakabin 'Punthurakkon' (Sarki daga Punthura).Bayan wannan, sassan Kerala na yanzu da Kongunadu sun zama masu cin gashin kansu.Wasu daga cikin manyan dauloli na tsakiyar tsakiyar Indiya - Chalukya, Pallava, Pandya, Rashtrakuta, da Chola - da alama sun mamaye kasar Kongu Chera.Kongu Cheras da alama ya shiga cikin tsarin siyasar Pandya a karni na 10/11 AZ.Ko da bayan rushewar daular Perumal, rubutun sarauta da tallafin haikali, musamman daga wajen Kerala daidai, sun ci gaba da kiran ƙasar da mutane a matsayin "Cheras ko Keralas".Sarakunan Venad (Venad Cheras ko "Kulasekharas"), tushen daga tashar jiragen ruwa na Kollam a kudancin Kerala, sun yi ikirarin zuriyarsu daga Perumals.Cheranad kuma sunan wani lardi ne na daular Zamorin ta Calicut, wanda ya hada da wasu sassan Tirurangadi na yanzu da Tirur Taluk na gundumar Malappuram a cikinsa.Daga baya ya zama Taluk na gundumar Malabar, lokacin da Malabar ta kasance ƙarƙashin Raj na Burtaniya.Hedkwatar Cheranad Taluk ita ce garin Tirurangadi.Daga baya an haɗa Taluk da Eranad Taluk.A zamanin yau sarakunan Cochin da Travancore (a cikin Kerala) suma suna da'awar suna "Chera".

Satavahanas, wanda kuma ake kira Andhras a cikin Puranas, tsohuwar daular Kudancin Asiya ce da ke cikin Deccan.Yawancin malaman zamani sun yi imanin cewa mulkin Satavahana ya fara ne a ƙarshen karni na biyu KZ kuma ya kasance har zuwa farkon karni na uku AZ, ko da yake wasu sun ba da farkon mulkinsu tun farkon karni na 3 KZ bisa ga Puranas, amma ba a tabbatar da shi ta hanyar bayanan archaeological ba. .Masarautar Satavahana galibi ta ƙunshi Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, da Maharashtra na yau.A lokuta daban-daban, mulkinsu ya kai wasu sassan Gujarat na zamani, Madhya Pradesh, da Karnataka.Daular tana da manyan birane daban-daban a lokuta daban-daban, ciki har da Pratishthana (Paithan) da Amaravati (Dharanikota).Asalin daular ba shi da tabbas, amma a cewar Purana, sarkinsu na farko ya hambarar da daular Kanva.A zamanin bayan Maurya, Satavahanas sun kafa zaman lafiya a yankin Deccan kuma sun yi tsayin daka da hare-haren mahara na kasashen waje.Musamman gwagwarmayar su da Saka Western Satraps ya ci gaba da dadewa.Daular ta kai matsayinta a karkashin mulkin Gautamiputra Satakarni da magajinsa Vasithiputra Pulamavi.Masarautar ta rabu zuwa ƙananan jihohi a farkon karni na 3 AD.Satavahanas sun kasance farkon masu fitar da tsabar kudin jihar Indiya da aka buga da hotunan sarakunansu.Sun kafa gadar al'adu kuma sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin kasuwanci da canja wurin ra'ayoyi da al'adu zuwa kuma daga Indo-Gangetic Plain zuwa iyakar kudancin Indiya.Sun goyi bayan addinin Hindu da kuma addinin Buddah da wallafe-wallafen Prakrit.

Daular Kushan wata daula ce mai kamanceceniya, wacce Yuezhi ta kafa, a cikin yankunan Bactrian a farkon karni na 1st.Ya bazu ya mamaye yawancin yankuna na zamani na Afghanistan, Pakistan , da arewacin Indiya , aƙalla har zuwa Saketa da Sarnath kusa da Varanasi (Benares), inda aka sami rubuce-rubucen da suka shafi zamanin Sarkin Kushan Kanishka Mai Girma.Wataƙila Kushan sun kasance ɗaya daga cikin rassa biyar na ƙungiyar Yuezhi, ƴan ƙabilar Indo-Turai mazauna ƙauyen Tocharian, waɗanda suka yi ƙaura daga arewa maso yammacinChina (Xinjiang da Gansu) suka zauna a tsohuwar Bactria.Wanda ya kafa daular, Kujula Kadphises, ya bi ra'ayoyin addini na Girkanci da kuma zane-zane bayan al'adar Greco-Bactrian, kuma ya bi al'adun Hindu , kasancewa mai bautar Hindu Allah Shiva.Kushans gabaɗaya suma manyan majiɓintan addinin Buddah ne, kuma, tun daga Sarkin Kanishka, sun kuma yi amfani da abubuwa na Zoroastrianism a cikin pantheon.Sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yada addinin Buddah zuwa tsakiyar Asiya da kasar Sin.Wataƙila Kushan sun yi amfani da yaren Girka da farko don dalilai na gudanarwa, amma ba da daɗewa ba suka fara amfani da harshen Bactrian.Kanishka ya aika da sojojinsa zuwa arewacin tsaunin Karakoram.Hanya kai tsaye daga Gandhara zuwa kasar Sin ta kasance karkashin ikon Kushan fiye da karni, wanda ke karfafa tafiye-tafiye a cikin Karakoram da kuma sauƙaƙe yaduwar addinin Buddah na Mahayana zuwa kasar Sin.Daular Kushan tana da huldar diflomasiyya da Daular Roma, Sasaniya Farisa , daular Aksumite da daular Han ta kasar Sin.Daular Kushan ta kasance cibiyar huldar kasuwanci tsakanin Daular Rumawa da kasar Sin: in ji Alain Daniélou, "A wani lokaci, daular Kushana ita ce cibiyar manyan al'adu".Yayin da aka ƙirƙiri falsafa da fasaha da kimiyya da yawa a cikin iyakokinta, rubutun kawai na tarihin daular a yau ya fito ne daga rubuce-rubuce da asusun wasu harsuna, musamman Sinanci.Daular Kushan ta wargaje zuwa wasu masarautu masu cin gashin kai a karni na 3 AD, wanda ya fada hannun Sasaniyawa da suka mamaye yamma, suka kafa daular Kushano-Sasaniya a yankunan Sogdiana, Bactria da Gandhara.A cikin karni na 4, Guptas, daular Indiya kuma ta matsa daga gabas.Na karshe na daular Kushan da Kushano-Sasaniya sun sami galaba a kan mahara daga arewa, wadanda aka fi sani da Kidarites, sannan Hephthalites.

Daular Vakataka tsohuwar daular Indiya ce wacce ta samo asali daga Deccan a tsakiyar karni na 3 AD.An yi imanin cewa jihar tasu ta taso ne daga gefen kudu na Malwa da Gujarat a arewa zuwa kogin Tungabhadra a kudu da kuma daga tekun Larabawa a yamma zuwa bakin Chhattisgarh a gabas.Su ne magada mafi mahimmanci na Satavahanas a cikin Deccan kuma sun kasance tare da Guptas a arewacin Indiya.Daular Vakataka ta kasance daular Brahmin.An san kadan game da Vindhyashakti (a. 250 - c. 270 CE), wanda ya kafa iyali.An fara faɗaɗa yanki a zamanin ɗansa Pravarasena I. An yi imani da cewa an raba daular Vakataka zuwa rassa huɗu bayan Pravarasena I. An san rassa biyu, kuma biyu ba a sani ba.Sanannun rassan sune reshen Pravarapura-Nandivardhana da reshen Vatsagulma.Sarkin Gupta Chandragupta II ya auri 'yarsa zuwa gidan sarautar Vakataka kuma, tare da goyon bayansu, sun mamaye Gujarat daga Saka Satraps a karni na 4 AZ.Ƙarfin Vakataka ya biyo bayan na Chalukyas na Badami a Deccan.An san Vakatakas saboda kasancewarsu majiɓintan fasaha, gine-gine da adabi.Sun jagoranci ayyukan jama'a kuma abubuwan tarihinsu abin tarihi ne na bayyane.Buddhist viharas da chaityas na Ajanta Caves (wani wurin Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO) an gina su a ƙarƙashin ikon sarkin Vakataka, Harishena.

