History of Iran

Iran karkashin Reza Shah
Hoton Reza Shah, Sarkin Iran a farkon shekarun 30's sanye da riga. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1925 Jan 1 - 1941

Iran karkashin Reza Shah

Iran
Mulkin Reza Shah Pahlavi daga 1925 zuwa 1941 a Iran ya kasance alama ce ta ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce na zamani da kafa gwamnatin kama-karya.Gwamnatinsa ta jaddada kishin kasa, soja, ra'ayin addini, da kyamar gurguzu, tare da tsauraran ra'ayi da farfaganda.[67] Ya gabatar da sauye-sauyen zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da yawa, ciki har da sake tsara sojoji, gudanarwar gwamnati, da kudi.[68] Mulkin Reza Shah wani zamani ne mai sarkakiya na gagarumin zamani na zamani da mulkin kama-karya, wanda aka yi masa alama da nasarorin da aka samu a ababen more rayuwa da ilimi da kuma sukar zalunci da danne siyasa.A wajen magoya bayansa, ana kallon mulkin Reza Shah a matsayin wani gagarumin ci gaba, wanda ya ke da nasaba da samar da doka da oda, da'a, da hukumomin tsakiya, da abubuwan more rayuwa na zamani kamar makarantu, jiragen kasa, motocin bas, gidajen rediyo, sinima, da tarho.[69] Duk da haka, ƙoƙarinsa na zamanantar da hanzari ya fuskanci zargi saboda "sauri ne" [70] da "na zahiri," [71] tare da wasu suna kallon mulkinsa a matsayin lokacin da aka yi wa zalunci, cin hanci da rashawa, haraji mai yawa, da rashin sahihanci. .Haka kuma an kwatanta mulkinsa da ‘yan sanda saboda tsaurara matakan tsaro.[69 <] > Manufofinsa, musamman waɗanda suka ci karo da al’adun Musulunci, sun haifar da rashin jin daɗi a tsakanin musulmi masu kishin addini da malamai, wanda ya haifar da gagarumin tarzoma, kamar tawayen 1935 a hubbaren Imam Riza a Mashhad.[72]A zamanin mulkin Reza Shah na shekaru 16, Iran ta sami gagarumin ci gaba da zamani.An gudanar da manyan ayyukan samar da ababen more rayuwa, da suka hada da gina tituna masu yawa da gina hanyar dogo ta Trans-Iran.Kafuwar jami'ar Tehran ya nuna yadda ake samar da ilimin zamani a Iran.[73] Ci gaban masana'antu ya kasance mai mahimmanci, tare da karuwar adadin masana'antu na zamani sau 17, ban da kayan aikin mai.Hanyar hanyar sadarwa ta kasar ta fadada daga mil 2,000 zuwa mil 14,000.[74]Reza Shah ya yi garambawul ga sojoji da ma'aikatan gwamnati, inda ya kafa rundunar mutane 100,000, [75] ya sauya sheka daga dogaro da sojojin kabilanci, da kafa ma'aikacin gwamnati na mutum 90,000.Ya kafa ilimi kyauta, na wajibi ga maza da mata, ya kuma rufe makarantun addini masu zaman kansu - Musulunci, Kiristanci, Bayahude, da [sauransu] . a matsayin ilimi, kiwon lafiya, da ayyukan masana'antu.[77]Mulkin Reza Shah ya zo daidai da farkawa ta mata (1936-1941), ƙungiyar da ke ba da shawarar kawar da chador a cikin al'umma mai aiki, yana jayayya cewa yana hana ayyukan jiki na mata da shiga cikin al'umma.Wannan gyara, ya fuskanci turjiya daga shugabannin addini.Yunkurin bullowa ya kasance yana da alaƙa da Dokar Aure ta 1931 da Majalisar Mata ta Gabas ta Biyu a Tehran a 1932.Ta fuskar hakuri da addini, Reza Shah ya yi fice wajen nuna girmamawa ga al'ummar Yahudawa, kasancewar shi ne sarki na farko na Iran a cikin shekaru 1400 da ya yi addu'a a cikin majami'a a lokacin da ya ziyarci al'ummar Yahudawa a Isfahan.Wannan aikin ya kara girman kimar Yahudawan Iran sosai kuma ya kai ga daraja Reza Shah a tsakanin su, na biyu bayan Cyrus mai girma.Gyaran da ya yi ya baiwa Yahudawa damar bin sabbin sana'o'i da kuma ficewa daga ghettos.[78] Duk da haka, akwai kuma da'awar abubuwan da suka faru na gaba da Yahudawa a Tehran a cikin 1922 a lokacin mulkinsa.[79]A tarihi, kalmar "Fara" da abubuwan da aka samo ta ana amfani da ita a yammacin duniya don nufin Iran.A shekara ta 1935, Reza Shah ya bukaci wakilan kasashen waje da kungiyar kasashen duniya su dauki "Iran" - sunan da 'yan kasarta ke amfani da shi kuma ma'anar "Land of Aryans" - a cikin wasika na yau da kullum.Wannan bukata ta haifar da karuwar amfani da "Iran" a kasashen yammacin duniya, tare da canza kalmomin gama gari na dan kasar Iran daga "Persian" zuwa "Iran."Daga baya, a cikin 1959, gwamnatin Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, ɗan Reza Shah Pahlavi kuma magaji, ya bayyana cewa duka "Fara" da "Iran" za a iya amfani da su a hukumance.Duk da haka, amfani da "Iran" ya ci gaba da zama ruwan dare a yammacin Turai.A cikin harkokin waje, Reza Shah ya nemi rage tasirin kasashen waje a Iran.Ya yi gagarumin yunkuri, kamar soke yarjejeniyar man fetur da Birtaniya da kuma neman kawance da kasashe irin su Turkiyya.Ya daidaita tasirin kasashen waje, musamman tsakanin Burtaniya, Tarayyar Soviet, da Jamus.[80] Sai dai dabarun manufofinsa na ketare sun durkushe a farkon yakin duniya na biyu , wanda ya kai ga mamayewar Anglo-Soviet a Iran a 1941 kuma daga baya ya yi murabus.[81]
An sabunta ta ƙarsheTue Dec 12 2023

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