Seljuk Turkawa

Seljuks sun samo asali ne daga reshen Kinik na Turkawa Oghuz, ^[1] wanda a cikin karni na 8 ya rayu a gefen duniyar musulmi, arewacin Tekun Caspian da Tekun Aral a cikin Jihar Oghuz Yabgu, ^[2] a cikin Kazakh Steppe. na Turkiyya.A cikin karni na 10, Oghuz ya yi cudanya da garuruwan musulmi.^[3] Sa'ad da Seljuk, shugaban dangin Seljuk, ya yi rashin jituwa da Yabghu, babban sarkin Oguz, ya raba danginsa da yawancin Turkawa Oghuz, ya kafa sansani a yammacin gabar ƙasa. Sir Darya.

Seljuk sun yi hijira zuwa Khwarezm, kusa da birnin Jend, inda suka musulunta a shekara ta 985. ^[4] Khwarezm, wanda Ma'amunidawa ke gudanarwa, yana ƙarƙashin ikon daular Samanid.A shekara ta 999 Samanids suka fada hannun Kara-Khanids a Transoxiana, amma Ghaznavids sun mamaye filayen kudancin Oxus.Seljuks sun shiga hannu, bayan da suka goyi bayan Sarkin Samanid na karshe a kan Kara-Khanid, a wannan gwagwarmayar mulki a yankin kafin su kafa nasu sansani.

Tsakanin shekara ta 1020 zuwa 1040 AZ, Turkawa Oghuz, waɗanda aka fi sani da Turkmens, karkashin jagorancin ɗan Seljuq Musa da ƙanensa Tughril da Chaghri, suka yi hijira zuwa Iran .Da farko, sun ƙaura zuwa kudu zuwa Transoxiana sannan zuwa Khorasan, bisa gayyatar sarakunan yankin da kuma ƙawance da rigingimu da suka biyo baya.Musamman ma, wasu Turkawa Oghuz sun riga sun zauna a Khorasan, musamman a kusa da tsaunin Kopet Dag, wani yanki da ya tashi daga Tekun Caspian zuwa Merv a Turkmenistan na zamani.Ana tabbatar da wannan kasancewar farkon ta hanyar ambaton wurare kamar Dahistan, Farawa, Nasa, da Sarakhs a cikin kafofin zamani, duk suna cikin Turkmenistan na yau.A wajen shekara ta 1034, Oghuz Yabghu Ali Tegin da abokansa sun yi galaba a kan Tughril da Chaghri, wanda ya tilasta musu tserewa daga Transoxiana.Da farko Turkmen sun fake a Khwarazm, wanda ya kasance daya daga cikin wuraren kiwo nasu na gargajiya, amma kuma ya samu kwarin gwiwa daga wurin gwamnan Ghaznavid Harun, wanda ya yi fatan yin amfani da Seljuks a kokarinsa na kwace Khorasan daga mulkinsa.Lokacin da wakilan Ghaznavid suka kashe Haruna a cikin 1035, sai suka sake gudu, a wannan karon sun nufi kudu ta hamadar Karakum.Da farko Turkmens sun yi hanyarsu ta zuwa muhimmin birnin Merv, amma watakila saboda katafaren katangar da yake da shi, sai suka canza hanyarsu zuwa yamma domin samun mafaka a Nasa.A ƙarshe, sun isa gefen Khorasan, lardin da aka ɗauka a matsayin kayan ado a cikin rawanin Ghaznavid.Seljuks sun ci Ghaznavids a yakin Nasa Plains a shekara ta 1035. Jikokin Seljuk, Tughril da Chaghri, sun karbi alamun gwamna, tallafin filaye, kuma an ba su lakabi na dehqan.^[5]Da farko Mahmud ya kori Seljuks kuma suka yi ritaya zuwa Khwarezm, amma Tughril da Chaghri suka jagoranci su suka kama Merv da Nishapur (1037/38).Daga baya sun sha kai farmaki tare da yin fatauci tare da magajinsa, Mas'ud, a fadin Khorasan da Balkh.Sun fara zama a gabashin Farisa.

Lokacin da shugaban Seljuq Tughril da ɗan'uwansa Chaghri suka fara tara sojoji, ana kallon su a matsayin barazana ga yankunan Ghaznavid.Bayan hare-haren Seljuq da aka yi wa garuruwan kan iyaka, Sultan Mas'ud I (dan Mahmud na Ghazni) ya yanke shawarar korar Seljuk daga yankunansa.A yayin tattakin da sojojin Mas'ud suka yi zuwa Sarakuna, maharan Seljuq sun tursasa sojojin Ghaznavid da dabarun kai hari.Turkmen masu sauri da wayar hannu sun fi dacewa da yaƙe-yaƙe a cikin jeji da sahara fiye da sojojin Ghaznavid Turkwan masu ra'ayin mazan jiya.Su ma 'yan Seljuq Turkmen sun lalata layukan samar da kayayyaki na Ghaznavids don haka suka yanke su rijiyoyin ruwa da ke kusa.Hakan ya yi matukar rage tarbiya da kwarjini na sojojin Ghaznavid.A ranar 23 ga Mayu, 1040, kusan sojojin Seljuk 16,000 suka fafata da sojojin Ghaznavid da ke fama da yunwa a Dandanaqan suka kuma fatattake su a kusa da birnin Merv inda suka lalata wani bangare na sojojin Ghazanavid.^[6] Seljuks sun mamaye Nishapur, Herat, kuma suka kewaye Balkh.

Bayan yakin Dandanakan, Turkmens sun dauki Khhorasiyawa aiki kuma suka kafa hukumar Farisa don gudanar da sabuwar mulkinsu tare da Toghrul a matsayin mai mulkin mallaka.A shekara ta 1046, khalifa Abbasid al-Qa'im ya aikewa Tughril takardar shaidar amincewa da mulkin Seljuk akan Khorasan.