Daular Pallava daular Tamil ce wadda ta wanzu daga 275 CE zuwa 897 CE, tana mulkin wani yanki mai mahimmanci na kudancin Indiya wanda kuma aka sani da Tondaimandalam.Sun samu shahara ne bayan faduwar daular Satavahana, wadda a da suka kasance tare da su a matsayin ‘yan tawaye.Pallavas ya zama babban iko a zamanin Mahendravarman I (600-630 CE) da Narasimhavarman I (630-668 AZ), kuma sun mamaye yankin kudancin Telugu da arewacin yankin Tamil na kimanin shekaru 600, har zuwa ƙarshe. na karni na 9.A tsawon mulkinsu, sun ci gaba da zama cikin rikici da Chalukyas na Badami a arewa, da daular Tamil na Chola da Pandyas a kudu.A karshe sarkin Chola Aditya I ya ci Pallavas a karni na 9 AD.An fi lura da Pallavas saboda goyon bayansu na gine-gine, mafi kyawun misali shine Haikali na Shore, Gidan Tarihi na UNESCO a Mamallapuram.Kancheepuram yayi aiki a matsayin babban birnin masarautar Pallava.Daular ta bar baya da kyawawan sassaka-tsalle da haikali, kuma an san cewa sun kafa tushen gine-ginen Kudancin Indiya na zamanin da.Sun haɓaka rubutun Pallava, wanda daga ƙarshe Grantha ya kasance.Wannan rubutun ya haifar da wasu rubutun kudu maso gabashin Asiya da yawa irin su Khmer.Matafiyi na kasar Sin Xuanzang ya ziyarci Kanchipuram a lokacin mulkin Pallava kuma ya yaba da mulkinsu mai kyau.

Lokacin da ke tsakanin daular Maurya a karni na 3 KZ da kuma karshen daular Gupta a karni na 6 AZ ana kiranta da lokacin "Classical" na Indiya.Ana iya raba shi a cikin ƙananan lokuta daban-daban, dangane da lokacin da aka zaɓa.Zamanin gargajiya yana farawa ne bayan daular Maurya ta ragu, da kuma hawan daular Shunga da daular Satavahana daidai.Daular Gupta (ƙarni na 4-6) ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin "Zamanin Zinare" na addinin Hindu , kodayake tarin masarautu sun mallaki Indiya a waɗannan ƙarni.Har ila yau, wallafe-wallafen Sangam ya bunƙasa tun daga ƙarni na 3 KZ zuwa karni na 3 CE a kudancin Indiya.A wannan lokacin, an kiyasta tattalin arzikin Indiya ya kasance mafi girma a duniya, yana da tsakanin kashi ɗaya bisa uku zuwa kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na dukiyar duniya, daga 1 CE zuwa 1000 CE.

Kadambas (345-540 CE) tsohuwar dangin sarauta ce ta Karnataka, Indiya, waɗanda suka mallaki arewacin Karnataka da Konkan daga Banavasi a gundumar Uttara Kannada ta yau.Mayurasharma ne ya kafa masarautar a c.345, kuma a lokuta na baya sun nuna yuwuwar haɓakawa zuwa girman daular.Alamun buri nasu na daular ya samo asali ne daga laƙabi da ƙa'idodin da sarakunan suka ɗauka, da kuma dangantakar aure da suka yi da wasu masarautu da masarautu, irin su Vakatakas da Guptas na arewacin Indiya.Mayurasharma ya ci sojojin Pallavas na Kanchi ta yiwu tare da taimakon wasu ƙabilu na asali kuma ya yi iƙirarin ikon mallaka.Karfin Kadamba ya kai kololuwa a lokacin mulkin Kakusthavarma.Kadambas sun yi zamani da Daular Ganga ta Yamma kuma tare suka kafa masarautu na farko na asali don su mallaki ƙasa da cin gashin kai.Tun daga tsakiyar karni na 6 daular ta ci gaba da yin mulki a matsayin matattarar manyan daulolin Kannada, da Chalukya da na Rashtrakuta sama da shekaru dari biyar a lokacin da suka koma kananan dauloli.Daga cikin wadannan akwai Kadambas na Goa, Kadambas na Halasi da Kadambas na Hangal.A zamanin kafin Kadamba iyalai masu mulki da ke iko da yankin Karnataka, Mauryas da kuma Satavahanas, ba ’yan asalin yankin ba ne, don haka jigon mulki ya kasance a wajen Karnataka na yau.

Kamarupa, wata jiha ce ta farko a zamanin gargajiya a yankin Indiya, ita ce (tare da Davaka) masarautar tarihi ta farko ta Assam.Ko da yake Kamarupa ya yi nasara daga 350 AD zuwa 1140 CE, Kamarupa ya mamaye Davaka a karni na 5 AD.Karkashin dauloli uku daga manyan biranensu a Guwahati na yanzu, Guwahati ta Arewa da Tezpur, Kamarupa a tsayinsa ya mamaye kwarin Brahmaputra, Arewacin Bengal, Bhutan da arewacin Bangladesh , kuma a wasu lokuta wasu sassan yankin yammacin Bengal, Bihar. da Sylhet.Ko da yake mulkin tarihi ya ɓace a karni na 12 don maye gurbinsa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyin siyasa, ra'ayin Kamarupa ya ci gaba da ci gaba da kiran wani ɓangare na wannan masarauta Kamrup.A karni na 16 masarautar Ahom ta yi fice inda suka dauki wa kansu gadon tsohuwar daular Kamarupa kuma sun yi burin mika mulkinsu har zuwa kogin Karatoya.

Daular Chalukya ta mallaki manyan yankuna na kudanci da tsakiyar Indiya tsakanin karni na 6 zuwa na 12.A wannan lokacin, sun yi sarauta a matsayin dauloli guda uku masu alaƙa amma daidaikun mutane.Daular farko, wadda aka fi sani da "Badami Chalukyas", ta yi mulki daga Vatapi (Badami na zamani) daga tsakiyar karni na 6.Badami Chalukyas sun fara tabbatar da ‘yancin kansu ne a lokacin da masarautar Kadamba ta Banavasi ta yi kasa a gwiwa, kuma cikin sauri suka yi fice a zamanin Pulakeshin II.Mulkin Chalukyas yana nuna muhimmin ci gaba a tarihin Kudancin Indiya da kuma lokacin zinare a tarihin Karnataka.Yanayin siyasa a Kudancin Indiya ya koma daga ƙananan masarautu zuwa manyan dauloli tare da hawan Badami Chalukyas.Wani masarauta da ke Kudancin Indiya ya karɓi iko tare da haɗa dukkan yankin tsakanin kogin Kaveri da Narmada.Haihuwar wannan daular ta haifar da ingantaccen shugabanci, kasuwanci da kasuwanci a ketare da kuma bunkasa sabon salon gine-gine mai suna "Chalukyan architecture".Daular Chalukya ta yi mulkin wasu sassa na kudanci da tsakiyar Indiya daga Badami a Karnataka tsakanin 550 zuwa 750, sannan kuma daga Kalyani tsakanin 970 zuwa 1190.

