Golden Horde

A mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1227, Genghis Khan ya raba daular Mongol a tsakanin 'ya'yansa hudu a matsayin kayan aiki, amma daular ta kasance da haɗin kai a ƙarƙashin babban khan.Jochi shine babba, amma ya mutu watanni shida kafin Genghis.Kasashen yammacin da Mongols suka mamaye, wanda ya hada da abin da yake a yau kudancin Rasha da Kazakhstan, an ba da manyan 'ya'yan Jochi, Batu Khan, wanda ya zama shugaban Blue Horde, da Orda Khan, wanda ya zama shugaban White Horde.Sunan Golden Horde an ce an yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta launin zinare na tantin da Mongols suka rayu a ciki a lokacin yaƙi, ko kuma ainihin tanti na zinariya da Batu Khan ko Uzbek Khan ke amfani da shi, ko kuma waɗanda ƙorafi na Slavic suka ba su don kwatanta babban arziki na khan.

Yakin Mongol na Khwarezmia ya faru ne tsakanin shekara ta 1219 zuwa 1221, yayin da sojojin daular Mongol karkashin Genghis Khan suka mamaye kasashen daular Khwarazmian a tsakiyar Asiya.Yaƙin neman zaɓe, wanda ya biyo bayan shigar Qara Khitai Khanate, ya ga barna mai yawa, gami da laifukan yaƙi da dama, kuma ya nuna ƙarshen mamayar Mongol na tsakiyar Asiya.Dukkanin mayakan biyu, ko da yake manya, an kafa su a kwanan nan: Daular Khwarazmian ta fadada daga ƙasarsu ta haihuwa don maye gurbin daular Seljuk a ƙarshen 1100s da farkon 1200s;A lokaci guda, Genghis Khan ya hada kan al'ummar Mongolic kuma ya ci daular Xia ta Yamma.Ko da yake tun farko dangantakar ta kasance cikin kwanciyar hankali, Genghis ya fusata saboda yawan tsokanar diflomasiyya.A lokacin da Khwarazmshah Muhammed na biyu ya kashe wani babban jami'in diflomasiyyar Mongol, Khan ya tattara sojojinsa, wanda aka kiyasta cewa suna tsakanin mutane 90,000 zuwa 200,000, suka mamaye.Sojojin Shah sun watse sosai kuma tabbas sun fi yawa - yana fahimtar rashin lafiyarsa, sai ya yanke shawarar ya tsare garuruwansa daban-daban don ruguza Mongols.Duk da haka, ta hanyar kyakkyawan tsari da tsari, sun sami damar ware da kuma cinye garuruwan Transoxian na Bukhara, Samarkand, da Gurganj.Genghis da ƙaramin ɗansa Tolui sai suka lalatar da Khorasan, inda suka lalata Herat, Nishapur, da Merv, uku daga cikin manyan biranen duniya.A halin da ake ciki kuma, Janar Subutai da Jebe na Mongol sun tilasta wa Muhammed II tafiya;ya kasa kai wa ga wani sansanin tallafi, ya mutu a bakin ciki a wani tsibiri a Tekun Caspian.Dansa da magajinsa Jalal-al Din sun yi nasarar hada gungun sojoji, inda suka fatattaki wani Janar na Mongol a yakin Parwan;Amma shi kansa Genghis ya murkushe shi a yakin Indus bayan 'yan watanni.

Harin Mongol na Volga Bulgariya ya dade daga 1223 zuwa 1236. Jihar Bulgar, wadda ke tsakiyar Volga da Kama, ita ce cibiyar kasuwancin gashin gashi a Eurasia a tsawon tarihinta.Kafin yakin Mongol, 'yan Rasha na Novgorod da Vladimir sun yi ta kwasar ganima tare da kai hari a yankin, wanda hakan ya raunana tattalin arzikin jihar Bulgar da karfin soja.Rikici da yawa sun faru tsakanin 1229-1234, kuma daular Mongol ta ci Bulgars a 1236.

Bayan mamayar Mongol a tsakiyar Asiya da kuma rugujewar daular Khwarezmian daga baya, sojojin Mongol karkashin jagorancin janar Jebe da Subutai sun shiga cikin Iraki-i Ajam.Jebe ya nemi izini daga Sarkin Mongolian, Genghis Khan , don ci gaba da yakinsa na wasu shekaru kafin ya koma babban sojojin ta hanyar Caucasus.An gwabza yakin kogin Kalka ne tsakanin daular Mongol, wadda dakarunta ke karkashin jagorancin Jebe da Subutai the Valiant, da kuma hadakar wasu sarakunan Rasha da suka hada da Kiev da Halych da kuma Cumans.Sun kasance ƙarƙashin umurnin haɗin gwiwa na Mstislav the Bold da Mstislav III na Kiev.An yi yaƙin ne a ranar 31 ga Mayu, 1223 a bakin kogin Kalka a yankin Donetsk na Ukraine a yau, kuma ya ƙare cikin nasara mai mahimmanci na Mongol.

Daular Mongol ta mamaye kuma ta ci Kievan Rus a cikin karni na 13, inda ta lalata birane da yawa, ciki har da Ryazan, Kolomna, Moscow, Vladimir da Kiev, tare da manyan biranen da suka tsere daga halaka su ne Novgorod da Pskov.Yaƙin Kogin Kalka ne ya sanar da yaƙin neman zaɓe a watan Mayun 1223, wanda ya haifar da nasara ga Mongol akan sojojin da yawa na Rasha.Mongols sun ja da baya, bayan da suka tattara bayanansu wanda shine manufar leken asiri.Babban mamayewa na Rus' daga Batu Khan ya biyo baya, daga 1237 zuwa 1242. An kawo karshen mamayewar ta hanyar maye gurbin Mongol bayan mutuwar Ögedei Khan.An tilasta wa dukkan mulkokin Rus yin biyayya ga mulkin Mongol kuma sun zama vassals na Golden Horde, wasu daga cikinsu sun ci gaba har zuwa 1480. Mamayewar, wanda ya sauƙaƙa ta farkon rabuwar Kievan Rus a karni na 13, yana da babban tasiri ga mulkin. tarihin Gabashin Turai, gami da raba mutanen Gabas Slavic zuwa kasashe daban-daban: Rasha ta zamani, Ukraine da Belarus, da kuma hawan Grand Duchy na Moscow .

A cikin kaka na shekara ta 1237 Mongol Horde karkashin jagorancin Batu Khan sun mamaye mulkin Rasha na Ryazan.Yariman Ryazan, Yuriy Igorevich, ya tambayi Yuriy Vsevolodovich, yariman Vladimir, don taimako, amma bai sami komai ba.Ryazan, babban birnin Masarautar Ryazan, shi ne birni na farko na Rasha da maharan Mongol suka yi wa kawanya a ƙarƙashin Batu Khan.Marubucin tarihin Rus ya kwatanta sakamakon yakin da kalmomin "Ba wanda ya rage don yin nishi da kuka".

