Tarihin kasar Sin

Za a iya gano shekarun Neolithic a China zuwa kusan 10,000 KZ.Ɗaya daga cikin ma'anar halayen Neolithic shine noma.Aikin noma a kasar Sin ya bunkasa sannu a hankali, inda a hankali aka fadada aikin noma na hatsi da dabbobi a hankali ta hanyar kara wasu da dama a cikin shekaru dubun da suka biyo baya.Shaida ta farko ta noman shinkafa, da kogin Yangtze ya samo, tana da tarihin carbon zuwa shekaru 8,000 da suka wuce.Shaida ta farko ga aikin noman gero na kasar Sin radiyo ne mai kwanan wata zuwa kusan 7000 KZ.Noma ya haifar da al'adun Jiahu (7000 zuwa 5800 KZ).A Damaidi a Ningxia, an gano sassaƙan dutse 3,172 tun daga 6000-5000 KZ, "wanda ke da haruffa 8,453 kamar rana, wata, taurari, alloli da wuraren farauta ko kiwo".Ana ɗaukar waɗannan hotunan suna kama da farkon haruffan da aka tabbatar an rubuta su na Sinanci.Rubutun kalmomin Sinanci sun kasance a Jiahu a shekara ta 7000 KZ, Dadiwan daga 5800 KZ zuwa 5400 KZ, Damaidi a wajen 6000 KZ da Banpo wanda aka yi tun daga karni na 5 KZ.Tare da noma ya sami karuwar yawan jama'a, ikon adanawa da sake rarraba amfanin gona, da yuwuwar tallafawa ƙwararrun masu sana'a da masu gudanarwa.Al'adun tsakiya da marigayi Neolithic a tsakiyar kwarin Yellow River ana san su da al'adun Yangshao (5000 KZ zuwa 3000 KZ) da al'adun Longshan (3000 KZ zuwa 2000 KZ).A lokacin na ƙarshe shanu da tumaki sun zo daga Yammacin Asiya.Alkama kuma ya isa, amma ya kasance ɗan ƙaramin amfanin gona.

An samo kayan tarihi na tagulla a wurin al'adun Majiayao (tsakanin 3100 zuwa 2700 KZ).Shekarun Bronze kuma ana wakilta a wurin al'adun Xiajiadian na ƙasa (2200-1600 KZ) a arewa maso gabashin China.An yi imanin cewa Sanxingdui da ke lardin Sichuan a yanzu shi ne wurin da wani babban tsohon birni ne, na al'adun zamanin Bronze da ba a san shi ba (tsakanin 2000 zuwa 1200 KZ).An fara gano wurin ne a shekarar 1929, sannan aka sake gano shi a shekarar 1986. Masana ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi na kasar Sin sun gano cewa al'adun Sanxingdui wani bangare ne na tsohuwar daular Shu, inda suka danganta kayayyakin tarihin da aka samu a wurin da sarakunan gargajiya na farko.Ƙarfe na ƙarfe ya fara bayyana a ƙarshen karni na 6 a cikin kwarin Yangzi.Tomahawk na tagulla tare da ruwan ƙarfe na meteoric da aka tono kusa da birnin Gaocheng a Shijiazhuang (lardin Hebei a yanzu) an yi shi ne a ƙarni na 14 KZ.Al'adun zamanin ƙarfe na Tibet Plateau yana da alaƙa da al'adun Zhang Zhung da aka kwatanta a farkon rubuce-rubucen Tibet.

Shaidar archaeological, kamar kasusuwa na baka da tagulla, da rubutun da aka watsa sun tabbatar da wanzuwar tarihi na daular Shang (c. 1600-1046 KZ).Abubuwan da aka samo daga zamanin Shang na farko sun fito ne daga hakoran da aka yi a Erligang, a cikin Zhengzhou na yanzu.Abubuwan da aka samo daga lokacin Shang ko Yin (殷), an samo su a yalwace a Anyang, a cikin Henan na zamani, na ƙarshe na manyan biranen Shang tara (c. 1300-1046 KZ).Abubuwan da aka gano a Anyang sun haɗa da rubuce-rubuce na farko na Sinawa ya zuwa yanzu da aka gano: rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubucen duba a cikin rubuce-rubucen da aka yi na tsohuwar Sinawa a kan ƙasusuwa ko harsashi na dabbobi - "kasusuwan baka", tun daga kusan 1250 KZ.Jerin sarakuna talatin da daya ne suka yi sarauta akan daular Shang.A lokacin mulkinsu, bisa ga Tarihin Babban Masanin Tarihi, babban birnin ya koma sau shida.Ƙaura ta ƙarshe (kuma mafi mahimmanci) ita ce Yin a kusan 1300 KZ wanda ya kai ga zamanin zinariya na daular.Kalmar daular Yin ta kasance daidai da daular Shang a tarihi, ko da yake an yi amfani da ita a baya-bayan nan musamman ga rabin ƙarshen daular Shang.Kodayake rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubucen da aka samu a Anyang sun tabbatar da wanzuwar daular Shang, malaman yammacin duniya galibi suna shakkar danganta matsugunan da suka yi daidai da mazaunin Anyang da daular Shang.Misali, binciken binciken archaeological a Sanxingdui ya ba da shawarar wayewar ci gaban fasaha ta al'ada sabanin Anyang.Shaidar ba ta cika ba wajen tabbatar da nisan daular Shang daga Anyang.Babban hasashe shi ne, Anyang, wanda Shang ya yi mulki a tarihin hukuma, ya kasance tare da yin ciniki tare da sauran matsugunan al'adu daban-daban a yankin da a yanzu ake kira da kasar Sin ta dace.

Daular Zhou (1046 KZ zuwa kusan 256 KZ) ita ce daular da ta fi dadewa a tarihin kasar Sin, ko da yake karfinta ya ragu sosai a kusan karni takwas na wanzuwarsa.A karshen karni na 2 KZ, daular Zhou ta taso ne a cikin kwarin kogin Wei na lardin Shaanxi na zamani na zamani, inda Shang ya nada su masu kare yammacin yamma.Rundunar hadin gwiwa karkashin jagorancin sarkin Zhou, Sarki Wu, ta yi nasara kan Shang a yakin Muye.Sun mamaye mafi yawan tsakiyar tsakiya da ƙananan kwarin Yellow River kuma sun mamaye danginsu da abokan haɗin gwiwa a cikin masarautu masu cin gashin kai a faɗin yankin.Da yawa daga cikin waɗannan jahohi sun zama masu ƙarfi fiye da sarakunan Zhou.Sarakunan Zhou sun yi kira ga manufar wajabcin sama don halasta mulkinsu, ra'ayin da ke da tasiri ga kusan kowane daular da ta gaje shi.Kamar Shangdi, sama (tian) ta mallaki dukan sauran alloli, kuma ta yanke shawarar wanda zai mallaki kasar Sin.An yi imani da cewa wani mai mulki ya yi hasarar wa'adin sama lokacin da bala'o'i suka faru da yawa, kuma lokacin da, a zahiri, mai mulkin ya rasa damuwarsa ga mutane.A sakamakon haka, za a rushe gidan sarauta, kuma sabon gida zai yi mulki, bayan an ba da izini na sama.Zhou ya kafa manyan biranen Zongzhou (kusa da Xi'an na zamani) da Chengzhou (Luoyang), suna tafiya a tsakanin su akai-akai.A hankali, kawancen Zhou ya fadada gabas zuwa Shandong, kudu maso gabas zuwa kwarin kogin Huai, da kudu zuwa kwarin kogin Yangtze.

Lokacin bazara da kaka wani lokaci ne a tarihin kasar Sin daga kimanin 770 zuwa 476 KZ (ko kuma a cewar wasu hukumomi har zuwa shekara ta 403 KZ) wanda ya yi daidai da rabin farkon zamanin Zhou na Gabas.Sunan wannan lokacin ya samo asali ne daga Annals na bazara da kaka, tarihin jihar Lu tsakanin 722 zuwa 479 KZ, wanda al'adar ta haɗu da Confucius (551-479 KZ).A cikin wannan lokaci, ikon sarautar Zhou a kan jihohin feudal daban-daban ya lalace yayin da sarakuna da masu fada-a-ji suka samu 'yancin cin gashin kai na yankin, suka bijirewa fadar sarki a Luoyi tare da yin yaki a tsakaninsu.Rabe-rabe a hankali na Jin, daya daga cikin jihohi mafi karfi, ya nuna karshen lokacin bazara da kaka da farkon lokacin yakin basasa.

Confucius wani masanin falsafa ne na kasar Sin kuma dan siyasa na lokacin bazara da kaka wanda a al'adance ake daukarsa a matsayin farkin masu hikimar kasar Sin.Koyarwar Confucius da falsafar ta dogara ne kan al'adu da al'ummar gabashin Asiya, wanda ya kasance mai tasiri a duk fadin kasar Sin da gabashin Asiya har ya zuwa yau.Confucius ya ɗauki kansa a matsayin mai watsawa don ƙimar lokutan farko waɗanda ya ce an yi watsi da su a zamaninsa.Koyarwar falsafarsa, wanda ake kira Confucianism, ya jaddada ɗabi'a na mutum da na gwamnati, daidaitaccen dangantakar zamantakewa, adalci, kirki, da gaskiya.Mabiyansa sun yi gogayya da wasu makarantu da dama a zamanin Daruruwan Makarantu na Tunani, sai dai an danne su don goyon bayan masu bin doka a lokacin daular Qin .Bayan rugujewar Qin da nasarar da Han ya samu kan Chu, tunanin Confucius ya samu takunkumi a hukumance a sabuwar gwamnati.A lokacin Tangda daular Song, Confucianism ya ci gaba zuwa tsarin da aka sani a Yamma da Neo-Confucianism, kuma daga baya a matsayin New Confucianism.Confucianism wani bangare ne na zamantakewar jama'ar kasar Sin da tsarin rayuwa;ga ’yan Confuciyawa, rayuwar yau da kullum ita ce fagen addini.Bisa al'adar Confucius an lasafta shi da cewa ya rubuta ko gyara da yawa daga cikin litattafan gargajiya na kasar Sin, ciki har da dukkan nau'o'in al'adu biyar, amma malaman zamani suna taka tsantsan wajen dangana takamaiman ikirari ga Confucius kansa.An tattara abubuwan ban dariya game da koyarwarsa a cikin Analects, amma shekaru da yawa bayan mutuwarsa.Ka'idodin Confucius sun yi kama da al'adar Sinawa da imani.Tare da tsoron Allah, ya ba da fifikon aminci na iyali, girmama kakanni, da mutunta dattijai ta 'ya'yansu da mazajensu ta wurin matansu, yana ba da shawarar iyali a matsayin tushen ingantacciyar gwamnati.Ya amince da sanannen ƙa'ida "Kada ku yi wa wasu abin da ba ku so a yi wa kanku", Dokar Zinariya.