Indiya ta farko ta farko ta fara ne bayan karshen daular Gupta a karni na 6 AD.Wannan lokacin kuma ya shafi "Late Classical Age" na addinin Hindu , wanda ya fara bayan ƙarshen daular Gupta, da kuma rushewar daular Harsha a karni na 7 AD;farkon Imperial Kannauj, wanda ya kai ga gwagwarmayar Uku;kuma ya ƙare a cikin karni na 13 tare da hawan Delhi Sultanate a Arewacin Indiya da kuma ƙarshen Cholas na baya tare da mutuwar Rajendra Chola III a 1279 a Kudancin Indiya;duk da haka wasu al'amura na zamanin gargajiya sun ci gaba har zuwa faduwar daular Vijayanagara a kudu kusan karni na 17.Daga karni na biyar zuwa na goma sha uku, sadaukarwar Śrauta ta ki, kuma al'adun farko na addinin Buddah , Jainism ko fiye da Shaivism, Vaishnavism da Shaktism sun fadada a kotunan sarauta.Wannan lokacin ya samar da wasu mafi kyawun fasaha na Indiya, wanda aka yi la'akari da shi a matsayin ci gaba na al'ada, da kuma ci gaban babban tsarin ruhaniya da falsafa wanda ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin Hindu, Buddha da Jainism.

Daular Pushyabhuti, wacce aka fi sani da daular Vardhana ta yi mulki a arewacin Indiya a ƙarni na 6 da na 7.Daular ta kai matsayi na karshe a karkashin mai mulkinta na karshe Harsha Vardhana (a shekara ta 590-647 AD), kuma daular Harsha ta mamaye yawancin arewa da arewa maso yammacin Indiya, har zuwa Kamarupa a gabas da Kogin Narmada a kudu.Daular ta fara mulki daga Sthanveshvara (a gundumar Kurukshetra ta zamani, Haryana), amma Harsha a ƙarshe ya mai da Kanyakubja (Kannauj na zamani, Uttar Pradesh) babban birninsa, daga nan ya yi mulki har zuwa 647 AD.

Guhilas na Medapata da aka fi sani da Guhilas na Mewar daular Rajput ne da ke mulkin yankin Medapata (Mewar na zamani) a jihar Rajasthan ta Indiya a yau.Sarakunan Guhila da farko sun yi sarauta a matsayin ɓangarorin Gurjara-Pratihara tsakanin ƙarshen ƙarni na 8 zuwa 9 kuma daga baya sun kasance masu zaman kansu a farkon ƙarni na 10 kuma suka haɗa kansu da Rashtrakutas.Manyansu sun hada da Nagahrada (Nagda) da Aghata (Ahar).Don haka, ana kuma kiran su da sunan reshen Nagda-Ahar na Guhila.Guhilas sun karbi mulki bayan durkushewar Gurjara-Pratiharas a karni na 10 karkashin Rawal Bharttripatta II da Rawal Allata.A cikin ƙarni na 10-13th, sun shiga cikin rikice-rikice na soja tare da maƙwabta da yawa, ciki har da Paramaras, Chahamanas, Delhi Sultanate , Chaulukyas, da Vaghelas.A ƙarshen karni na 11 , Sarkin Paramara Bhoja ya tsoma baki a cikin kursiyin Guhila mai yiwuwa ya kori wani mai mulki tare da sanya wani shugaban reshe.A tsakiyar karni na 12, daular ta kasu kashi biyu.Babban reshe (wanda ake kiran sarakunansa Rawal a cikin wallafe-wallafen na baya) sun yi mulki daga Chitrakuta (Chittorgarh na zamani), kuma ya ƙare tare da rashin nasara da Ratnasimha ya yi a kan Sultanate Delhi a 1303 Siege na Chittorgarh.Karamin reshen ya tashi daga ƙauyen Sisodia mai taken Rana kuma ya kafa daular Sisodia Rajput.

Gurjara-Pratiharas sun taka rawa wajen ƙunsar sojojin Larabawa da ke tafiya gabas da kogin Indus.Nagabhata I ya ci sojojin Larabawa karkashin Junaid da Tamin a lokacin yakin Khalifanci a Indiya.A karkashin Nagabhata II, Gurjara-Pratiharas ya zama daular da ta fi karfi a arewacin Indiya.Dansa Ramabhadra ne ya gaje shi, wanda ya yi mulki a takaice kafin dansa Mihira Bhoja ya gaje shi.Karkashin Bhoja da magajinsa Mahendrapala I, daular Pratihara ta kai kololuwar wadata da iko.A lokacin Mahendrapala, iyakar yankinsa ya yi daidai da na Daular Gupta wanda ya tashi daga kan iyakar Sindh a yamma zuwa Bihar a gabas da kuma daga Himalayas a arewa zuwa yankunan da suka wuce Narmada a kudu.Fadadawar ta haifar da gwagwarmayar iko ta bangarori uku tare da daulolin Rashtrakuta da Pala don kula da yankin Indiya.A wannan lokacin, Imperial Pratihara ya ɗauki taken Maharajadhiraja na Āryāvarta (Babban Sarkin Sarakunan Indiya).A karni na 10, da yawa feudatories na daular sun yi amfani da raunin wucin gadi na Gurjara-Pratiharas don bayyana 'yancin kai, musamman Paramaras na Malwa, Chandelas na Bundelkhand, Kalachuris na Mahakoshal, Tomaras na Haryana, da Chauhans. ta Rajputana.

Gopala I ne ya kafa daular Pala. Daular Buddah ce daga Bengal a yankin gabas na yankin Indiya.Palas sun sake hade Bengal bayan faduwar Masarautar Gauda ta Shashanka.Palas sun kasance mabiyan makarantun Mahayana da Tantric na Buddha , sun kuma amince da Shaivism da Vaishnavism.An yi amfani da morpheme Pala, ma'ana "mai kariya", azaman ƙarewa ga sunayen duk sarakunan Pala.Daular ta kai kololuwarta a karkashin Dharmapala da Devapala.An yi imanin Dharmapala ya ci Kanauj ya kuma mika ragamar sa har zuwa iyakar Indiya a arewa maso yamma.Ana iya ɗaukar daular Pala a matsayin zamanin zinare na Bengal ta hanyoyi da yawa.Dharmapala ya kafa Vikramashila kuma ya farfado da Nalanda, wanda aka yi la'akari da daya daga cikin manyan jami'o'i na farko a tarihi.Nalanda ya kai tsayinsa a ƙarƙashin ikon daular Pala.Palas kuma sun gina viharas da yawa.Sun kulla alaka ta kud da kud a fannin al'adu da kasuwanci da kasashen kudu maso gabashin Asiya da Tibet.Cinikin teku ya kara habaka sosai ga daular Pala.Balarabe dan kasuwa Suleiman ya lura da girman sojojin Pala a cikin tarihinsa.

Dantidurga wanda ya kafa a kusa da 753, Daular Rashtrakuta ta yi mulki daga babban birninta a Manyakheta kusan ƙarni biyu.A kololuwarsa, Rashtrakutas sun yi mulki daga kogin Ganges da Kogin Yamuna doab a arewa zuwa Cape Comorin a kudu, lokaci mai fa'ida na fadada siyasa, nasarorin gine-gine da shahararrun gudummawar adabi.Sarakunan farko na wannan daular Hindu ne, amma Jainism ya rinjayi sarakunan na baya.Govinda III da Amoghavarsha sune suka fi shahara a cikin dogayen layukan gudanarwa da daular ta samar.Amoghavarsha, wanda ya yi mulki na shekaru 64, shi ma marubuci ne kuma ya rubuta Kavirajamarga, aikin Kannada na farko a kan wakoki.Gine-gine ya kai matsayi mai girma a cikin salon Dravidian, mafi kyawun misalin wanda aka gani a cikin Haikali na Kailasanath a Ellora.Sauran mahimman gudummawar su ne haikalin Kashivishvanatha da haikalin Jain Narayana a Pattadakal a Karnataka.Balarabe matafiyi Suleiman ya bayyana daular Rashtrakuta a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan dauloli hudu na duniya.Zamanin Rashtrakuta ya nuna farkon zamanin zinariya na kudancin Indiya .Babban masanin lissafin Indiya Mahāvīra ya rayu a cikin Daular Rashtrakuta kuma rubutun nasa ya yi tasiri sosai ga masana lissafin Indiya ta kudu da suka rayu bayansa.Sarakunan Rashtrakuta kuma sun ba da ma'aikatan wasiƙa, waɗanda suka yi rubuce-rubuce a cikin yaruka daban-daban tun daga Sanskrit zuwa Apabhraṃśas.