Bayan da Mongols suka kori babban birninsa na Vladimir, Yuri ya gudu ya haye Volga zuwa arewacin Yaroslavl, inda ya tara sojoji cikin gaggawa.Shi da ’yan’uwansa sai suka koma ga Vladimir da bege na ceto birnin kafin Mongols su karɓe shi, amma sun yi latti.Yuri ya aika da sojoji 3,000 karkashin Dorozh don su leko inda Mongols suke;Sa'an nan Dorozh ya dawo yana cewa an riga an kewaye Yuri da rundunarsa.Yayin da yake kokarin tattara sojojinsa, sojojin Mongol karkashin Burundai suka kai masa hari, ya gudu amma aka cim masa a kan kogin Sit ya mutu a can tare da dan uwansa, Yarima Vsevolod na Yaroslavl.An gwabza yakin kogin Sit a arewacin gundumar Sonkovsky na Tver Oblast na kasar Rasha a yau, kusa da Selo na Bozhonka, a ranar 4 ga Maris, 1238 tsakanin Mongol Hordes na Batu Khan da Rus' karkashin Grand Yarima Yuri II na Vladimir-Suzdal a lokacin mamayewar Mongol na Rasha .Yaƙin ya kawo ƙarshen juriyar haɗin kai ga Mongols kuma ya ƙaddamar da ƙarni biyu na mamayar Mongol na zamani-Rasha da Ukraine .

Daukar birnin Torzhok a ranar 5 ga Maris 1238 bayan mamayewar makonni biyu, Mongols sun ci gaba da zuwa Novgorod.Duk da haka, sun kasa isa birnin, musamman saboda suna fama da matsalolin motsi a cikin dazuzzuka, kuma bayan sun yi tafiya kusan kilomita 100 a wurin da ba a san su ba da aka sanya a cikin tarihin Ignach Cross, sun yi watsi da shirin cin nasara a Novgorod, suka juya kudu, kuma suka koma kudu. kasu kashi biyu.Wasu daga cikin dakarun da Kadan da guguwa ke jagoranta sun bi ta hanyar Gabas ta kasar Ryazan.Babban sojojin karkashin jagorancin Batu Khan sun ratsa Dolgomost kilomita 30 gabas da Smolensk, sannan suka shiga cikin Chernigov Principality a kan manyan gumakan, sun ƙone Vshchizh, amma sai suka juya zuwa arewa maso gabas, suna wucewa ta Bryansk da Karachev, a ƙarshen Maris 1238. Kozelsk a kan kogin Zhizdra.A lokacin, birnin ya kasance babban birnin Masarautar a shugaban Yarima Vasily ɗan shekara goma sha biyu, jikan Mstislav Svyatoslavich na Chernigov, wanda aka kashe a Yaƙin Kalka a shekara ta 1223. Birnin yana da kagara sosai: An kewaye shi da ginshiƙai. an gina musu ganuwar, amma Mongols suna da kayan yaƙi masu ƙarfi.Siege na Kozelsk yana daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka faru na yammacin (Kipchak) Maris na Mongols (1236-1242) da kuma mamayewar Mongol na Rus' (1237-1240) a karshen yakin Mongol a Arewa maso Gabashin Rasha (1237-1240). 1237-1238).Mongols sun dage yaƙi a cikin bazara na 1238 kuma daga ƙarshe sun ci nasara kuma suka lalata garin Kozelsk, ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin sarauta na masarautar Chernigov.

Mamayewar Mongol na Rus' na iya kasu kashi biyu.A cikin hunturu na 1237-38, sun ci arewacin Rus' yankuna (mulkin Ryazan da Vladimir-Suzdal) ban da Novgorod Jamhuriyar, amma a cikin bazara na 1238 sun koma cikin Wild Fields.Yaƙin neman zaɓe na biyu, wanda aka yi niyya ga yankunan kudancin Rus (mulkin Chernigov da Kiev) ya zo a cikin 1239. Buhun Chernigov na cikin mamayewar Mongol na Rasha.

Lokacin da Mongols suka aika da wakilai da yawa zuwa Kiev don neman biyayya, Michael na Chernigov kuma daga baya Dmytro ya kashe su. A shekara ta gaba, sojojin Batu Khan karkashin jagorancin babban janar na Mongol Suutai sun isa Kiev.A lokacin, birnin yana ƙarƙashin ikon Halych-Volhynia.Babban kwamanda a Kiev shi ne Voivode Dmytro, yayin da Danylo na Halich ya kasance a Hungary a lokacin, yana neman ƙungiyar soja don hana mamayewa.Siege na Kiev da Mongols ya yi ya haifar da nasarar Mongol.Ya kasance babban ɗabi'a da rauni na soja ga Halich-Volhynia kuma ya ba Batu Khan damar ci gaba zuwa yamma zuwa Turai.

Mamayewar Mongol na yankin Anatoliya ya faru ne a lokuta daban-daban, tun daga yakin 1241-1243 wanda ya kai ga yakin Köse Dağ.Mongoliya sun yi amfani da iko na gaske akan Anatoliya bayan Seljuks sun mika wuya a 1243 har zuwa faduwar Ilkhanate a 1335. Saboda Seljuk Sultan ya yi tawaye sau da yawa, a cikin 1255, Mongols sun ratsa tsakiya da gabashin Anatoliya.An ajiye sansanin Ilkhanate kusa da Ankara.

Mongols sun ɗauki Cumans sun yi biyayya ga ikonsu, amma Cumans sun gudu zuwa yamma suka nemi mafaka a cikin Masarautar Hungary.Bayan da Sarki Béla IV na Hungary ya ki amincewa da wa'adin Batu Khan na mika wuya ga Cumans, Suutai ya fara shirin mamayewar Mongol na Turai.Batu da Subutai za su jagoranci dakaru biyu don kai wa Hungary kanta hari, yayin da na uku a karkashin Baidar, Orda Khan da Kadan za su kai wa Poland hari a matsayin karkatar da sojojin da ke arewacin Turai wadanda za su iya zuwa taimakon Hungary.Sojojin Orda sun lalata arewacin Poland da kuma iyakar kudu maso yammacin kasar Lithuania.Baidar da Kadan sun mamaye kudancin Poland: da farko sun kori Sandomierz domin su janye sojojin Arewacin Turai daga Hungary;sannan a ranar 3 ga Maris sun yi galaba a kan sojojin Poland a yakin Tursko;sannan a ranar 18 ga watan Maris suka yi galaba a kan wani sojojin Poland a Chmielnik;a ranar 24 ga Maris sun kwace tare da kona Kraków, kuma bayan ’yan kwanaki sun yi kokarin kwace babban birnin Silesiya na Wrocław, bai yi nasara ba.Yakin Legnica yaki ne tsakanin Daular Mongol da hadin gwiwar sojojin Turai da suka yi a kauyen Legnickie Pole (Wahlstatt) da ke Duchy of Silesia.Rundunar 'yan sandan Poles da Moravia a karkashin jagorancin Duke Henry II mai tsoron Silesia, masu goyon bayan manyan 'yan adawa da wasu 'yan knight daga umarnin soja da Paparoma Gregory na IX ya aika, sun yi ƙoƙari su dakatar da mamayewar Mongol na Poland.An yi yakin kwanaki biyu kafin nasarar Mongol akan Hungariya a yakin Mohi mafi girma.

