Tarihin Italiya

An haife shi a Sardinia da kudancin Corsica, wayewar Nuraghe ta kasance tun daga farkon shekarun Bronze (ƙarni na 18 KZ) zuwa karni na 2 AZ, lokacin da tsibirin sun riga sun zama Romanized.Suna ɗaukar sunansu daga hasumiya na Nuragic, waɗanda suka samo asali daga al'adun megalithic da suka wanzu, waɗanda suka gina dolmens da menhirs.A yau fiye da nuraghes 7,000 ne ke diga yanayin yanayin Sardiniya.Ba a gano rubuce-rubucen wannan wayewar ba, baya ga wasu gajerun takardu masu yuwuwa na matakin ƙarshe na wayewar Nuragic.Bayanin da aka rubuta kawai ya fito ne daga wallafe-wallafen Helenawa da Romawa, kuma ana iya ɗaukar su sun fi tatsuniyoyi fiye da tarihi.Harshen (ko harsuna) da ake magana da su a Sardinia a lokacin Bronze Age (ba a san su ba) tun da babu rubuce-rubucen da aka rubuta daga lokacin, ko da yake bincike na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa a kusa da karni na 8 KZ, a cikin Iron Age, al'ummar Nuragic na iya kasancewa sun karbi. haruffa kwatankwacin wanda ake amfani da shi a cikin Euboea.

Wayewar Etruscan ta bunƙasa a tsakiyar Italiya bayan 800 KZ.Asalin mutanen Etruscan sun ɓace a cikin prehistory.Babban hasashe shine cewa ƴan asali ne, wataƙila sun samo asali ne daga al'adun Villanovan.Wani binciken DNA na mitochondrial na 2013 ya nuna cewa Etruscans tabbas ƴan asalin ƙasar ne.An yarda da yawa cewa Etruscans suna magana da yaren da ba Indo-Turai ba.An sami wasu rubuce-rubuce a cikin irin wannan yare a tsibirin Aegean na Lemnos.Etruscans al'umma ce ta aure ɗaya wadda ta jaddada haɗin kai.Etruscans na tarihi sun sami wani nau'i na ƙasa tare da ragowar sarakuna da siffofin kabilanci.Addinin Etruscan shirki ne da ba ya wanzuwa, wanda a cikinsa ake ɗaukar duk abubuwan da ke bayyane a matsayin bayyanar ikon Allah, kuma alloli suna ci gaba da yin aiki a cikin duniyar mutane kuma, ta hanyar aikin ɗan adam ko rashin aiki, za a iya hana su ko kuma su rinjaye su don goyon bayan ɗan adam. al'amura.An mayar da hankali kan fadada Etruscan a cikin Apennines.Wasu ƙananan garuruwa a ƙarni na 6 KZ sun bace a wannan lokacin, maƙwabta masu ƙarfi da ƙarfi sun cinye su.Duk da haka, babu shakka cewa tsarin siyasa na al'adun Etruscan ya kasance kama da Magna Graecia a kudu.Haƙar ma'adinai da kasuwancin ƙarfe, musamman ma tagulla da ƙarfe, sun haifar da haɓakar Etruscans da kuma faɗaɗa tasirinsu a cikin tekun Italiya da yammacin tekun Bahar Rum.A nan sha'awarsu ta ci karo da na Girkawa, musamman a karni na 6 KZ, lokacin da Phoceans na Italiya suka kafa yankuna a gabar tekun Faransa, Catalonia da Corsica.Wannan ya sa Etruscans suka haɗa kansu da Carthaginians, wanda kuma bukatunsu ya ci karo da Helenawa.Kusan 540 KZ, yakin Alalia ya haifar da sabon rarraba iko a yammacin Tekun Bahar Rum.Ko da yake yaƙin ba shi da nasara a fili, Carthage ya sami damar faɗaɗa tasirinsa a kan kuɗin Helenawa, kuma Etruria ya ga kansa ya koma Tekun Tyrrhenian ta Arewa tare da cikakken ikon mallakar Corsica.Tun daga farkon rabin karni na 5, sabon yanayin siyasar duniya yana nufin farkon raguwar Etruscan bayan rasa lardunan kudanci.A cikin 480 KZ, Etruria abokantaka Carthage sun sha kashi a hannun haɗin gwiwar garuruwan Magna Graecia karkashin jagorancin Syracuse.Bayan ƴan shekaru, a shekara ta 474 K.Z., azzaluman Syracuse Hiero ya ci Etruscawa yaƙi a Yaƙin Cumae.Tasirin Etruria a kan biranen Latium da Campania ya raunana, kuma Romawa da Samnawa suka mamaye shi.A cikin karni na 4, Etruria ya ga mamaye Gallic ya kawo karshen tasirinsa akan kwarin Po da bakin tekun Adriatic.A halin yanzu, Roma ta fara mamaye biranen Etruscan.Wannan ya janyo asarar lardunan su na arewa.Etruscia ta kasance ta Roma a kusan 500 KZ.

Ba a da tabbas game da tarihin Masarautar Romawa, domin kusan babu rubutattun rubuce-rubuce daga lokacin da suka tsira, kuma tarihinsa da aka rubuta a lokacin Jamhuriya da Daular sun dogara ne akan tatsuniyoyi.Duk da haka, tarihin Masarautar Roma ya fara ne tun lokacin da aka kafa birnin, wanda aka saba da shi a shekara ta 753 KZ tare da ƙauyuka a kusa da tsaunin Palatine tare da kogin Tiber a tsakiyar Italiya, kuma ya ƙare tare da hambarar da sarakuna tare da kafa Jamhuriyar a kusan 509. BCWurin da ke Roma yana da mashigar ruwa inda za a iya ketare Tiber.Tudun Palatine da tsaunukan da ke kewaye da shi sun ba da matsayi mai sauƙi a cikin fili mai faɗin da ke kewaye da su.Duk waɗannan abubuwan sun ba da gudummawa ga nasarar birnin.Bisa ga tatsuniyar kafuwar Roma, an kafa birnin ne a ranar 21 ga Afrilu 753 KZ ta 'yan'uwa tagwaye Romulus da Remus, waɗanda suka fito daga Trojan yarima Aeneas kuma su ne jikokin Sarkin Latin, Numitor na Alba Longa.

Bisa ga al'ada da kuma daga baya marubuta irin su Livy, an kafa Jamhuriyar Roma a shekara ta 509 KZ, lokacin da na karshe na sarakuna bakwai na Roma, Tarquin the Proud, ya sauke Lucius Junius Brutus, da tsarin da ya dogara da zaɓaɓɓen majistare da daban-daban na shekara-shekara. an kafa majalisun wakilai.A ƙarni na 4 K.Z., Gauls suka kai wa Jamhuriyar hari, waɗanda da farko suka yi nasara suka kori Roma.Sai Romawa suka ɗauki makamai suka kori Gauls baya, wanda Camillus ya jagoranta.Romawa a hankali sun rinjayi sauran al’ummomin da ke gabar tekun Italiya, har da Etruscan.A cikin ƙarni na 3 KZ Roma dole ne ta fuskanci sabon abokin gaba mai girma: birni mai ƙarfi na Phoenician-jihar Carthage.A cikin yaƙe-yaƙe uku na Punic , Carthage ya ƙare ƙarshe kuma Roma ta sami iko akan Hispania, Sicily da Arewacin Afirka.Bayan da suka ci Masarautar Makidoniya da Seleucid a ƙarni na 2 KZ, Romawa sun zama mutanen da suka mamaye Tekun Bahar Rum.A ƙarshen karni na 2 KZ, an yi ƙaura mai girma na kabilun Jamus, waɗanda Cimbri da Teutones suka jagoranta.A yakin Aquae Sextiae da yakin Vercellae Jamusawa sun kusan halaka, wanda ya kawo karshen barazanar.A cikin 53 KZ, Triumvirate ya rushe a mutuwar Crassus.Crassus ya yi aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin Kaisar da Pompey, kuma, ba tare da shi ba, shugabannin biyu sun fara yin yaki don iko.Bayan samun nasara a cikin Gallic Wars da samun girmamawa da yabo daga runduna, Kaisar ya kasance mai ban tsoro ga Pompey, wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya cire ƙungiyar Kaisar bisa doka.Don ya guje wa wannan, Kaisar ya haye Kogin Rubicon kuma ya mamaye Roma a shekara ta 49 K.Z., ya ci Pompey da sauri.An kashe shi a shekara ta 44 KZ, a cikin Ides na Maris ta 'yan Liberatores.Kisan Kaisar ya haifar da rudani na siyasa da zamantakewa a Roma.Octavian ya halaka sojojinMasar a yakin Actium a shekara ta 31 KZ.Mark Antony da Cleopatra sun kashe kansu, inda suka bar Octavianus shi kaɗai ne mai mulkin Jamhuriyar.