Cholas na Medieval ya yi suna a tsakiyar karni na 9 AZ kuma ya kafa daya daga cikin manyan dauloli na Indiya.Sun yi nasarar hade Kudancin Indiya a karkashin mulkinsu kuma ta hanyar karfin sojojin ruwa sun fadada tasirinsu a kudu maso gabashin Asiya da Sri Lanka.Sun yi huldar kasuwanci da Larabawa a yamma da kuma Sinawa a gabas.Cholas na Medieval da Chalukyas sun ci gaba da yin rikici game da ikon Vengi kuma rikici a ƙarshe ya ƙare duka dauloli kuma ya haifar da koma baya.Daular Chola ta haɗu zuwa daular Chalukyan ta Gabas ta Vengi cikin shekaru da yawa na ƙawance kuma daga baya suka haɗu a ƙarƙashin Cholas na baya.

Daular Chalukya ta Yamma ta mallaki mafi yawan yammacin Deccan, Kudancin Indiya, tsakanin ƙarni na 10 zuwa 12.Yankuna masu girman gaske da ke tsakanin kogin Narmada a arewa da kogin Kaveri a kudu sun kasance karkashin ikon Chalukya.A wannan lokacin sauran manyan iyalai masu mulki na Deccan, Hoysalas, Seuna Yadavas na Devagiri, daular Kakatiya da Kudancin Kalachuris, sun kasance ƙarƙashin Yammacin Chalukyas kuma sun sami 'yancin kai ne kawai lokacin da ikon Chalukya ya ragu a lokacin na ƙarshe. rabin karni na 12.Yammacin Chalukyas ya samar da salon gine-gine da aka sani a yau a matsayin salon rikon kwarya, hanyar haɗin gine-gine tsakanin salon daular Chalukya ta farko da ta daular Hoysala daga baya.Yawancin abubuwan tarihinta suna cikin gundumomin da ke kan iyaka da kogin Tungabhadra a tsakiyar Karnataka.Sanannun misalan su ne Haikali na Kasivisvesvara a Lakkundi, Haikali na Mallikarjuna a Kuruvatti, Haikali na Kallesvara a Bagali, Haikali na Siddhesvara a Haveri, da Temple na Mahadeva a Itagi.Wannan wani muhimmin lokaci ne na bunkasa fasahar fasaha a Kudancin Indiya, musamman a fannin adabi kamar yadda sarakunan Chalukya na Yamma suka karfafa wa marubuta a cikin harshen asali na Kannada, da kuma Sanskrit kamar masanin falsafa da ɗan siyasa Basava da babban masanin lissafi Bhāskara II.

A cikin 1001 Mahmud na Ghazni ya fara mamaye Pakistan na zamani sannan kuma ya mamaye wasu sassan Indiya .Mahmud ya ci nasara, ya kama shi, sannan ya saki Sarkin Hindu Shahi Jayapala, wanda ya koma babban birninsa zuwa Peshawar (Pakistan ta zamani).Jayapala ya kashe kansa kuma dansa Anandapala ya gaje shi.A cikin 1005 Mahmud na Ghazni ya mamaye Bhatia (wataƙila Bhera), kuma a cikin 1006 ya mamaye Multan, a lokacin ne sojojin Anandapala suka far masa.A shekara mai zuwa Mahmud na Ghazni ya kai hari tare da murkushe Sukhapala, mai mulkin Bathinda (wanda ya zama mai mulki ta hanyar tawaye wa masarautar Shahi).A shekara ta 1008-1009 Mahmud ya yi nasara akan Shahis Hindu a yakin Chach.A cikin 1013, lokacin balaguron takwas na Mahmud zuwa gabashin Afganistan da Pakistan, an hambarar da daular Shahi (wanda a lokacin tana karkashin Trilochanapala, dan Anandapala).

Delhi Sultanate wata daular Musulunci ce da ke birnin Delhi wacce ta mamaye manyan sassan Kudancin Asiya tsawon shekaru 320 (1206-1526).Bayan mamaye daular Ghurid, dauloli biyar sun yi mulkin Delhi Sultanate a jere: daular Mamluk (1206-1290), daular Khalji (1290-1320), daular Tughlaq (1320–1414), na Sayyiddyna. (1414-1451), da kuma daular Lodi (1451-1526).Ya mamaye yankuna masu yawa a Indiya , Pakistan , Bangladesh da kuma wasu sassa na kudancin Nepal.Ghurid mai nasara Muhammad Ghori ne ya kafa harsashin ginin Sultanate, wanda ya fatattaki Rajput Confederacy karkashin jagorancin mai mulkin Ajmer Prithviraj Chauhan a shekara ta 1192 AZ kusa da Tarain, bayan ya sha wahala a kansu a baya.A matsayin magaji ga daular Ghurid, masarautar Delhi ta kasance daya daga cikin manyan sarakunan da manyan bayin Turkiyya Muhammad Ghori suka yi, wadanda suka hada da Yildiz, Aibak da Qubacha, wadanda suka gaji kuma suka raba yankunan Ghurid a tsakaninsu.Bayan an dauki tsawon lokaci ana gwabza fada tsakanin Mamluk da juyin juya hali na Khalji, wanda ya yi nuni da mika mulki daga hannun Turkawa zuwa ga manyan sarakunan Indo-Musulmi.Dukansu daular Khalji da Tughlaq da suka biyo baya sun ga wani sabon bugu na mamayar musulmi cikin sauri zuwa Kudancin Indiya.Daga karshe dai masarautar ta kai kololuwar yanayin da take ciki a lokacin daular Tughlaq, inda ta mamaye mafi yawan yankunan kasar Indiya karkashin Muhammad bin Tughluq.Wannan ya biyo bayan raguwa saboda sake cin nasarar Hindu, daular Hindu irin su Vijayanagara Empire da Mewar da ke tabbatar da 'yancin kai, da kuma sababbin sarakunan musulmi irin su Bengal Sultanate.A cikin 1526, daular Mughal ta ci sarautar Sultanate kuma ta gaje shi.An lura da Sultanate don haɗakar da yankin Indiya zuwa al'adun duniya na duniya (kamar yadda aka gani a kai a kai a cikin haɓaka harshen Hindustani da gine-ginen Indo-Islamic), kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin 'yan iko don tunkuɗe hare-haren Mongols (daga Chagatai). Khanate) da kuma naɗa ɗaya daga cikin 'yan mata masu mulki a tarihin Musulunci, Razia Sultana, wadda ta yi sarauta daga 1236 zuwa 1240. Haɗin Bakhtiyar Khalji ya ƙunshi babban wulakanci na haikalin Hindu da Buddha (wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga raguwar addinin Buddah a Gabashin Indiya da Bengal). ), da kuma lalata jami'o'i da dakunan karatu.Hare-haren da Mongoliya suka kai a yammacin Asiya da tsakiyar Asiya ya haifar da gudun hijira na sojoji, hazikai, masu sihiri, 'yan kasuwa, masu fasaha, da masu sana'a daga waɗannan yankuna zuwa cikin nahiya, ta yadda aka kafa al'adun Musulunci a Indiya da sauran yankin.