Mongols sun kai hari a gabacin tsakiyar Turai da runduna biyar daban-daban.Biyu daga cikinsu sun kai hari ta hanyar Poland domin su kare gefe daga 'yan uwan ​​Poland na Béla IV na Hungary , sun ci nasara da dama.Mafi mahimmanci, sun ci nasara da sojojin Duke Henry II the Pious of Silesia a Legnica.Sojojin kudanci sun kai hari a Transylvania , suka ci Voivod kuma suka murkushe sojojin Transylvanian.Babban sojojin karkashin jagorancin Khan Batu da Subutai sun kai farmaki kan kasar Hungary ta hanyar mashigar Verecke Pass tare da halaka sojojin karkashin jagorancin Denis Tomaj, babban birnin kasar Palatine a ranar 12 ga Maris 1241, yayin da sojojin karshe karkashin dan'uwan Batu Shiban suka yi tattaki a wani baka a arewacin babban birnin kasar. karfi.Kafin mamayewar, Sarki Béla da kansa ya sa ido a kan gina manyan shingen dabi'a a kan iyakar gabashin Hungary, da nufin rage ci gaban Mongol da dakile yunkurinsu.Koyaya, Mongols sun mallaki raka'a na musamman waɗanda suka share hanyoyin cikin sauri, suna kawar da cikas cikin kwanaki 3 kacal.Haɗe da matsananciyar saurin ci gaban Mongol, da ake kira "walƙiya" ta wani ɗan kallo na Turai, 'yan Hungary ba su da lokaci don haɗa sojojinsu yadda ya kamata.

Ögedei Khan ya rasu yana da shekaru hamsin da shida bayan ya sha shaye-shaye a lokacin wani balaguron farauta, wanda ya tilastawa yawancin sojojin Mongoliya ja da baya zuwa Mongoliya domin sarakunan jini su halarci zaben sabon babban khan. .Sojojin Mongol sun ja da baya bayan samun labarin mutuwar Ögedei Khan;Batu Khan ya zauna a kogin Volga kuma ɗan'uwansa Orda Khan ya koma Mongoliya.A tsakiyar 1242, Mongols sun janye gaba daya daga tsakiyar Turai.

A lokacin da Mongol suka mamaye Turai, Tumen Mongol karkashin jagorancin Batu Khan da Kadan sun mamaye Serbia sannan Bulgaria a cikin bazara na shekara ta 1242 bayan sun ci Hungariya a yakin Mohi tare da lalata yankunan Hungarian na Croatia, Dalmatiya da Bosnia.Da farko, sojojin Kadan sun matsa kudu tare da Tekun Adriatic zuwa yankin Sabiya.Daga nan kuma ta juya gabas, ta tsallaka tsakiyar kasar - tana ta washe-washe tana tafiya - ta shiga Bulgaria, inda aka hada ta da sauran sojojin da ke karkashin Batu.Yaƙin neman zaɓe a Bulgeriya mai yiwuwa ya faru ne musamman a arewa, inda ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi ya ba da shaidar halaka daga wannan lokacin.Mongols sun yi, duk da haka, sun tsallaka Bulgaria don kai farmaki kan Daular Latin zuwa kudancinta kafin su janye gaba daya.An tilasta Bulgaria ta ba da kyauta ga Mongols, kuma hakan ya ci gaba daga baya.

Bayan mutuwar Batu Khan, dansa Sartaq Khan ya gaje shi a matsayin khan na Golden Horde, amma bai daɗe ba.Ya rasu a shekara ta 1256 kafin ya dawo daga kotun Great Khan Möngke da ke Mongoliya, kasa da shekara daya da mahaifinsa, mai yiwuwa kawunsa Berke da Berkhchir sun saka masa guba.Ulaqchi ya gaje Sartaq a takaice a shekara ta 1257, kafin kawunsa Berke ya ci sarauta.Ulaghchi ya rasu kuma Berke, musulmi, ya gaje shi.

Mamayewar Mongol na Lithuania a cikin shekaru 1258-1259 ana ganin gabaɗaya a matsayin nasarar Mongol, kamar yadda aka kwatanta yankunan Lithuania a matsayin "lalata" bayan mamayewar Mongol, a cikin abin da ya kasance "mafi muni a cikin karni na goma sha uku" ga Lithuania. .Nan da nan bayan wannan mamayewa, Lithuania na iya zama mai ba da kariya ko kariya da ƙawance ga Horde shekaru da yawa ko shekaru da yawa.Wataƙila maƙwabtan Lithuania, Yotvingians sun haɗu da irin wannan rabo.Wasu mayaƙan Lithuania ko Yotvingian mai yiwuwa sun shiga cikin mamayewar Mongol na Poland a 1259, kodayake babu wasu takardu na tarihi da za su fayyace ko sun yi hakan ne da izinin shugabanninsu, ko kuma a matsayin ‘yan amshin shata, ko kuma a matsayin dakarun tilastawa.Duk da haka, mamayewar ba ta da wani babban sakamako ko dawwama ga Lithuania, musamman kasancewar ba a shigar da shi kai tsaye cikin daular Mongol ba, kuma ba a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Mongol daru dawo ba.Duk da haka shan kashi na Lithuania ya raunana ikon Sarkin Lithuania Mindaugas wanda aka kashe a 1263, wanda kuma ya nuna ƙarshen ɗan gajeren lokaci, Mulkin Kirista na Lithuania.Juyawa na ɗan lokaci na amincewa da magajinsa, Grand Duchy na Lithuania, zuwa Mongols, ko aƙalla, daga Kiristanci Turai, shi ma nasara ce ta ɗan gajeren lokaci ga Mongols.

Mamaya na Mongol na biyu na Poland an yi shi da Janar Boroldai (Burundai) a 1259-1260.A lokacin wannan farmakin Mongols sun kori garuruwan Sandomierz, Kraków, Lublin, Zawichost, da Bytom a karo na biyu.An fara mamayewa ne a ƙarshen shekara ta 1259, bayan da aka aike da sojojin Mongol masu ƙarfi zuwa Masarautar Galicia–Volhynia domin hukunta Sarki Daniel na Galicia saboda ayyukan da ya yi.Sarki Daniel dole ne ya bi bukatun Mongol, kuma a cikin 1258, sojojinsa sun shiga Mongols a farmaki a Grand Duchy na Lithuania.Don raunana matsayin Daniel, Golden Horde ya yanke shawarar kai farmaki ga abokansa, Sarkin Hungary Béla IV, da Duke na Kraków, Bolesław V the Chaste.Manufar mamayewar ita ce a wawashe Masarautar Poland da aka raba (duba Alkawari na Bolesław III Krzywousty), da kuma raunana Duke na Kraków Bolesław V the Chaste, wanda lardinsa, Ƙananan Poland, ya fara aiwatar da ci gaba cikin sauri.Bisa tsarin Mongol, maharan za su shiga Karamar Poland a gabashin Lublin, su nufi Zawichost.Bayan sun haye Vistula, sojojin Mongol za su shiga cikin ginshiƙai biyu, suna aiki a arewa da kudancin tsaunin Holy Cross.ginshiƙan za su haɗu kusa da Chęciny, sannan su nufi kudu, zuwa Kraków.Gabaɗaya, sojojin Mongol a ƙarƙashin Boroldai sun kasance masu ƙarfi 30,000, tare da rukunin Ruthenian na Sarki Daniel na Galicia, ɗan uwansa Vasilko Romanovich, Kipchaks da wataƙila Lithuaniyawa ko Yotvingians.