A shekara ta 27 KZ, Octavian shi ne shugaban Roma kaɗai.Jagorancinsa ya kawo mafi girman wayewar Romawa, wanda ya dau shekaru arba'in.A wannan shekara, ya ɗauki sunan Augustus.Masana tarihi galibi suna ɗaukar wannan taron a matsayin farkon daular Roma.A hukumance, gwamnatin jamhuriya ce, amma Augustus ya ɗauki cikakken iko.Majalisar dattijai ta ba Octavian wani matsayi na musamman na Proconsular imperium, wanda ya ba shi iko a kan dukkan lardunan (gwamnonin soja).A ƙarƙashin mulkin Augustus, adabin Romawa sun girma a hankali a cikin Zamanin Zinare na Adabin Latin.Mawaƙa kamar Vergil, Horace, Ovid da Rufus sun haɓaka ɗimbin adabi, kuma abokanan Augustus ne.Tare da Maecenas, ya motsa waƙoƙin kishin ƙasa, kamar yadda Vergil's epic Aeneid da kuma ayyukan tarihi, kamar na Livy.Ayyukan wannan zamani na wallafe-wallafen sun dade har zuwa zamanin Romawa, kuma sun kasance na zamani.Augustus kuma ya ci gaba da canje-canje a kalandar da Kaisar ya ɗauka, kuma ana kiran watan Agusta sunan sa.Mulkin Augustus mai haske ya haifar da shekaru 200 na zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali ga Daular, wanda aka sani da Pax Romana.Duk da karfin sojan da take da shi, daular ta yi }o}ari wajen fadada girmanta;Babban abin lura shi ne cin Biritaniya, wanda sarki Claudius ya fara (47), da cin nasara da sarki Trajan na Dacia (101–102, 105–106).A karni na 1 da na 2, an kuma yi amfani da rundunonin sojan Roma a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe na tsaka-tsaki tare da kabilun Jamus a arewa da kuma daular Parthia a gabas.A halin yanzu, tawaye da makamai (misali tawaye na Ibraniyawa a Yahudiya) (70) da kuma gajeren yakin basasa (misali a shekara ta 68 AD na shekara ta sarakuna hudu) sun bukaci kulawar sojojin a lokuta da yawa.Shekaru saba'in na yaƙe-yaƙe na Yahudawa-Romawa a rabi na biyu na ƙarni na farko da rabin farkon ƙarni na biyu sun kasance na musamman a tsawon lokacinsu da tashin hankali.Kimanin Yahudawa 1,356,460 ne aka kashe sakamakon Tawayen Yahudawa na Farko;Tawayen Yahudawa na Biyu (115–117) ya kai ga mutuwar Yahudawa fiye da 200,000;da Tawayen Yahudawa na Uku (132–136) ya yi sanadin mutuwar sojojin Yahudawa 580,000.Mutanen yahudawa ba su taba farfadowa ba sai da aka kafa kasar Isra'ila a shekara ta 1948.Bayan mutuwar sarki Theodosius I (395), an raba Daular zuwa Gabas da Daular Roma ta Yamma.Bangaren Yamma ya fuskanci karuwar rikicin tattalin arziki da siyasa da mamayewar baraguzanni akai-akai, don haka aka mayar da babban birnin kasar daga Mediolanum zuwa Ravenna.A cikin 476, Odoacer ya kori Sarkin Yamma na ƙarshe Romulus Augustulus;’yan shekaru kadan Italiya ta yi zamanta a dunkule a karkashin mulkin Odoacer, sai Ostrogoths suka kifar da su, wanda kuma Sarkin Roma Justinian ya hambarar da shi.Ba da dadewa ba bayan da Lombards suka mamaye tsibirin, kuma Italiya ba ta sake haduwa a karkashin wani mai mulki ba sai bayan karni goma sha uku.

Faduwar Daular Rumawa ta Yamma ita ce asarar daular siyasa ta tsakiya a cikin Daular Rum ta Yamma, tsarin da Daular ta kasa aiwatar da mulkinta, kuma aka raba fadin yankinsa zuwa ga gwamnatoci da dama.Daular Roma ta rasa ƙarfin da ya ba ta damar gudanar da ingantaccen iko a kan lardunanta na Yamma;Masana tarihi na zamani sun ba da dalilai da suka haɗa da inganci da adadin sojojin, lafiya da adadin mutanen Romawa, ƙarfin tattalin arziki, ƙwarewar sarakuna, gwagwarmayar cikin gida don samun iko, canje-canjen addini na lokacin, da inganci. na farar hula.Ƙara yawan matsin lamba daga ƴan ƙabilar mahara da ke wajen al'adun Romawa shi ma ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga rugujewar.Canje-canjen yanayi da cututtuka masu yaɗuwa da annoba sun haifar da yawancin waɗannan abubuwan nan da nan.Dalilan rugujewar manyan batutuwa ne na tarihin tsohuwar duniya kuma suna ba da bayanai da yawa na zamani game da gazawar gwamnati.A cikin 376, Goths da sauran mutanen da ba na Romawa ba, waɗanda ba za a iya sarrafa su ba, waɗanda ke tserewa daga Huns, sun shiga cikin Daular.A cikin 395, bayan ya ci yaƙin basasa guda biyu, Theodosius I ya mutu, ya bar runduna ta ruguje, da kuma Daular, har yanzu Goths ke fama da ita, ta raba tsakanin ministocin yaƙi na ’ya’yansa maza biyu.Ƙarin ƙungiyoyin barasa sun ketare Rhine da sauran iyakoki kuma, kamar Goths, ba a kawar da su ba, korar da su.Sojojin Daular Yamma sun zama 'yan kaɗan kuma ba su da tasiri, kuma duk da ɗan gajeren lokaci da aka samu a ƙarƙashin ƙwararrun shugabanni, mulkin tsakiya bai taɓa samun ƙarfi sosai ba.A shekara ta 476, matsayin Sarkin Roma na Yamma yana amfani da soja, siyasa, ko ikon kuɗi, kuma ba shi da iko mai tasiri a kan tarwatsa yankunan Yammacin da za a iya kwatanta su da Roman.Masarautun Barbari sun kafa nasu ikon a yawancin yankin Daular Yamma.A shekara ta 476, Sarkin Bareren Jamus Odoacer ya kori sarki na ƙarshe na Daular Roma ta Yamma a Italiya, Romulus Augustulus, kuma Majalisar Dattijai ta aika da alamar sarauta zuwa Sarkin Roma na Gabas Flavius ​​Zeno.

Daular Ostrogothic, a hukumance daular Italiya, ta Ostrogoths na Jamus a Italiya da maƙwabta suka kafa daga 493 zuwa 553. A Italiya, Ostrogoths karkashin jagorancin Theodoric the Great sun kashe tare da maye gurbin Odoacer, sojan Jamus, tsohon shugaban foederati a Arewacin Italiya, da kuma mai mulkin Italiya, wanda ya hambarar da sarki na ƙarshe na Daular Rum ta Yamma, Romulus Augustulus, a shekara ta 476. A ƙarƙashin Theodoric, sarkinsa na farko, masarautar Ostrogothic ta kai matsayi na farko, wanda ya tashi daga kudancin Faransa na zamani. a yamma zuwa yammacin Serbia na zamani a kudu maso gabas.Yawancin cibiyoyin zamantakewa na marigayi Roman Empire an kiyaye su a lokacin mulkinsa.Theodoric ya kira kansa Gothorum Romanorumque rex ("Sarkin Goths da Romawa"), yana nuna sha'awarsa ta zama jagora ga mutanen biyu.Tun daga 535, daular Byzantine ta mamaye Italiya a karkashin Justinian I.Mai mulkin Ostrogothic a wancan lokacin, Witiges, bai iya kare masarautar cikin nasara ba kuma a karshe an kama shi lokacin da babban birnin Ravenna ya fadi.Ostrogoths sun taru a kusa da wani sabon shugaba, Totila, kuma sun yi nasara da yawa don magance cin nasara, amma an ci nasara.Sarkin ƙarshe na masarautar Ostrogothic shine Teia.