Daular Vijayanagara, wacce kuma ake kira daular Karnata, ta kasance a yankin Deccan Plateau na Kudancin Indiya.An kafa ta ne a shekara ta 1336 da ’yan’uwan Harihara I da Bukka Raya I na daular Sangama, ’yan wata al’ummar makiyaya makiyaya da ke da’awar zuriyar Yadava.Daular dai ta yi fice ne a matsayin ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce na yunƙurin da sojojin kudanci suka yi na fatattakar mamayar daular Musulunci ta Turkawa a ƙarshen karni na 13.A kololuwar sa, ta mamaye kusan dukkanin iyalan da ke mulkin Kudancin Indiya kuma ta tura sarakunan Deccan zuwa yankin kogin Tungabhadra-Krishna na doab, baya ga hade Odisha (tsohon Kalinga) na zamani daga Masarautar Gajapati don haka ya zama babban iko.Ya ci gaba har zuwa shekara ta 1646, ko da yake ikonsa ya ragu bayan wani babban nasara da sojoji suka yi a yakin Talikota a shekara ta 1565 ta hadaddiyar runduna ta sultan Deccan.An ba wa masarautar sunan babban birninta na Vijayanagara, wanda rusassunsa ke kewaye da Hampi na yanzu, wanda yanzu ya zama Gidan Tarihi na Duniya a Karnataka, Indiya.Arziki da shaharar daular ta haifar da ziyarce-ziyarce da kuma rubuce-rubucen matafiya na Turai na zamanin da kamar Domingo Paes, Fernão Nunes, da Niccolò de' Conti.Wadannan tafiye-tafiye, wallafe-wallafen zamani da tarihin tarihi a cikin harsunan gida da kuma abubuwan da suka faru na zamani a Vijayanagara sun ba da cikakkun bayanai game da tarihi da ikon daular.Gadon daular ya haɗa da abubuwan tunawa da aka bazu a Kudancin Indiya, wanda aka fi sani da su shine ƙungiyar a Hampi.Al'adun ginin haikali daban-daban a Kudu da Tsakiyar Indiya an haɗa su cikin salon gine-ginen Vijayanagara.Wannan haɗakarwa ta zaburar da sabbin gine-gine a cikin ginin haikalin Hindu.Ingantacciyar gudanarwa da ƙwaƙƙwaran kasuwancin ƙasashen waje sun kawo sabbin fasahohi a yankin kamar tsarin sarrafa ruwa don ban ruwa.Tallafin daular ya ba da damar zane-zane da adabi masu kyau don isa sabon matsayi a cikin Kannada, Telugu, Tamil, da Sanskrit tare da batutuwa kamar ilmin taurari, lissafi , likitanci, almara, ilimin kiɗa, tarihin tarihi da wasan kwaikwayo suna samun farin jini.Kiɗa na gargajiya na Kudancin Indiya, kiɗan Carnatic, ya samo asali ne zuwa yanayin da yake yanzu.Daular Vijayanagara ta haifar da wani zamani a tarihin Kudancin Indiya wanda ya wuce yankin yanki ta hanyar inganta addinin Hindu a matsayin wani abu mai haɗa kai.

Masarautar Mysore wata daula ce a kudancin Indiya, bisa ga al'adar cewa an kafa ta ne a shekara ta 1399 a kusa da birnin Mysore na zamani.Daga 1799 har zuwa 1950, kasa ce ta sarauta, har zuwa 1947 a cikin kawancen kawance tare da Indiyawan Burtaniya.Turawan ingila sun karbe mulkin kai tsaye a jihar Princely a shekara ta 1831. Sannan ta zama jihar Mysore inda mai mulkinta ya kasance Rajapramkh har zuwa 1956, lokacin da ya zama gwamna na farko a jihar da aka gyara.Masarautar, wacce dangin Wodeyar Hindu suka kafa kuma suka yi mulkinta, da farko ta yi aiki a matsayin vassal daular Vijayanagara.Ƙarni na 17 ya ga ci gaba da faɗaɗa ƙasarta kuma a lokacin mulkin Narasaraja Wodeyar I da Chikka Devaraja Wodeyar, masarautar ta mamaye yankunan da ke kudancin Karnataka da wasu sassan Tamil Nadu don zama ƙasa mai ƙarfi a kudancin Deccan.A lokacin takaitaccen mulkin Musulmi, masarautar ta koma salon mulkin Sarkin Musulmi.A wannan lokacin, ya shiga rikici tare da Marathas , Nizam na Hyderabad, Masarautar Travancore da Birtaniya, wanda ya ƙare a cikin Anglo-Mysore Wars hudu.Nasarar a yakin Anglo-Mysore na farko da rashin daidaito a na biyu ya biyo bayan cin nasara a na uku da na hudu.Bayan mutuwar Tipu a yaƙi na huɗu a Siege na Seringapatam (1799), Birtaniyya ta mamaye manyan sassan masarautarsa, wanda ke nuna ƙarshen mulkin Mysorean akan Kudancin Indiya.Birtaniya sun mayar da Wodeyars zuwa ga karagarsu ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar haɗin gwiwa kuma Mysore ya ragu ya zama ƙasa mai sarauta.Wodeyars sun ci gaba da mulkin jihar har zuwa 'yancin kai na Indiya a 1947, lokacin da Mysore ya shiga Tarayyar Indiya.

Rundunar Vasco de Gama ta isa Kappadu kusa da Kozhikode (Calicut), a Malabar Coast (jihar Kerala ta Indiya a halin yanzu), a ranar 20 ga Mayu 1498. Sarkin Calicut, Samudiri (Zamorin), wanda a lokacin yana zama a cikin na biyu. babban birnin kasar Ponnani, ya koma Calicut a kan jin labarin zuwan jiragen ruwan kasashen waje.An tarbi matukin jirgin da karimci na gargajiya, ciki har da wani gagarumin jerin gwano na akalla Naira 3,000 dauke da makamai, amma hirar da aka yi da Zamorin ta kasa haifar da wani kwakkwaran sakamako.Lokacin da hukumomin yankin suka tambayi rundunar da Gama, "Me ya kawo ku nan?", sai suka amsa da cewa sun zo ne "don neman kiristoci da kayan yaji."Kyautar da da Gama ya aika wa Zamorin a matsayin kyauta daga Dom Manuel - alkyabba huɗu na jajayen tufafi, huluna shida, rassan murjani guda huɗu, almasarai goma sha biyu, akwati mai tasoshin tagulla bakwai, akwati na sukari, ganga biyu na mai da guda ɗaya. kwandon zuma - ba su da yawa, kuma sun kasa burge.Yayin da jami'an Zamorin ke mamakin dalilin da ya sa babu zinari ko azurfa, 'yan kasuwa musulmi da suka dauki da Gama kishiyarsu sun nuna cewa na karshen dan fashin teku ne kawai ba jakadan sarauta ba.Bukatar Vasco da Gama na neman izinin barin wani abu a bayansa wajen kula da hajojin da ba zai iya siyar ba, Sarkin ya ki amincewa da shi, wanda ya dage da cewa da Gama ya biya harajin kwastam - wanda ya fi dacewa da zinari - kamar kowane dan kasuwa, wanda hakan ya haifar da dagula dangantakar. tsakanin su biyun.Abin ya fusata da Gama ya dauki ‘yan Nairar da masunta goma sha shida (mukkuva) suka tafi da shi da karfi.