Yaƙin basasa na Toluid yaƙi ne na gada da aka yi tsakanin Kublai Khan da ƙanensa Ariq Böke, daga 1260 zuwa 1264. Möngke Khan ya mutu a shekara ta 1259 ba tare da bayyana magajinsa ba, wanda ya haifar da faɗa tsakanin dangin Tolui don taken Great. Khan wanda ya rikide zuwa yakin basasa.Yakin Basasa na Toluid, da yake-yaken da suka biyo bayansa (kamar yakin Berke – Hulagu da yakin Kaidu–Kublai), sun raunana ikon Babban Khan a kan Daular Mongol kuma ya raba daular zuwa 'yan bin doka.

Sifen da buhu na biyu na Sandomierz ya faru ne a cikin 1259-1260 a lokacin mamayar Mongol na biyu na Poland .An lalata birnin tare da yi wa mazauna garin kisan kiyashi.Sandomierz, birni mafi mahimmanci a kudu maso gabashin Masarautar Poland , kuma birni na biyu mafi girma a Karamar Poland, maharan sun kama shi a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 1260. Sojojin Mongol da Ruthenia sun lalata garin gaba daya, inda suka kashe kusan dukkan mazauna ciki har da 49. Friars Dominican tare da Abbansu Sadok, waɗanda suka ɓoye a cocin St. Yakubu.

Berke ya nemi harin hadin gwiwa da Baybars kuma ya kulla kawance daMamluks akan Hulagu.The Golden Horde ya aika da matashin yarima Nogai don ya mamaye Ilkhanate amma Hulagu ya tilasta masa komawa a cikin 1262. Sojojin Ilkhanid suka haye kogin Terek, suka kama wani sansani na Jochid.A bakin Terek, sojojin Golden Horde a karkashin Nogai suka yi masa kwanton bauna, kuma sojojinsa sun ci nasara a yakin kogin Terek (1262), tare da sare dubban dubban mutane ko kuma sun nutse a lokacin da kankara na kogin. ya ba hanya.Daga baya Hulegu ya koma Azerbaijan.

Sarkin Seljukna Rûm Kayqubad II ya yi kira ga Berke, khan na Golden Horde, da ya kai hari daular Rumawa domin ya 'yantar da ɗan'uwansa Kaykaus II.Mongols sun haye kogin Danube daskararre a cikin hunturu na 1263/1264.Sun ci sojojin Michael VIII a cikin bazara na 1264. Yayin da yawancin sojojin da aka ci nasara suka gudu, Sarkin Rumawa ya tsere tare da taimakon 'yan kasuwa na Italiya.Bayan haka an washe Thrace.An tilasta wa Michael VIII sakin Kaykaus, kuma ya sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Berke, inda ya amince ya ba daya daga cikin 'ya'yansa mata, Euphrosyne Palaiogina, auren Nogai.Berke ya ba da Crimea ga Kaykaus a matsayin appanage kuma ya yarda cewa zai auri mace Mongol.Michael kuma ya aika da yabo ga Horde.

Ƙarshen Byzantine da Mongol ya faru a ƙarshen 13th da farkon karni na 14 tsakanin Daular Byzantine da Mongol Empire.Byzantium a zahiri ya yi ƙoƙari ya kula da dangantakar abokantaka tare da Golden Horde da kuma Ilkhanate , waɗanda sau da yawa suke yaƙi da juna.Ƙungiyoyin sun haɗa da musayar kyaututtuka da yawa, haɗin gwiwar soja da haɗin gwiwar aure, amma ya wargaje a tsakiyar karni na 14.Jim kadan bayan yakin Köse Dağ a shekara ta 1243, daular Trebizond ta mika wuya ga daular Mongol yayin da kotun Nicaea ta tsara kagara.A farkon 1250s, Sarkin Latin na Constantinople Baldwin II ya aika da ofishin jakadanci zuwa Mongolia a cikin mutumin Baudoin de Hainaut, wanda, bayan ya dawo, ya sadu a Konstantinoful tare da William na Rubruck.William na Rubruck kuma ya lura cewa ya sadu da manzon John III Doukas Vatatzes, Sarkin Nicaea, a kotun Möngke Khan a kusan 1253.Sarkin sarakuna Michael VIII Palaiologos, bayan ya sake kafa mulkin mallaka na Byzantine, ya kafa ƙawance tare da Mongols, waɗanda su kansu sun yarda da Kiristanci sosai, kasancewar tsirarunsu Kiristoci ne na Nestorian.Ya sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya a cikin 1266 tare da Mongol Khan na Kipchak (Golden Horde), kuma ya auri 'ya'yansa mata biyu (wanda aka haifa ta hanyar farka, Diplovatatzina) ga sarakunan Mongol: Euphrosyne Palaiologina, wanda ya auri Nogai Khan na Golden Horde. , da Maria Palaiologina, wacce ta auri Abaqa Khan na Ilkhanid Farisa .

A ƙarshen karni na 13, 'yan kasuwa daga Jamhuriyar Genoa sun isa suka sayi birnin daga hannun Golden Horde mai mulki.Sun kafa wani yanki mai bunƙasa kasuwanci mai suna Kaffa, wanda kusan ya mamaye kasuwanci a yankin Tekun Bahar Maliya kuma ya zama babbar tashar jiragen ruwa da cibiyar gudanarwa ga mazaunan Genoese da ke kewayen Tekun.Ya zo gidan daya daga cikin manyan kasuwannin bayi a Turai.Kaffa ya kasance a tashar yamma don babbar hanyar siliki, kuma korar Constantinople da 'yan Salibiyya suka yi a shekara ta 1204 ya bar wani wuri wanda Venetian da Genoese suka cika.Ibn Battuta ya ziyarci birnin, inda ya lura cewa "babban birni ne a bakin tekun da kiristoci ke zaune, yawancinsu Genoes."Ya ci gaba da cewa, “Mun gangaro zuwa tashar ruwanta, inda muka ga wata tashar ruwa mai ban sha’awa mai dauke da tasoshin ruwa kimanin dari biyu, na yaki da na kasuwanci, kanana da manya, domin tana daya daga cikin tashoshin jiragen ruwa na duniya da aka yi bikin.”

Berke bai bar 'ya'ya maza ba, don haka kublai ya zaɓi jikan Batu Mengu-Timur kuma ya gaji kawunsa Berke.A cikin 1267, Mengu-Timur ya ba da difloma - jarliq - don keɓance limaman Rus daga kowane haraji kuma ya ba Genoese da Venice haƙƙin ciniki na keɓance a Caffa da Azov.Mengu-Timur ya umarci babban yariman Rus ya ba wa 'yan kasuwan Jamus damar tafiya cikin ƙasashensa.Wannan doka ta kuma ba wa 'yan kasuwar Novgorod damar yin tafiya a cikin ƙasashen Suzdal ba tare da hani ba.Mengu Timur ya girmama alkawarinsa: lokacin da Danes da Livonian Knights suka kai hari a Jamhuriyar Novgorod a 1269, babban basqaq na Khan (daru dawowa), Amraghan, da Mongols da yawa sun taimaka wa sojojin Rus da Grand Duke Yaroslav ya tara.Jamusawa da Danes sun kasance da sha'awar cewa sun aika da kyaututtuka ga Mongols kuma suka watsar da yankin Narva. ikon Mongol Khan ya kai ga dukan sarakunan Rasha, kuma a cikin 1274-75 an yi ƙidayar jama'a a duk garuruwan Rus, ciki har da Smolensk. da kuma Vitebsk.

