Rushewar zamanin Bronze Age, wanda ya faru a kusan karni na 12 KZ, wani lokaci ne na gagarumin tashin hankali a Gabashin Bahar Rum da Gabas ta Tsakiya, gami da yankuna kamarMasar , Balkans, Anatolia, da Aegean.Wannan zamanin yana da sauye-sauyen yanayi, ƙaura mai yawa, lalata birane, da rugujewar manyan al'ummomi, wanda ya haifar da gagarumin sauyi daga tattalin arzikin gidan sarauta na zamanin Bronze zuwa ƙarami, keɓantaccen al'adun ƙauye da ke halayyar zamanin Duhun Girka .Wannan rugujewar ya kawo ƙarshen fitattun jahohin zamanin Bronze Age da dama.Daular Hittiyawa a yankin Anatoliya da wasu sassan Levant sun wargaje, yayin da wayewar Mycenaean a Girka ta rikide zuwa wani lokaci na raguwa da aka sani da zamanin duhu na Girka, wanda ya kasance daga kusan 1100 zuwa 750 KZ.Ko da yake wasu jihohi kamar Masarautar Assuriya ta Tsakiya da Sabuwar Masarautar Masar sun tsira, sun raunana sosai.Sabanin haka, al'adu irin su Phoenicians sun ga haɓakar ɗan adam a cikin 'yancin kai da tasiri saboda raguwar kasancewar sojojin da ke da iko a baya kamar Masar da Assuriya.Abubuwan da suka haifar da rugujewar shekarun Bronze Age an yi ta muhawara sosai, tare da ra'ayoyin da suka fito daga bala'o'i da sauyin yanayi zuwa ci gaban fasaha da sauyin al'umma.Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da aka fi ambata sun haɗa da fashewar aman wuta, fari mai tsanani, cututtuka, da mamayewar mutanen Teku masu ban mamaki.Ƙarin ra'ayoyin sun nuna tabarbarewar tattalin arziki sakamakon zuwan aikin ƙarfe da sauye-sauyen fasahar soji wanda ya sa yaƙin karusa ya daina aiki.Yayin da aka taba tunanin girgizar kasa za ta taka muhimmiyar rawa, binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya rage tasirinsu.Bayan rugujewar, yankin ya ga canje-canje a hankali amma masu canzawa, gami da sauyi daga zamanin Bronze zuwa ƙarfe na ƙarfe.Wannan sauye-sauye na fasaha ya sauƙaƙe bullowar sabbin wayewa tare da canza yanayin zamantakewa da siyasa a cikin Eurasia da Afirka, wanda ya kafa mataki don ci gaban tarihi na gaba a cikin karni na 1 KZ.Lalacewar al'aduTsakanin kusan 1200 zuwa 1150 KZ, manyan rugujewar al'adu sun faru a Gabashin Bahar Rum da Gabas Gabas.Wannan lokacin ya ga faduwar masarautun Mycenaean, Kassite a Babila, da Hittiyawa, da sabuwar Masarautar Masar, tare da lalata Ugarit da jihohin Amoriyawa, rarrabuwar kawuna a jihohin Luwian na yammacin Anatoliya, da hargitsi a Kan'ana.Wadannan rugujewar sun kawo cikas ga hanyoyin kasuwanci tare da rage yawan karatu a yankin.Wasu jihohi sun sami nasarar tsira daga rugujewar zamanin Bronze, duk da cewa sun sami rauni, ciki har da Assuriya, Sabuwar Masarautar Masar, Jihohin Phoenician, da Elam.Duk da haka, arzikinsu ya bambanta.A ƙarshen ƙarni na 12 KZ, Elam ya ƙi bayan ya ci nasara daga Nebuchadnezzar na ɗaya na Babila, wanda ya ƙarfafa ikon Babila na ɗan lokaci kafin ya fuskanci hasarar Assuriyawa.Bayan-1056 KZ, bayan mutuwar Ashur-bel-kala, Assuriya ta shiga raguwa na tsawon ƙarni, tare da ikonta ya koma kusa da ita.A halin da ake ciki, jihohin ƙasar Finisiya