Masarautar Lombards, daga baya Masarautar Italiya, wata ƙasa ce ta farko ta tsakiyar zamanin da Lombards, al'ummar Jamusawa, suka kafa a tsibirin Italiya a ƙarshen karni na 6.Babban birnin masarautar kuma tsakiyar rayuwar siyasarta shine Pavia a yankin Lombardy na arewacin Italiya na zamani.Daular Byzantine ta yi adawa da mamaye Lombard na Italiya, wanda ya ci gaba da iko da yawancin yankin har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 8.Ga yawancin tarihin masarauta, Masarautar Ravenna da Duchy na Rome ta ƙarƙashin mulkin Byzantine sun raba arewacin Lombard duchies, waɗanda aka fi sani da Langobardia Maior, daga manyan duchies biyu na kudanci na Spoleto da Benevento, waɗanda suka ƙunshi ƙaramin Langobardia.Saboda wannan rarrabuwar kawuna, duchies na kudanci sun kasance masu cin gashin kansu sosai fiye da kananan duchies na arewa.Bayan lokaci, Lombards a hankali sun karɓi lakabi, sunaye, da al'adun Romawa.A lokacin da Bulus Deacon yake rubutawa a ƙarshen karni na 8, harshen Lombardic, tufafi da salon gyara gashi duk sun ɓace.Da farko Lombards Kiristocin Arian ne ko maguzawa, wanda ya sa su cikin rashin jituwa da al'ummar Romawa da kuma Daular Rumawa da Paparoma.Duk da haka, a ƙarshen karni na 7, tubansu zuwa Katolika ya cika.Duk da haka, rikicinsu da Paparoma ya ci gaba kuma yana da alhakin rasa ikonsu a hankali ga Franks, waɗanda suka ci mulkin a shekara ta 774. Masarautar Lombards a lokacin da ta mutu ita ce ƙaramar mulkin Jamus ta ƙarshe a Turai.

Lokacin da Exarchate na Ravenna a ƙarshe ya faɗi ga Lombards a cikin 751, Duchy na Rome an yanke shi gaba ɗaya daga Daular Byzantine , wanda a zahiri har yanzu wani ɓangare ne.Fafaroman sun sabunta yunƙurin da aka yi a baya na samun goyon bayan Franks.A cikin 751, Paparoma Zachary ya sa Pepin Short ya naɗa sarki a maimakon Merovingian mai girma sarki Childeric III.Magajin Zachary, Paparoma Stephen II, daga baya ya ba Pepin lakabin Patrician na Romawa.Pepin ya jagoranci sojojin Faransanci zuwa Italiya a cikin 754 da 756. Pepin ya ci Lombards - yana iko da arewacin Italiya.A cikin 781, Charlemagne ya tsara yankunan da Paparoma zai zama na wucin gadi: Duchy na Rome shine mabuɗin, amma an fadada yankin zuwa Ravenna, Duchy na Pentapolis, sassan Duchy na Benevento, Tuscany, Corsica, Lombardy. , da kuma yawan garuruwan Italiya.Haɗin kai tsakanin sarautar Paparoma da daular Caroling ya ƙare a cikin 800 lokacin da Paparoma Leo III ya naɗa Charlemagne a matsayin 'Sarkin Romawa'.Bayan mutuwar Charlemagne (814), ba da daɗewa ba sabuwar daular ta wargaje ƙarƙashin raunanan magajinsa.An samu matsalar wutar lantarki a Italiya sakamakon haka.Wannan ya zo daidai da bullowar Musulunci a yankin Larabawa, Arewacin Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya.A Kudu an sha kai hare-hare daga Khalifancin Umayyawa da Khalifancin Abbasiyawa .Juyin karni ya kawo lokacin sabunta yancin kai a tarihin Italiya.A cikin karni na 11, kasuwanci ya dawo sannu a hankali yayin da biranen suka fara girma.Papacy ya sake samun ikonsa kuma ya yi dogon gwagwarmaya da Daular Roma mai tsarki.

Tarihin Musulunci a Sicily da Kudancin Italiya ya fara ne da ƙauyen Larabawa na farko a Sicily, a Mazara, wanda aka kama a cikin 827. Mulkin Sicily da Malta na gaba ya fara ne a ƙarni na 10.Masarautar Sicily ta kasance daga 831 har zuwa 1061, kuma ta mallaki dukkan tsibirin a shekara ta 902. Ko da yake Sicily ita ce tushen musulmi na farko a Italiya, wasu wurare na wucin gadi, wanda mafi mahimmancin shi ne tashar tashar jiragen ruwa na Bari (wanda ya mamaye daga 847 zuwa 871). , an kafa shi ne a yankin babban yankin, musamman a yankin Kudancin Italiya, duk da cewa hare-haren musulmi, musamman na Muhammad I ibn al-Aghlab, ya kai har zuwa arewacin Naples, Roma da kuma arewacin yankin Piedmont.Hare-haren Larabawa wani bangare ne na babban gwagwarmayar neman iko a Italiya da Turai, tare da Kirista Byzantine, Frankish, Norman da sojojin Italiya na cikin gida suma suna fafatawa don samun iko.Ƙungiyoyin Kirista dabam-dabam suna neman Larabawa a matsayin ƙawance da wasu ƙungiyoyin.

Yakin Norman na kudancin Italiya ya kasance daga 999 zuwa 1139, wanda ya ƙunshi yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa da masu cin nasara masu zaman kansu.A cikin 1130, yankuna a kudancin Italiya sun haɗu a matsayin Masarautar Sicily, wanda ya haɗa da tsibirin Sicily, kudancin kudancin Italiya (sai dai Benevento, wanda aka gudanar sau biyu a takaice), tsibirin Malta, da kuma sassan Arewacin Afirka. .Sojojin Norman masu wucewa sun isa kudancin Italiya a matsayin sojojin haya a cikin sabis na ƙungiyoyin Lombard da na Byzantine, suna ba da labarai cikin sauri komawa gida game da damar a cikin Bahar Rum.Wadannan kungiyoyi sun taru a wurare da dama, inda suka kafa fiefdoms da jahohinsu, tare da hadewa tare da daukaka matsayinsu wajen tabbatar da 'yancin kai cikin shekaru 50 da zuwansu.Ba kamar nasarar Norman na Ingila (1066) ba, wanda ya ɗauki ƴan shekaru bayan yaƙin yaƙi guda ɗaya, cin kudancin Italiya ya kasance sakamakon shekaru da yawa da yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa, kaɗan ne masu yanke hukunci.An mamaye yankuna da yawa da kansu, kuma daga baya aka hade su zuwa kasa guda.Idan aka kwatanta da cin nasarar Ingila, ba shi da shiri da rashin tsari, amma daidai yake.