Kaidu ya ci Baraq a kusa da Khujand tare da taimakon Mengu-Timur, Khan na Golden Horde wanda ya shafe sau uku a karkashin kawunsa Berkhe-Chir.Transoxiana sai Kaidu ya lalata shi.Baraq ya gudu zuwa Samarkand, sannan Bukhara, yana washe garuruwan da ke kan hanya a kokarinsa na sake gina sojojinsa.Baraq ya rasa kashi uku na Transoxiana.

Yakin Kaidu-Kublai yaki ne tsakanin Kaidu, shugaban gidan Ögedei da de facto khan na Chagatai Khanate da ke tsakiyar Asiya, da Kublai Khan, wanda ya kafa daular Yuan akasar Sin da magajinsa Temür Khan wanda ya dore. 'yan shekarun da suka gabata daga 1268 zuwa 1301. Ya biyo bayan yakin basasa na Toluid (1260-1264) kuma ya haifar da rabuwa na dindindin na Mongol Empire.A lokacin mutuwar Kublai a shekara ta 1294, daular Mongol ta kasu kashi hudu daban-daban na khanates ko dauloli: Golden Horde Khanate a arewa maso yamma, Chagatai Khanate a tsakiya, Ilkhanate a kudu maso yamma, da daular Yuan a gabas. a birnin Beijing na zamani.Kodayake daga baya Temür Khan ya yi sulhu da khanates uku na yamma a shekara ta 1304 bayan mutuwar Kaidu, khanates hudu sun ci gaba da ci gaban nasu daban kuma sun fadi a lokuta daban-daban.

Mengu-Timur ya gaje shi a shekara ta 1281 da ɗan'uwansa Töde Möngke, wanda musulmi ne.Duk da haka Nogai Khan yanzu yana da ƙarfin isa ya kafa kansa a matsayin mai mulki mai cin gashin kansa.Ta haka ne Khans biyu suka yi mulkin Golden Horde.Töde Möngke ya yi sulhu da Kublai, ya mayar masa da ’ya’yansa maza, kuma ya amince da kasancewarsa.Nogai da Köchü, Khan na White Horde kuma ɗan Orda Khan, sun yi sulhu da daular Yuan da Ilkhanate .A cewar masana tarihina Mamluk , Töde Möngke ya aika wa Mamluk wasiƙa yana ba da shawara su yi yaƙi da maƙiyinsu ɗaya, Ilkhanate kafirai.Wannan yana nuni da cewa mai yiwuwa yana da sha'awar Azarbaijan da Jojiya, wadanda Ilkhans suka yi mulki.

Tawayen Cuman na 1282 na iya haifar da mamayewar Mongol.Mayakan Cuman da aka kora daga Hungary sun ba da hidima ga Nogai Khan, shugaban kungiyar Golden Horde, kuma sun gaya masa halin da ake ciki na siyasa a Hungary .Ganin wannan a matsayin dama, Nogai ya yanke shawarar fara yaƙin neman zaɓe a kan masarautar da alama mai rauni.Sakamakon mamayewar ba zai iya bambanta sosai da na mamayewar 1241 ba.An kori mamayar da hannu, kuma Mongols sun yi asarar da yawa daga cikin sojojin da suka mamaye saboda yunwa na watanni da dama, da kananan hare-hare da yawa, da kuma manyan nasarori biyu na soja.Wannan ya kasance mafi yawa godiya ga sabuwar hanyar sadarwa ta kaffara da kuma sake fasalin sojoji.Babu wani babban mamayewa na Hungary da za a kaddamar bayan gazawar yakin 1285, kodayake kananan hare-hare daga Golden Horde sun kasance akai-akai a cikin karni na 14.;

Idan aka kwatanta da mamayewar biyu na farko, harin na 1287–88 gajere ne kuma ba shi da lahani sosai.Mongols ba su kama wasu manyan birane ko katanga ba kuma sun rasa adadi mai yawa na maza.Sun kuma kama fursunoni kaɗan da ganima fiye da na mamayar baya.Masanin tarihi dan kasar Poland Stefan Krakowski ya danganta gazawar mamayewar Mongol zuwa manyan dalilai guda biyu.Na farko, yayin da maza 30,000 suka fi girma fiye da hare-haren da aka yi a Poland , hamayya tsakanin Talabuga da Nogai yana nufin cewa ginshiƙan biyu ba su yi aiki da kyau ba, tare da tsohon janyewa a lokacin da ƙarshen ya shiga Poland.Na biyu, ƙaƙƙarfan katangar da Poles suka yi ya sa ƙauyukansu ya fi ƙarfin ɗauka, wanda ya ba Leszek da manyansa damar aiwatar da tsarin tsaro mai sauƙi mai matakai uku.Matakin farko shi ne kariyar da ba ta dace ba ta hanyar garrisons, na biyu kuma shi ne yaƙar ƙananan ƙungiyoyin Mongol da sojojin sa kai na cikin gida suka yi, kuma mataki na uku ya kasance tir da babbar rundunar sojojin Hungarian-Polish da tarwatsa Mongols.Wannan ya bambanta sosai da mamayewar farko.

Nogai da Talabuga basu samu jituwa ba.A cikin kaka na shekara ta 1290 Talabuga, yana tunanin Nogai yana yi masa maƙarƙashiya, sai ya yanke shawarar tara sojoji ya yi yaƙi da janar ɗinsa.Nogai ya yanke shawarar jahilci, ko da yake ya san sarai irin kyamar da Talabuga ke masa;Ya kuma aika da wasiku zuwa ga mahaifiyar Talabuga, yana mai cewa yana da shawarar kansa da zai ba wa khan wanda shi kadai zai iya yi, da gaske yana neman taron sarakuna.Mahaifiyar Talabuga ta shawarce shi da ya aminta da Nogai, daga baya, Talabuga ya wargaza yawancin dakarunsa, ya fito ya yi taro da Nogai tare da wani ɗan ƙwallo kaɗan.Duk da haka Nogai ya kasance mai ban mamaki;ya isa wurin da aka keɓe tare da rakiyar gungun sojoji da Tokhta, da kuma ’ya’yan Mengu-Timur guda uku.Yayin da Nogai da Talabuga suka hadu, sai mutanen Nogai suka fito cikin kwanton bauna, da sauri suka kama Talabuga da magoya bayansa;Nogai, tare da taimakon ƴan sanda, sai ya shake Talabuga har lahira.Bayan haka, sai ya juya ga matashin Toqta ya ce: “Talabuga ya ƙwace gadon sarautar mahaifinka, kuma ‘yan’uwanka da suke tare da shi sun yarda su kama ka su kashe ka, na ba da su gare ka, kuma za ka iya. ku yi da su yadda kuke so”.Toqta daga baya an kashe su.Domin rawar da ya taka wajen sanya Toqta kan karagar mulki, Nogai ya sami kudaden shiga na biranen kasuwanci na Crimea.Daga nan Nogai ya fille kan da yawa daga cikin manyan sarakunan Mongol wadanda suke goyon bayan Talabuga, domin ya karfafa mulkin dan tsana da ake zaton sa.An ayyana Toqta Khan a farkon 1291.

Mongol (Tatar) clique na Nogai Khan, wani ɓangare na babban Golden Horde, ya shiga cikin Masarautar Serbia a cikin 1280s da 1290s.An yi barazanar mamayewa mai tsanani a cikin 1292, amma an hana shi lokacin da Serbia ta karɓi mulkin Mongol.Yunkurin Balkan na clique na Nogai ya fi girma fiye da Serbia kawai.A cikin 1292, ya haifar da ƙaddamarwa da gudun hijira na Sarki George I na Bulgaria .Rikicin lokaci-lokaci tare da Golden Horde shine babban karo na biyu na Serbs tare da Mongols bayan mamayewar Mongol na Serbia a 1242.

Nan da nan Nogai da Tokhta suka shiga tsaka mai wuya;yayin da suke ba da haɗin kai a hare-haren da aka kai wa mahukuntan Rasha na tawaye, sun kasance cikin gasa.Surukin Tokhta da matarsa ​​sukan yi korafin cewa Nogai yana ganin ya fi Tokhta, kuma Nogai ya yi watsi da duk wata bukata da Tokhta ta yi masa na halartar kotunsa.Har ila yau, sun yi rashin jituwa kan manufofin ciniki na 'yan kabilar Genoese da na Venetian a Crimea.Shekara biyu da Nogai ya dora Tokhta, kishiyarsu ta kai gaci, sai Tokhta ya tashi ya tara magoya bayansa domin yakar Nogai.

Tokhta, wacce ke da iko da yankin gabacin daular, ta yi nasarar tattara wani kaso mai tsoka, wanda ya fi na Nogai, amma an ruwaito cewa ba shi da ikon mallakar makami, saboda kwarewar mutanen Nogai a yakin da suka yi a Turai.Sarakunan biyu sun yi sansani mil goma daga juna a filin Nerghi a cikin 1297, rabin tsakanin ƙasashen Nogai da na Tokhta.Hutu ta kwana ɗaya daga baya, an yi yaƙi mai tsanani da ya dau tsawon yini, inda Nogai da Tokhta da kansu suka bambanta a fagen yaƙi (duk da shekarun tsohon).A ƙarshe Nogai ya yi nasara duk da rashin lambobi.An ce an kashe mutanen Tokhta 60,000 (kusan kashi uku na sojojinsa), amma Tokhta da kansa ya yi nasarar tserewa.

Bayan da Öz Beg Khan ya hau karagar mulki a shekara ta 1313, ya karbi Musulunci a matsayin addinin kasa.Ya gina wani babban masallaci a birnin Solkhat a cikin Crimea a shekara ta 1314 kuma ya haramta addinin Buddha da Shaman a tsakanin Mongols a cikin Golden Horde.A shekara ta 1315, Öz Beg ya sami nasarar Islama Horde kuma ya kashe sarakunan Jochid da Buddhist lamas wadanda suka saba wa manufofin addininsa.A karkashin mulkin Öz Beg, ayarin fatauci ba su da matsala kuma akwai tsari na gaba ɗaya a cikin Golden Horde.Lokacin da Ibn Battuta ya ziyarci Sarai a shekara ta 1333, ya tarar da shi babban birni ne mai kyau da manyan tituna da kasuwanni masu kyau inda Mongols, Alans, Kypchaks, Circassians, Rus ' da Greeks kowanne yana da nasa wurin zama.'Yan kasuwa suna da wani yanki na musamman mai bango na birnin gaba ɗaya.Öz Beg Khan ya koma gidansa zuwa Mukhsha.

Öz Beg ya yi yaƙe-yaƙe da Bulgeriya da Daular Rumawa daga 1320 zuwa 1332. Ya kai hari a Thrace akai-akai, wani ɓangare na hidimar yaƙin Bulgeriya da Bizantium da Serbia da ya fara a shekara ta 1319. Sojojinsa sun yi wa Thrace hari na kwanaki 40 a shekara ta 1324 da kuma 15. kwanaki a cikin 1337, kwashe 300,000 fursunoni.Bayan mutuwar Öz Beg a shekara ta 1341, magajinsa ba su ci gaba da matsananciyar manufofinsa ba kuma tuntuɓar Bulgaria ta ƙare.Yunkurinsa na sake tabbatar da ikon Mongol a kan Serbia bai yi nasara ba a shekara ta 1330. Sarkin Byzantine Andronikos III ya yi zargin cewa ya aurar da 'yarsa shege ga Öz Beg amma dangantakar ta yi tsami a ƙarshen mulkin Andonikos, kuma Mongols sun kai farmaki a Thrace tsakanin 1320 zuwa 1324 har zuwa 1324. Mongols ne suka mamaye tashar ruwan Byzantine na Vicina Macaria.’Yar Andonikos, wadda ta karɓi sunan Bayalun, ta yi nasarar tserewa zuwa Daular Rumawa, da alama tana tsoron shiga Musulunci ta tilastawa.A kudu-maso-gabas na Masarautar Hungary , Wallachia da mai mulkinta Basarab Na zama mai cin gashin kai tare da goyon bayan Öz Beg bayan 1324.

Tashin hankali na Tver na 1327 shine babban tashin hankali na farko akan Golden Horde da mutanen Vladimir suka yi.Ƙoƙarin haɗin gwiwa na Golden Horde, Muscovy da Suzdal sun murkushe shi.A lokacin, Muscovy da Vladimir sun shiga fafatawa don samun rinjaye, kuma dukan nasarar Vladimir ya kawo karshen gwagwarmayar mulki na karni na kwata.Golden Horde daga baya ya zama abokin gaba na Muscovy, kuma Rasha ba ta zama 'yanci daga tasirin Mongol ba har sai da Babban tsayawa a kan kogin Ugra a 1480, fiye da karni daya bayan haka.

Tare da goyon bayan mahaifiyarsa Taydula Khatun, Jani Beg ya mai da kansa khan bayan ya kawar da babban yayansa kuma abokin hamayyarsa Tini Beg a Saray-Jük a 1342;ya riga ya kashe wani ɗan'uwa mai kishi, Khiḍr Beg.An san shi ya tsoma baki sosai a cikin harkokin mulkin Rasha da na Lithuania.Manyan sarakunan Moscow, Simeon Gordiy da Ivan II, sun kasance cikin matsin lamba na siyasa da na soja na yau da kullun daga Jani Beg.Mulkin Jani Beg yana da alamun farko na rigingimun feudal wanda a ƙarshe zai ba da gudummawa ga mutuwar Golden Horde.

Mongols karkashin Janibeg sun yiwa Kaffa da Italiya kawanya a Tana, bayan wani artabu tsakanin Italiya da Musulmi a Tana.'Yan kasuwan Italiya a Tana sun gudu zuwa Kaffa.Yakin Kaffa ya ci gaba har zuwa watan Fabrairun 1344, lokacin da aka dauke shi bayan da dakarun Italiya suka kashe sojojin Mongol 15,000 tare da lalata injinan kewayen da suka yi.Janibeg ya sake sabunta kewayen a shekara ta 1345 amma bayan shekara guda ya sake tilastawa ya dauke ta, a wannan karon annobar annoba da ta lalata dakarunsa.Italiyawa sun tare tashar jiragen ruwa na Mongol, wanda ya tilasta Janibeg yin shawarwari, kuma a cikin 1347 an ba Italiya damar sake kafa mulkin mallaka a Tana.Yaduwar annobar ta cikin sahu na Mongols ya sa sojojin sun karaya, kuma yawancinsu sun rasa sha'awar kewayen.Duk da haka, Mongols ba za su ja da baya ba, ba tare da ba Kaffa wani yanki na azabar nasu ba.Sun sanya gawarwakin mamatan a kan katafaren su, sannan suka jefi katangar tsaro ta Kaffa.Mazauna garin Kaffa suna kallon rusassun gawarwaki suna fadowa daga sararin sama suna ta fadowa a qasa, suna baje kamshinsu a ko'ina.Kiristoci ba za su iya ɓoye ko gudu daga barnar da aka yi musu ba.Sai suka matsar da ruɓaɓɓen gawarwakin da za su iya, suna jefar da su cikin teku da sauri.Amma a lokacin, an makara;Bakar Mutuwa ta riga ta kasance a Kaffa.Mazaunan da ke gudun hijira ta yiwu sun dawo da cutar zuwa Italiya, wanda ya haifar da yaduwa a Turai;

An ba da rahoton cewa an fara bullo da annoba a Turai ta hanyar ‘yan kasuwan Genoa daga tashar jiragen ruwa na birnin Kaffa da ke yankin Crimea a shekara ta 1347. A lokacin da aka dauki tsawon lokaci ana killace birnin, a shekara ta 1345-1346 sojojin Mongol Golden Horde na Jani Beg, wadanda galibin dakarun Tatar ke fama da matsalar. cutar, ta harba gawarwakin da suka kamu da cutar a kan katangar birnin Kaffa don harba mutanen, duk da cewa akwai yiwuwar berayen da suka kamu da cutar sun bi ta layin da aka killace don yada cutar ga mazauna.Yayin da cutar ta kama, 'yan kasuwa na Genoese sun gudu ta haye tekun Black Sea zuwa Constantinople, inda cutar ta fara isa Turai a lokacin rani na 1347.

A lokacin mulkin Özbeg Khan (1313-1341), Golden Horde ya kai matsayinsa na farko, inda ya ci gajiyar ciniki daga tekun Black Sea zuwa daular Yuan takasar Sin .Amincewar Özbeg na addinin Islama bai kawo cikas ga goyon bayan Cocin Orthodox ba, domin ba a biya ta haraji.Al'ummar Turco-Mongoliya a cikin daularsa sannu a hankali sun shiga cikin asalin Tatar.Tarin haraji daga sarakunan Rasha , da farko jami'an Golden Horde kamar darughachi ko basqaq ne ke kula da su, daga baya ya koma sarakunan Rasha.A cikin 1350s zuwa 1382, tsarin basqaq ya ƙare, kamar yadda nassoshi na ƙarshe suka nuna a cikin Mulkin Ryazan.The Golden Horde ya yi tasiri a siyasar Rus, sau da yawa yana ba da lakabi na Grand Prince na Vladimir don fifita sarakunan Rus a matsayin dabara don kula da sarrafawa da sarrafa kishiyoyi.A tsakiyar karni na 14, masu iko na waje kamar Algirdas na Lithuania sun tsunduma cikin harkokin siyasar Horde, suna tasiri ga yanayin yanki.A tsakiyar karni na 14th ya kawo bala'o'i ga Horde, ciki har da yaduwar Mutuwar Baƙar fata da faduwar Mongol khanates da yawa.Adadin wadanda suka mutu sakamakon barkewar cutar ya kasance mai mahimmanci a cikin manyan Horde da kuma a tsakanin yawan mutanen Rus.Mutuwar Özbeg Khan a shekara ta 1341 ta zama farkon lokacin rashin zaman lafiya da kuma sau da kafa a cikin daular mulki.Wannan zamanin, wanda aka fi sani da Babban Matsaloli, ya ga saurin maye gurbin khans da rikice-rikice na cikin gida.Daga 1360 zuwa 1380, Golden Horde ya fuskanci rikice-rikice na ciki.A wannan lokacin, ƙungiyoyi daban-daban suna iko da yankuna daban-daban, kuma sarakunan Rasha sukan canza mubaya'a.Yakin Kulikovo a shekara ta 1380 wani muhimmin lokaci ne, yayin da dakarun Muscovite suka fatattaki sojojin Mongol, wanda ke nuni da sauyin karfin iko.Duk da haka, Tokhtamysh ya sake tabbatar da ikon Mongol, wanda ya ci Mamai a yakin kogin Kalka a 1381 kuma ya zama khan da ba a saba da shi ba.A cikin 1382, kewayen Tokhtamysh na Moscow wani mataki ne na hukunci akan ƙalubalen Muscovy ga hukumar Horde.Duk da fitowar Muscovy a matsayin fitacciyar ƙasar Rus, wannan taron ya ƙarfafa suzerainty na Horde.Shekaru masu zuwa, wanda yakin Tokhtamysh-Timur ya yi alama, ya ga raguwar ikon Golden Horde, yana canza ma'auni na yanki.

Yakin Blue Waters wani yaki ne da aka gwabza a wani lokaci a cikin kaka 1362 ko 1363 a bakin kogin Syniukha, wanda ya bar yankin Kudancin Bug, tsakanin sojojin Grand Duchy na Lithuania da Golden Horde.Mutanen Lithuaniyawa sun sami gagarumar nasara kuma sun kammala cin nasararsu na Mulkin Kiev .

An yi yakin Kulikovo ne tsakanin sojojin Golden Horde, karkashin jagorancin Mamai, da wasu sarakunan Rasha, a karkashin jagorancin Yarima Dmitry na Moscow.An yi yakin a ranar 8 ga Satumba 1380, a filin Kulikovo kusa da kogin Don (yanzu Tula Oblast, Rasha) kuma Dmitry, wanda aka sani da Donskoy, 'na Don' ya ci nasara bayan yakin.Duk da cewa nasarar ba ta kawo karshen mamayar Mongol a kan kasar Rasha ba, amma masana tarihi na kasar Rasha suna kallonta a matsayin sauyin da tasirin Mongol ya fara dusashewa kuma karfin Moscow ya fara tashi.A karshe tsarin ya kai ga Grand Duchy na Moscow ' yancin kai da kuma samuwar kasar Rasha ta zamani.

An gwabza yakin kogin Kalka a shekara ta 1381 tsakanin mayakan Mongol Mamai da Toqtamish don iko da Golden Horde.Toqtamish shi ne mai nasara kuma ya zama mai mulkin Horde.Mamai a baya yana da iko akan Horde duk da haka ikonsa ya fara rugujewa lokacin da Toqtamish na White Horde ya mamaye.A lokaci guda kuma sarakunan Rasha sun yi tawaye ga mulkin Mongol, suna kawar da wata muhimmiyar hanyar samun kuɗin haraji daga Mamai.Mamai ya mamaye Rasha amma an ci nasara a yakin Kulikovo.A halin da ake ciki Toqtamish a gabas ya kwace babban birnin Golden Horde, Sarai.Mamai ya yi amfani da ragowar kudinsa wajen tara ‘yan kananan sojoji inda ya hadu da Toqtamish a yankin da ke kusa da arewacin Donets da kogin Kalka.Babu cikakkun bayanai game da yakin amma Toqtamish, wanda mai yiwuwa yana da dakaru masu yawa, ya samu gagarumar nasara.Daga baya ya karbi Golden Horde.