sun sami 'yancin kai daga Masar a zamanin Wenamun.Da farko, masana tarihi sun yi imanin cewa wani bala'i mai yaɗuwa ya afku a Gabashin Bahar Rum daga Pylos zuwa Gaza a wajajen ƙarni na 13 zuwa 12 KZ, wanda ya haifar da mummunar halaka da watsi da manyan birane kamar Hattusa, Mycenae, da Ugarit.Robert Drews ya bayyana cewa kusan kowane birni mai mahimmanci an lalata shi a wannan lokacin, tare da da yawa ba su sake mamayewa ba.Duk da haka, ƙarin bincike na baya-bayan nan, ciki har da aikin Ann Killebrew, ya nuna cewa Drews na iya yin la'akari da girman lalacewa.Binciken Killebrew ya nuna cewa yayin da wasu garuruwa kamar Urushalima suna da mahimmanci kuma suna da ƙarfi a baya da kuma bayan lokaci, a lokacin Late Bronze Age da farkon zamanin ƙarfe, a zahiri sun kasance ƙanana, marasa ƙarfi, kuma ba su da mahimmanci.Dalilai masu yiwuwaAn gabatar da ra'ayoyi daban-daban don bayyana rugujewar shekarun Bronze Age, ciki har da sauyin yanayi, kamar fari ko ayyukan volcanic, mamayewar kungiyoyi kamar mutanen Teku, yaduwar ƙarfe ƙarfe, ci gaba a cikin makaman soja da dabaru, da gazawar siyasa. tsarin zamantakewa, da tattalin arziki.Koyaya, babu wata ka'ida ɗaya da ta sami karɓuwa a duniya.Mai yiyuwa ne rugujewar ta samo asali ne sakamakon haduwar wadannan abubuwa, kowanne ya ba da gudummawa ta fannoni daban-daban ga rikice-rikicen da aka samu a wannan lokacin.Haɗuwa da RushewarƘayyadaddun 1200 KZ a matsayin farkon faɗuwar shekarun Bronze Age ya sami rinjaye sosai daga masanin tarihin Jamus Arnold Hermann Ludwig Heeren.A cikin aikinsa na 1817 akan tsohuwar Girka, Heeren ya ba da shawarar cewa lokacin farko na prehistory na Girka ya ƙare a kusan 1200 KZ, kwanan wata da ya danganta da faduwar Troy a 1190 KZ bayan yaƙin shekaru goma.Ya kara fadada wannan kwanan wata don nuna ƙarshen daular Masar ta 19 a daidai wannan lokacin a cikin littafinsa na 1826.A cikin karni na 19, wannan kwanan wata ya zama wuri mai mahimmanci, tare da masana tarihi suna danganta ta da wasu muhimman abubuwan da suka faru kamar mamaye mutanen Teku, mamaye Dorian, da rushewar Mycenaean Girka.Zuwa 1896, kwanan wata kuma ta ƙunshi farkon ambaton Isra'ila a kudancin Levant, kamar yadda aka rubuta akan Merneptah Stele.Wannan haduwar al'amuran tarihi a kusan shekara ta 1200 KZ tun daga lokacin ya tsara labarin masana na rugujewar Zamanin Bronze Age.Bayan hakaA ƙarshen zamanin Duhu wanda ya biyo bayan ƙarshen zamanin Bronze Age, ragowar wayewar Hittiyawa sun haɗu zuwa ƙananan jihohin Syro-Hittite da yawa a cikin Cilicia da Levant.Waɗannan sabbin jahohin sun ƙunshi cakuda abubuwan Hittiyawa da Aramiya.Tun daga tsakiyar karni na 10 KZ, jerin ƙananan masarautun Aramewa sun fito a cikin Levant.Ƙari ga haka, Filistiyawa sun zauna a kudancin Kan’ana, inda masu magana da yare na Kan’aniyawa suka yi sarauta dabam-dabam, har da Isra’ila, Mowab, Edom, da Ammon.Wannan lokacin ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a fagen siyasar yankin, wanda ke da alaƙa da samuwar sabbin ƙananan jihohi daga ragowar manyan wayewar zamanin Bronze Age.