Guelphs da Ghibellines ƙungiyoyi ne masu goyon bayan Paparoma da Sarkin Roma Mai Tsarki, bi da bi, a cikin biranen Italiya na Tsakiyar Italiya da Arewacin Italiya.A cikin ƙarni na 12 da na 13, hamayya tsakanin waɗannan jam'iyyu biyu ta haifar da wani muhimmin al'amari na siyasar cikin gida na Italiya ta tsakiya.Gwagwarmayar iko tsakanin Papacy da Daular Roman Mai Tsarki ta taso tare da Rikicin Investiture, wanda ya fara a 1075, ya ƙare tare da Concordat of Worms a 1122.A cikin karni na 15, Guelphs sun goyi bayan Charles na VIII na Faransa a lokacin da ya mamaye Italiya a farkon yakin Italiya, yayin da Ghibellines suka kasance magoya bayan sarki Maximilian I, Sarkin Roma Mai Tsarki.Garuruwa da iyalai sun yi amfani da sunaye har sai da Charles V, Sarkin Roma Mai Tsarki, ya kafa ikon daular a Italiya a shekara ta 1529. A cikin yakin Italiya na 1494 zuwa 1559, yanayin siyasa ya canza sosai cewa tsohon rabo tsakanin Guelphs da Ghibellines ya zama. wanda bai gama aiki ba.

Tsakanin ƙarni na 12 zuwa na 13, Italiya ta ɓullo da tsarin siyasa na musamman, wanda ya sha bamban da fiudal na Turai a arewacin tsaunukan Alps.Kamar yadda ba a sami wani babban iko ba kamar yadda suka yi a wasu sassan Turai, birnin oligarchic ya zama tsarin gwamnati.Tsayawa duka ikon Ikilisiya kai tsaye da ikon Imperial a tsayin hannu, yawancin jihohin birane masu zaman kansu sun sami ci gaba ta hanyar kasuwanci, dangane da ka'idodin jari hujja na farko a ƙarshe suna haifar da yanayi don sauye-sauyen fasaha da hankali da Renaissance ya samar.Garuruwan Italiya sun bayyana sun fice daga Feudalism ta yadda al'ummarsu ta ginu kan 'yan kasuwa da kasuwanci.Hatta biranen arewa da jihohin su ma sun yi fice ga jamhuriyar 'yan kasuwa, musamman Jamhuriyar Venice .Idan aka kwatanta da feudal da cikakken masarautu, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na Italiya da jumhuriyar 'yan kasuwa sun more 'yanci na siyasa wanda ya haɓaka ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha.A wannan lokacin, yawancin biranen Italiya sun haɓaka tsarin gwamnati, kamar jumhuriyar Florence, Lucca, Genoa , Venice da Siena.A cikin ƙarni na 13 da 14 waɗannan biranen sun girma sun zama manyan cibiyoyin kuɗi da kasuwanci a matakin Turai.Godiya ga kyakkyawan matsayi tsakanin Gabas da Yamma, biranen Italiya irin su Venice sun zama cibiyar kasuwanci ta duniya da cibiyoyin banki da kuma mashigar hankali.Milan, Florence da Venice, da kuma wasu biranen Italiya da yawa, sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓakar kuɗi, ƙirƙira manyan kayan aiki da ayyukan banki da bullowar sabbin nau'ikan ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki.A daidai wannan lokacin, Italiya ta ga tashin Jamhuriyar Maritime: Venice, Genoa, Pisa, Amalfi, Ragusa, Ancona, Gaeta da ƙananan Noli.Daga ƙarni na 10 zuwa na 13 waɗannan biranen sun gina tasoshin jiragen ruwa duka biyu don kariyar kansu da kuma tallafawa manyan hanyoyin kasuwanci a cikin Tekun Bahar Rum, wanda ke haifar da muhimmiyar rawa a yaƙin Crusades .Ba da dadewa ba kasashen Venice da Genoa sun zama manyan hanyoyin Turai don yin kasuwanci da Gabas, inda suka kafa yankuna har zuwa Tekun Bahar Maliya kuma galibi suna sarrafa yawancin kasuwancin da Daular Rumawa da kuma duniyar Islama.Gundumar Savoy ta faɗaɗa yankinta zuwa cikin tsibiran a ƙarshen Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiya da Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar.

Renaissance na Italiya lokaci ne a tarihin Italiya wanda ya rufe ƙarni na 15 da 16.An san lokacin don haɓaka al'adun da suka bazu ko'ina cikin Turai kuma suna nuna sauyi daga tsakiyar zamanai zuwa zamani.Masu goyon bayan "Renaissance mai tsawo" suna jayayya cewa ya fara kusan shekara ta 1300 kuma ya kasance har zuwa 1600.Renaissance ya fara ne a Tuscany a tsakiyar Italiya kuma ya kasance a cikin birnin Florence.Jamhuriyar Florentine, daya daga cikin jihohi da dama na tsibirin, ta sami daukakar tattalin arziki da siyasa ta hanyar ba da daraja ga sarakunan Turai da kuma shimfida tushen ci gaba a tsarin jari-hujja da kuma banki.Al'adun Renaissance daga baya ya bazu zuwa Venice , zuciyar daular Rum kuma mai kula da hanyoyin kasuwanci tare da gabas tun lokacin da yake shiga cikin yakin crusades da bin tafiye-tafiye na Marco Polo tsakanin 1271 da 1295. Ta haka Italiya ta sabunta hulɗa tare da ragowar tsohuwar Girkanci. al'adu, wanda ya ba wa masana 'yan Adam sababbin littattafai.A ƙarshe Renaissance yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan jihohin Papal da kuma a kan Roma, wanda aka sake gina shi ta hanyar 'yan Adam da kuma Fafaroma na Renaissance, irin su Julius II (r. 1503-1513) da Leo X (r. 1513-1521), wanda akai-akai ya shiga ciki. Siyasar Italiya, wajen sasanta gardama tsakanin masu mulkin mallaka da kuma adawa da gyare-gyaren Furotesta, wanda ya fara c.1517.Renaissance na Italiya yana da suna don nasarorin da ya samu a zane, gine-gine, sassaka, adabi, kiɗa, falsafa, kimiyya, fasaha, da bincike.Italiya ta zama sanannen shugaban Turai a duk waɗannan yankuna a ƙarshen karni na 15, a lokacin zaman lafiya na Lodi (1454-1494) da aka amince da shi tsakanin ƙasashen Italiya.Rikicin Italiya ya kai kololuwa a tsakiyar karni na 16 yayin da rikicin cikin gida da mamayewar kasashen waje suka jefa yankin cikin rudanin yakin Italiya (1494-1559).Duk da haka, ra'ayoyi da manufofin Renaissance na Italiya sun bazu zuwa sauran kasashen Turai, wanda ya kafa Renaissance ta Arewa tun daga ƙarshen karni na 15.Masu bincike na Italiya daga jumhuriyar teku sun yi aiki a ƙarƙashin ikon sarakunan Turai, suna haifar da zamanin Ganowa.Shahararru a cikinsu sun hada da Christopher Columbus (wanda ya tashi zuwa Spain), Giovanni da Verrazzano (na Faransa), Amerigo Vespucci (na Portugal), da John Cabot (na Ingila).Masana kimiyyar Italiya irin su Falloppio, Tartaglia, Galileo da Torricelli sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a juyin juya halin kimiyya, kuma baki kamar Copernicus da Vesalius sun yi aiki a jami'o'in Italiya.Masana tarihi sun ba da shawarar abubuwan da suka faru da kuma kwanakin da suka faru a ƙarni na 17, kamar ƙarshen yaƙe-yaƙe na addini a Turai a shekara ta 1648, a matsayin ƙarshen Renaissance.