Kasar Indiya, kuma ana kiranta da kasar Portugal ta Indiya ko kuma Indiya ta Portugal, jiha ce ta Daular Fotigal da aka kafa shekaru shida bayan gano hanyar ruwa zuwa yankin Indiya na Vasco da Gama, wani batu na Masarautar. Portugal.Babban birnin Portugal na Indiya ya kasance cibiyar gudanarwa na jerin garu na soja da wuraren kasuwanci da suka warwatse a ko'ina cikin Tekun Indiya.

Daular Mughal wata daula ce ta farko-zamani wacce ke sarrafa yawancin Kudancin Asiya tsakanin ƙarni na 16 zuwa 19.Kimanin shekaru dari biyu, daular ta taso ne daga bakin kogin Indus a yamma, arewacin Afganistan a arewa maso yamma, da Kashmir a arewa, zuwa tsaunukan Assam na yau da Bangladesh a gabas, da kuma gabas. tsaunukan Decan Plateau a Kudancin Indiya.An ce daular Mughal a shekara ta 1526 Babur, babban jigo daga abin da ke Uzbekistan a yau, wanda ya yi aiki da taimako daga Daular Safavid makwabta da Daular Usmaniyya , don kayar da Sultan na Delhi, Ibrahim Lodhi, a Yaƙin Farko. na Panipat, da kuma share filayen saman Indiya.Tsarin daular Mughal, duk da haka, wani lokacin ana yin kwanan wata zuwa 1600, ga mulkin jikan Babur, Akbar.Wannan tsarin daular ya ci gaba har zuwa shekara ta 1720, har zuwa jim kadan bayan rasuwar babban sarki na karshe, Aurangzeb, wanda a zamanin mulkinsa daular ta kai ga iyakarta a fadin kasa.Rage daga baya zuwa yankin da ke kusa da Old Delhi ta 1760, masarautar Burtaniya ta rushe daular bayan Tawayen Indiya na 1857.Duk da cewa daular Mughal an samar da ita ne ta hanyar yakin soja, amma ba ta danne al'adu da al'ummar da ta yi mulki ba;maimakon haka ya daidaita su kuma ya sanya su ta hanyar sabbin ayyukan gudanarwa, da masu mulki daban-daban, wanda ke haifar da ingantaccen tsari, daidaitacce, da daidaitacce.Tushen arzikin gama gari na daular shine harajin noma, wanda sarki Mughal na uku, Akbar ya kafa.Wadannan haraji, wanda ya kai fiye da rabin abin da manoma ke fitarwa, ana biyan su ne a cikin kudin azurfar da aka kayyade, kuma ya sa manoma da masu sana'a shiga manyan kasuwanni.Dangantakar zaman lafiya da daular ta samu a yawancin karni na 17 ya kasance wani abu na fadada tattalin arzikin Indiya.Burgeon kasancewar Turai a cikin Tekun Indiya, da karuwar buƙatun sa na ɗanyen indiya da gamayya, ya haifar da ƙarin wadata a kotunan Mughal.

Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya ɗan Ingilishi ne, sannan kuma Biritaniya, kamfani na haɗin gwiwa wanda aka kafa a cikin 1600 kuma ya narke a cikin 1874. An kafa shi don kasuwanci a yankin Tekun Indiya, da farko tare da Indies ta Gabas (ƙasar Indiya da kudu maso gabashin Asiya), kuma daga baya tare da Gabashin Asiya.Kamfanin ya kwace iko da manyan sassa na yankin na Indiya, yankunan kudu maso gabashin Asiya da Hong Kong ya yi wa mulkin mallaka.A kololuwar sa, kamfanin ya kasance kamfani mafi girma a duniya.EIC tana da nata rundunonin soja a cikin nau'ikan rundunonin shugabanni guda uku na kamfanin, jimlar kusan sojoji 260,000, wanda ya ninka na sojojin Burtaniya a lokacin.Ayyukan kamfanin sun yi tasiri sosai a kan ma'auni na kasuwanci na duniya, kusan daya-da-hannu suna juyar da yanayin gabas na bullion na yammacin Turai, wanda aka gani tun zamanin Romawa.Asali an yi hayarsa a matsayin "Gwamna da Kamfanin Dillalan Kasuwanci na London Kasuwanci zuwa Gabas-Indies", kamfanin ya tashi zuwa lissafin rabin kasuwancin duniya a tsakiyar shekarun 1700 da farkon 1800, musamman a cikin kayayyaki na yau da kullun ciki har da auduga, siliki, indigo. rini, sukari, gishiri, kayan yaji, gishiri, shayi, da opium.Kamfanin ya kuma mallaki farkon daular Burtaniya a Indiya.A ƙarshe kamfanin ya zo ya mallaki manyan yankuna na Indiya, yana amfani da ikon soja da ɗaukar ayyukan gudanarwa.Mulkin kamfani a Indiya ya fara aiki sosai a cikin 1757 bayan Yaƙin Plassey kuma ya kasance har zuwa 1858. Bayan Tawayen Indiya na 1857, Dokar Gwamnatin Indiya ta 1858 ta jagoranci masarautar Birtaniyya ta ɗaukar ikon Indiya kai tsaye ta hanyar sabon British Raj.Duk da yawan shiga tsakani da gwamnati ke yi, kamfanin ya sha fama da matsalar kudaden sa.An narkar da kamfanin a cikin 1874 sakamakon dokar fansa rabon hannun jari na Gabashin Indiya da aka kafa shekara guda a baya, kamar yadda dokar gwamnatin Indiya ta mayar da shi gata, mara ƙarfi, kuma ta daina aiki.Na'urar gwamnati ta hukuma ta Raj ta Burtaniya ta ɗauki ayyukanta na gwamnati kuma ta mamaye sojojinta.

Chatrapati Shivaji, ɗan Maratha aristocrat na dangin Bhonsle ne ya kafa kuma ya ƙarfafa Maratha Confederacy .Duk da haka, yabo don yin Marathas iko mai girma a cikin ƙasa yana zuwa ga Peshwa (babban minista) Bajirao I. A farkon ƙarni na 18, a ƙarƙashin Peshwas, Marathas ya ƙarfafa kuma ya yi mulki a yawancin Kudancin Asiya.Ana yaba Marathas da yawa don kawo karshen mulkin Mughal a Indiya.A shekara ta 1737, Marathas sun ci nasara kan sojojin Mughal a babban birninsu, a yakin Delhi.Marathas sun ci gaba da yakinsu na soji a kan Mughals, Nizam, Nawab na Bengal da Daular Durrani don kara fadada iyakokinsu.A shekara ta 1760, yankin Marathas ya shimfiɗa a yawancin yankunan Indiya.Marathas har ma sun yi ƙoƙarin kama Delhi kuma sun tattauna sanya Vishwasrao Peshwa a kan karaga a wurin maimakon Sarkin Mughal.Daular Maratha a kololuwarta ta fito daga Tamil Nadu a kudu, zuwa Peshawar a arewa, da Bengal a gabas.An dakatar da fadada Arewa maso Yamma na Marathas bayan Yaƙin Panipat na Uku (1761).Koyaya, an sake kafa hukumar Maratha a arewa cikin shekaru goma karkashin Peshwa Madhavrao I.A karkashin Madhavrao I, an ba da mafi kyawun maƙasudin ikon cin gashin kai, ƙirƙirar haɗin gwiwar jihohin Maratha United a ƙarƙashin Gaekwads na Baroda, Holkars na Indore da Malwa, Scindias na Gwalior da Ujjain, Bhonsales na Nagpur da Puars na Dhar da Dewas.A cikin 1775, Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya ya shiga cikin gwagwarmayar maye gurbin dangin Peshwa a Pune, wanda ya haifar da Yaƙin Anglo-Marata na Farko, wanda ya haifar da nasarar Maratha.Marathas ya kasance babban iko a Indiya har sai da suka sha kashi a yakin Anglo-Marata na biyu da na uku (1805-1818), wanda ya haifar da Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya yana sarrafa yawancin Indiya.