Bayan mamaye yankuna a Iran a yau da Daular Seljuk ta yi, ɗimbin Turkawa Oghuz sun isa kan iyakar Rumawa na Armeniya a ƙarshen 1040s.Don neman ganima da banbance tafarkin jihadi, sai suka fara kai farmaki kan lardunan Rumawa a Armeniya .A lokaci guda kuma, Sarkin Gabas Constantine IX Monomachos (r. 1042-1055) ya raunana kariya daga gabas na Daular Byzantine , wanda ya ba da damar sojojin jigo (takardun lardi) na Iberia da Mesopotamiya su bar aikin soja don biyan haraji. biya.Fadada Seljuk zuwa yamma lamari ne mai ruɗani, domin yana tare da ƙaura mai yawa na ƙabilun Turkiyya.Waɗannan ƙabilun ba su da tushe kawai na sarakunan Seljuk, kuma dangantakarsu ta kasance mai sarƙaƙƙiya mai sarƙaƙƙiya: yayin da Seljuk ke da nufin kafa ƙasa mai tsari mai tsari, ƙabilun sun fi sha'awar ganima da sabbin filayen kiwo, kuma sun fara kai hare-hare a kansu. na kotun Seljuk.Wannan na baya-bayan nan ya jure wa wannan lamari, domin ya taimaka wajen kwantar da tarzoma a cikin zuciyar Seljuk.An gwabza yakin Kapetron ne tsakanin sojojin Bizantine-Georgiya da Turkawa Seljuk a filin Kapetron a shekara ta 1048. Lamarin ya kasance karshen wani gagarumin farmaki da yariman Seljuk Ibrahim Inal ya jagoranta zuwa Armeniya karkashin mulkin Rumawa.Haɗuwa da abubuwan na nufin cewa sojojin na Byzantine na yau da kullun sun kasance cikin babban lahani ga Turkawa: an wargaza rundunonin jigo na cikin gida, yayin da yawancin ƙwararrun sojojin an karkatar da su zuwa ƙasashen Balkan don fuskantar tawaye na Leo Tornikios.A sakamakon haka, kwamandojin Rumawa, Haruna da Katakalon Kekaumenos, sun sami sabani kan yadda za a iya tunkarar mamayar.Kekaumenos ya goyi bayan yajin aiki nan take da kuma riga-kafi, yayin da Haruna ya fi son dabarar taka tsantsan har zuwan abubuwan ƙarfafawa.Sarkin sarakuna Constantine IX ya zaɓi zaɓi na ƙarshe kuma ya umurci sojojinsa da su ɗauki matakin da bai dace ba, yayin da yake neman taimako daga mai mulkin Jojiya Liparit IV.Wannan ya baiwa Turkawa damar yin barna a yadda suke so, musamman abin da ya kai ga buhu da lalata babbar cibiyar kasuwanci ta Artze.Bayan da Georgians suka isa, haɗin gwiwar Byzantine-Georgian sun yi yaƙi a Kapetron.A wani kazamin fadan da aka gwabza a daren, mabiya addinin kirista sun yi nasarar fatattakar Turkawa, Haruna da Kekaumenos da ke jagorantar bangarorin biyu suka bi Turkawa har washe gari.A cibiyar kuwa, Inal ya samu nasarar cafke Liparit, lamarin da ba a sanar da kwamandojin Rumawa biyu ba, sai bayan sun yi godiya ga Allah da nasarar da suka samu.Inal ya iya komawa babban birnin Seljuk da ke Rayy ba tare da an yi masa laifi ba, yana dauke da ganima mai yawa.Bangarorin biyu sun yi musayar ofisoshin jakadanci, lamarin da ya kai ga sakin Liparit da fara huldar jakadanci tsakanin kotunan Rumawa da Seljuk.Sarkin sarakuna Constantine na IX ya ɗauki matakai don ƙarfafa iyakarsa ta gabas, amma saboda rikici na cikin gida da Turkiyya ta mamaye ba a sake farawa ba har zuwa 1054. Turkawa sun sami karuwar nasara, tare da taimakon sake tura sojojin Byzantine zuwa Balkans don yakar Pechenegs, takaddama tsakanin kabilu daban-daban na lardunan Byzantine na gabas, da koma bayan sojojin Rumawa.

Bayan cin nasara da dama, Tughril ya ci birnin Bagadaza, mazaunin khalifanci, ya kori na karshen sarakunan Buyid.Halifa Al-Qa'im ne ya ayyana Tughril a matsayin sarkin musulmi (na Great Seljuk Sultanate).Kamar Buyids, Seljuks sun rike halifofin Abbasiyawa a matsayin shugabanni.

Wanda ya kafa daular Seljuk, Tughril, ya mutu bai haihu ba kuma ya yi nufin sarauta ga Alp Arslan, ɗan ɗan uwansa Chaghri Beg.Bayan mutuwar Tughril duk da haka, yarima mai jiran gado na Seljuk Qutalmish ya yi fatan zama sabon sarkin musulmi, domin Tughril bai haihu ba kuma shi ne babban memba na daular.Babban sojojin Alp Arslan na da tazarar kilomita 15 daga gabashin Qutalmısh.Qutalmısh ya yi ƙoƙari ya canza hanyar korama don toshe hanyar Alp Arslan.Duk da haka Alp Arslan ya sami damar wuce sojojinsa ta cikin sabuwar ƙasar da aka ƙirƙira.Da sojojin Seljuk biyu suka hadu, dakarun Qutalmısh sun gudu daga yakin.An kama Resul da ɗan Qutalmısh Suleyman (wanda ya kafadaular Rum daga baya) fursuna.Qutalmısh ya tsere, amma yayin da yake tattara sojojinsa don yin gudun hijira cikin tsari zuwa sansaninsa na Girdkuh, ya fado daga kan dokinsa a wani wuri mai tudu ya mutu a ranar 7 ga Disamba 1063.Ko da yake an kai ɗan Qutalmısh Suleyman fursuna, Alp Arslan ya gafarta masa kuma ya tura shi gudun hijira.Amma daga baya wannan ya zama wata dama gare shi;domin shi ne ya kafa daular Sultanate of Rum, wadda ta wuce daular Seljuk mai girma.

A kan hanyar yaƙi da Fatimids a Siriya a cikin 1068, Alp Arslan ya mamaye daular Rumawa .Sarkin sarakuna Romanos IV Diogenes, yana ɗaukar umarni da kansa, ya sadu da mahara a Kilicia.A cikin kamfen guda uku masu wahala, Turkawa sun sha kashi daki-daki, aka kore su a kogin Euphrates a shekara ta 1070. Kamfen na farko shi ne sarki da kansa ya yi guda biyu, yayin da na uku Manuel Comnenos, kawun sarki Manuel Comnenos ne ya jagoranta.

An yi yakin Manzikert tsakanin Daular Rumawa da Daular Seljuk (wanda Alp Arslan ya jagoranta).Gagarumin shan kashin da sojojin Rumawa suka yi da kamun da aka yi wa sarki Romanos na IV Diogenes ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen durkusar da ikon Rumawa a yankin Anatoliya da Armeniya, kuma ya ba da izinin shigar da Turkwan Anatoliya sannu a hankali.Yawancin Turkawa, waɗanda suka yi tafiya zuwa yamma a ƙarni na 11, sun ga nasarar da aka yi a Manzikert a matsayin ƙofar Asiya Ƙarama.

Karkashin magajin Alp Arslan, Malik Shah, da barayinsa biyu na Farisa, Nizām al-Mulk da Tāj al-Mulk, kasar Seljuk ta fadada ta bangarori daban-daban, zuwa tsohuwar iyakar Iran da kwanaki kafin mamayar Larabawa, ta yadda ba da jimawa ba ta yi iyaka da kasar.Kasar Sin a gabas da Rumawa a yamma.Malik Shah shi ne ya mayar da babban birnin kasar daga Rey zuwa Isfahan.A karkashin mulkinsa da jagorancinsa ne Daular Seljuk ta kai ga kololuwar nasarorin da ta samu.

Alp Arslan ya ba wa sojojinsa na Turkoman izini su sassaƙa masarautun daga yankin Anatoliya ta Daular Byzantine, a matsayin masu biyayya gare shi.A cikin shekaru biyu Turkmens sun kafa iko har zuwa Tekun Aegean karkashin manyan beyliks: Saltukids a Arewa maso Gabashin Anatoliya, Shah-Armens da Mengujekids a Gabashin Anatolia, Artuqids a Kudu maso Gabashin Anatoliya, Danishmendis a tsakiyar Anatolia, Rum Seljuks (Beylik na Suleyman, wanda daga baya ya koma tsakiyar Anatoliya) a yammacin Anatoliya, da kuma Beylik na Tzachas na Smyrna a İzmir (Smyrna).

An gwabza yakin Kerj Abu Dulaf a shekara ta 1073 tsakanin sojojin Seljuk na Malik-Shah I da sojojin Kerman Seljuk na Qavurt da dansa Sultan-shah.An yi ta ne kusan kusa da Kerj Abu Dulaf, a yau tsakanin Hamadan da Arak, kuma nasara ce ta Malik-Shah na I.Bayan mutuwar Alp-Arslan, an ayyana Malik-Shah a matsayin sabon sarkin daular.Sai dai bayan hawan Malik-Shah, baffansa Qavurt ya yi wa kansa da'awar karagar mulki, ya kuma aika Malik-Shah da sako da cewa: "Ni ne babban yaya, kuma kai yaro ne, ni ke da hakki a kan dan'uwana Alp. -Gadon Arslan."Sai Malik-Shah ya ba da amsa da aiko da sako cewa: "Dan'uwa ba ya gado idan akwai da."Wannan sakon ya fusata Qavurt, wanda daga baya ya mamaye Isfahan.A cikin 1073 an yi yaƙi a kusa da Hamadan, wanda ya ɗauki kwanaki uku.Qavurt yana tare da ’ya’yansa maza guda bakwai, kuma sojojinsa sun kunshi Turkmen, yayin da sojojin Malik-Shah suka kunshi gulam (“bayi soji”) da rundunonin dakarun Kurdawa da na Larabawa.A lokacin yakin Turkawa na sojojin Malik-Shah. Ya yi tawaye a kansa, amma duk da haka ya yi nasarar cin nasara tare da kama Qavurt.Daga nan sai Qavurt ya roki rahamarsa kuma ya yi alkawarin yin ritaya a Oman.Sai dai Nizam al-Mulk ya ki amincewa da tayin, yana mai cewa karewa shi alama ce ta rauni.Bayan wani lokaci, an shake Qavurt har ya mutu da igiyar baka, yayin da 'ya'yansa biyu suka makanta.

A cikin 1040, Turkawa Seljuk sun ci Ghaznavids a yakin Dandanakan suka shiga Iran .Rikici da Karakhanida ya barke, amma Karakhanid sun iya jurewa hare-haren Seljuk da farko, har ma a takaice sun kwace iko da garuruwan Seljuk na Greater Khorasan.Karakhanids, duk da haka, sun haifar da rikici mai tsanani tare da azuzuwan addini ( ulama), sannan ulama na Transoxiana suka nemi shiga tsakani na Seljuks.A shekara ta 1089 a zamanin mulkin jikan Ibrahim Ahmad b.Khidr, Seljuks sun shiga suka kwace Samarkand, tare da yankuna mallakar Western Khanate.Karakhanids Khanate na Yamma sun zama hamshakin Seljuk tsawon rabin karni, kuma masu mulkin Khanate na Yamma su ne wadanda Seljuk suka zaba ya dora a kan karagar mulki.Ahmad b.Seljuk ne suka mayar da Khidr kan karagar mulki, amma a shekara ta 1095, malamai sun zargi Ahmad da bidi’a kuma suka yi nasarar kashe shi.Karakhanids na Kashgar su ma sun ba da sanarwar mika wuya bayan yakin Seljuk a cikin Talas da Zhetysu, amma Khanate na Gabas ya kasance mai mulkin Seljuk na ɗan lokaci kaɗan.A farkon karni na 12 sun mamaye Transoxiana kuma sun mamaye garin Termez na Seljuk na ɗan lokaci.

Bayan wani ɗan gajeren yaƙin neman zaɓe da Malik-Shah I ya gudanar a kudancin Jojiya, sarkin ya miƙa wa wani “Sarang na Gandza” duchies na Samshvilde da Arran, wanda ake kira Savthang a cikin larabci.Ya bar mayaƙan doki 48,000 zuwa Sarang, ya ba da umarnin wani yaƙin neman zaɓe don kawo Jojiya gabaɗaya a ƙarƙashin mulkin Seljuk Empire.Sarkin Arran, tare da taimakon sarakunan musulmi na Dmanisi, Dvin da Ganja, ya yi tattaki zuwa Georgia.An yi sabani game da kwanan wata mamayewar tsakanin malaman Jojiya na zamani.Yayin da aka fi yin yakin a shekara ta 1074 (Lortkipanidze, Berdzenishvili, Papaskiri), Farfesa Ivane Javakhishvili ya sanya lokacin a wani wuri a kusa da 1073 da 1074. Masanin tarihin Jojiya na karni na 19 Tedo Jordania ya yi yakin a 1077. Bisa ga sabon bincike, yakin. ya faru ko dai a watan Agusta ko kuma a watan Satumba 1075 CE.^[7] Giorgi II, tare da goyon bayan soja na Aghsartan I na Kakheti, ya sadu da mahara a kusa da katangar Partskhisi.Ko da yake ba a yi nazarin cikakken bayani game da yakin ba, amma an san cewa daya daga cikin manyan sarakunan Jojiya, Ivane Baghuashi na Kldekari, da ke kawance da Seljuks, ya mika musu dansa Liparit a matsayin fursuna na siyasa a matsayin alkawarin aminci.An ci gaba da gwabza fadan na tsawon yini guda, inda a karshe ya kare da gagarumin nasara ga Giorgi II na Jojiya.^[8] Ƙarfin da aka samu bayan nasarar wani muhimmin yaƙin da aka yi a Partskhisi ya ba wa Georgians damar sake kwato duk yankunan da aka rasa a Daular Seljuk (Kars, Samshvilde) da kuma Daular Byzantine (Anacopia, Klarjeti, Shavsheti, Ardahan, Javakheti). ).^[9]

Kashin da sojojin Rumawa suka yi a yakin Manzikert ya baiwa Turkawa, ciki har da dakarun da ke biyayya ga Danishmend Gazi, su mamaye kusan dukkanin yankin Anatoliya.Danishmend Gazi da sojojinsa sun ɗauki ƙasarsu a tsakiyar yankin Anatoliya, suka mamaye garuruwan Neocaesarea, Tokat, Sivas, da Euchaita.Wannan jiha tana iko da babbar hanya daga Siriya zuwa Daular Rumawa kuma wannan ya zama muhimmiyar dabara a lokacin yakin Salibiyya na farko .

Malik Shah I ya shiga cikin Jojiya kuma ya mayar da ƙauyuka da yawa su zama kango.daga 1079/80 zuwa gaba, Jojiya an matsa wa Malik-Shah don tabbatar da zaman lafiya mai daraja a farashin haraji na shekara-shekara.

Suleiman ibn Qutulmish (dan uwan ​​Melik Shah) ya kafa kasar Konya a yankin yammacin Turkiyya.Kodayake vassal na Babban Daular Seljuk, nan da nan ya zama mai cin gashin kansa.Masarautar Rum ta balle daga daular Seljuk mai girma a karkashin Suleiman ibn Qutulmish a shekara ta 1077, shekaru shida kacal bayan da aka mamaye lardunan Rumawa na tsakiyar Anatoliya a yakin Manzikert (1071).Tana da babban birninta na farko a İznik sannan a Konya.Wadannan kungiyoyin na Turkiyya sun fara kawo cikas ga hanyar jigilar mahajjata zuwa karamar Asiya.

Sultan Malik-Shah I ya aika da dan uwansa Tutush zuwa Dimashku don ya taimaki Atsiz bn Uvaq al-Khwarazmi, wanda aka yi wa kawanya.Bayan da aka kawo karshen harin, Tutush ya sa Atziz ya kashe shi kuma ya kafa kansa a Damascus.Ya dauki nauyin yaki da fatimawa .Watakila ya fara kawo cikas a harkar aikin hajji.

Asali a cikin hidimar Rumawa, Tzachas, kwamandan sojan Turkiyya Seljuk, ya yi tawaye ya kama Smyrna, da yawa daga gabar tekun Aegean na Asiya Ƙarama da tsibiran da ke bakin gaɓa.Ya kafa wata hukuma a Smyrna, yana ba Seljuks damar zuwa Tekun Aegean.

A shekara ta 1080, Tutush ya kuduri aniyar kwace Aleppo da karfin tsiya, inda ya so ya kwace ta daga kariyar da take kusa da ita;don haka ya kwace Manbij, Hisnul Faya (a al-Bira na zamani), Biza’a da Azaz.Daga baya ya rinjayi Sabiq ya mika masa daular ga sarkin Uqaylid Muslim bn Kuraishah "Sharaf al-Dawla".Shugaban birnin Aleppo, Sharif Hassan ibn Hibat Allah Al-Hutayti, wanda a halin yanzu Suleiman ibn Qutalmish ke yiwa kawanya, ya yi alkawarin mika birnin ga Tutush.Suleiman dai ya kasance dan daular Seljuk mai nisa wanda ya kafa kansa a Anatoliya kuma yana kokarin fadada mulkinsa zuwa Aleppo, bayan da ya kwace Antakiya a shekara ta 1084. Tutush da sojojinsa sun hadu da sojojin Suleiman a kusa da Aleppo a shekara ta 1086. A yakin da ya biyo baya sojojin Suleiman sun gudu. , An kashe Suleiman kuma an kama dansa Kilic Arslan.Tutush ya kai hari tare da mamaye Aleppo in ban da kagara a watan Mayun 1086, ya zauna har zuwa Oktoba ya tafi Damascus saboda ci gaban sojojin Malik-Shah.Sarkin Musulmi da kansa ya isa a watan Disamba 1086, sannan ya nada Aq Sunqur al-Hajib a matsayin gwamnan Aleppo.

A cikin bazara na 1087, labari ya isa kotun Byzantine na wani babban mamayewa daga arewa.Maharan sun kasance Pechenegs daga yankin arewa maso yammacin tekun Black Sea;an ruwaito cewa sun kai mutum 80,000 gaba daya.Tare da cin gajiyar halin da Rumawa ke ciki, rundunar Pecheneg ta nufi babban birnin Rumawa a Konstantinoful, inda suka wawushe yankunan Balkan na arewa yayin da suke tafiya.Mamayen ya yi mummunar barazana ga daular Alexios, amma duk da haka saboda yakin basasa na shekaru da kuma watsi da sojojin Byzantine sun kasa ba wa sarki isassun sojojin da za su tunkari mahara Pecheneg.An tilasta Alexios ya dogara da basirarsa da fasaha na diflomasiyya don ceton daularsa daga halaka.Ya kuma yi kira ga wata kabila ta Turkawa mazauna kasar Cuman da su hada kai da shi wajen yakar Pechenegs.Kusan 1090 ko 1091, Sarkin Chaka na Smyrna ya ba da shawarar haɗin gwiwa tare da Pechenegs don lalata daular Byzantine gaba ɗaya.^[10]An ci nasara ta hanyar kyautar zinari na Alexios don neman taimako a kan Pechenegs, Cumans sun yi sauri don shiga Alexios da sojojinsa.A ƙarshen bazara na shekara ta 1091, sojojin Cuman sun isa yankin Byzantine, kuma rundunar sojojin sun shirya yin gaba da Pechenegs.A ranar Litinin, 28 ga Afrilu, 1091, Alexios da abokansa sun isa sansanin Pecheneg a Levounion kusa da Kogin Hebros.Da alama an kama Pechenegs da mamaki.Ko ta yaya, yakin da aka yi da safe a Levounion kusan kisan kiyashi ne.Mayakan na Pecheneg sun zo da matansu da yaransu, kuma ba su yi shiri ba don tsananin harin da aka kai musu.Cuman da Rumawa sun fada kan sansanin abokan gaba, suna karkashe duk a hanyarsu.Pechenegs suka ruguje da sauri, kuma abokan nasara suka yi musu yankan rago har sun kusa shafe su.Rumawa ne suka kama wadanda suka tsira kuma aka kai su aikin daular.Levounion ita ce nasara mafi mahimmanci guda ɗaya da sojojin Rumawa suka samu fiye da rabin ƙarni.Yaƙin ya nuna sauyi a tarihin Rumawa;Daular ta kai ga nadir na arzikinta a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata, kuma Levounion ta yi ishara ga duniya cewa a yanzu daular tana kan hanyar farfadowa.An lalata Pechenegs kwata-kwata, kuma dukiyoyin Turawa na daular yanzu sun kasance amintacce.Alexios ya tabbatar da kansa a matsayin mai ceton Byzantium a cikin lokacin da ake bukata, kuma sabon ruhun bege ya fara tasowa a cikin Rumawa da suka gaji da yaki.

Malik-Shah ya rasu a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 1092 a lokacin da yake farauta.Bayan mutuwarsa, daular Seljuk ta fada cikin rudani, yayin da masu hamayya da hakimai da gwamnonin yankin suka sassaka daularsu suna yaki da juna.Kabilun daya-daya, Danishmends, Mangujekids, Saltuqids, Tengribirmish begs, Artuqids (Ortoqids) da Akhlat-Shahs, sun fara fafatawa da juna don kafa nasu kasashe masu cin gashin kansu.Malik Shah shi ne ya gaje ni a Anatoliya a hannun Kilij Arslan na daya, wanda ya kafadaular Rum , sannan a kasar Sham kuma dan uwansa Tutush I. A Farisa ya gaje shi da dansa Mahmud I, wanda sauran ’yan uwansa uku Barkiyaruq suka yi takara a kasar. Iraki , Muhammad I a Baghdad, da Ahmad Sanjar a Khorasan.Halin da ake ciki a cikin kasashen Seljuk ya kara dagulewa tun farkon yakin Salibiyya na farko , wanda ya ware wasu yankuna da dama na Siriya da Falasdinu daga hannun musulmi a shekarun 1098 da 1099. Nasarar yakin Salibiyya na farko a kalla a wani bangare na da nasaba da rudanin siyasa wanda ke da alaka da rudanin siyasa. sakamakon mutuwar Malik-Shah

Sojojin Tutush (tare da Janar dinsa Kakuyid Ali bn Faramurz) da Berk-Yaruq sun hadu a wajen Ray a ranar 17 Safar 488 (26 Fabrairu 1095 CE), amma mafi yawan abokan Tutush sun rabu da shi kafin a fara yaki, kuma wani soja ya kashe shi. ghlam (bawa-soja) na tsohon abokin tarayya, Aq-Sonqur.Tutush ya yanke kai kuma an nuna kansa a Bagadaza.Ɗan Tutush Duqaq ya gaji Damascus, yayin da Radwan ya karɓi Aleppo, ya raba mulkin mahaifinsu.Guguwar wutar lantarki ta Turkiyya kafin yakin Salibiyya na farko.

A lokacin yakin Crusade na farko , jahohin Seljuks da suka karye sun fi damuwa da karfafa yankunansu da samun iko da makwabtansu fiye da hada kai da 'yan Salibiyya.Seljuks cikin sauƙi sun ci nasara a yakin Crusade na Jama'a da suka isa a 1096, amma ba za su iya dakatar da ci gaban sojojin na Crusade na sarakunan da suka biyo baya ba, wanda ya dauki muhimman garuruwa kamar Nicaea (İznik), Iconium (Konya), Caesarea Mazaca (Kayseri). da Antakiya (Antakya) a tattakinta zuwa Kudus (Al-Quds).A cikin 1099 'yan Salibiyya daga karshe sun kwace kasa mai tsarki kuma suka kafa jihohin 'yan Salibiyya na farko.Seljuks sun riga sun yi hasarar Palastinu a hannun Fatimids , wadanda suka kwato ta daf da 'yan Salibiyya su kame ta.

Siege na Xerigordos a cikin 1096, Jamusawa na Crusade na Jama'a karkashin Reinald a kan Turkawa da Elchanes, Janar na Kilij Arslan I, Seljuk Sultan na Rûm ya umarta.'Yan ta'addar 'yan ta'addar sun kwace sansanin Turkiyya na Xerigordos, wanda ke da tafiyar kwanaki hudu daga Nicaea, a wani yunkurin kafa sansanin 'yan fashi.Elchanes ya isa bayan kwanaki uku kuma ya kewaye 'yan Salibiyya.Masu kare ba su da ruwan sha, kuma bayan kwanaki takwas da suka yi suna kawanya, sun mika wuya a ranar 29 ga watan Satumba, wasu daga cikin ‘yan Salibiyya sun musulunta, yayin da wasu da suka ki amincewa aka kashe su.

A shekara ta 1098, sa’ad da Kerbogha ya ji cewa ‘ Yan Salibiyya sun kewaye Antakiya, sai ya tattara sojojinsa ya yi tattaki don ya taimaki birnin.A kan hanyarsa, ya yi ƙoƙari ya dawo da Edessa bayan cin nasara da Baldwin I ya yi kwanan nan, don kada ya bar wani garrison na Faransa a bayansa akan hanyarsa ta zuwa Antakiya.Tsawon makonni uku ya kewaye birnin ba da dalili ba kafin ya yanke shawarar ci gaba zuwa Antakiya.Ƙarfafawarsa zai iya yiwuwa ya kawo karshen yakin Crusade a gaban ganuwar Antakiya, kuma, hakika, an ceci dukan Crusad ta lokacin ɓata lokaci a Edessa.A lokacin da ya isa, a kusa da 7 ga Yuni, 'Yan Salibiyya sun riga sun ci nasara a kewayen, kuma sun rike birnin tun ranar 3 ga Yuni.Ba su sami damar mayar da birnin ba kafin Kerbogha, shi kuma ya fara kewaye birnin.A ranar 28 ga Yuni, lokacin da Bohemond, shugaban sojojin Kirista, ya yanke shawarar kai hari, sarakunan sun yanke shawarar ƙasƙantar da Kerbogha ta hanyar watsar da shi a cikin mawuyacin lokaci.Kerbogha ya sha mamaki da tsari da horo na sojojin Kirista.Wannan ƙwaƙƙwaran rundunonin sojojin Kirista na haɗin kai a haƙiƙanin gaskiya sun yi girma sosai har dabarar Kerbogha ta raba sojojinsa ba ta yi tasiri ba.Nan take ‘Yan Salibiyya suka fatattake shi.An tilasta masa ja da baya, ya koma Mosul wani karye.

An gwabza yakin Mersivan ne tsakanin ‘Yan Salibiyya na Turai da Turkawa Seljuk karkashin jagorancin Kilij Arslan na I a Arewacin Anatoliya a lokacin yakin Crusade na 1101. Turkawa sun yi nasara a kan ‘Yan Salibiyya da suka yi hasarar kusan kashi hudu cikin biyar na sojojinsu a kusa da tsaunukan Paphlagonia a wajen. Mersivan.An shirya 'yan Salibiyya zuwa sassa biyar: Burgundians, Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse da Rumawa, Jamusawa, Faransanci, da Lombards.Ƙasar tana da kyau ga Turkawa-bushe kuma maras kyau ga abokan gabansu, a buɗe take, tare da yalwar sarari ga rukunin sojojin dawakai.Turkawa sun dau kwanaki suna damun Latins, daga karshe sun tabbatar sun je inda Kilij Arslan nake so su kasance tare da tabbatar da cewa sun sami 'yan kadan ne kawai.An kwashe kwanaki da dama ana gwabza yakin.A rana ta farko, Turkawa sun katse ci gaban dakaru na 'yan Salibiyya suka yi musu kawanya.Washegari, Conrad ya jagoranci Jamusawa a wani farmakin da ya faskara.Ba wai kawai sun kasa bude layukan Turkiyya ba ne, sun kasa komawa ga babbar runduna ta 'yan Salibiyya, inda suka nemi mafaka a wani shingen da ke kusa.Wannan yana nufin an katse su daga kayayyaki, taimako, da sadarwa don harin da watakila ya faru da Jamusawa sun iya ba da ƙarfin soja na kansu.A rana ta uku an dan yi shiru, ba a yi wani fada mai tsanani ko kadan ba, amma a rana ta hudu, 'yan Salibiyya sun yi kokarin kubutar da kansu daga tarkon da suke ciki. harin ya yi kasa a gwiwa a karshen ranar.Kilij Arslan ya kasance tare da Ridwan na Aleppo da wasu manyan sarakunan Danishmend.Lombards, a cikin masu gadi, sun sha kashi, Pechenegs sun gudu, Faransa da Jamus kuma an tilasta musu komawa baya.Raymond ya makale a kan dutse kuma Stephen da Conrad, ɗan sandan Henry IV, Sarkin Roma Mai Tsarki ne suka cece shi.Aka ci gaba da gwabzawa har washegari, inda aka kame sansanin ‘yan ta’addan, kuma jaruman suka gudu, suka bar mata, da yara, da firistoci, ana kashe su ko kuma a bautar da su.Yawancin Lombards, waɗanda ba su da dawakai, ba da daɗewa ba Turkawa suka same su suka kashe su ko kuma suka bautar da su.Raymond, Stephen, Count of Blois, da Stephen I, Count of Burgundy sun gudu zuwa arewa zuwa Sinope, kuma suka koma Constantinople ta jirgin ruwa.^[11]

Masarautar Kakheti-Hereti ta kasance yankin daular Seljuk tun a shekarun 1080.Duk da haka, a cikin 1104, sarki David IV na Jojiya mai karfi (c. 1089-1125) ya sami damar yin amfani da tashin hankali a cikin jihar Seljuk kuma ya yi nasara a yakin Seljuk vassal jihar Kakheti-Hereti, a karshe ya juya ta zama ɗaya daga cikin Saeristavo.Sarkin Kakheti-Hereti, Agsartan II, sarakunan Jojiya Baramisdze da Arshiani ne suka kama shi kuma aka tsare shi a Kutaisi.Sarkin Seljuk Sultan Berkyaruq ya aika da dakaru masu yawa zuwa Jojiya domin su kwato Kakheti da Hereti.An yi yakin ne a kudu maso gabashin Masarautar, a kauyen Ertsukhi da ke cikin filayen kudu maso gabashin Tbilisi.Sarki Dauda na Jojiya da kansa ya shiga yaƙin, inda Seljuks suka yi nasara a kan Jojiya da gaske wanda ya sa sojojinsu suka gudu.Daga nan sai Turkawa Seljuk suka sake mayar da Masarautar Tbilisi ta zama daya daga cikin jiga-jigan su.

Mutuwar Mas'ud na Uku na Ghazni a shekara ta 1115 ya fara zazzafar takara ga sarauta.A shekarar ne Shirzad ya hau karagar mulki amma a shekara ta gaba sai kanensa Arslan ya kashe shi.Arslan ya fuskanci tawaye na wani ɗan'uwansa, Bahram, wanda ya sami goyon baya daga Seljuk Sultan Ahmad Sanjar.Ahmad Sanjar mamaya daga Khorasan ya kwashi sojojinsa zuwa Afganistan tare da yi wa Arslan mugun fatara a kusa da Ghazni a Shahrabad.Arslan ya yi nasarar tserewa kuma Bahram ya ci sarauta a matsayin vassal Seljuk.

Masarautar Jojiya ta kasance yanki ga Babban Daular Seljuq tun daga shekarun 1080.Sai dai kuma, a cikin shekarun 1090, sarki David IV na Jojiya mai kuzari ya sami damar yin amfani da tarzomar cikin gida a cikin jihar Seljuq da nasarar yakin farko na yakin farko na yammacin Turai kan ikon musulmi na kasa mai tsarki, kuma ya kafa daula mai karfi, ya sake tsara sojojinsa da kuma daukar Kipchak, Alan, har ma da sojojin hayar Faransa don jagorantar su zuwa kwato filayen da suka bata da kuma korar maharan Turkiyya.Yakin Dauda ba kamar na ‘Yan Salibiyya ba ne, wani bangare ne na yakin addini da Musulunci, a’a kokarin siyasa ne da soji don ‘yantar da Caucasus daga Seljuks makiyaya.Jojiya da ta kasance tana yaƙi na tsawon shekaru ashirin, tana buƙatar a bar ta ta sake samun nasara.Don ƙarfafa sojojinsa, Sarki Dauda ya kaddamar da wani gagarumin garambawul na soja a shekara ta 1118-1120 kuma ya sake tsugunar da Kipchak dubu da dama daga tsaunukan arewa zuwa gundumomin Jojiya.A sakamakon haka, Kipchaks sun ba da soja ɗaya a kowane iyali, yana ba wa Sarki Dauda damar kafa runduna mai tsayi ban da sojojinsa na sarauta (wanda aka sani da Monaspa).Sabuwar runduna ta ba wa sarki rundunonin da ake buƙata don yaƙar barazanar waje da kuma rashin jin daɗin iyayengiji masu ƙarfi.Tun daga shekara ta 1120, Sarki Dauda ya fara aiwatar da manufar fadadawa, yana shiga har zuwa kogin Araxes da Caspian littoral, da kuma tsoratar da 'yan kasuwa musulmi a ko'ina cikin Kudancin Caucasus.A watan Yunin 1121, Tbilisi ta kasance a karkashin wani hari na Georgia, tare da tilasta wa 'yan uwa musulmi su ba da kyauta ga David IV.Sake farfado da karfin soji na Georgian, da kuma bukatunsa na karramawa daga birnin Tbilisi mai cin gashin kansa, ya haifar da martanin hadin kan musulmi.A shekara ta 1121, Seljuk Sultan Mahmud II (c. 1118-1131) ya ayyana yaki mai tsarki a kan Jojiya.Yaƙin da aka yi a Didgori shi ne ƙarshen yaƙe-yaƙe na Jojiya-Seljuk duka kuma ya kai ga sake mamaye Tbilisi na Jojiya a shekara ta 1122. Ba da daɗewa ba David ya ƙaura babban birnin kasar daga Kutaisi zuwa Tbilisi.Nasarar da aka yi a Didgori ita ce ta buɗe lokacin Golden Age na Georgian na da.

'Yan kabilar Khitan mutanen daular Liao ne wadanda suka koma yamma daga arewacin kasar Sin a lokacin da daular Jin ta mamaye daular Liao ta lalata daular Liao a shekara ta 1125. Ragowar Liao Yelü Dashi ne ya jagoranci wanda ya kwace babban birnin Karakhanid na Gabas ta Balasagun.A shekara ta 1137, sun yi galaba a kan 'yan Karakhanid na Yamma, wani bawan Seljuks, a Khujand, kuma sarkin Karakhanid Mahmud II ya roki shugaban Seljuk Ahmed Sanjar don neman kariya.A cikin 1141, Sanjar tare da sojojinsa sun isa Samarkand.Kara-Khitans, wadanda Khwarazmiya suka gayyace su (sai kuma hamshakin dan kabilar Seljuk) domin su mamaye kasashen Seljuk, sannan kuma sun mayar da martani ga koken neman shiga tsakani da Karluk da ke da hannu a rikicin Karakhanida da Seljuk suka yi. , kuma ya iso.A yakin Qatwan, 'yan Seljuq sun sha kashi sosai, wanda ke nuni da farkon karshen daular Seljuk mai girma.

A wannan lokacin rikici da jihohin 'yan Salibiyya ma ya kasance na tsaka-tsaki, kuma bayan yakin Crusade na farko 'yan ta'adda masu zaman kansu za su kasance masu zaman kansu tare da sauran 'yan Salibiyya yayin da suke fafatawa da juna don neman yanki.A Mosul, Zengi ya gaji Kerbogha a matsayin atabeg kuma ya yi nasarar fara aiwatar da aikin tabbatar da atabegs na Siriya.A cikin 1144 Zengi ya kama Edessa, kamar yadda gundumar Edessa ta haɗa kai da Artuqids a kansa.Wannan lamari ya jawo kaddamar da yakin Crusade na biyu .Nur ad-Din, daya daga cikin 'ya'yan Zengi wanda ya gaje shi a matsayin atabeg na Aleppo, ya kafa kawance a yankin don adawa da yakin Crusade na biyu, wanda ya sauka a shekara ta 1147.

A wannan lokacin rikici da jihohin 'yan Salibiyya ma ya kasance na tsaka-tsaki, kuma bayan yakin Crusade na farko 'yan ta'adda masu zaman kansu za su kasance masu zaman kansu tare da sauran 'yan Salibiyya yayin da suke fafatawa da juna don neman yanki.A Mosul, Zengi ya gaji Kerbogha a matsayin atabeg kuma ya yi nasarar fara aiwatar da aikin tabbatar da atabegs na Siriya.A cikin 1144 Zengi ya kama Edessa, kamar yadda gundumar Edessa ta haɗa kai da Artuqids a kansa.Wannan lamari ya jawo kaddamar da yakin Crusade na biyu .Nur ad-Din, daya daga cikin 'ya'yan Zengi wanda ya gaje shi a matsayin atabeg na Aleppo, ya kafa kawance a yankin don adawa da yakin Crusade na biyu, wanda ya sauka a shekara ta 1147.

A cikin 1153, Ghuzz (Turkawa Oghuz) suka yi tawaye suka kama Sanjar.Ya yi nasarar tserewa bayan shekaru uku amma ya mutu bayan shekara guda.Atabegs, irin su Zengids da Artuqids, sun kasance kawai a karkashin Seljuk Sultan, kuma gabaɗaya suna sarrafa Siriya da kanta.Lokacin da Ahmad Sanjar ya rasu a shekara ta 1157, wannan ya kara wargaza daular kuma ya mayar da 'yan ta'addan 'yancin kai yadda ya kamata.A wasu fagarorin kuma, Masarautar Jojiya ta fara zama ikon yanki kuma ta tsawaita iyakokinta da kudin Great Seljuk.Haka abin yake a lokacin farfado da daular Armeniya ta Kilicia karkashin Leo II na Armeniya a yankin Anatoliya.Haka nan kuma halifan Abbasiyawa An-Nasir ya fara sake tabbatar da ikon halifa tare da hada kai da Khwarezmshah Takash.

Togrul na uku ya kasance Sarkin Seljuk na wani ɗan lokaci kaɗan, ban da Anatoliya.A cikin 1194, duk da haka, Takash, Shah na Khwarezmid Empire ya ci Togrul, kuma a karshe daular Seljuk ta rushe.Daga cikin tsohuwar daular Seljuk,Sarkin Musulmi na Rûm a Anatoliya ne kawai ya rage

Seljuks sun sami ilimi a hidimar kotunan musulmi a matsayin bayi ko 'yan amshin shata.Daular ta kawo farfaɗo, kuzari, da haɗuwa ga wayewar Musulunci wanda Larabawa da Farisawa suka mamaye har ya zuwa yanzu.Seljuks sun kafa jami'o'i kuma sun kasance majiɓintan fasaha da adabi.Sarautar tasu tana da masana falaki na Farisa irin su Omar Khayyam, da masanin falsafar Farisa al-Ghazali.A karkashin Seljuks, Sabon Farisa ya zama harshen don yin rikodin tarihi, yayin da cibiyar al'adun harshen Larabci ta tashi daga Bagadaza zuwa Alkahira.Yayin da daular ta ragu a tsakiyar karni na goma sha uku, Mongols sun mamaye yankin Anatoliya a shekarun 1260 suka raba ta zuwa kananan masarautu da ake kira Anatolian beyliks.Daga ƙarshe ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan, Ottoman , zai hau kan mulki kuma ya ci sauran.