Yaƙe-yaƙe na Italiya, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Habsburg-Valois Wars, jerin rikice-rikice ne da suka shafi lokacin 1494 zuwa 1559 waɗanda suka faru da farko a cikin tsibirin Italiya.Manyan mayaƙan su ne sarakunan Valois na Faransa da abokan hamayyarsu aSpain da daular Roma mai tsarki .Yawancin jihohin Italiya sun shiga hannu ɗaya ko ɗaya, tare da Ingila da Daular Ottoman .Ƙungiyar Italic ta 1454 ta sami daidaito na iko a Italiya kuma ya haifar da wani lokaci na bunkasar tattalin arziki mai sauri wanda ya ƙare tare da mutuwar Lorenzo de' Medici a 1492. Haɗe da burin Ludovico Sforza, rushewar ta ya ba wa Charles VIII na Faransa damar mamayewa. Naples a cikin 1494, wanda ya zana a Spain da Daular Roman Mai Tsarki.Duk da cewa an tilasta masa janyewa a 1495, Charles ya nuna cewa jihohin Italiya duka suna da wadata kuma suna da rauni saboda rarrabuwar siyasa.Italiya ta zama fagen fama a gwagwarmayar mamayar turai tsakanin Faransa da Habsburgs, inda rikicin ya kara fadada zuwa Flanders, Rhineland da Tekun Bahar Rum.An yi yaƙi da zalunci mai yawa, yaƙe-yaƙe sun faru ne a kan tushen rikice-rikicen addini da gyare-gyare ya haifar, musamman a Faransa da Daular Roma Mai Tsarki.Ana ganin su a matsayin sauyin yanayi a juyin halitta daga tsakiyar zamanai zuwa yakin zamani, tare da amfani da arquebus ko bindigar hannu ya zama ruwan dare, tare da inganta fasahar kere-kere a wajen kawanya.Kwamandojin masu karatu da hanyoyin bugu na zamani kuma sun sanya su zama ɗaya daga cikin rikice-rikice na farko tare da adadi mai yawa na asusun zamani, gami da Francesco Guicciardini, Niccolò Machiavelli da Blaise de Montluc.Bayan 1503, yawancin fadan da Faransa ta mamaye Lombardy da Piedmont ne suka fara, amma ko da yake suna iya rike yankuna na wasu lokuta, ba za su iya yin haka ba har abada.A shekara ta 1557, Faransa da Daular sun fuskanci rarrabuwar kawuna a kan addini, yayin da Spain ta fuskanci tashin hankali a cikin Netherlands na Spain.Yarjejeniyar Cateau-Cambrésis (1559) ta kori Faransa da yawa daga arewacin Italiya, ta sami musayar Calais da Bishof Uku;ta kafa Spain a matsayin babbar iko a kudanci, tana iko da Naples da Sicily, da kuma Milan a arewa.

Ƙaddamar da gyare-gyare shine lokacin farfadowa na Katolika wanda aka fara don mayar da martani ga juyin juya halin Furotesta.An fara shi da Majalisar Trent (1545-1563) kuma ya ƙare tare da ƙarshen yaƙe-yaƙe na addini a Turai a 1648. An ƙaddamar da shi don magance illolin sauye-sauye na Furotesta, Ƙaddamar da Gyarawa wani ƙoƙari ne na gaske wanda ya ƙunshi uzuri da rashin fahimta. takardu da tsarin majami'u kamar yadda Majalisar Trent ta zartar.Na ƙarshe daga cikin waɗannan sun haɗa da ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarcen Abincin Imperial na Daular Roma Mai Tsarki, gwaji na bidi'a da Inquisition, ƙoƙarin yaƙi da cin hanci da rashawa, ƙungiyoyi na ruhaniya, da kafa sabbin umarni na addini.Irin waɗannan manufofin suna da tasiri mai dorewa a tarihin Turai tare da gudun hijirar Furotesta na ci gaba har zuwa 1781 Patent of Toleration, kodayake ƙananan korar sun faru a ƙarni na 19.Irin waɗannan gyare-gyaren sun haɗa da tushe na makarantun hauza don horar da firistoci masu dacewa a cikin rayuwar ruhaniya da al'adun tauhidi na Ikilisiya, sake fasalin rayuwar addini ta hanyar maido da umarni zuwa tushen su na ruhaniya, da kuma sababbin ƙungiyoyi na ruhaniya da ke mai da hankali kan rayuwar ibada da na sirri. dangantaka da Kristi, gami da sufancin Mutanen Espanya da makarantar ruhaniya ta Faransa.Har ila yau, ya ƙunshi ayyukan siyasa waɗanda suka haɗa da Inquisition na Mutanen Espanya da Inquisition na Portuguese a Goa da Bombay-Bassein da dai sauransu. Babban mahimmanci na Counter-Reformation shine manufa don isa sassan duniya da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka a matsayin Katolika na rinjaye da kuma kokarin gwadawa. sake mayar da al'ummomi irin su Sweden da Ingila waɗanda a da sun kasance Katolika daga lokacin Kiristanci na Turai, amma an rasa su ga Reformation.Mahimman abubuwan da suka faru na lokacin sun haɗa da: Majalisar Trent (1545-63);fitar da Elizabeth I (1570), da codeification na uniform Roman Rite Mass (1570), da kuma Yaƙin Lepanto (1571), faruwa a lokacin pontificate na Pius V;gina dakin lura da Gregorian a Roma, da kafa Jami'ar Gregorian, da karbe kalandar Gregorian, da aikin Jesuit China na Matteo Ricci, duk karkashin Paparoma Gregory XIII (r. 1572-1585);Yaƙe-yaƙe na Addini na Faransa;Dogon Yakin Turkiyya da kuma kisa Giordano Bruno a shekara ta 1600, karkashin Paparoma Clement na VIII;Haihuwar Kwalejin Lyncean na Paparoma States, wanda babban adadi shine Galileo Galilei (daga baya an yi masa shari'a);zangon ƙarshe naYaƙin Shekaru Talatin (1618-48) a lokacin Fafaroma na Urban VIII da Innocent X;da kuma kafa Ƙungiya Mai Tsarki ta ƙarshe ta Innocent XI a lokacin Babban Yaƙin Turkiyya (1683-1699).

Sassan arewacin Italiya, waɗanda ke cikin Masarautar Italiya, Faransa da Habsburgs ne suka fafata da su tun a ƙarshen karni na 15, saboda yana da mahimmanci ga iko da kudu maso yammacin Faransa, yankin da ke da dogon tarihin adawa. ga hukumomin tsakiya.Yayin daSpain ta ci gaba da kasancewa kan gaba a Lombardy da Kudancin Italiya, dogaronta kan dogon layin sadarwa na waje wani rauni ne.Wannan ya shafi Titin Mutanen Espanya, wanda ya ba su damar kwashe ma'aikata da kayayyaki daga Masarautar Naples ta Lombardy zuwa ga sojojinsu a Flanders.Faransawa sun nemi kawo cikas ga Hanyar ta hanyar kai hari ga Duchy na Milan da ke hannun Sipaniya ko kuma toshe tsaunukan tsaunuka ta hanyar kawance da Grisons.Wani yanki na Duchy na Mantua shine Montferrat da sansaninsa na Casale Monferrato, wanda mallakarsa ya ba mai riƙe da damar yin barazana ga Milan.Muhimmancin sa yana nufin lokacin da Duke na ƙarshe a cikin layin kai tsaye ya mutu a cikin Disamba 1627, Faransa da Spain sun goyi bayan masu fafutuka, wanda ya haifar da yakin 1628 zuwa 1631 na nasarar Mantuan.Duke na Nevers haifaffen Faransa ya sami goyon bayan Faransa da Jamhuriyar Venice , abokin hamayyarsa Duke na Guastlla ta Spain, Ferdinand II, Savoy da Tuscany.Wannan ƙaramin rikici ya yi tasiri marar daidaituwa akan Yaƙin Shekaru Talatin, tun lokacin da Paparoma Urban na VIII ya kalli faɗaɗa Habsburg a Italiya a matsayin barazana ga Ƙasar Paparoma.Sakamakon haka shine raba cocin Katolika, kawar da Paparoma daga Ferdinand II kuma ya sa Faransa ta yi amfani da abokan Furotesta a kansa.Bayan barkewar yakin Franco-Spanish a shekara ta 1635, Richelieu ya goyi bayan wani sabon hari da Victor Amadeus ya yi wa Milan don daure albarkatun Spain.Waɗannan sun haɗa da harin da bai yi nasara ba a kan Valenza a cikin 1635, da ƙananan nasarori a Tornavento da Mombaldone.Duk da haka, kawancen anti-Habsburg a Arewacin Italiya ya wargaje lokacin da Charles na Mantua ya mutu a watan Satumba na 1637, sannan Victor Amadeus a watan Oktoba, wanda mutuwarsa ta kai ga gwagwarmayar neman iko da jihar Savoyard tsakanin matar sa Christine ta Faransa da 'yan'uwa, Thomas. da Maurice.A shekara ta 1639, gardamarsu ta barke zuwa yaƙi na fili, Faransa ta goyi bayan Christine da Spain ’yan’uwa biyu, kuma ya kai ga Ƙallawa Turin.Daya daga cikin fitattun abubuwan da suka faru na soja a karni na 17, a wani mataki ya nuna dakaru daban-daban da bai gaza uku ba suna yiwa juna kawanya.Duk da haka, tawaye a Portugal da Catalonia sun tilasta wa Mutanen Espanya daina aiki a Italiya kuma an daidaita yakin bisa sharuddan da Christine da Faransa suka dace.

Haskakawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin karni na 18 a Italiya, 1685-1789.Ko da yake Habsburgs masu ra'ayin mazan jiya ko kuma Paparoma ne ke iko da manyan sassan Italiya, Tuscany yana da wasu damar yin gyara.Leopold II na Tuscany ya soke hukuncin kisa a Tuscany kuma ya rage yawan aikin tantancewa.Daga Naples Antonio Genovesi (1713-69) ya rinjayi tsarar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun Italiyanci da ɗaliban Jami'a.Littafinsa mai suna "Diceosina, o Sia della Filosofia del Giusto e dell'Onesto" (1766) wani yunƙuri ne mai cike da cece-kuce na sasantawa tsakanin tarihin falsafar ɗabi'a, a gefe guda, da takamaiman matsalolin da ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci na ƙarni na 18 suka fuskanta, a kan. dayan.Ya ƙunshi babban ɓangaren tunani na siyasa, falsafa, da tattalin arziki na Genovesi - littafin jagora don ci gaban tattalin arziki da zamantakewa na Neapolitan.Kimiyya ta bunkasa yayin da Alessandro Volta da Luigi Galvani suka yi bincike-bincike kan wutar lantarki.Pietro Verri babban masanin tattalin arziki ne a Lombardy.Masanin tarihi Joseph Schumpeter ya ce shi ne 'mafi mahimmancin ikon kafin Smithia akan Rahusa-da-Yalwa'.Babban malamin da ya fi yin tasiri a kan Wayar da Kan Italiya shi ne Franco Venturi.

Yakin da aka yi a Italiya da farko ya ƙunshi Duchies na ƙasar Sipaniya na Milan da Mantua, waɗanda ake ganin suna da mahimmanci ga tsaron iyakokin kudanci na Austria.A cikin 1701, sojojin Faransa sun mamaye biranen biyu kuma Victor Amadeus II, Duke na Savoy, ya haɗa kai da Faransa, 'yarsa Maria Luisa ta auri Philip V. A watan Mayu 1701, wani sojan sarki a ƙarƙashin Yarima Eugene na Savoy ya koma Arewacin Italiya;a watan Fabrairun 1702, nasara a Carpi, Chiari da Cremona sun tilasta Faransawa a bayan kogin Adda.Hare-haren Savoyard-Imperial a kan sansanin Faransa na Toulon da aka shirya a watan Afrilu an dage lokacin da aka karkatar da sojojin Imperial don kwace Masarautar Bourbon ta Spain na Naples.A lokacin da suka yi wa Toulon kawanya a watan Agusta, Faransawa sun yi ƙarfi sosai, kuma an tilasta musu janyewa.A karshen 1707, fada a Italiya ya daina, baya ga ƙananan ƙoƙari na Victor Amadeus don dawo da Nice da Savoy.

Masarautar Italiya wata masarauta ce a Arewacin Italiya (tsohuwar jamhuriyar Italiya) cikin haɗin kai da Faransa ƙarƙashin Napoleon I. Faransa mai juyi ta yi tasiri sosai kuma ta ƙare da cin nasara da Napoleon ya yi.Napoleon ne ya ɗauki gwamnatinta a matsayin Sarkin Italiya kuma mataimakinsa ya wakilta ga ɗansa Eugène de Beauharnais.Ya rufe Savoy da lardunan zamani na Lombardy, Veneto, Emilia-Romagna, Friuli Venezia Giulia, Trentino, Kudancin Tyrol, da Marche.Napoleon na kuma ya mulki sauran yankunan arewaci da tsakiyar Italiya a matsayin Nice, Aosta, Piedmont, Liguria, Tuscany, Umbria, da Lazio, amma kai tsaye a matsayin wani ɓangare na Daular Faransa, maimakon a matsayin wani yanki na vassal.

Haɗin kai na Italiya, wanda kuma aka sani da Risorgimento, shine motsi na siyasa da zamantakewa na ƙarni na 19 wanda ya haifar da haɗin gwiwar jihohi daban-daban na tsibirin Italiya zuwa ƙasa guda a cikin 1861, Masarautar Italiya.An yi wahayi zuwa ga tawaye a cikin 1820s da 1830s na adawa da sakamakon Majalisar Vienna, juyin juya halin 1848 ya haifar da tsarin haɗin kai, kuma ya kai ga ƙarshe a cikin 1871 bayan kama Roma da nada shi a matsayin babban birnin Masarautar Italiya. .Wasu daga cikin jihohin da aka yi niyya don haɗewa (terre irredente) ba su shiga Mulkin Italiya ba sai 1918 bayan Italiya ta ci Austria-Hungary a yakin duniya na farko.Don haka, masana tarihi a wasu lokuta suna bayyana lokacin haɗin kai a matsayin ci gaba da ya wuce 1871, ciki har da ayyukan da aka yi a ƙarshen karni na 19 da yakin duniya na farko (1915-1918), kuma ya kai ga ƙarshe kawai tare da Armistice na Villa Giusti a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba 1918. Wannan ƙari. Faɗin ma'anar lokacin haɗin kai shine wanda aka gabatar a Babban Gidan Tarihi na Risorgimento a Vittoriano.

Masarautar Italiya ƙasa ce da ta wanzu tun daga 1861—lokacin da aka naɗa Sarki Victor Emmanuel na biyu na Sardinia Sarkin Italiya—har zuwa 1946, lokacin da rashin jin daɗin jama'a ya haifar da ƙuri'ar raba gardama don yin watsi da mulkin mallaka kuma ta kafa Jamhuriyar Italiya ta zamani.An kafa jihar ne a sakamakon Risorgimento karkashin jagorancin masarautar Sardinia da Savoy ke jagoranta, wadda za a iya la'akari da ita a matsayin wadda ta gabace ta a doka.

Ko da yake memba na Triple Alliance, Italiya ba ta shiga Tsakiyar Tsakiya - Jamus da Austria-Hungary - lokacin da yakin duniya na farko ya fara a ranar 28 ga Yuli 1914. A gaskiya ma, waɗannan ƙasashe biyu sun kai farmaki yayin da ya kamata a yi yaƙin Triple Alliance. kawancen tsaro.Bugu da ƙari, Ƙungiyoyin Triple Alliance sun fahimci cewa duka Italiya da Austria-Hungary suna sha'awar Balkans kuma suna buƙatar dukansu su tuntuɓi juna kafin su canza matsayi da kuma ba da diyya ga duk wani fa'ida a wannan yanki: Austria-Hungary sun tuntubi Jamus amma ba Italiya ba a da. bayar da wa'adin ga Serbia, kuma ta ki amincewa da duk wani diyya kafin karshen yakin.Kusan shekara guda bayan fara yakin, bayan tattaunawar sirri guda daya da bangarorin biyu (tare da kawancen da Italiya ta yi shawarwari kan yankin idan ta yi nasara, kuma tare da Tsakiyar Tsakiyar don samun yanki idan ba tsaka tsaki) Italiya ta shiga yakin a bangaren kawancen. .Italiya ta fara yaƙi da Ostiriya-Hungary a kan iyakar arewa, ciki har da tsayin daka a cikin tsaunukan tsaunukan Italiya da ke da sanyi sosai da kuma gefen kogin Isonzo.Sojojin Italiya sun sha kai hari kuma, duk da nasarar da aka samu a yawancin yakin, sun sha asara mai yawa kuma ba su sami ci gaba ba yayin da yankin dutsen ya fi son mai tsaron gida.Daga nan sai Italiya ta tilastawa Italiya ja da baya a cikin 1917 bayan wani hari da Jamus da Ostiriya suka yi a yakin Caporetto bayan Rasha ta fice daga yakin, wanda ya ba da ikon tsakiya damar matsar da sojojin Italiya daga Gabashin Gabas.Italiya ta dakatar da hare-haren ta Tsakiya a yakin Monte Grappa a watan Nuwamba 1917 da yakin Piave River a watan Mayu 1918. Italiya ta shiga cikin yakin Marne na biyu da kuma kwanaki dari da suka biyo baya a Gabashin Yamma. .A ranar 24 ga Oktoba 1918 Italiyawa, duk da cewa sun fi yawa, sun keta layin Austrian a Vittorio Veneto kuma sun haifar da rushewar daular Habsburg da ta dade a shekaru aru-aru.Italiya ta dawo da yankin da aka rasa bayan yakin da aka yi a Caporetto a watan Nuwambar bara kuma ya koma Trento da Kudancin Tyrol.Yaƙin ya ƙare a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba 1918. Sojojin Italiya sun kuma shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka, gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Balkan, wasan kwaikwayo na Gabas ta Tsakiya sannan suka shiga cikin Mamaya na Constantinople.A karshen yakin duniya na daya, an amince da kasar Italiya da kujerar din-din-din a majalisar zartarwa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tare da Birtaniya, Faransa da Japan.