Zamanin jahohin da ke yakar wani zamani ne a cikin tsohon tarihin kasar Sin wanda ke da yakin yaki, da kuma yin gyare-gyare na tsarin mulki da na soja da karfafa gwiwa.Ya biyo bayan lokacin bazara da kaka kuma an kammala yakin Qin na mamaya wanda ya haifar da mamayar da dukkan sauran kasashen da ke fafatawa da juna, wanda daga karshe ya kai ga nasarar da jihar Qin ta samu a shekara ta 221 KZ a matsayin daular farko ta hadaddiyar kasar Sin, wadda aka fi sani da daular Qin.Ko da yake malamai daban-daban sun yi nuni da kwanan wata daban-daban tun daga 481 KZ zuwa 403 KZ a matsayin farkon farkon Jihohin da suke Yaki, zaɓin Sima Qian na 475 KZ shine mafi yawan ambatonsa.Har ila yau, zamanin daular Zhou ya yi karo da rabin na biyu na daular Zhou ta Gabas, duk da cewa sarkin kasar Sin, wanda aka fi sani da sarkin Zhou, ya yi mulki ne kawai a matsayin babban mutum, kuma ya zama koma baya ga makirce-makircen jihohin da ke fada da juna."Lokacin Jihohin Yaki" ya samo sunansa daga littafin tarihin Jihohin yaƙi, aikin da aka harhada tun farkon daular Han.

Tao Te Ching wani rubutu ne na gargajiya na kasar Sin da aka rubuta a kusan shekara ta 400 KZ kuma bisa ga al'adance ga mai hikima Laozi.An yi muhawara game da marubucin rubutun, kwanan wata da ranar da aka tattara.Babban ɓangaren da aka tono tun daga ƙarshen karni na 4 KZ, amma ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun za ta nuna kwanan wata da sauran sassan rubutun kamar yadda aka rubuta-ko aƙalla harhade-bayan farkon sassan Zhuangzi.Tao Te Ching, tare da Zhuangzi, muhimmin rubutu ne na Taoism na falsafa da na addini.Har ila yau, ya yi tasiri sosai ga sauran makarantun falsafa da addini na kasar Sin, ciki har da Legalism, Confucianism, da Buddha na kasar Sin, wanda aka fi fassara shi ta hanyar amfani da kalmomi da ra'ayoyin Taoist lokacin da aka fara gabatar da shi zuwa kasar Sin.Yawancin masu fasaha, ciki har da mawaƙa, masu zane-zane, masu zane-zane, da masu aikin lambu, sun yi amfani da Tao Te Ching a matsayin tushen wahayi.Tasirinsa ya bazu ko'ina kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin littattafan da aka fi fassara a cikin adabin duniya.

Shari'a ko Fajia ɗaya ce daga cikin makarantun gargajiya shida na falsafar Sinawa.A zahiri ma'anar "gidan (gudanarwa) hanyoyin / ma'auni", Fa "makarantar" tana wakiltar rassa da yawa na "mazaje na hanyoyin", a yammacin sau da yawa ana kiransu "masu gaskiya" masu mulki, wadanda suka taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gina daular Sinawa. .Mutum na farko na Fajia ana iya la'akari da Guan Zhong (720-645 KZ), amma bin tsarin Han Feizi (a shekara ta 240 KZ), Shen Buhai (400-337 KZ) da Shang Yang (390) -338 KZ) an ɗauke su a matsayin "masu kafa."An yi la'akari da shi a matsayin mafi girma a cikin duk rubutun "Masu Shari'a", Han Feizi an yi imanin yana dauke da sharhin farko akan Dao De Jing a tarihi.The Art of War na Sun Tzu ya haɗa da falsafar Daoist na rashin aiki da rashin son kai, da tsarin "Masu shari'a" na hukunci da lada, yana tunawa da tunanin falsafar Han Fei na iko da dabaru.Zuwan dan lokaci kan karagar mulki a matsayin akida tare da hawan daular Qin, Sarkin Qin na farko da sarakunan da suka gaje shi sukan bi tsarin da Han Fei ya kafa.Ko da yake ba za a iya gano tushen tsarin gudanarwa na kasar Sin ga kowane mutum ba, amma mai gudanarwa Shen Buhai zai iya yin tasiri fiye da kowane mutum a kan gina tsarin da ya dace, kuma ana iya la'akari da shi wanda ya kafa shi, idan ba shi da daraja a matsayin wanda ba a sani ba. -misalin zamani na ka'idar abstract na gudanarwa.Masanin ilimin Sinanci Herrlee G. Creel ya gani a Shen Buhai "tsarin jarrabawar aikin gwamnati", kuma watakila masanin kimiyyar siyasa na farko.Dangane da batun tsarin mulki da na siyasa, Shang Yang ya kasance babban mai kawo sauyi a zamaninsa.Yawancin gyare-gyaren da ya yi sun mayar da jihar Qin da ke gefenta zuwa wata daula mai karfin soji da mai karfi.Mafi yawan "Shari'a" shi ne "ci gaban wasu ra'ayoyi" da ke bayan gyare-gyaren da ya yi, wanda zai taimaka wajen kai ga nasarar da Qin ya yi wa sauran jihohin kasar Sin a shekara ta 221 KZ.Da yake kiransu da "masu tunani na kasa", masanin ilimin kimiyya Jacques Gernet ya ɗauki Fajia a matsayin mafi mahimmancin al'adar ilimi na ƙarni na huɗu da na uku KZ.Fajia ta jagoranci matakan daidaitawa da tsarin tattalin arzikin jama'a ta jihar wanda ke nuna duk tsawon lokacin daga Qin zuwa daular Tang;Daular Han ta mamaye cibiyoyin gwamnati na daular Qin kusan ba ta canza ba.Shari'a ta sake yin fice a karni na ashirin, lokacin da masu kawo sauyi suka dauki hakan a matsayin abin koyi ga adawarsu ga dakarun Confucian masu ra'ayin mazan jiya.A matsayinsa na dalibi, Mao Zedong ya yi nasara kan Shang Yang, kuma a karshen rayuwarsa ya yaba da manufofin daular Qin ta masu adawa da Confucian.

Daular Qin ita ce daular farko ta Imperial kasar Sin, wadda ta kasance daga 221 zuwa 206 KZ.Daular Qin Shi Huang, Sarkin Qin na farko ya kafa daular Qin (Gansu na zamani da Shaanxi).Ƙarfin ƙasar Qin ya ƙaru sosai ta hanyar gyare-gyaren doka na Shang Yang a ƙarni na huɗu KZ, lokacin da ake yaƙi da ƙasashe.A tsakiyar da kuma karshen karni na uku KZ, kasar Qin ta yi jerin gwano cikin sauri, inda ta kawo karshen daular Zhou maras karfi, sannan ta ci sauran kasashe shida na kasashe bakwai masu yaki.Shekaru 15 da ta yi ita ce mafi guntuwar manyan daular a tarihin kasar Sin, wadda ta kunshi sarakuna biyu kacal.Duk da gajeren mulkinsa, amma darussa da dabarun Qin sun tsara daular Han , kuma sun zama mafarin tsarin daular kasar Sin wanda ya dade tun daga shekara ta 221 KZ, tare da katsewa, ci gaba, da daidaitawa, har zuwa shekara ta 1912 miladiyya.Qin ya nemi samar da kasa dunkule ta hanyar tsarin mulki na siyasa da kuma wani babban soja da ke samun goyan bayan ingantaccen tattalin arziki.Gwamnatin tsakiya ta matsa kaimi don tauye masu fada aji da masu mallakar filaye don samun ikon gudanar da mulki kai tsaye kan manoma, wadanda suka kunshi mafi yawan jama'a da ma'aikata.Wannan ya ba da damar ayyuka masu ban sha'awa da suka hada da manoma da masu laifi dubu dari uku, kamar hada katanga a kan iyakar arewa, daga karshe sun bunkasa zuwa babbar ganuwa ta kasar Sin, da wani babban sabon tsarin hanyoyin kasa, da kuma babban dakin katafaren gidan katafaren Qin na farko. Sarkin sarakuna da sojojin Terracotta masu girman rai ke kiyaye shi.Qin ya gabatar da gyare-gyare iri-iri kamar daidaitattun kudade, ma'auni, ma'auni da tsarin rubutu iri ɗaya, wanda ke da nufin haɗa kan jihar da haɓaka kasuwanci.Bugu da ƙari, sojojinta sun yi amfani da makamai na baya-bayan nan, sufuri da dabaru, duk da cewa gwamnati ta kasance mai bin tsarin mulki.'Yan Confucians Han sun bayyana daular Qin na halal a matsayin azzalumi guda ɗaya, musamman ma suna ba da misali da tsarkakewa da aka fi sani da kona littattafai da binne masana ko da yake wasu malaman zamani suna jayayya da gaskiyar waɗannan asusun.

Daular Han (206 KZ - 220 CE) ita ce daular sarauta ta biyu ta kasar Sin.Ya biyo bayan daular Qin (221-206 KZ), wanda ya hada kasashen Sin da ke yaki ta hanyar cin nasara.Liu Bang ne ya kafa ta (wanda aka sani da Sarkin Han Gaozu bayan mutuwa).An kasu daular zuwa lokaci biyu: Western Han (206 KZ - 9 CE) da Gabas Han (25-220 CE), daular Xin (9-23 CE) ta Wang Mang ta katse a takaice.Wadannan kararrakin sun samo asali ne daga wuraren manyan biranen Chang'an da Luoyang, bi da bi.Babban birni na uku kuma na ƙarshe na daular shine Xuchang, inda kotun ta koma a shekara ta 196 AZ a lokacin rikicin siyasa da yakin basasa.Daular Han ta yi mulki a zamanin da kasar Sin ta karfafa al'adun gargajiya, da gwajin siyasa, da wadatar tattalin arziki da balaga, da ci gaban fasaha mai girma.An sami fadada yankuna da bincike da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba wanda aka fara ta hanyar gwagwarmaya tare da mutanen da ba na kasar Sin ba, musamman ma makiyayan Xiongnu na Eurasian Steppe.Da farko an tilasta wa sarakunan Han su amince da abokin hamayyarsa Xiongnu Chanyus a matsayin daidai suke, duk da haka a hakikanin gaskiya Han ya kasance abokiyar kasa da kasa a cikin kawancen aure da sarauta da ake kira heqin.An karya wannan yarjejeniya lokacin da sarki Wu na Han (r. 141-87 KZ) ya kaddamar da jerin hare-haren soji wanda a karshe ya haifar da ficewar kungiyar Xiongnu tare da sake fasalin iyakokin kasar Sin.An faɗaɗa daular Han zuwa Hexi Corridor na lardin Gansu na zamani, Tarim Basin na Xinjiang na zamani, Yunnan na zamani da Hainan, arewacin Vietnam na zamani,Koriya ta Arewa ta zamani, da kudancin Mongoliya ta waje.Kotun Han ta kafa kasuwanci da haɗin kai tare da masu mulki har zuwa yamma har zuwa Arsacids, wanda kotuna a Ctesiphon a Mesopotamiya sarakunan Han suka aika da wakilai zuwa gare su.Addinin Buddah ya fara shiga kasar Sin a zamanin Han, wanda masu wa'azin mishan daga Parthia da daular Kushan suka yada a arewacin Indiya da tsakiyar Asiya.

Tatsuniyoyi daban-daban sun ba da labarin kasancewar addinin Buddah a kasar Sin a zamanin da.Yayin da ijma'in masana shi ne cewa addinin Buddah ya fara zuwa kasar Sin a karni na farko a zamanin daular Han, ta hanyar masu wa'azin mishan dagaIndiya , ba a san daidai lokacin da addinin Buddah ya shigo kasar Sin ba.

Cai Lun wani jami'in kotun eunun kasar Sin ne na daular Han ta Gabas.A al'adance ana yi masa kallon wanda ya kirkiri takarda da tsarin hada takarda na zamani.Kodayake nau'ikan takarda na farko sun kasance tun daga karni na 3 KZ, ya kasance wuri mai mahimmanci a cikin tarihin takarda saboda haɓakar da ya yi na haushin bishiya da ƙarshen hemp, wanda ya haifar da ƙira mai girma da yaduwar takarda a duniya.

Masarautu uku daga shekara ta 220 zuwa 280 CE ta kasance yanki uku na kasar Sin a tsakanin daular Cao Wei, da Shu Han, da Gabashin Wu.Zamanin masarautu uku ya kasance da daular Han ta Gabas sannan kuma daular Jin ta Yamma ta biyo baya.Jihar Yan da ke kan tsibirin Liaodong na ɗan gajeren lokaci, wanda ya kasance daga 237 zuwa 238, wani lokaci ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin "sarauta ta 4".Zamanin masarautu uku na daya daga cikin mafi zubar da jini a tarihin kasar Sin.Fasaha ta ci gaba sosai a wannan lokacin.Shu Chancellor Zhuge Liang ya ƙirƙira sa na katako, ya ba da shawarar ya zama farkon nau'in keken keke, kuma ya inganta akan maimaita bakan.Mutane da yawa suna ganin Injin Injiniya Ma Jun daidai da wanda ya gabace shi Zhang Heng.Ya ƙirƙira wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo mai ƙarfi da injina wanda aka ƙera don Sarkin sarakuna Ming na Wei, famfunan sarƙoƙi mai murabba'i don ban ruwa na lambuna a Luoyang, da ƙirar dabarar karusar da ke nuni da kudanci, kompas ɗin jagora mara maganadisu wanda ke sarrafa ta daban-daban gears. .Ko da yake ɗan gajeren lokaci, wannan lokacin tarihi ya kasance mai ban sha'awa sosai a cikin al'adun Sin,Japan ,Koriya , da Vietnam .An yi bikin kuma an shahara a cikin wasan operas, labarun jama'a, litattafai da kuma a cikin kwanan nan, fina-finai, talabijin, da wasannin bidiyo.Mafi sanannun waɗannan shine Luo Guanzhong's Romance na masarautu uku, wani labari na tarihi na daular Ming wanda ya danganta da abubuwan da suka faru a zamanin masarautu uku.Mabuɗin tarihin tarihi na zamanin shine Chen Shou's Records na masarautu uku, tare da bayanan Pei Songzhi na baya na rubutun.

Daular Jin wata daular sarauta ce ta kasar Sin wadda ta kasance daga shekara ta 266 zuwa 420. Sima Yan (Sarki Wu) babban dan Sima Zhao ne ya kafa ta, wanda a baya aka nada shi Sarkin Jin.Daular Jin ta kasance kafin zamanin masarautu guda uku , kuma sarakuna goma sha shida na arewacin kasar Sin ne suka gaje shi, da daular Liu Song a kudancin kasar Sin.Akwai manyan sassa biyu a tarihin daular.An kafa Western Jin (266-316) a matsayin magajin Cao Wei bayan Sima Yan ta kwace sarauta daga Cao Huan.Da farko babban birnin lardin Jin ya kasance a Luoyang, ko da yake daga baya ya koma Chang'an (Xi'an na zamani, lardin Shaanxi).A shekara ta 280, bayan da aka ci Gabashin Wu, Jin Yamma ya sake haduwa da kasar Sin daidai a karon farko tun bayan kawo karshen daular Han, wanda ya kawo karshen zamanin daular Uku.Sai dai bayan shekaru 11, wasu jerin yakin basasa da aka fi sani da Yakin Sarakuna Takwas ya barke a daular, wanda ya raunana ta sosai.Bayan haka, a cikin 304, daular ta fuskanci guguwar tawaye da mamayar kabilun da ba 'yan kabilar Han ba, wadanda ake kira Barbarians guda biyar, wadanda suka ci gaba da kafa daular daular da dama a arewacin kasar Sin.Wannan ya kaddamar da zamanin daular Sinawa goma sha shida mai cike da rudani da zubar da jini, inda jahohin arewa suka tashi da faduwa cikin sauri, suna yakar juna da Jin.

Masarautu goma sha shida, wadanda ba kasa da kasa da kasashe goma sha shida ba, wani lokaci ne mai cike da rudani a tarihin kasar Sin daga shekara ta 304 zuwa 439, lokacin da tsarin siyasar arewacin kasar Sin ya karye zuwa jerin daular da ba ta dade ba.Mafi yawan wadannan jahohin ‘yan Barbari biyar ne suka kafa su: mutanen da ba Hanan ba ne wadanda suka zauna a arewaci da yammacin kasar Sin a shekarun da suka gabata, kuma suka kaddamar da jerin gwano da mamaye daular Jin ta Yamma a farkon karni na 4. .Duk da haka, da yawa daga cikin jahohi mutanen Han ne suka kafa su, kuma dukkan masarautu - ko da Xiongnu, Xianbei, Di, Jie, Qiang, Han, ko wasu suka yi mulki - sun dauki sunaye na daular Han.Jihohin sun yi ta gwabzawa da juna da kuma daular Jin ta Gabas, wadda ta gaji Western Jin a shekara ta 317 kuma ta yi mulkin kudancin kasar Sin.Lokacin ya ƙare tare da haɗin gwiwar arewacin kasar Sin a shekara ta 439 ta arewacin Wei, daular da kabilar Xianbei Tuoba ta kafa.Wannan ya faru ne shekaru 19 bayan kare Gabashin Jin a shekara ta 420, kuma an maye gurbinsa da daular Liu Song.Bayan hadewar arewa da arewacin Wei, an fara zamanin daular arewa da ta kudu na tarihin kasar Sin.Kalmar "mulkoki goma sha shida" masanin tarihi na karni na 6 Cui Hong ya fara amfani dashi a cikin tarihin bazara da kaka na masarautu goma sha shida kuma yana nufin Liangs biyar (Tsohon, Daga baya, Arewa, Kudu da Yamma), Yans hudu (Tsohon, Daga baya, Arewa, da Kudancin), Qins uku (Tsohon, Daga baya da Yamma), Zhaos biyu (Tsohon da Daga baya), Cheng Han da Xia.Cui Hong bai kirga wasu masarautu da dama da suka bayyana a lokacin ba da suka hada da Ran Wei, Zhai Wei, Chouchi, Duan Qi, Qiao Shu, Huan Chu, Tuyuhun da Western Yan.Haka kuma bai hada da Arewacin Wei da magabacinsa Dai ba, domin ana ganin Arewacin Wei a matsayin farkon daular Arewa a zamanin da ya biyo bayan Sarautu goma sha shida.Saboda tsananin gogayya a tsakanin jahohi da kuma rashin zaman lafiya na cikin gida, masarautun wannan zamanin ba su daɗe ba.Tsawon shekaru bakwai daga shekara ta 376 zuwa 383, tsohon Qin ya hade arewacin kasar Sin a takaice, amma hakan ya kawo karshe lokacin da Gabashin Jin ya yi galaba a kansa a yakin kogin Fei, bayan da tsohon Qin ya balle kuma arewacin kasar Sin ya samu rarrabuwar kawuna a siyasance. .Faduwar daular Jin ta Yamma a cikin bullowar gwamnatocin da ba na Han ba a arewacin kasar Sin a zamanin masarautu goma sha shida ya yi kama da faduwar daular Rum ta Yamma a cikin mamayewar da Huns da kabilun Jamus suka yi a Turai, wanda kuma ya faru a na 4 zuwa 5. ƙarni.

Tsohuwar Qin, wadda kuma ake kira Fu Qin (苻秦), (351-394) jiha ce ta daular Masarautu goma sha shida a tarihin kasar Sin da kabilar Di ke mulki.Fu Jian (wanda ya kasance bayan mutuwar sarki Jingming) wanda asalinsa ya yi aiki a karkashin daular Zhao ta baya, ya kammala hadewar arewacin kasar Sin a shekara ta 376. Babban birninta shi ne Xi'an har zuwa rasuwar sarki Xuanzhao a shekara ta 385. Duk da sunansa, birnin Xi'an na kasar Sin. Tsohon Qin ya kasance daga baya kuma ba shi da ƙarfi fiye da daular Qin wadda ta mallaki duk ƙasar Sin daidai a ƙarni na 3 KZ.Ana amfani da prefix "tsohon" don bambanta shi da "daular Qin daga baya" (384-417).A shekara ta 383, mummunan shan kashi da Daular Jin ta yi wa tsohon Qin a yakin kogin Fei ya karfafa bore, ya raba tsohon yankin Qin zuwa kashi biyu marasa ci gaba bayan mutuwar Fu Jian.Ɗaya daga cikin guntu, a Taiyuan ta yau, ba da daɗewa ba Shanxi ya mamaye 386 daga Xianbei a ƙarƙashin Later Yan da Dingling.Sauran sun yi gwagwarmaya a yankunan da ke kusa da kan iyakar Shaanxi da Gansu a yau har zuwa wargajewar a cikin 394 bayan shekaru na mamayewar Western Qin da Qin daga baya.A shekara ta 327, tsohuwar daular Liang karkashin Zhang Gui ta kirkiro kwamandan Gaochang.Bayan wannan, ƙabilar Han mai mahimmanci ya faru, ma'ana cewa babban ɓangaren jama'a ya zama Han.A shekara ta 383, Janar Lu Guang na tsohon Qin ya kwace iko da yankin.Dukan sarakunan tsohon Qin sun shelanta kansu "Sarki", sai dai Fu Jian (苻堅) (357-385) wanda a maimakon haka ya dauki taken "Sarkin Sama" (Tian). Wang).

Daular arewa da ta kudu wani lokaci ne da aka samu rarrabuwar kawuna a tarihin kasar Sin daga shekarar 420 zuwa 589, biyo bayan rikice-rikice na masarautu goma sha shida da daular Jin Gabas.Wani lokaci ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ƙarshen ɓangaren lokaci mai tsayi wanda aka sani da daular shida (220-589).Duk da shekarun yakin basasa da hargitsin siyasa, lokaci ne kuma na bunƙasa fasaha da al'adu, ci gaban fasaha, da yaduwar addinin Buddha na Mahayana da Daoism.Lokacin ya ga ƙaura da yawa na mutanen Han zuwa ƙasashen kudu da Yangtze.Lokacin ya zo ƙarshe tare da haɗakar da duk ƙasar Sin ta hanyar da sarki Wen na daular Sui ya yi.A cikin wannan lokacin, tsarin ɓatanci ya ƙaru a tsakanin ƙabilun da ba Hanan ba a arewa da kuma tsakanin mazaunan kudu.Har ila yau, wannan tsari ya kasance tare da karuwar shaharar addinin Buddah (wanda aka shigo da shi cikin kasar Sin a karni na 1) a arewaci da kudancin kasar Sin da kuma Daoism yana samun tasiri, tare da rubuta muhimman littattafan Daoist guda biyu a wannan lokacin.Sanannen ci gaban fasaha ya faru a wannan lokacin.Ƙirƙirar ƙwaƙƙwaran da aka yi a zamanin daular Jin farko (266-420) ya taimaka wajen haɓaka manyan sojojin dawakai a matsayin ma'aunin yaƙi.Masana tarihi kuma sun lura da ci gaba a fannin likitanci, ilmin taurari, lissafi , da zane-zane.Masu ilimin zamani sun haɗa da masanin lissafi kuma masanin falaki Zu Chongzhi (429-500), da masanin falaki Tao Hongjing.

Daular Sui ta kasance daular sarauta ta kasar Sin na ɗan gajeren lokaci mai mahimmanci (581-618).Sui sun hada daular Arewa da Kudancin kasar, wanda hakan ya kawo karshen tsawon lokaci na rarrabuwar kawuna bayan faduwar daular Jin ta Yamma, tare da aza harsashin daular Tang mai dorewa.Sarkin sarakuna Wen na Sui ya kafa shi, babban birnin daular Sui shine Chang'an (wanda aka sake masa suna Daxing, Xi'an na zamani, Shaanxi) daga 581-605 sannan daga baya Luoyang (605-618).Sarakuna Wen da magajinsa Yang sun gudanar da gyare-gyare daban-daban, musamman tsarin daidaita fage, da nufin rage rashin daidaiton tattalin arziki da inganta ayyukan noma;tsarin Ma'aikatun Biyar da Hukumar Shida (五省六曹 ko 五省六部) tsarin, wanda ya riga ya kasance ma'aikatu uku da tsarin ma'aikatun shida;da daidaitawa da sake hadewar tsabar kudin.Sun kuma yada da kuma karfafa addinin Buddha a ko'ina cikin daular.A tsakiyar daular, sabuwar daular da ta hade ta shiga zamanin zinare na wadata tare da yalwar rarar noma da ke tallafawa saurin karuwar al'umma.Dorewan gado na daular Sui shine Babban Canal.Tare da babban birnin kasar Luoyang na gabas a tsakiyar cibiyar sadarwar, ya danganta babban birnin Chang'an da ke yamma da cibiyoyin tattalin arziki da aikin gona na gabas zuwa Jiangdu (yanzu Yangzhou, Jiangsu) da Yuhang (yanzu Hangzhou, Zhejiang), da kuma iyakar arewa kusa da Beijing ta zamani.Bayan jerin hare-haren soji masu tsada da bala'i a kan Goguryeo , daya daga cikin masarautun Koriya uku , ya kawo karshen shan kashi da 614, daular ta wargaje karkashin jerin boren jama'a wanda ya kai ga kisan sarki Yang da ministansa, Yuwen Huaji ya yi a shekara ta 618. Sau da yawa ana kwatanta daular da daular Qin ta farko don hada kan kasar Sin bayan tsawaita rarrabuwar kawuna.An gudanar da gyare-gyare mai fa'ida da ayyukan gine-gine don tabbatar da sabuwar jiha mai dunkulewa, tare da tasiri mai dorewa fiye da gajeriyar mulkinsu.

Daular Tang wata daular sarauta ce ta kasar Sin wadda ta yi mulki daga shekara ta 618 zuwa 907 AZ, tana da tsawon shekaru tsakanin 690 zuwa 705. Masana tarihi gaba daya suna daukar Tang a matsayin wani matsayi mai girma a cikin wayewar kasar Sin, kuma zamanin zinare na al'adun duniya.Yankin Tang, wanda aka samu ta hanyar yakin soja na sarakunansa na farko, ya yi hamayya da na daular Han.Iyalin Lǐ (李) sun kafa daular, inda suka kwace mulki a lokacin daular Sui da rushewar daular da kuma kaddamar da wani lokaci na ci gaba da kwanciyar hankali a farkon rabin mulkin daular.An katse daular ne a tsakanin shekarun 690-705 lokacin da uwargida Wu Zetian ta hau karagar mulki, inda ta yi shelar daular Wu Zhou, kuma ta zama sarauniya daya tilo da ta taba yin sarauta a kasar Sin.Mummunan Tawayen Lushan (755-763) ya girgiza al'ummar kasar kuma ya kai ga rugujewar ikon tsakiyar daular a karshen rabin daular.Kamar daular Sui da ta gabata, Tang ta ci gaba da bin tsarin hidimar jama'a ta hanyar ɗaukar manyan jami'ai ta hanyar ingantattun gwaje-gwaje da shawarwari ga ofis.Hasarin gwamnonin sojan yankin da aka fi sani da jiedushi a karni na 9 ya ruguza wannan tsarin na farar hula.Daular da gwamnatin tsakiya sun shiga rugujewa a rabin karshen karni na 9;Tawayen aikin gona sun haifar da asarar dimbin jama'a da kauracewa gidajensu, da talauci da kuma rashin aikin gwamnati wanda a karshe ya kawo karshen daular a shekara ta 907.Al'adun kasar Sin sun bunkasa kuma sun kara girma a zamanin Tang.A al'adance ana ɗaukarsa mafi girman shekaru don waƙar Sinawa.Biyu daga cikin mashahuran mawakan kasar Sin, Li Bai da Du Fu, sun kasance na wannan zamani, inda suka ba da gudummawa tare da mawaka irin su Wang Wei ga babban wakokin Tang dari uku.Shahararrun masu zane-zane irin su Han Gan, Zhang Xuan, da Zhou Fang sun yi ƙwazo, yayin da waƙar kotunan kasar Sin ta bunƙasa da kayan kida irin na fitacciyar Pipa.Malaman Tang sun tattara ɗimbin adabin tarihi iri-iri, da kuma kundin sani da ayyukan yanki.Fitattun sabbin abubuwa sun haɗa da haɓaka bugu na katako.Addinin Buddah ya zama babban tasiri a al'adun kasar Sin, inda kungiyoyin 'yan asalin kasar Sin suka yi fice.Duk da haka, a cikin 840s Emperor Wuzong ya kafa manufofi don murkushe addinin Buddha, wanda daga baya ya ki tasiri.

Dauloli biyar da masarautu goma, daga shekara ta 907 zuwa 979 zamani ne na juyin juya hali da rarrabuwar kawuna a kasar Sin na karni na 10.Jihohi biyar ne suka gaje juna cikin sauri a tsakiyar fili, kuma an kafa jihohi fiye da dozin guda ɗaya a wasu wurare, musamman a Kudancin China.Ya kasance lokaci mai tsawo na rarrabuwar kawuna na siyasa a cikin tarihin daular Sinawa.A al'adance, ana ganin zamanin ya fara ne da faduwar daular Tang a shekara ta 907, kuma ta kai kololuwar lokacin da aka kafa daular Song a shekara ta 960. A cikin shekaru 19 da suka biyo baya, sannu a hankali Song ta mamaye sauran jihohin kudancin kasar Sin, amma Liao Daular har yanzu ta kasance a arewacin kasar Sin (daga karshe daular Jin ta gaje shi), kuma Xia ta Yamma ta kasance a arewa maso yammacin kasar Sin.Jihohi da dama sun kasance masu cin gashin kansu tun kafin shekara ta 907 yayin da daular Tang ke da iko da jami'anta, amma babban abin da ya faru shi ne amincewa da su a matsayin masu mulkin mallaka daga kasashen waje.Bayan da Tang ta ruguje, da dama daga cikin shugabannin yakin yankin Tsakiyar Tsakiya sun nada kansu sarki.A cikin shekaru 70, an yi kusan yaƙi tsakanin masarautu masu tasowa da ƙawance da suka kulla.Duk suna da matuƙar manufa ta sarrafa yankin Tsakiyar Tsakiya kuma suna da'awar kansu a matsayin magajin Tang.Na ƙarshe na dauloli biyar da masarautu goma shine Arewacin Han, wanda ya kasance har zuwa lokacin da Song ta ci ta a shekara ta 979, wanda hakan ya kawo ƙarshen daular biyar.Shekaru da dama da suka biyo baya, ko da yake wakar ta mallaki yawancin kudancin kasar Sin, amma sun yi zaman tare tare da daular Liao, da daular Jin, da sauran gwamnatoci daban-daban a arewacin kasar Sin, har zuwa lokacin da aka hade dukkansu karkashin daular Mongol Yuan.

Daular Liao, wadda aka fi sani da daular Khitan, wata daular sarauta ce ta kasar Sin wadda ta wanzu tsakanin shekarar 916 zuwa 1125, karkashin kabilar Yelü ta al'ummar Khitan.An kafa shi ne a daidai lokacin da daular Tang ta rushe, a mafi girman girmanta ta yi mulki a arewa maso gabashin kasar Sin, da Mongolian Plateau, da arewacin tsibirin Koriya , da kudancin yankin gabas mai nisa na Rasha, da kuma arewacin arewacin kasar Sin. A fili.Daular tana da tarihin fadada yanki.Mafi mahimmancin nasarorin farko shine yankuna goma sha shida (ciki har da Beijing na yau da kuma wani ɓangare na Hebei) ta hanyar haifar da yakin neman izini wanda ya kai ga rushewar daular Tang ta ƙarshe (923-936).A shekara ta 1004, daular Liao ta kaddamar da yakin daular wakokin Arewa.Bayan kazamin fada da kuma hasarar rayuka da dama tsakanin masarautun biyu, bangarorin biyu sun kulla yarjejeniyar Chanyuan.Ta hanyar yerjejeniyar, daular Liao ta tilasta wa waƙar Arewa amincewa da su a matsayin takwarorina kuma ta ba da sanarwar zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali a tsakanin masu iko biyu da ya kwashe kimanin shekaru 120.Ita ce jiha ta farko da ta mallaki dukkan Manchuria.Tashin hankali tsakanin al'amuran zamantakewa da siyasa na Khitan na gargajiya da kuma tasirin Han da al'adun gargajiya shine ma'anar daular.Wannan tashin hankali ya haifar da rikice-rikice masu yawa;Sarakunan Liao sun yarda da ra'ayin Han na farko, yayin da yawancin sauran jiga-jigan Khitan suka goyi bayan tsarin gargajiya na magaji na ɗan takara mafi ƙarfi.Bugu da kari, daukar tsarin Han da yunkurin sake fasalin ayyukan Khitan ya sa Abaoji ya kafa gwamnatoci guda biyu masu kama da juna.Gwamnatin Arewa tana mulkin yankunan Khitan ne bisa ga al'adun gargajiya na Khitan, yayin da Kudancin Kudancin ke gudanar da yankunan da ba 'yan kabilar Khitan ba, suna bin tsarin gwamnatin Han na gargajiya.Daular Jin karkashin Jurchen ta lalata daular Liao a shekara ta 1125 tare da kama Sarkin Liao Tianzuo.Sai dai ragowar masu biyayya ga Liao, karkashin jagorancin Yelü Dashi (Sarkin Dezong na Liao), sun kafa daular Liao ta Yamma (Qara Khitai), wadda ta yi mulkin wasu sassa na tsakiyar Asiya kusan karni kafin daular Mongol ta mamaye su.Duk da cewa nasarorin da aka samu a al'adun gargajiya da daular Liao suna da yawa, kuma akwai tarin kayan tarihi daban-daban da sauran kayayyakin tarihi a gidajen tarihi da sauran tarin kayayyaki, amma akwai manyan tambayoyi kan hakikanin yanayin da kuma girman tasirin al'adun Liao kan abubuwan da suka biyo baya, kamar: fasahar kiɗa da wasan kwaikwayo.

Daular Song wata daular sarauta ce ta kasar Sin wadda ta fara a shekara ta 960 kuma ta dade har zuwa shekara ta 1279. Sarki Taizu na Song ne ya kafa daular bayan da ya hau gadon sarautar Zhou na baya, wanda ya kawo karshen dauloli biyar da masarautu goma.Sau da yawa Wakar ta kan yi karo da daular Liao, Xia ta Yamma da Jin a arewacin kasar Sin.Daular ta kasu kashi biyu: Wakar Arewa da Wakar Kudu.A lokacin waƙar Arewa (960-1127), babban birnin ƙasar ya kasance a arewacin birnin Bianjing (yanzu Kaifeng) kuma daular ta mallaki mafi yawan yankunan da ke gabashin China a yanzu.Waƙar Kudancin (1127-1279) tana nufin lokacin bayan waƙar ta rasa ikon rabinta na arewa zuwa daular Jin da Jurchen ke jagoranta a Yaƙin Jin-Song.A lokacin, kotun Song ta koma kudu da Yangtze ta kafa babban birninta a Lin'an (yanzu Hangzhou).Ko da yake daular Song ta yi kasa a gwiwa wajen kula da wuraren shakatawa na gargajiya na kasar Sin da ke kusa da kogin Yellow, daular Song ta Kudu tana da yawan jama'a da kasar noma mai albarka, tana mai da karfin tattalin arziki.A shekara ta 1234, Mongols suka mamaye daular Jin, inda suka mamaye arewacin kasar Sin, suna ci gaba da yin rashin kwanciyar hankali da wakar Kudancin kasar.Fasaha, kimiyya, falsafa, lissafi , da injiniyanci sun sami bunƙasa a zamanin Song.Daular Song ita ce ta farko a tarihin duniya da ta ba da takardun banki ko kudin takarda na gaskiya, kuma gwamnatin kasar Sin ta farko da ta kafa rundunar sojan ruwa ta dindindin.Wannan daular ta ga nau'in sinadari na farko da aka rubuta na foda, ƙirƙirar makaman foda kamar su kiban wuta, bama-bamai, da mashin wuta.Hakanan ya ga farkon fahimtar arewa ta gaskiya ta amfani da kamfas, bayanin farko da aka rubuta game da kulle fam, da ingantattun ƙira na agogon taurari.Ta fuskar tattalin arziki, daular Song ba ta da misaltuwa da jimillar abin da aka samu a cikin gida wanda ya ninka na Turai sau uku a cikin karni na 12.Yawan jama'ar kasar Sin ya ninka da girma tsakanin karni na 10 zuwa na 11.Wannan ci gaban ya samu ne ta hanyar fadada noman shinkafa, da yin amfani da shinkafar da ta fara farawa daga kudu maso gabas da kudancin Asiya, da kuma samar da rarar abinci.Wannan gagarumin karuwar yawan jama'a ya haifar da juyin juya halin tattalin arziki a kasar Sin kafin zamani.Fadada yawan jama'a, karuwar birane, da bunkasuwar tattalin arzikin kasa ya haifar da janyewar gwamnatin tsakiya a hankali daga shiga cikin harkokin tattalin arziki.Ƙananan ƴan ƙasa sun ɗauki babban matsayi a cikin gudanarwa da al'amuran gida.Rayuwar zamantakewa a lokacin Waƙar ta kasance mai ƙarfi.Jama'a sun taru don kallo da sayar da kayan fasaha masu tamani, jama'a sun yi cudanya a bukukuwan jama'a da kulake masu zaman kansu, kuma biranen suna da wuraren shakatawa masu nishadi.An haɓaka yaɗuwar wallafe-wallafe da ilimi ta hanyar saurin faɗaɗa bugu na katako da kuma ƙirƙirar nau'in bugu na 11 na ƙarni na 11.Masana falsafa irin su Cheng Yi da Zhu Xi sun sake karfafa addinin Confucian tare da sabon sharhi, cike da akidun addinin Buddah, kuma sun jaddada sabuwar kungiya ta litattafai na gargajiya wadanda suka kafa koyarwar Neo-Confucianism.Kodayake jarrabawar aikin gwamnati ta kasance tun daga daular Sui, sun fi shahara sosai a lokacin waƙa.Jami'an da suka samu iko ta hanyar jarrabawar daular ya kai ga sauya sheka daga masu fada a ji na soja zuwa manyan jami'an ilimi.

Xia ta Yamma ko Xi Xia, wadda aka fi sani da Daular Tangut, wata daular daular Tangut ce ta kasar Sin wadda ta kasance daga shekara ta 1038 zuwa 1227. A lokacin da yake kololuwa, daular ta mallaki lardunan Ningxia da ke arewa maso yammacin kasar Sin na zamani na Gansu. , Gabashin Qinghai, arewacin Shaanxi, arewa maso gabashin Xinjiang, da kudu maso yammacin Mongoliya ta ciki, da kudancin Mongoliya, wanda ya kai murabba'in kilomita 800,000 (kilomita 310,000).Babban birninta shi ne Xingqing (Yinchuan na zamani), har zuwa lokacin da Mongols suka lalata shi a shekara ta 1227. Yawancin rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce da gine-ginen sun lalace, don haka wadanda suka kafa daular sun kasance cikin duhu har zuwa lokacin bincike na karni na 20 a kasar Sin da kasashen yamma.Yankin Xia na Yamma ya mamaye yankin da ke kewayen hanyar Hexi Corridor, wani shimfidar hanyar siliki, hanya mafi muhimmanci ta kasuwanci tsakanin arewacin kasar Sin da tsakiyar Asiya.Sun samu gagarumar nasara a fannin adabi, fasaha, kade-kade, da gine-gine, wadanda aka siffanta su da “haske da kyalli”.Matsayin da suke da shi a tsakanin sauran masarautun Liao, Song, da Jin ya samo asali ne daga ƙungiyoyin sojan da suka haɗa da doki, karusai, maharba, garkuwa, manyan bindigogi (masu harbin bindiga a bayan raƙuma), da sojojin da ba a iya gani ba don yaƙi a ƙasa. da ruwa.

Daular Jurchen ta kasance daga shekara ta 1115 zuwa 1234 a matsayin daya daga cikin dauloli na karshe a tarihin kasar Sin tun kafin Mongol ya mamaye kasar Sin.Har ila yau, a wasu lokuta ana kiranta da "Daular Jurchen" ko "Jurchen Jin", saboda 'yan kabilar Wanyan da ke mulki sun fito ne daga zuriyar Jurchen.Jin ya fito ne daga tawayen da Taizu ya yi wa daular Liao (916-1125), wanda ya mamaye arewacin kasar Sin har zuwa lokacin da Jinjin ya kori Liao zuwa yankunan Yamma, inda suka shahara a tarihin tarihi da sunan yammacin Liao.Bayan cin nasarar Liao, Jin ya kaddamar da yakin daular Song ta Hannun ta tsawon karni (960-1279), wadda ta kasance a kudancin kasar Sin.A tsawon mulkinsu, sarakunan kabilar Jurchen na daular Jin sun saba da al'adun Han, har ma sun yi katangar babbar ganuwa da Mongols masu tasowa.A cikin gida, Jin ya kula da ci gaban al'adu da dama, kamar farfaɗowar Confucianism.Bayan sun shafe shekaru aru-aru a matsayin jiga-jigan kabilar Jin, Mongols sun mamaye karkashin Genghis Khan a shekara ta 1211 kuma sun yi mummunar fatara a kan sojojin Jin.Bayan cin nasara da yawa, tawaye, tawaye, da juyin mulki, sun mika wuya ga mamayar Mongol shekaru 23 bayan haka a shekara ta 1234.

Daular Yuan ta kasance kasa ce da ta gaji daular Mongol bayan rabuwarta da daular daular kasar Sin da Kublai (Sarki Shizu), shugaban kabilar Mongol Borjigin ya kafa, wanda ya dade daga shekara ta 1271 zuwa 1368. A cikin tarihin kasar Sin na al'ada, daular Yuan ta biyo baya. Daular Song kuma ta riga ta kasance daular Ming .Ko da yake Genghis Khan an naɗa shi da sarautar Sinanci a shekara ta 1206, kuma daular Mongol ta yi mulkin yankuna da suka haɗa da arewacin kasar Sin na zamani tsawon shekaru da dama, amma sai a shekara ta 1271 Kublai Khan ya ayyana daular bisa tsarin gargajiya na kasar Sin, kuma Ba a gama cin nasara ba sai a shekara ta 1279 lokacin da aka ci daular Song ta Kudu a yakin Yamen.Daularsa ta kasance, a wannan lokacin, ta keɓe daga sauran Mongol khanates, kuma tana iko da yawancin Sinawa na zamani da kewaye, ciki har da Mongoliya ta zamani.Ita ce daular farko wacce ba ta Hannu ba wacce ta mallaki dukkan kasar Sin yadda ya kamata kuma ta kasance har zuwa shekara ta 1368 lokacin da daular Ming ta fatattaki sojojin Yuan.Bayan haka, sarakunan Genghisid da aka tsautawa suka koma daular Mongolian suka ci gaba da mulki har zuwa lokacin da daular Later Jin ta yi nasara a kansu a shekarar 1635. An san jihar rump a tarihin tarihi daular Yuan ta Arewa.Bayan rabuwar daular Mongol, daular Yuan ita ce sarautar khanat da magadan Möngke Khan suka yi.A cikin tarihin kasar Sin a hukumance, daular Yuan ta dauki nauyin sararin sama.A cikin doka mai taken shelar sunan daular, Kublai ya sanar da sunan sabuwar daular a matsayin babbar Yuan kuma ya yi ikirarin maye gurbin tsoffin dauloli na kasar Sin daga sarakuna uku da sarakuna biyar zuwa daular Tang .

Daular Ming ta kasance daular sarauta ta kasar Sin, wadda ta yi mulki daga shekara ta 1368 zuwa 1644 bayan rugujewar daular Yuan karkashin jagorancin Mongol.Daular Ming ita ce daular Orthodox ta karshe ta kasar Sin wadda al'ummar Han suka yi mulki, wadanda suka fi yawa a kasar Sin.Ko da yake babban birnin Beijing ya fadi a shekara ta 1644 zuwa tawaye karkashin jagorancin Li Zicheng, yawancin gwamnatocin da suka rage daga dangin daular Ming - wadanda ake kira Southern Ming - sun tsira har zuwa 1662.Wanda ya kafa daular Ming, Sarkin Hongwu (r. 1368-1398), ya yi yunƙurin samar da al'ummar karkara masu dogaro da kansu a cikin tsari mai tsauri, mara motsi wanda zai ba da tabbacin da kuma tallafawa rukunin sojoji na dindindin ga daularsa: daular. Sojojin da ke tsaye sun zarce dakaru miliyan daya kuma tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Nanjing sun kasance mafi girma a duniya.Ya kuma yi taka-tsan-tsan wajen karya karfin iznin kotuna da manyan jiga-jigan da ba su da alaka da su, tare da kashe 'ya'yansa maza da dama a duk fadin kasar Sin da kokarin jagorantar wadannan sarakuna ta hanyar Huang-Ming Zuxun, jerin umarnin daular da aka wallafa.Wannan ya gaza a lokacin da matashin da ya gaje shi, Sarkin Jianwen, ya yi ƙoƙarin tauye ikon kawun nasa, wanda ya haifar da yaƙin neman zaɓe na Jingnan, tashin hankalin da ya sanya Yarima Yan bisa karaga a matsayin Sarkin Yongle a 1402. Sarkin Yongle ya kafa Yan a matsayin sakandare. babban birnin kasar kuma ya sake masa suna Beijing, ya gina birnin da aka haramta, ya maido da babban tashar ruwa da kuma matakin farko na jarrabawar daular a cikin nadi na hukuma.Ya ba wa magoya bayansa eunus kyauta kuma ya yi amfani da su a matsayin masu kiba a kan masanan Confucian-bareaucrats.Na daya, Zheng He, ya jagoranci tafiye-tafiye masu girma guda bakwai na bincike a cikin tekun Indiya har zuwa Arabiya da gabar tekun gabashin Afirka.Ya zuwa karni na 16, duk da haka, fadada kasuwancin Turai - ko da yake an iyakance shi ga tsibiran da ke kusa da Guangzhou irin su Macau - ya yada canjin amfanin gona na Columbia, da tsire-tsire, da dabbobi zuwa cikin kasar Sin, yana gabatar da barkono barkono ga abincin Sichuan da masara da dankali mai yawan gaske. wanda ya rage yunwa da kuma haifar da karuwar jama'a.Haɓaka kasuwancin Portuguese, Spanish, da Dutch ya haifar da sabon buƙatun samfuran Sinawa kuma ya haifar da kwararar azurfarJafananci da Amurka.Wannan nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i)) wanda ya sake dawo da tattalin arzikin Ming, wanda kuɗin takarda ya sha fama da hauhawar farashin kaya akai-akai kuma ba a amince da shi ba.Yayin da 'yan Confucians na al'ada suka yi adawa da irin wannan muhimmiyar rawa na kasuwanci da kuma masu arziki da ya haifar, rashin daidaituwa da Wang Yangming ya gabatar ya ba da izinin zama mai dacewa.gyare-gyaren da Zhang Juzheng ya yi a farko ya haifar da dagulewa yayin da aka samu raguwar aikin noma da kananan shekarun kankara suka yi ya hade da sauye-sauye a manufofin Japan da na Spaniya wanda cikin gaggawa ya katse samar da azurfa a yanzu da ya zama wajibi manoma su iya biyan haraji.Tare da gazawar amfanin gona, ambaliya, da annoba, daular ta ruguje a gaban madugun 'yan tawaye Li Zicheng, wanda shi kansa ya sha kaye ba da dadewa ba daga hannun sojojin Tutoci takwas na daular Qing karkashin jagorancin Manchu.

Daular Qing ita ce daular karshe da Manchu ya jagoranta a tarihin daular kasar Sin.An yi shelarsa a cikin 1636 a Manchuria, a cikin 1644 ya shiga birnin Beijing, ya tsawaita mulkinsa don rufe duk kasar Sin da ta dace, sannan ta fadada daular zuwa cikin Asiya ta ciki.Daular ta ci gaba har zuwa shekara ta 1912. Daular Qing mai kabilu da yawa ta dau kusan shekaru 300 da haihuwa, ta kuma hada yankin kasar Sin na zamani.Ita ce daular kasar Sin mafi girma kuma a shekara ta 1790 ita ce daula ta hudu mafi girma a tarihin duniya dangane da girman yanki.An kai tsayin daukaka da iko na Qing a zamanin Sarkin Qianlong (1735-1796).Ya jagoranci manyan yakin neman zabe goma wadanda suka fadada ikon Qing zuwa cikin Asiya ta ciki da kuma da kansa ya kula da ayyukan al'adun Confucian.Bayan mutuwarsa, daular ta fuskanci sauye-sauye a tsarin duniya, kutse daga kasashen waje, tawaye na cikin gida, karuwar yawan jama'a, durkushewar tattalin arziki, cin hanci da rashawa a hukumance, da rashin son canza ra'ayinsu na Confucius.Tare da zaman lafiya da wadata, yawan jama'a ya haura miliyan 400, amma haraji da kudaden shiga na gwamnati an daidaita su a kan ƙananan kuɗi, ba da daɗewa ba ya haifar da rikicin kudi.Bayan shan kashin da kasar Sin ta samu a yakin Opium, kasashen yammacin turai sun tilastawa gwamnatin Qing sanya hannu kan "yarjejeniyoyin da ba su daidaita ba", tare da ba su damammaki na kasuwanci, ketare yankuna da kuma tashar yerjejeniyoyi da ke karkashin ikonsu.Tawayen Taiping (1850-1864) da Tawayen Dungan (1862-1877) a tsakiyar Asiya sun kai ga mutuwar sama da mutane miliyan 20, daga yunwa, cututtuka, da yaki.Maido da Tongzhi na shekarun 1860 ya kawo sauye-sauye masu karfi da kuma shigar da fasahar sojan kasashen waje a cikin Harkar Karfafa Kai.Cin nasara a yakin Sino-Japan na farko na 1895 ya haifar da asarar rashin tausayi akan Koriya da kuma dakatar da Taiwan zuwa Japan.Sake fasalin Kwanaki ɗari da aka yi na 1898 ya ba da shawarar canji mai mahimmanci, amma Empress Dowager Cixi (1835-1908), wanda ya kasance babbar murya a cikin gwamnatin ƙasa fiye da shekaru talatin, ya mayar da ita cikin juyin mulki.A cikin 1900 masu adawa da "Boxers" sun kashe Kiristocin Sinawa da yawa da kuma mishan na waje;a cikin ramuwar gayya, ikon kasashen waje sun mamaye kasar Sin kuma suka sanya hukuncin cin zarafin dambe.Dangane da mayar da martani, gwamnati ta bullo da sauye-sauye na kasafin kudi da na gudanarwa da ba a taba yin irinsa ba, wadanda suka hada da zabe, sabon kundin doka, da kuma soke tsarin jarrabawa.Sun Yat-sen da masu juyin juya hali sun yi muhawara kan jami'an yin gyare-gyare da sarakunan tsarin mulki irin su Kang Youwei da Liang Qichao kan yadda za a mayar da daular Manchu zuwa wata al'ummar kasar Sin ta Han ta zamani.Bayan mutuwar Sarkin Guangxu da Cixi a shekara ta 1908, masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na Manchu a kotu sun toshe gyare-gyare da kuma kawar da masu neman sauyi da masu fada aji.Rikicin Wuchang a ranar 10 ga Oktoban 1911 ya haifar da juyin juya halin Xinhai.Saukar da Puyi, sarki na ƙarshe, a ranar 12 ga Fabrairu 1912, ya kawo ƙarshen daular.A cikin 1917, an sake dawo da shi a ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin wani shiri da ake kira Manchu Restoration, wanda ba a san shi ba a duniya.

Yakin Anglo-China, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Yakin Opium ko Yakin Opium na Farko, wani jerin ayyukan soji ne da aka yi tsakanin Biritaniya da daular Qing tsakanin 1839 zuwa 1842. Batun nan da nan shi ne kwace hannun jarin opium masu zaman kansu na kasar Sin a Canton. dakatar da cinikin opium da aka haramta, da yin barazanar hukuncin kisa ga masu laifi a nan gaba.Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta dage kan ka'idojin ciniki cikin 'yanci, daidaiton sanin diflomasiyya tsakanin kasashe, tare da goyan bayan bukatun 'yan kasuwa.Sojojin ruwan Burtaniya sun fatattaki Sinawa ta hanyar amfani da jiragen ruwa da makamai masu karfin fasaha, sannan Birtaniyya ta kafa wata yerjejeniya wadda ta bai wa Biritaniya yankin tare da bude harkokin kasuwanci da kasar Sin.Masu kishin kasa a karni na ashirin sun dauki shekarar 1839 farkon karni na wulakanci, kuma masana tarihi da yawa sun dauke shi farkon tarihin kasar Sin na zamani.

Tawayen Taiping, wanda aka fi sani da Yakin Basasa na Taiping ko juyin juya halin Taiping, wani gagarumin tawaye ne da yakin basasa da aka yi a kasar Sin tsakanin daular Qing karkashin jagorancin Manchu da masarautar Taiping Heavenly ta Hakka karkashin jagorancin Hakka.Ya kasance daga 1850 zuwa 1864, ko da yake bayan faduwar Tianjing (yanzu Nanjing) ba a kawar da sojojin 'yan tawaye na karshe ba sai Agusta 1871. Bayan yakin basasar da ya fi zubar da jini a tarihin duniya, tare da mutuwar mutane fiye da miliyan 20, gwamnatin Qing da aka kafa ta yi nasara. yanke hukunci, ko da yake yana da babban farashi ga tsarin kasafin kuɗi da na siyasa.Hong Xiuquan, ɗan kabilar Hakka (wani rukunin Han) ne ya ba da umarnin tayar da wannan tawaye.Manufarta ita ce ta addini, kishin kasa, da siyasa;Hong ya nemi juyar da al'ummar Han zuwa tsarin addinin Kiristanci na Taiping, don hambarar da daular Qing, da kawo sauyi na jiha.Maimakon su maye gurbin masu mulki, Taiping sun yi ƙoƙari su inganta ɗabi'a da zamantakewar Sinawa.Kabilar Taiping ta kafa daular sama a matsayin wata kasa mai adawa da ke birnin Tianjing, ta kuma samu iko da wani muhimmin yanki na kudancin kasar Sin, inda daga bisani ta fadada zuwa ga yawan jama'a kusan miliyan 30.Fiye da shekaru goma, sojojin Taiping sun mamaye kuma sun yi yaƙi a cikin tsakiyar tsakiyar kogin Yangtze, a ƙarshe sun shiga cikin yakin basasa.Shi ne yaki mafi girma da aka taba yi a kasar Sin tun bayan juyin juya halin Ming-Qing, wanda ya hada da mafi yawan yankunan tsakiya da kudancin kasar Sin.Tana matsayi na ɗaya daga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe mafi zubar da jini a tarihin ɗan adam, yaƙin basasa mafi zubar da jini, kuma mafi girman rikici a ƙarni na 19.

Yakin Opium na Biyu yaki ne, wanda ya dau tsakanin shekarar 1856 zuwa 1860, wanda ya hada daular Burtaniya da daular Faransa da daular Qing ta kasar Sin.Wannan dai shi ne babban rikici na biyu a yakin Opium, wanda aka gwabza kan 'yancin shigo da opium zuwa kasar Sin, wanda ya haifar da shan kashi na biyu ga daular Qing.Hakan ya sa jami'an kasar Sin da dama suka yi imanin cewa, rikice-rikice da kasashen yamma ba yakin gargajiya ba ne, amma wani bangare ne na rikicin kasa da ke kunno kai.A shekara ta 1860, sojojin Birtaniya da na Faransa sun sauka a kusa da birnin Beijing kuma suka yi yaki a cikin birnin.Tattaunawar zaman lafiya ta wargaje cikin sauri, kuma babban kwamishinan Burtaniya a kasar Sin ya umarci sojojin kasashen waje da su yi wa ganima tare da rusa fadar sarki rani, wani hadadden fadoji da lambuna inda sarakunan daular Qing ke tafiyar da harkokin kasa.A lokacin da kuma bayan yakin Opium na biyu, an tilastawa gwamnatin Qing ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin da Rasha, irin su Yarjejeniyar Aigun da Yarjejeniyar Peking (Beijing).Sakamakon haka, kasar Sin ta mika wa Rashan yankin arewa maso gabas da arewa maso yammacin kasarta fiye da murabba'in kilomita miliyan 1.5.Bayan kammala yakin, gwamnatin Qing ta iya mai da hankali wajen tinkarar 'yan tawayen Taiping da kuma kiyaye mulkinta.Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, Yarjejeniyar Peking ta mika yankin Kowloon ga Birtaniya a matsayin wani bangare na Hong Kong.

Yakin farko na Sin da Japan (25 Yuli 1894 - 17 Afrilu 1895) rikici ne tsakanin daular Qing ta kasar Sin da daularJapan musamman kan tasiri a Koriya ta Joseon .Bayan fiye da watanni shida na nasarorin da sojojin ruwa na Japan da na ruwa suka yi ba tare da karyewa ba, da kuma asarar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Weihaiwei, gwamnatin Qing ta kai karar neman zaman lafiya a watan Fabrairun 1895.Yakin ya nuna gazawar daular Qing ta kokarin sabunta sojojinta da kuma kawar da barazana ga ikonta, musamman idan aka kwatanta da nasarar dawo da Meiji na kasar Japan .A karon farko, ikon yanki a gabashin Asiya ya tashi daga kasar Sin zuwa Japan;martabar daular Qing, tare da al'adar gargajiya ta kasar Sin, sun fuskanci babbar matsala.Rashin wulakanci da Koriya ta yi a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta ya haifar da kukan da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba.A cikin kasar Sin, shan kayen da aka yi ya haifar da rudani na siyasa da Sun Yat-sen da Kang Youwei suka jagoranta, wanda ya kai ga juyin juya halin Xinhai na shekarar 1911.

Tawayen dambe, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Tashe-tashen hankula, Tashin Damben dambe, ko Kungiyar Yihetuan, wani tawaye ne na kasashen waje, da mulkin mallaka, da na Kiristanci a kasar Sin tsakanin 1899 da 1901, zuwa karshen daular Qing . Kungiyar masu adalci da masu jituwa (Yìhéquán), wadda aka fi sani da "Boxers" a turance saboda yawancin mambobinta sun yi wasan kwaikwayo na kasar Sin, wanda a lokacin ake kira "Boxing na kasar Sin".Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasashen Takwas, bayan da sojojin mulkin mallaka na kasar Sin da kuma 'yan bindigar Boxer suka mayar da su a farko, sun kawo sojoji 20,000 masu makamai zuwa kasar Sin.A ranar 14 ga watan Agusta ne suka yi galaba a kan sojojin daular Tianjin, kuma sun isa birnin Beijing a ranar 14 ga watan Agusta, inda suka sassauta kawanyar da majalisar dinkin duniya ta yi a kwanaki hamsin da biyar.An ci gaba da wawushe babban birnin kasar da kuma karkarar da ke kewaye, tare da aiwatar da hukuncin kisa na wadanda ake zargi da kasancewa ’yan dambe a matsayin ramuwar gayya.Yarjejeniyar Boxer ta ranar 7 ga Satumba, 1901, ta tanadi kashe jami'an gwamnati da suka tallafa wa 'yan damben, da tanadi ga sojojin kasashen waje da za a jibge a birnin Beijing, da kuma azurfa miliyan 450 - fiye da kudaden haraji na shekara-shekara na gwamnati - da za a biya. a matsayin diyya na tsawon shekaru 39 masu zuwa ga kasashe takwas da abin ya shafa.Yadda daular Qing ta yi wa tawayen damben boksin ya kara raunana karfin ikonsu a kan kasar Sin, kuma ya jagoranci daular wajen kokarin yin gyare-gyaren gwamnati a bayan haka.

An ayyana Jamhuriyar Sin (ROC) a ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1912 bayan juyin juya halin Xinhai, wanda ya hambarar da daular Qing karkashin jagorancin Manchu, wato daular karshe ta sarakunan kasar Sin.A ranar 12 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 1912, mai martaba sarki Dowager Longyu ya rattaba hannu kan dokar yin murabus a madadin Sarkin Xuantong, wanda ya kawo karshen mulkin Masarautar kasar Sin da dama.Sun Yat-sen, wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban kasar na wucin gadi, ya yi aiki na dan lokaci kadan kafin ya mika ragamar shugabancin ga Yuan Shikai, shugaban sojojin Beiyang.Jam'iyyar Sun, Kuomintang (KMT), karkashin jagorancin Song Jiaoren, ta lashe zaben 'yan majalisar dokoki da aka gudanar a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1912. Sai dai an kashe Song bisa umarnin Yuan jim kadan bayan haka, sojojin Beiyang karkashin jagorancin Yuan sun ci gaba da rike gwamnatin Beiyang gaba daya. , wanda daga nan ne ya shelanta daular kasar Sin a shekarar 1915 kafin ya kawar da sarautar da ba ta dadewa ba sakamakon tashe-tashen hankulan jama'a.Bayan mutuwar Yuan a shekara ta 1916, ikon gwamnatin Beiyang ya kara yin rauni sakamakon dan takaitaccen maido da daular Qing.Gwamnatin da ba ta da karfi ta haifar da wargajewar kasar yayin da wasu 'yan ta'adda a cikin sojojin Beiyang suka yi ikirarin cin gashin kansu tare da yin arangama da juna.Don haka ne zamanin Yaki ya fara: shekaru goma na gwagwarmayar mulki da tsawaita rigingimu.KMT, karkashin jagorancin Sun, sun yi ƙoƙari sau da yawa don kafa gwamnatin ƙasa a Canton.Bayan hawan Canton karo na uku a shekara ta 1923, KMT ta yi nasarar kafa wata gwamnati mai hamayya a shirye-shiryen yakin neman hada kan kasar Sin.A shekara ta 1924 KMT za ta shiga kawance da sabuwar jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta kasar Sin (CCP) a matsayin abin da ake bukata na goyon bayan Soviet.Bayan balaguron arewa ya haifar da haɗe-haɗe a ƙarƙashin Chiang a cikin 1928, shugabannin yaƙi waɗanda ba su da daɗi sun kafa haɗin gwiwar adawa da Chiang.Wadannan shugabannin yakin za su yi yaki da Chiang da abokansa a yakin tsakiya na tsakiya daga 1929 zuwa 1930, a ƙarshe sun yi rashin nasara a mafi girman rikici na zamanin Warlord.Kasar Sin ta samu wasu ci gaban masana'antu a shekarun 1930, amma ta fuskanci koma baya daga rikice-rikice tsakanin gwamnatin 'yan kishin kasa a birnin Nanjing, da jam'iyyar CCP, da sauran shugabannin yaki, da daularJapan , bayan da Japan ta mamaye birnin Manchuria.Ƙoƙarin gina ƙasa ya ba da damar yaƙar Yaƙin Sino-Japan na Biyu a cikin 1937 lokacin da aka gwabza tsakanin Sojojin Juyin Juyin Juya Hali na Ƙasa da Sojojin Japan na Imperial a cikin wani gagarumin mamayar da Japan ta yi.Haƙiƙa tsakanin KMT da CCP sun ɗan kwanta kaɗan, jim kaɗan kafin yaƙin, suka kafa ƙungiyar haɗaka ta biyu don tsayayya da zaluncin Japan har sai da kawancen ya rushe a 1941. Yaƙin ya ci gaba har zuwa mika wuya ga Japan a ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu a 1945. ;Daga nan ne kasar Sin ta sake samun ikon mallakar tsibirin Taiwan da kuma Pescadores.Ba da dadewa ba, yakin basasar kasar Sin tsakanin KMT da CCP ya sake komawa tare da fadace-fadace, wanda ya kai ga kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Sin na shekarar 1946 ya maye gurbin dokar halitta ta shekarar 1928 a matsayin babbar doka ta jamhuriyar.Shekaru uku bayan haka, wato a shekarar 1949, da yake dab da kawo karshen yakin basasa, jam'iyyar CCP ta kafa jamhuriyar jama'ar kasar Sin a birnin Beijing, inda ROC karkashin jagorancin KMT ta kwashe babban birnin kasar sau da dama daga Nanjing zuwa Guangzhou, sai Chongqing, sannan Chengdu, sannan daga karshe. , Taipei.Jam'iyyar CCP ta samu nasara kuma ta kori gwamnatin KMT da ROC daga babban yankin kasar Sin.Daga baya ROC ya rasa ikon Hainan a shekara ta 1950, da tsibirin Dachen na Zhejiang a 1955. Ya ci gaba da kula da Taiwan da sauran kananan tsibirai.

An yi yakin basasa na kasar Sin tsakanin gwamnatin Kuomintang (KMT) ta gwamnatin jamhuriyar Sin (ROC) da dakarun jam'iyyar kwaminis ta kasar Sin (CCP), wanda ya dau lokaci bayan shekara ta 1927.Gabaɗaya yaƙin ya kasu kashi biyu tare da tsaka mai wuya: daga watan Agusta 1927 zuwa 1937, KMT-CCP ​​Alliance ya ruguje a lokacin balaguron arewa, kuma masu kishin ƙasa ke iko da yawancin Sinawa.Daga shekara ta 1937 zuwa 1945, an dakatar da tashin-tashina, yayin da kungiyar hadin kan kasa ta biyu ta yaki da Japanawa ta mamaye kasar Sin tare da taimakon kasashen kawancen yakin duniya na biyu, amma ko a lokacin hadin gwiwa tsakanin KMT da CCP ya kasance kadan kuma an yi artabu tsakanin makamai. sun kasance na kowa.Wani abin da ya kara dagula rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin kasar Sin shi ne, an kafa wata gwamnatin 'yar tsana, waddaJapan ta dauki nauyin gudanarwa, wadda aka fi sani da Wang Jingwei, wadda za ta gudanar da sunan mulkin sassan kasar Sin karkashin mamayar Japan.Yakin basasa ya sake komawa da zarar an bayyana cewa an kusa shan kaye a Japan, kuma jam'iyyar CCP ta samu galaba a kashi na biyu na yakin daga 1945 zuwa 1949, wanda gaba daya ake kira da juyin juya halin gurguzu na kasar Sin.'Yan gurguzu sun sami iko da babban yankin kasar Sin, suka kafa jamhuriyar jama'ar kasar Sin (PRC) a shekarar 1949, lamarin da ya tilasta wa shugabancin jamhuriyar Sin komawa tsibirin Taiwan.Tun daga shekarun 1950, an samu dawwamammiyar takaddamar siyasa da ta soji tsakanin bangarorin biyu na mashigin Taiwan, inda ROC na Taiwan da PRC a babban yankin kasar Sin, dukkansu suka yi ikirarin cewa su ne halaltacciyar gwamnatin kasar Sin.Bayan Rikicin mashigin Taiwan na biyu , dukkansu sun daina wuta cikin dabara a shekarar 1979;duk da haka, ba a taɓa sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ko makamai ba.

Yakin Sino-Japan na biyu (1937-1945) rikici ne na soji da aka yi a farko tsakanin Jamhuriyar Sin da Daular Japan.Yakin ya kunshi gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasar Sin na babban gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Pacific na yakin duniya na biyu.An fara fara yakin ne a ranar 7 ga watan Yulin shekarar 1937, lokacin da aka fara yakin gadar Marco Polo a ranar 7 ga watan Yulin shekarar 1937, lokacin da takaddama tsakanin sojojin Japan da Sinawa a birnin Peking ya rikide zuwa mamaye.Ana daukar wannan cikakken yakin tsakanin Sinawa da daularJapan a matsayin farkon yakin duniya na biyu a Asiya.Kasar Sin ta yi yaki da Japan tare da taimakon Tarayyar Soviet da Birtaniya da kuma Amurka .Bayan hare-haren da Japanawa suka kai a Malaya da Pearl Harbor a 1941, yakin ya hade da wasu rikice-rikicen da aka kasafta a karkashin wadancan rikice-rikicen yakin duniya na biyu a matsayin wani babban bangare da aka sani da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Burma Indiya.Wasu malaman suna ganin Yaƙin Turai da Yaƙin Pasifik sun bambanta gaba ɗaya, ko da yake yaƙe-yaƙe ne.Wasu malaman suna ganin farkon yakin na biyu na Sin da Japan a 1937 ya kasance farkon yakin duniya na biyu.Yakin Sino-Japan na biyu shi ne yakin Asiya mafi girma a karni na 20.Ya dauki mafi yawan fararen hula da sojoji da aka kashe a yakin Pasifik, tare da fararen hula tsakanin Sinawa miliyan 10 zuwa 25 da sama da sojojin Sinawa da Japan miliyan 4 da suka bace ko kuma suka mutu sakamakon tashin hankali da suka shafi yaki, yunwa, da dai sauransu.An kira yakin "Holocaust na Asiya."

Mao Zedong ya shelanta Jamhuriyar Jama'ar kasar Sin (PRC) daga saman Tiananmen, bayan da jam'iyyar kwaminisanci ta kasar Sin (CCP) ta samu nasara a kusa da (1949) a yakin basasar kasar Sin .PRC ita ce mafi yawan 'yan siyasa na baya-bayan nan da ke mulkin babban yankin kasar Sin, wanda Jamhuriyar Sin ta riga ta kasance (ROC; 1912-1949) da kuma dubban shekaru na daular sarauta.Manyan shugabanni su ne Mao Zedong (1949-1976);Hua Guofeng (1976-1978);Deng Xiaoping (1978-1989);Jiang Zemin (1989-2002);Hu Jintao (2002-2012);da Xi Jinping (2012 zuwa yanzu).Asalin jamhuriyar jama'ar jama'a ana iya samo asali ne daga Jamhuriyar Soviet ta kasar Sin da aka yi shela a shekarar 1931 a Ruijin (Jui-chin), Jiangxi (Kiangsi), tare da goyon bayan Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Tarayyar Soviet a tsakiyar Tarayyar Soviet . Yakin basasa na kasar Sin da gwamnatin 'yan kishin kasa kawai ya wargaje a shekarar 1937.A karkashin mulkin Mao, kasar Sin ta samu sauye-sauyen gurguzu daga al'ummar manoma ta gargajiya, inda ta karkata zuwa ga manyan masana'antu karkashin shirin tattalin arziki, yayin da yakin neman zabe irin su babban ci gaba da juyin juya halin al'adu suka yi barna a duk fadin kasar.Tun daga karshen shekarar 1978, gyare-gyaren tattalin arziki da Deng Xiaoping ya jagoranta, ya sa kasar Sin ta zama kasa ta biyu mafi girma da saurin bunkasuwar tattalin arziki a duniya, wadda ta kware a masana'antun samar da kayayyaki da jagoranci a wasu fannonin fasahohin zamani.A duniya baki daya, bayan samun goyon baya daga Tarayyar Soviet a shekarun 1950, kasar Sin ta zama babbar abokiyar gaba da USSR a duk duniya har zuwa ziyarar Mikhail Gorbachev a kasar Sin a watan Mayun shekarar 1989. A karni na 21, sabbin arziki da fasaha sun kai ga gasar neman matsayi na farko a yankin Asiya. al'amuran da suka shafi Indiya ,Japan da Amurka , kuma tun daga 2017 ana ci gaba da yakin kasuwanci da Amurka.