Mulkin kamfani a Indiya yana nufin mulkin Kamfanin British Gabashin Indiya a yankin Indiya.An ɗauki wannan daban-daban don farawa a cikin 1757, bayan Yaƙin Plassey, lokacin da Nawab na Bengal ya mika mulkinsa ga Kamfanin;a cikin 1765, lokacin da Kamfanin ya sami diwani, ko haƙƙin tattara kudaden shiga, a Bengal da Bihar;ko kuma a cikin 1773, lokacin da Kamfanin ya kafa babban birnin Calcutta, ya nada Babban Gwamna na farko, Warren Hastings, kuma ya shiga cikin harkokin mulki kai tsaye.Dokar ta ci gaba har zuwa 1858, lokacin da, bayan Tawayen Indiya na 1857 da kuma sakamakon Dokar Gwamnatin Indiya ta 1858, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta dauki aikin gudanar da Indiya kai tsaye a cikin sabuwar Raj ta Burtaniya.Fadada wutar lantarki na kamfanin ya ɗauki nau'i biyu.Na farko daga cikin waɗannan shi ne mamaye jihohin Indiya kai tsaye da kuma gudanar da mulkin kai tsaye na yankunan da suka haɗa da Birtaniyya Indiya.Yankunan da aka haɗe sun haɗa da Lardunan Arewa maso Yamma (wanda ya ƙunshi Rohilkhand, Gorakhpur, da Doab) (1801), Delhi (1803), Assam (Ahom Kingdom 1828) da Sindh (1843).Punjab, Lardin Gabas ta Arewa maso Yamma, da Kashmir an haɗa su bayan Yaƙin Anglo-Sikh a 1849-56 (Lokacin Zaman Marquess na Babban Gwamna Dalhousie).Duk da haka, nan da nan aka sayar da Kashmir a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Amritsar (1850) zuwa Daular Dogra ta Jammu kuma ta haka ta zama ƙasa mai sarauta.A cikin 1854, an haɗa Berar tare da jihar Oudh bayan shekaru biyu.Nau'i na biyu na tabbatar da iko ya ƙunshi yarjejeniyoyin da sarakunan Indiya suka amince da martabar kamfanin don samun yancin cin gashin kai na cikin gida.Tun da kamfanin ya yi aiki a ƙarƙashin matsalolin kuɗi, dole ne ya kafa tsarin siyasa don mulkinsa.Mafi mahimmanci irin wannan tallafin ya fito ne daga ƙawancen haɗin gwiwa tare da sarakunan Indiya a cikin shekaru 75 na farko na mulkin Kamfanin.A farkon karni na 19, yankunan wadannan sarakuna sun kai kashi biyu bisa uku na Indiya.Lokacin da wani mai mulkin Indiya wanda ya iya tabbatar da yankinsa ya so shiga irin wannan ƙawancen, kamfanin ya yi maraba da shi a matsayin hanyar tattalin arziki na mulkin kai tsaye wanda ba ya haɗa da farashin tattalin arziki na gudanar da mulki kai tsaye ko kuma kuɗaɗen siyasa na samun goyon bayan batutuwa na baƙo. .

Daular Sikh, wadda mabiya addinin Sikh suka yi mulki, wata ƙungiya ce ta siyasa da ke mulkin yankunan Arewa maso yammacin Indiya.Daular, wacce ke kusa da yankin Punjab, ta kasance daga 1799 zuwa 1849. An ƙirƙira ta, akan tushen Khalsa, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Maharaja Ranjit Singh (1780-1839) daga tsararrun Punjabi Misls na Sikh Confederacy.Maharaja Ranjit Singh ya haɗa sassa da yawa na arewacin Indiya zuwa daula.Da farko ya yi amfani da sojojinsa na Sikh Khalsa wanda ya horar da dabarun sojan Turai da kuma sanye da fasahar sojan zamani.Ranjit Singh ya tabbatar da kansa a matsayin ƙwararren ƙwararru kuma ya zaɓi ƙwararrun janar-janar ga sojojinsa.Ya ci gaba da fatattakar sojojin Afghanistan kuma ya yi nasarar kawo karshen yakin Afghanistan da Sikh.A cikin matakai, ya ƙara tsakiyar Punjab, lardunan Multan da Kashmir, da kwarin Peshawar zuwa daularsa.A kololuwarta, a cikin karni na 19, daular ta miko daga mashigin Khyber a yamma, zuwa Kashmir a arewa, zuwa Sindh a kudu, yana gudana a kan kogin Sutlej zuwa Himachal a gabas.Bayan mutuwar Ranjit Singh, daular ta raunana, wanda ya haifar da rikici da Kamfanin British East India Company.Yakin farko na Anglo-Sikh da aka yi fama da shi da kuma yakin Anglo-Sikh na biyu ya yi nuni da faduwar daular Sikh, wanda hakan ya sa ta kasance cikin yankunan karshe na yankin Indiya da Turawan mulkin mallaka suka mamaye.

Yunkurin 'yancin kai na Indiya jerin abubuwa ne na tarihi tare da babban burin kawo karshen mulkin Burtaniya a Indiya.Ya kasance daga 1857 zuwa 1947. Yunkurin juyin juya hali na kishin kasa na farko don 'yancin kai Indiya ya fito daga Bengal.Daga baya ya samu gindin zama a sabuwar majalisar dokokin Indiya da aka kafa tare da fitattun shugabanni masu matsakaicin ra'ayi da ke neman yancin fitowa don jarrabawar ma'aikatan Indiya a Indiya ta Burtaniya, da kuma karin haƙƙoƙin tattalin arziƙi ga 'yan ƙasa.Rabin farko na karni na 20 ya ga wata hanya mai tsattsauran ra'ayi zuwa ga mulkin kai ta hanyar nasara ta Lal Bal Pal, Aurobindo Ghosh da VO Chidambaram Pillai.Matakai na ƙarshe na gwagwarmayar mulkin kai daga shekarun 1920 sun kasance suna da alaƙa da amincewar Majalisa game da manufofin Gandhi na rashin tashin hankali da rashin biyayya.Masu hankali irin su Rabindranath Tagore, Subramania Bharati, da Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay sun yada wayar da kan kishin kasa.Shugabannin mata irin su Sarojini Naidu, Pritilata Waddedar, da Kasturba Gandhi sun inganta 'yantar da matan Indiya da shiga cikin gwagwarmayar 'yanci.BR Ambedkar ya jajirce wajen kawo karshen sassan al'ummar Indiya marasa galihu.