Tokhtamysh ya zama sarki mai iko, khan na farko a cikin shekaru sama da ashirin da ya yi mulkin rabin rabi (fuka-fuki) na Golden Horde.A cikin shekaru kadan fiye da shekara guda, ya mai da kansa shugaban reshe na hagu (gabas), tsohon Ulus na Orda (wanda ake kira White Horde a wasu kafofin Farisa da Blue Horde a cikin Turkawa), sannan kuma ya zama babban malamin. reshe na dama (yamma), Ulus na Batu (wanda ake kira Blue Horde a wasu kafofin Farisa da Farin Horde a cikin Turkawa).Wannan ya yi alkawarin maido da martabar Golden Horde bayan dogon lokaci na rarrabuwar kawuna da rikice-rikice tsakanin juna.

Siege na Moscow a cikin 1382 ya kasance yaƙi tsakanin sojojin Muscovite da Tokhtamysh, khan na Golden Horde wanda Timur ya goyi bayan.Kashi na Rasha ya sake tabbatar da mulkin Horde a wasu kasashen Rasha, wanda ya hambarar da mulkin Tatar bayan shekaru 98 da babban matsayi a kan kogin Ugra.Tokhtamysh kuma ya sake kafa Golden Horde a matsayin babban ikon yanki, ya sake hade kasashen Mongol daga Crimea zuwa tafkin Balkash kuma ya ci Lithuania a Poltava a shekara mai zuwa.Duk da haka, ya yanke shawara mai ban tsoro don yin yaki da tsohon ubangidansa, Tamerlane, kuma Golden Horde bai sake dawowa ba.

An yi yakin Tokhtamysh-Timur daga 1386 zuwa 1395 tsakanin Tokhtamysh, khan na Golden Horde, da kuma mai mulki kuma mai nasara Timur , wanda ya kafa daular Timurid, a yankunan tsaunukan Caucasus, Turkistan da Gabashin Turai.Yakin da aka yi tsakanin sarakunan Mongol biyu ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen durkushewar ikon Mongol a kan manyan masarautun Rasha na farko.

Yaƙin Kogin Kondurcha shine babban yaƙin farko na yaƙin Tokhtamysh – Timur .Ya faru ne a kogin Kondurcha, a cikin Bulgar Ulus na Golden Horde, a cikin abin da ke a yau Samara Oblast a Rasha.Sojojin dawakan Tokhtamysh sun yi kokarin kewaye sojojin Timur daga gefe.Sai dai sojojin na tsakiyar Asiya sun yi tir da harin, bayan harin da suka kai a gabansu ba zato ba tsammani ya sa sojojin Horde suka gudu.Duk da haka, da yawa daga cikin sojojin Golden Horde sun tsere don sake yin yaki a Terek.Timur a baya ya taimaka wa Tokhtamysh wajen karbar sarautar White Horde a shekara ta 1378. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa duka mutanen biyu sun girma a cikin iko, tare da Tokhtamysh ya dauki cikakken iko na Golden Horde yayin da Timur ya fadada ikonsa a Gabas ta Tsakiya.Duk da haka Timur ya ɗauki Azerbaijan, wanda Tokhtamysh ya yi imanin cewa shi ne yankin Golden Horde.Ya mamaye yankin Timurid, a takaice ya kewaye Samarkand kafin Timur ya kore shi.Timur ya bi Tokhtamysh har sai da ya juya don yakar shi kusa da kogin Kondurcha.

Yaƙin Kogin Terek shine babban yaƙin ƙarshe na yaƙin Tokhtamysh–Timur kuma ya faru a Kogin Terek, Arewacin Caucasus.Sakamakon ya kasance nasara ga Timur .

Yaƙin kogin Vorskla ya kasance babban yaƙi a tarihin tsakiyar tsakiyar Turai.An yi yakin ne a ranar 12 ga Agusta, 1399, tsakanin Tatars, karkashin Edigu da Temur Qutlugh, da sojojin Tokhtamysh da Grand Duke Vytautas na Lithuania.Yaƙin ya ƙare da gagarumin nasara ta Tatar.

A cikin shiga da kuma tsananta rikici tare da tsohon mai kare shi Timur , Tokhtamysh ya kafa hanya don warware duk nasarorin da ya samu da kuma halakar kansa.Hukumomin Tokhtamysh sun fuskanci koma baya ta hanyar manyan mamayar biyu na Timur a cikin manyan yankuna na Golden Horde a 1391 da 1395–1396.Wadannan sun bar Tokhtamysh yana fafatawa da khans, daga karshe suka kore shi, suka yi masa kisan gilla a Sibir a shekara ta 1406. Dangantakar da Tokhtamysh ya yi game da ikon khan ya tsira daga gare shi a takaice, kuma saboda tasirin magajinsa Edigu;amma bayan 1411 ya ba da damar wani dogon lokaci na yakin basasa wanda ya ƙare a wargajewar Golden Horde.Bugu da ƙari, lalata Timur na manyan biranen Golden Horde, da kuma mulkin mallaka na Italiya na Tana, ya yi mummunan rauni kuma mai dorewa ga tattalin arzikin tushen kasuwanci na siyasa, tare da mummunan tasiri ga makomarsa na wadata da rayuwa.

Bayan 1419, Golden Horde aikin ya daina wanzuwa.Ulugh Muhammad shi ne Khan na Golden Horde a hukumance amma ikonsa ya iyakance ga ƙananan bankunan Volga inda wani ɗan Tokhtamysh Kepek shima ya yi sarauta.An maye gurbin tasirin Golden Horde a Gabashin Turai da Grand Duchy na Lithuania, wanda Ulugh Muhammad ya juya don neman tallafi.

Babban Tsayin da ke kan kogin Ugra ya kasance an yi taho-mu-gama ne tsakanin sojojin Akhmat Khan na Babban Horde, da kuma Grand Prince Ivan III na Muscovy a shekara ta 1480 a gabar kogin Ugra, wanda ya kare lokacin da Tatar suka tashi ba tare da rikici ba.Ana gani a cikin tarihin tarihin Rasha a matsayin ƙarshen mulkin Tatar / Mongol akan Moscow.

A cikin 1500, Yaƙin Muscovite-Lithuania ya sake komawa.Lithuania ta sake hadewa da Babban Horde.A cikin 1501, Khan Sheikh Ahmed ya kai hari ga sojojin Muscovite kusa da Rylsk, Novhorod-Siverkyi, da Starodub.Grand Duke na Lithuania Alexander Jagiellon ya shagaltu da magajinsa a Masarautar Poland kuma bai shiga yakin neman zabe ba.Tsananin hunturu haɗe da kona dutsen da Meñli I Giray, Khan na Crimean Khanate ya yi, ya haifar da yunwa a tsakanin sojojin Sheikh Ahmed.Da yawa daga cikin mutanensa suka rabu da shi, sauran kuma aka ci su a kogin Sula a watan Yuni 1502.An tilastawa Sheikh Ahmed gudun hijira.Ya nemi mafaka a Daular Ottoman ko kawance da Grand Duchy na Moscow, kafin ya juya zuwa Grand Duchy na Lithuania.Maimakon ta taimaki tsohon abokin ta, Grand Duchy ta daure Sheikh Ahmed a gidan yari sama da shekaru 20.An yi amfani da shi a matsayin hanyar sasantawa a cikin tattaunawa da Khanate na Crimean: idan Khanate ba ta nuna hali ba, za a saki Sheikh Ahmed kuma zai ci gaba da yakinsa da Khanate.Bayan yakin Olshantsa a watan Janairun 1527, an saki Sheikh Ahmed daga kurkuku.An ce ya yi nasarar kwace mulki a yankin Astrakhan Khanate.Ya mutu kusan 1529.