Fashicin Italiyanci shine ainihin akidar farkisanci kamar yadda Giovanni Gentile da Benito Mussolini suka kirkira a Italiya.Akidar tana da alaƙa da jerin jam'iyyun siyasa guda biyu da Benito Mussolini ke jagoranta: Jam'iyyar Fascist ta kasa (PNF), wacce ta mulki Masarautar Italiya daga 1922 zuwa 1943, da Jam'iyyar Fascist ta Republican wacce ta mulki Jamhuriya Social Democratic Republic daga 1943 zuwa 1945. Fascist na Italiya kuma yana da alaƙa da ƙungiyar zamantakewar al'ummar Italiya bayan yaƙi da ƙungiyoyin fascist na Italiya na gaba.

Shigar da Italiya ta yi a yakin duniya na biyu yana da sarkakiyar tsarin akida, siyasa, da diflomasiyya, yayin da al'amuran waje suka rinjayi ayyukan sojanta.Italiya ta shiga yakin a matsayin daya daga cikin masu karfin Axis a shekarar 1940, yayin da jamhuriya ta uku ta Faransa ta mika wuya, tare da shirin mayar da hankalin sojojin Italiya a wani gagarumin farmaki kan Daular Biritaniya a Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya, wanda aka fi sani da "yakin layi daya". yayin da ake tsammanin rugujewar sojojin Burtaniya a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Turai.Turawan Italiya sun jefa bama-bamai a kan Falasdinu na wajibi, suka mamayeMasar kuma suka mamaye Somaliland Somaliland da nasarar farko.Duk da haka yakin da aka ci gaba da kuma ayyukan Jamus daJapan a 1941 ya kai ga shigar da Tarayyar Soviet da Amurka , bi da bi, cikin yakin, don haka ya lalata shirin Italiya na tilastawa Birtaniya amincewa da sulhun zaman lafiya.Mai mulkin kama-karya na Italiya Benito Mussolini ya san cewa Fascist Italiya ba ta shirye don dogon rikici ba, saboda an rage albarkatunta ta hanyar cin nasara amma rigingimu masu tsada kafin yakin duniya na II: sulhunta Libya (wanda ke fuskantar sasantawar Italiyanci), shiga tsakani aSpain (inda An kafa tsarin mulkin farkisanci na abokantaka), da kuma mamaye Habasha da Albaniya.Duk da haka, ya zaɓi ya ci gaba da zama a cikin yaƙin yayin da burin daular Fascist, wanda ke da burin maido da Daular Roma a cikin Bahar Rum (Mare Nostrum), ya gamu da wani bangare a ƙarshen 1942. A wannan lokacin, tasirin Italiyanci ya fadada a ko'ina cikin duniya. Bahar Rum.Tare da mamayewar Axis na Yugoslavia da Balkans, Italiya ta mamaye Ljubljana, Dalmatia da Montenegro , kuma ta kafa jihohin ƴan tsana na Croatia da Girka .Bayan rushewar Vichy Faransa da shari'ar Anton, Italiya ta mamaye yankunan Faransa na Corsica da Tunisiya.Hakazalika sojojin Italiya sun samu nasara a kan masu tada kayar baya a Yugoslavia da kuma a Montenegro, kuma sojojin Italiya-Jamus sun mamaye wasu sassan Masar da Birtaniyya ke rike da su a yunkurinsu zuwa El-Alamein bayan nasarar da suka samu a Gazala.Duk da haka, a kodayaushe ana fama da mamayar Italiya, ta hanyar tayar da kayar baya daban-daban (mafi shaharar adawar Girka da kuma 'yan jam'iyyar Yugoslavia) da sojojin kawance, wadanda suka yi yakin Bahar Rum a duk fadin kasar Italiya.Rikicin daular kasar (bude gaba da yawa a Afirka, Balkans, Gabashin Turai, da Bahar Rum) ya haifar da shan kaye a yakin, yayin da daular Italiya ta ruguje bayan mummunan shan kashi a yakin Gabashin Turai da Arewacin Afirka.A cikin Yuli 1943, bayan mamayewar Allied na Sicily, an kama Mussolini da umarnin Sarki Victor Emmanuel III, wanda ya haifar da yakin basasa.Sojojin Italiya da ke wajen gabar tekun Italiya sun durkushe, yankunan da suka mamaye da kuma mamayewa suka fada karkashin ikon Jamus.Karkashin magajin Mussolini, Pietro Badoglio, Italiya ta koma hannun kawance a ranar 3 ga Satumba 1943, ko da yake Mussolini za a ceto shi daga zaman talala mako guda bayan sojojin Jamus ba tare da fuskantar turjiya ba.A ranar 13 ga Oktoba 1943, Masarautar Italiya a hukumance ta shiga ƙungiyar Allied Powers kuma ta ayyana yaƙi a kan tsohuwar abokiyar Axis Jamus.Rabin arewacin ƙasar Jamusawa ne tare da haɗin gwiwar fasist na Italiya suka mamaye, kuma suka zama ƙasa ta 'yar tsana ta haɗin gwiwa (wanda aka ɗauka sama da sojoji 800, 'yan sanda, da mayaka a cikin Axis), yayin da sojojin masarauta ke iko da kudanci a hukumance. , wanda ya yi yaƙi don Allied dalilin a matsayin Italiyanci Co-Belligerent Army (a tsawonsa yawan fiye da 50,000 maza), da kuma a kusa da 350,000 Italiya juriya ƙungiyoyi partisans (da yawa daga cikinsu tsohon Royal Italian Army sojojin) na daban-daban siyasa akidu da cewa. yana aiki a duk faɗin Italiya.A ranar 28 ga Afrilun 1945, 'yan jam'iyyar Italiya sun kashe Mussolini a Giulino, kwanaki biyu kafin Hitler ya kashe kansa.

Yakin basasa na Italiya ya kasance yakin basasa a cikin Masarautar Italiya lokacin yakin duniya na biyu daga 8 Satumba 1943 (ranar Armistice of Cassibile) zuwa 2 Mayu 1945 (ranar mika wuya na Caserta), ta hanyar Fascists na Italiya Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Italiya, wata yar tsana ta haɗin gwiwar da aka kirkira a karkashin jagorancin Nazi Jamus a lokacin mulkin Italiya, a kan 'yan jam'iyyar Italiyanci (mafi yawancin tsarin siyasa a cikin Kwamitin 'Yanci na Kasa), da kayan tallafi na Allies, a cikin mahallin yakin Italiya.'Yan bangaran Italiya da sojojin hadin gwiwar Italiya na Masarautar Italiya sun yi yaki da sojojin Jamus na Nazi da suka mamaye.Rikicin makami tsakanin Sojojin Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Italiya da Rundunar Sojojin Italiya na Masarautar Italiya ba kasafai ba ne, yayin da aka sami wasu rikice-rikice na cikin gida a cikin motsi na bangaranci.A cikin wannan mahallin, Jamusawa, wani lokacin da 'yan Fascist na Italiya ke taimaka musu, sun aikata laifuka da dama a kan fararen hula da sojojin Italiya.Lamarin da daga baya ya haifar da yakin basasar Italiya shi ne tuhume shi da kama Benito Mussolini a ranar 25 ga Yulin 1943 da Sarki Victor Emmanuel III ya yi, bayan haka Italiya ta sanya hannu kan Rundunar Sojojin Cassibile a ranar 8 ga Satumba 1943, inda ta kawo karshen yakinta da kawance.Duk da haka, sojojin Jamus sun fara mamaye Italiya nan da nan kafin yakin basasa, ta hanyar Operation Achse, sannan suka mamaye Italiya tare da mamaye Italiya fiye da yadda ya kamata bayan yakin, suna iko da arewaci da tsakiyar Italiya tare da samar da Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Italiya (RSI), tare da Mussolini. An nada shi a matsayin jagora bayan da dakarun Jamus suka ceto shi a harin Gran Sasso.Sakamakon haka ne aka kafa rundunar hadin gwiwa ta Italiya don yakar Jamusawa, yayin da sauran sojojin Italiya masu biyayya ga Mussolini suka ci gaba da fafatawa tare da Jamusawa a cikin sojojin Jamhuriyar Republican.Bugu da kari, wata babbar kungiyar juriya ta kasar Italiya ta fara yakin sari-ka-noke da sojojin fasist na Jamus da Italiya.Nasarar adawa da Fascist ta kai ga kisa kan Mussolini, da ‘yantar da kasar daga mulkin kama-karya, da kuma haifuwar jamhuriyar Italiya a karkashin gwamnatin kawancen soji na yankunan da ta mamaye, wadda ta fara aiki har zuwa yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da Italiya 1947.

Kamar Japan da Jamus, bayan yakin duniya na biyu ya bar kasar Italiya da rugujewar tattalin arziki, al'umma da ke raba gari, da fushin masarautar saboda amincewa da gwamnatin Fascist na shekaru ashirin da suka gabata.Waɗannan abubuwan takaici sun ba da gudummawa ga farfaɗowar ƙungiyoyin jamhuriyar Italiya.Bayan murabus din Victor Emmanuel III, dansa, sabon sarki Umberto II, ya fuskanci barazanar wani yakin basasa ya kira kuri'ar raba gardama ta kundin tsarin mulki don yanke shawara ko Italiya ta ci gaba da zama sarauta ko kuma zama jamhuriya.A ranar 2 ga Yunin 1946, bangaren jamhuriyar ya samu kashi 54% na kuri'un da aka kada kuma Italiya a hukumance ta zama jamhuriya.An hana dukkan mazan majalisar Savoy shiga Italiya, haramcin da aka soke shi a shekara ta 2002.Ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da Italiya, 1947, Istria, Kvarner, yawancin Maris na Julian da kuma birnin Dalmatian na Zara Yugoslavia ya hade da Yugoslavia wanda ya haifar da hijirar Istrian-Dalmatian, wanda ya haifar da hijira tsakanin 230,000 zuwa 350,000 na ƙabilar gida. Italiyanci ('yan Italiyanci na Itali da Dalmatian Italiya), sauran 'yan kabilar Slovenia ne, 'yan kabilar Croatian, da kuma 'yan kabilar Istro-Romanawa, suna zabar su ci gaba da zama dan kasar Italiya.Babban zabukan shekarar 1946, wanda aka gudanar a daidai lokacin da ake gudanar da zaben raba gardama na kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, ya zabi mambobin majalisar wakilai 556, daga cikinsu 207 sun kasance Christian Democrats, 115 Socialists da 104 Communists.An amince da sabon kundin tsarin mulki, wanda ya kafa tsarin dimokuradiyya na majalisa.A cikin 1947, a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba na Amurka, an kori 'yan gurguzu daga gwamnati.Babban zaben Italiya, 1948 ya ga gagarumin nasara ga Christian Democrats, wanda ya mamaye tsarin tsawon shekaru arba'in masu zuwa.

Italiya ta shiga cikin Shirin Marshall (ERP) da NATO.A shekara ta 1950, tattalin arzikin ya daidaita sosai kuma ya fara haɓaka.A cikin 1957, Italiya ta kasance memba ta kafa Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Turai, wadda daga baya ta rikide zuwa Tarayyar Turai (EU).Gado na dogon lokaci na Shirin Marshall shine don taimakawa sabunta tattalin arzikin Italiya.Yadda al'ummar Italiya suka gina hanyoyin daidaitawa, fassara, tsayin daka, da zaman gida wannan ƙalubalen ya yi tasiri mai dorewa kan ci gaban al'ummar cikin shekaru masu zuwa.Bayan gazawar Fascist, Amurka ta ba da hangen nesa na zamani wanda ba a taba ganin irinsa ba a cikin karfinta, kishin kasa da kasa, da kuma gayyata zuwa koyi.Duk da haka Stalinism wani karfi ne na siyasa.ERP na ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin da wannan zamani ya fara aiki.Tsohuwar hangen nesa ta fuskar masana'antu na kasar, ya samo asali ne daga tunanin gargajiya na sana'a, ta'ammali da sana'o'i, wanda ya sha bamban da kwazon da ake gani a motoci da na zamani, da ke da sha'awar barin kariyar zamanin Fascist da kuma cin gajiyar tsarin mulkin. damar da ake bayarwa ta hanyar haɓaka kasuwancin duniya cikin sauri.A shekara ta 1953, samar da masana'antu ya ninka sau biyu idan aka kwatanta da 1938 kuma adadin karuwar yawan aiki na shekara ya kasance 6.4%, sau biyu na Birtaniyya.A Fiat, samar da motoci da kowane ma'aikaci ya ninka a tsakanin 1948 da 1955, 'ya'yan itace na wani m, Marshall Plan-taimaka aikace-aikace na fasaha na Amurka (da kuma mafi tsanani horo a kan masana'anta-bene).Vittorio Valletta, babban manajan Fiat, wanda ya taimaka ta hanyar shingen kasuwanci wanda ya toshe motocin Faransa da Jamus, ya mai da hankali kan sabbin fasahohi da kuma dabarun fitar da kayayyaki.Ya yi nasarar yin fare kan yin hidima ga kasuwannin waje masu kuzari daga tsire-tsire na zamani waɗanda aka gina tare da taimakon kuɗin Marshall Plan.Daga wannan tushe na fitar da kayayyaki daga baya ya sayar da shi zuwa kasuwar cikin gida mai girma, inda Fiat ba tare da gasa mai tsanani ba.Fiat ya ci gaba da kasancewa a ƙarshen fasahar kera motoci, yana ba shi damar faɗaɗa samarwa, tallace-tallacen waje, da riba.

Mu'ujizar tattalin arzikin Italiya ko bunƙasar tattalin arziƙin Italiya (Italiya: il boom economico) ita ce kalmar da masana tarihi, masana tattalin arziki, da kafofin watsa labarai ke amfani da shi don ayyana tsawan lokaci na ci gaban tattalin arziki mai ƙarfi a Italiya bayan yakin duniya na biyu zuwa ƙarshen 1960s, kuma musamman shekaru daga 1958 zuwa 1963. Wannan lokaci na tarihin Italiya ba wai kawai wani ginshiƙi ne a cikin ci gaban tattalin arziki da zamantakewa na ƙasar ba - wanda aka canza daga matalauta, galibi yankunan karkara, al'umma zuwa ikon masana'antu na duniya - amma har ma wani lokaci. Babban canji a cikin al'umma da al'adun Italiya.Kamar yadda wani ɗan tarihi ya taƙaita, a ƙarshen shekarun 1970, "an samar da tsarin tsaro na zamantakewar jama'a da yawa kuma an samar da karimci. Matsayin rayuwa ya inganta sosai ga yawancin jama'a."