Tawayen Indiya na 1857 babban tawaye ne na sojoji da Kamfanin British East India Company ke aiki a arewaci da tsakiyar Indiya suka yi adawa da mulkin kamfanin.Tartsatsin da ya kai ga kisan shi ne batun sabbin harsashin bindiga na bindigar Enfield, wanda bai dace da haramcin addini na cikin gida ba.Mabuɗin mutineer shine Mangal Pandey.Bugu da kari, korafe-korafen da ke tattare da harajin Burtaniya, da rikicin kabilanci tsakanin jami'an Burtaniya da sojojinsu na Indiya da mamaye filayensu ya taka rawa sosai a tawayen.A cikin makonni bayan kisan gillar Pandey, da yawa daga cikin rukunin sojojin Indiya sun shiga sojojin manoma a cikin tawaye.Daga baya sojojin 'yan tawayen sun shiga tare da manyan 'yan Indiya, wadanda da yawa daga cikinsu sun rasa lakabi da yanki a karkashin Doctrine of Lapse kuma suna jin cewa kamfanin ya tsoma baki tare da tsarin gado na gargajiya.Shugabannin 'yan tawaye irin su Nana Sahib da Rani na Jhansi suna cikin wannan rukuni.Bayan barkewar rikicin a Meerut, 'yan tawayen sun isa Delhi da sauri.'Yan tawayen sun kuma kwace yankuna da dama na Lardunan Arewa maso Yamma da Awadh (Oudh).Musamman ma, a Awadh, tawayen ya ɗauki halayen tawaye na kishin ƙasa da kasancewar Birtaniyya.Duk da haka, Kamfanin Birtaniya na Gabashin Indiya ya yi sauri tare da taimakon jihohin Princely, amma ya dauki Birtaniya saura na 1857 da mafi kyawun 1858 don murkushe tawayen.Saboda 'yan tawayen ba su da kayan aiki da yawa kuma ba su da wani tallafi ko tallafi daga waje, turawan Ingila sun yi musu mugun rauni.Bayan haka, an mayar da duk wani iko daga Kamfanin British East India Company zuwa Birtaniya Crown, wanda ya fara gudanar da mafi yawan Indiya a matsayin larduna da dama.Crown na sarrafa filayen kamfanin kai tsaye kuma yana da tasiri kai tsaye a kan sauran Indiyawa, wanda ya ƙunshi jihohin Yariman da dangin sarauta na gida ke mulki.Akwai jihohi 565 na sarauta a hukumance a cikin 1947, amma 21 kawai ke da ainihin gwamnatocin jahohi, kuma uku ne kawai suke da girma (Mysore, Hyderabad, da Kashmir).An shigar da su cikin ƙasa mai zaman kanta a cikin 1947-48.

Birtaniya Raj ita ce mulkin masarautar Burtaniya a yankin Indiya;Hakanan ana kiranta mulkin Crown a Indiya, ko kuma mulkin kai tsaye a Indiya, kuma ya kasance daga 1858 zuwa 1947. Yankin da ke ƙarƙashin ikon Birtaniyya an fi kiransa Indiya a cikin amfani da zamani kuma ya haɗa da yankunan da Burtaniya ke gudanarwa kai tsaye, waɗanda ake kira British India gabaɗaya. , da kuma yankunan da sarakunan ’yan asalin ke mulki, amma a ƙarƙashin mulkin Biritaniya, waɗanda ake kira daular sarakuna.A wani lokaci ana kiran yankin daular Indiya, kodayake ba a hukumance ba.A matsayinta na "Indiya", memba ce ta kafa Kungiyar Kasashen Duniya, kasa mai shiga gasar Olympics ta bazara a 1900, 1920, 1928, 1932, da 1936, kuma memba ce ta kafa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a San Francisco a 1945.An kafa wannan tsarin mulki ne a ranar 28 ga Yuni 1858, lokacin da, bayan Tawayen Indiya na 1857, aka koma mulkin Kamfanin British East India Company zuwa Crown a cikin mutumin Sarauniya Victoria (wanda, a cikin 1876, aka ba da sanarwar Empress na Indiya). ).Ya ci gaba har zuwa 1947, lokacin da Raj na Biritaniya ya rabu gida biyu na mulkin mallaka: Ƙungiyar Indiya (daga baya Jamhuriyar Indiya ) da kuma Mulkin Pakistan (daga baya Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Pakistan da Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Bangladesh ).A farkon Raj a 1858, Lower Burma ya riga ya kasance wani ɓangare na Birtaniya Indiya;An ƙara ƙasar Burma a cikin 1886, kuma ƙungiyar da ta haifar, ana gudanar da Burma a matsayin lardin mai cin gashin kanta har zuwa 1937, lokacin da ta zama wani yanki na musamman na Birtaniyya, ta sami 'yancin kanta a 1948. An sake kiranta Myanmar a 1989.

Rarrabuwar Indiya a 1947 ta raba Biritaniya Indiya zuwa yankuna biyu masu cin gashin kansu: Indiya da Pakistan .Mulkin Indiya a yau ita ce Jamhuriyar Indiya, kuma Masarautar Pakistan ita ce Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Pakistan da Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Bangladesh .Bangaren ya shafi raba larduna biyu, Bengal da Punjab, bisa lardunan da ba musulmi ko musulmi ba.Bangaren kuma ya ga rabon Sojojin Indiya na Biritaniya, da Sojojin ruwa na Royal India, da Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Royal Indian Air Force, da Ma’aikatan Indiya, da Titin Railways, da kuma Babban Baitulmali.An fayyace wannan bangare a cikin Dokar Independence ta Indiya ta 1947 kuma ta haifar da rushe Raj na Burtaniya, watau mulkin Crown a Indiya.Dokokin biyu masu cin gashin kansu na Indiya da Pakistan sun kasance bisa doka da tsakar dare ranar 15 ga Agusta 1947.Rarraba ta raba tsakanin mutane miliyan 10 zuwa 20 ta hanyar addini, wanda ya haifar da bala'i mai yawa a cikin sabbin masarautun da aka kafa.Sau da yawa ana bayyana shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan rikicin 'yan gudun hijira a tarihi.An yi tashe-tashen hankula, inda aka yi kiyasin hasarar rayukan da aka yi a tare ko kafin rabuwar, kuma ta bambanta tsakanin dubu dari zuwa miliyan biyu.Halin tashin hankalin da aka yi a wannan bangare ya haifar da yanayi na gaba da shakku tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan wanda ya shafi dangantakarsu har yau.

Tarihin Indiya mai cin gashin kanta ya fara ne lokacin da ƙasar ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta a cikin ƙungiyar Commonwealth ta Burtaniya a ranar 15 ga Agusta 1947. Gudanar da kai tsaye ta Burtaniya, wanda ya fara a 1858, ya shafi haɗin kan siyasa da tattalin arziki na yankin.Lokacin da mulkin Biritaniya ya ƙare a cikin 1947, an raba yankin ƙasa ta hanyar addini zuwa ƙasashe biyu daban-daban - Indiya , tare da yawancin Hindu, da Pakistan , tare da mafi yawan Musulmai.A lokaci guda kuma musulmin da ke da rinjaye a arewa maso yamma da gabashin Indiya ta Birtaniya sun rabu zuwa Masarautar Pakistan, ta hanyar raba Indiya.Rabe-raben ya kai ga yawan mutane sama da miliyan 10 tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan da kuma mutuwar mutane kusan miliyan daya.Shugaban majalisar dokokin Indiya Jawaharlal Nehru ya zama Firayim Minista na farko a Indiya, amma shugaban da ya fi alaka da gwagwarmayar ‘yancin kai, Mahatma Gandhi, bai yarda da wani mukami ba.Kundin tsarin mulkin da aka amince da shi a cikin 1950 ya sanya Indiya ta zama ƙasa mai dimokuradiyya, kuma wannan dimokiradiyya ta dore tun daga lokacin.Dorewar 'yancin dimokraɗiyya na Indiya ya bambanta a tsakanin sabbin ƙasashe na duniya.Al'ummar kasar dai ta fuskanci tashin hankali na addini, kabilanci, son zuciya, ta'addanci da tashe-tashen hankula na yanki.Indiya tana fama da rikicin yanki da China wanda a shekara ta 1962 ya rikide zuwa yakin Sino-Indiya, da Pakistan wanda ya haifar da yake-yake a 1947, 1965, 1971 da 1999. Indiya ba ta da tsaka-tsaki a yakin cacar baka , kuma ta kasance jagora a cikin wadanda ba na ba. Aaligned Motsi.Duk da haka, ta yi sako-sako da Tarayyar Soviet daga 1971, lokacin da Pakistan ke kawance da Amurka da Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin .