Tarihin Hindu

Addinin Hindu na iya samun tushe a cikin addinin Mesolithic na prehistoric, kamar shaida a cikin zane-zanen dutse na mafakar dutsen Bhimbetka, waɗanda ke da kusan shekaru 10,000 (kimanin 8,000 KZ), da kuma lokutan neolithic.Akalla wasu daga cikin waɗannan matsugunan an mamaye su sama da shekaru 100,000 da suka wuce.Addinan kabilanci da yawa har yanzu suna wanzu, kodayake ayyukansu bazai yi kama da na addinan zamanin da ba.

Lokacin Vedic, ko shekarun Vedic (kimanin 1500 – c. 500 KZ), shine lokacin a ƙarshen zamanin Bronze da farkon zamanin Iron na tarihinIndiya lokacin da littattafan Vedic, gami da Vedas (kamar 1300-900). BCE), an haɗa shi a cikin yankin arewacin Indiya, tsakanin ƙarshen wayewar Indus Valley da kuma birni na biyu wanda ya fara a tsakiyar Indo-Gangetic Plain c.600 KZ.Vedas litattafai ne na liturgical da suka kafa tushen addinin Hindu na zamani, wanda kuma ya ci gaba a cikin Masarautar Kuru.Vedas sun ƙunshi cikakkun bayanai na rayuwa a wannan lokacin waɗanda aka fassara su zama tarihi kuma sun zama tushen farko don fahimtar lokacin.Waɗannan takaddun, tare da madaidaitan rikodin kayan tarihi na kayan tarihi, suna ba da damar gano juyin halitta na al'adun Vedic kuma a fahimce su.

Rigveda ko Rig Veda tarin waƙoƙin Vedic Sanskrit ne (sūktas).Yana ɗaya daga cikin matani huɗu masu tsarki na Hindu (śruti) waɗanda aka sani da Vedas.Rigveda ita ce mafi tsufa sanannun rubutun Vedic Sanskrit.Rubutunsa na farko suna daga cikin tsofaffin rubuce-rubuce a cikin kowane yaren Indo-Turai.Sauti da rubutun Rigveda an watsa su da baki tun daga karni na 2 KZ.Shaidar ilimin falsafa da na harshe na nuna cewa yawancin Rigveda Samhita an haɗa su ne a yankin arewa maso yamma (duba kogin Rigvedic) na yankin Indiya, mai yiwuwa tsakanin c.1500 da 1000 KZ, ko da yake ya fi girma kusan c.1900-1200 KZ kuma an ba da shi.An jera rubutun da ya ƙunshi Samhita, Brahmanas, Aranyakas da Upanishads.Rigveda Samhita shine ainihin rubutu, kuma tarin littattafai 10 ne (maṇḍalas) tare da wakoki 1,028 (sūktas) a cikin ayoyi 10,600 (wanda ake kira ṛc, mai suna Rigveda).A cikin litattafai takwas - Littattafai na 2 zuwa na 9 - waɗanda aka tsara na farko, waƙoƙin yabo sun fi magana game da ilimin sararin samaniya, ayyukan ibada, al'adu da abubuwan yabo.Littattafai na baya-bayan nan (Littattafai na 1 da na 10) a wani bangare kuma sun yi bayani kan tambayoyi na falsafa ko hasashe, kyawawan halaye irin su dana (sadaka) a cikin al'umma, tambayoyi game da asalin duniya da yanayin Ubangiji, da sauran al'amura na zahiri a cikin su. waƙoƙin yabo.

Addinin Dravidian na farko ya zama nau'in addinin Hindu wanda ba na Vedic ba domin sun kasance a tarihi ko kuma a halin yanzu Āgamic ne.Agamas asali ba Vedic ba ne, kuma an yi kwanan wata ko dai a matsayin rubutun Vedic, ko kuma a matsayin ƙagaggun Vedic.Agamas tarin nassosin Tamil da na Sanskrit ne da suka ƙunshi hanyoyin gina haikali da ƙirƙirar murti, hanyoyin bautar gumaka, koyarwar falsafa, ayyukan tunani, samun sha'awa sau shida da yoga iri huɗu.Bautar abin bautãwa, flora mai tsarki da fauna a cikin addinin Hindu kuma ana gane su azaman tsira na addinin Dravidian kafin Vedic.Tasirin harshe na Dravidian akan addinin Vedic na farko ya bayyana, yawancin waɗannan fasaloli sun riga sun wanzu a cikin sanannen yaren Indo-Aryan, harshen Rigveda (a. 1500 KZ), wanda kuma ya haɗa da kalmomi sama da dozin da aka aro daga Dravidian.Shaidar harshe don tasirin Dravidian yana ƙaruwa da ƙarfi yayin da mutum ke motsawa daga Samhitas zuwa cikin ayyukan Vedic na baya kuma zuwa cikin adabi na bayan-Vedic na gargajiya.Wannan yana wakiltar haɗin addini da al'adu na farko ko haɗin kai tsakanin tsoffin Dravidians da Indo-Aryans waɗanda suka ci gaba da tasiri ga wayewar Indiya.

Yajurveda (Sanskrit: यजुर्वेद, yajurveda, daga yajus ma'ana "ibada", da kuma veda ma'ana "ilimi") shine Veda da farko na mantras na prose don ayyukan ibada.Wani tsohon rubutun Sanskrit na Vedic, tarin dabaru ne na sadaukarwa waɗanda wani firist ya faɗi yayin da mutum ya yi ayyukan al'ada kamar waɗanda ke gaban wutar yajna.Yajurveda ɗaya ne daga cikin Vedas huɗu, kuma ɗaya daga cikin nassosin Hindu.Ba a san ainihin ƙarni na abin da Yajurveda ya yi ba, kuma Witzel ya kiyasta zai kasance tsakanin 1200 zuwa 800 KZ, wanda ya yi daidai da Samaveda da Atharvaveda.Yajurveda ya kasu kashi biyu - "baƙi" ko "duhu" (Krishna) Yajurveda da "fari" ko "mai haske" (Shukla) Yajurveda.Kalmar “baƙar fata” tana nufin “tarin ayoyin da ba a tsara su ba, ba a bayyana ba, ba a san su ba” na ayoyi a cikin Yajurveda, akasin “farar” wanda ke nuna “daidaitaccen tsari, bayyananne” Yajurveda.Baƙar fata Yajurveda ya tsira a cikin recensions hudu, yayin da biyu recensions na farin Yajurveda sun tsira zuwa zamanin yau.Farko kuma mafi daɗaɗɗen Layer na Yajurveda samhita ya ƙunshi kusan ayoyi 1,875, waɗanda suka bambanta duk da haka suna aro kuma suna ginawa akan tushen ayoyi a Rigveda.Layer na tsakiya ya haɗa da Satapatha Brahmana, ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman rubutun Brahmana a cikin tarin Vedic.Ƙananan rubutun Yajurveda ya haɗa da mafi girman tarin Upanishads na farko, masu tasiri ga makarantu daban-daban na falsafar Hindu.Waɗannan sun haɗa da Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, Isha Upanishad, Taittiriya Upanishad, Katha Upanishad, da Shvetashvatara Upanishad da Maitri Upanishad. An gano biyu daga cikin tsoffin kwafin rubutun da suka tsira na sassan Shukla Yajurveda a Nepal da Western Tibet, kuma waɗannan su ne. kwanan wata zuwa karni na 12 CE.

Samaveda, shine Veda na karin waƙa da waƙoƙi.Tsohon rubutun Sanskrit ne na Vedic, kuma wani ɓangare na nassosin Hindu.Ɗaya daga cikin Vedas guda huɗu, rubutun liturgical ne wanda ya ƙunshi ayoyi 1,875.Sai dai ayoyi 75 an ɗauke su daga Rigveda.Kwanaki uku na Samaveda sun tsira, kuma an sami bambance-bambancen rubutun Veda a sassa daban-daban na Indiya.Duk da yake an yi imani da farkon sassan sa tun daga farkon lokacin Rigvedic, kwanakin da aka tattara daga lokacin Rigvedic Mantra na Vedic Sanskrit, tsakanin c.1200 da 1000 KZ ko "dan kadan daga baya," daidai da Atharvaveda da Yajurveda.An haɗa shi a cikin Samaveda shine Chandogya Upanishad da Kena Upanishad, wanda aka yi la'akari da shi a matsayin Upanishads na farko kuma yana da tasiri a makarantu shida na falsafar Hindu, musamman makarantar Vedanta.Samaveda ya kafa mahimman tushe don kiɗan Indiya na gaba.

Dharmaśāstra wani nau'in rubutun Sanskrit ne akan doka da ɗabi'a, kuma yana nufin littafai (śāstras) akan dharma.Ba kamar Dharmasūtra waɗanda suka dogara akan Vedas ba, waɗannan matani galibi sun dogara ne akan Puranas.Akwai Dharmashastras da yawa, daban-daban an kiyasta su zama 18 zuwa kusan 100, tare da mabanbantan ra'ayi daban-daban kuma masu karo da juna.Kowane ɗayan waɗannan matani ya wanzu a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban, kuma kowannensu yana da tushe a cikin rubutun Dharmasutra da aka rubuta zuwa karni na 1 KZ wanda ya fito daga nazarin Kalpa (Vedanga) a zamanin Vedic.Rubutun rubutun Dharmaśāstra an haɗa su cikin ayoyin waka, wani ɓangare ne na Hindu Smritis, wanda ya ƙunshi tafsiri daban-daban da ra'ayoyi kan ayyuka, nauyi da ɗabi'a ga kai, ga dangi da kuma a matsayin memba na al'umma.Nassosin sun haɗa da tattaunawa game da ashrama (matakan rayuwa), varna (darussan zamantakewa), purushartha (maƙasudin rayuwa masu dacewa), kyawawan halaye da ayyuka kamar su ahimsa (rashin tashin hankali) ga duk masu rai, dokokin yaƙi kawai, da sauran su. batutuwa.Dharmaśāstra ya zama mai tasiri a tarihin Indiya na mulkin mallaka na zamani, lokacin da masu mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya na farko suka tsara su don zama dokar ƙasa ga duk waɗanda ba musulmi ba (Hindus, Jain, Buddhist, Sikhs) a Kudancin Asiya, bayan Sharia watau Fatawa al daular Mughal. -Alamgir wanda Sarkin sarakuna Muhammad Aurangzeb ya kafa, an riga an yarda dashi a matsayin doka ga musulmai a Indiya yan mulkin mallaka.

Brahmanas su ne Vedic śruti ayyukan da aka haɗe zuwa Samhitas (waƙa da mantras) na Rig, Sama, Yajur, da Atharva Vedas.Su ne na biyu Layer ko rarrabuwa na Sanskrit matani da aka saka a cikin kowane Veda, sau da yawa bayyana da kuma umurci Brahmins a kan yi na Vedic al'adu (wanda a cikinsa ake karanta Samhitas masu dangantaka).Baya ga bayyana alamar alama da ma'anar Samhitas, wallafe-wallafen Brahmana kuma yana bayyana ilimin kimiyya na zamanin Vedic, gami da binciken falaki da, musamman dangane da ginin bagadi, lissafi.Bambance-bambancen yanayi, wasu Brahmanas kuma sun ƙunshi abubuwa na sufanci da falsafa waɗanda suka ƙunshi Aranyakas da Upanishads.Kowane Veda yana da ɗaya ko fiye na nasa Brahmanas, kuma kowane Brahmana gabaɗaya yana da alaƙa da takamaiman Shakha ko Vedic makaranta.Kasa da Brahmanas ashirin a halin yanzu sun wanzu, kamar yadda akasarin su aka yi asara ko aka lalata su.Haɗuwa da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodin Brahmanas da rubutun Vedic masu alaƙa yana da cece-kuce, kamar yadda wataƙila an rubuta su bayan ƙarni da yawa na watsa baka.Brahmana mafi tsufa yana da kwanan wata zuwa kusan 900 KZ, yayin da ƙarami ya kasance a kusa da 700 KZ.

Upanishads sune rubutun Vedic Sanskrit na falsafar Hindu wanda ya ba da tushen falsafar Hindu daga baya.Su ne na baya-bayan nan na Vedas, mafi tsufa nassi na Hindu, kuma suna magana game da tunani, falsafar, sani da ilimin ontological;sassan farko na Vedas suna magana da mantras, benedictions, al'adu, bukukuwa, da sadaukarwa.Yayin da yake cikin wallafe-wallafen mafi mahimmanci a tarihin addinan Indiyawa da al'adu, Upanishads sun rubuta nau'o'in "la'iku, raye-raye, da ilimin esoteric" da suka tashi daga al'ada na Vedic kuma an fassara su ta hanyoyi daban-daban a cikin hadisai na sharhi na baya.Daga cikin dukkan littattafan Vedic, Upanishads kadai an san su sosai, kuma ra'ayoyinsu daban-daban, da aka fassara ta hanyoyi daban-daban, sun sanar da al'adun Hindu na baya.Upanishads yawanci ana kiran su da Vedānta.An fassara Vedanta a matsayin "surori na ƙarshe, sassan Veda" kuma a madadin "abu, mafi girman manufar Veda".Manufar duk Upanishads shine bincikar yanayin Atman (kai), da kuma "jagoranci mai tambaya zuwa gare shi."Ana iya samun ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin Atman da Brahman, kuma daga baya masu sharhi sun yi ƙoƙarin daidaita wannan bambancin.Tare da Bhagavad Gita da Brahmasutra, mukhya Upanishads (wanda aka sani tare da Prasthanatrayi) yana ba da tushe ga makarantu da yawa na Vedanta, gami da Adi Shankara's Advaita Vedanta (monistic ko nondualistic), Ramanuja's (c. 1077-1157 CE) Vishishtadvaita (cancantar monism), da Madhvacharya's (1199-1278 CE) Dvaita (dualism).Kusan 108 Upanishads an san su, wanda dozin na farko ko makamancin su ne mafi tsufa kuma mafi mahimmanci kuma ana kiran su da babba ko babba (mukhya) Upanishads.Mukhya Upanishads ana samun su galibi a cikin ƙarshen ƙarshen Brahmanas da Aranyakas kuma, tsawon ƙarni, kowane tsara yana haddace su kuma ana ba da su ta baki.Mukhya Upanishads sun riga sun kasance zamanin gama gari, amma babu wata ijma'i na masana akan kwanan watan, ko ma akan wanne ne kafin ko bayan buda.Ana ganin Bhadaranyaka a matsayin tsoho musamman a wajen malaman zamani.Daga cikin sauran, 95 Upanishads wani ɓangare ne na littafin Muktika, wanda ya ƙunshi kusan ƙarni na ƙarshe na 1st-millennium KZ zuwa kusan karni na 15 AZ.Sabbin Upanishads, fiye da 108 a cikin Canon Muktika, an ci gaba da haɗa su ta farkon zamani da zamani, kodayake galibi suna hulɗa da batutuwa waɗanda ba su da alaƙa da Vedas.

Jainism addini ne da aka kafa a tsohuwar Indiya.Jains sun bibiyi tarihin su ta hanyar tirthankara ashirin da hudu kuma suna girmama Rishabhanatha a matsayin tirthankara na farko (a cikin zagayowar lokaci na yanzu).An ba da shawarar wasu kayan tarihi da aka samu a cikin wayewar Indus Valley a matsayin hanyar haɗi zuwa tsohuwar al'adun Jain, amma kaɗan ne aka sani game da hoton Indus Valley da rubutun.Tirthankara biyu na ƙarshe, 23rd tirthankara Parshvanatha (karni na 9 zuwa 8 KZ) da tirthankara Mahavira na 24 (c. 599 – c. 527 KZ) ana ɗaukar su a matsayin ƴan tarihi.Mahavira ya kasance zamani na Buddha.Dangane da shawarar 1925 na Glasenapp, ana iya gano asalin Jainism zuwa Tirthankara Parshvanatha na 23 (kimanin 8th – 7th century KZ), kuma yana ɗaukar Tirthankaras ashirin da biyu na farko a matsayin almara na almara.Manyan ƙungiyoyi biyu na Jainism, Digambara da Śvētāmbara, wataƙila sun fara kafuwa kusan ƙarni na 3 KZ kuma an kammala schism a kusan ƙarni na 5 AD.Waɗannan ƙungiyoyin daga baya sun kasu kashi kashi da yawa kamar Stānakavāsī da Terapanthis.Yawancin haikalinsa na tarihi waɗanda har yanzu suke a yau an gina su a cikin ƙarni na 1st CE.Bayan karni na 12, haikali, aikin hajji da tsirara (skyclad) al'adar ascetic na Jainism sun sha wahala a lokacin mulkin musulmi, ban da Akbar wanda juriya na addini da goyon baya ga Jainism ya haifar da dakatar da kisan dabbobi a lokacin addinin Jain. Festival of Dasa Lakshana.

Vaishnavism ɗaya ne daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin Hindu tare da Shaivism, Shaktism, da Smartism.Dangane da kiyasin 2010 na Johnson da Grim, Vaishnavites su ne mafi girman darikar Hindu, wanda ya ƙunshi kusan miliyan 641 ko 67.6% na Hindu.Ana kuma kiransa Vishnuism tun yana ɗaukar Vishnu a matsayin mafi girma wanda yake jagorantar duk sauran alloli na Hindu, watau Mahavishnu.Ana kiran mabiyanta Vaishnavites ko Vaishnavas (IAST: Vaisnava), kuma ya haɗa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi kamar Krishnaism da Ramaism, waɗanda ke ɗaukar Krishna da Rama a matsayin manyan halittu bi da bi.Tsohuwar fitowar Vaishnavism ba ta da tabbas, kuma an zayyana gabaɗaya azaman haɗakar addinai daban-daban na yanki waɗanda ba Vedic ba tare da Vishnu.Haɗewar hadisai da yawa waɗanda ba na Vedic ba, musamman ƙungiyoyin Bhagavata na Vāsudeva-krishna da Gopala-Krishna, da Narayana, sun haɓaka a ƙarni na 7 zuwa 4 KZ.An haɗa shi da Allahn Vedic Vishnu a farkon ƙarni na CE, kuma ya ƙare a matsayin Vaishnavism, lokacin da ya haɓaka koyaswar avatar, inda ake girmama gumakan da ba na Vedic iri-iri a matsayin fitattun halittu na Allah maɗaukaki Vishnu.Rama, Krishna, Narayana, Kalki, Hari, Vithoba, Venkateswara, Shrinathji, da Jagannath suna daga cikin sunayen mashahuran avatars duk ana ganin su a matsayin bangarori daban-daban na mafi girman halitta.An san al'adar Vaishnavite don sadaukar da kai ga avatar na Vishnu (sau da yawa Krishna), kuma kamar haka shine mabuɗin don yaduwar motsin Bhakti a Kudancin Asiya a cikin karni na 2 AZ.Yana da manyan nau'ikan sampradayas guda hudu (denominations, sub-schools): makarantar Vishishtadvaita ta Ramanuja ta tsakiya, makarantar Dvaita (Tattvavada) na Madhvacharya, makarantar Dvaitadvaita na Nimbarkacharya, da Pushtimarg na Vallabhacharya.Ramananda (ƙarni na 14) ya ƙirƙiri wani yunkuri na Rama, yanzu babbar ƙungiyar zuhudu a Asiya.Mabuɗin rubutu a cikin Vaishnavism sun haɗa da Vedas, Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita, Pancaratra (Agama) matani, Naalayira Divya Prabhandham da Bhagavata Purana.

Śramaṇa (Sanskrit; Pali: samaṇa) na nufin "wanda ya yi aiki, ko aiki, ko kuma ya yi aiki da kansa (don wani abu mafi girma ko addini)" ko "mai neman, wanda ya aikata ayyukan kunci, mai ban tsoro".A lokacin ci gabanta, kalmar ta zo ne da nufin wasu addinan ascetic waɗanda ba na Brahmanical ba masu kama da juna amma sun bambanta da addinin Vedic.Al'adar Śramaṇa ta haɗa da farko Jainism, Buddha , da sauransu kamar Ājīvika.Addinai na śramaṇa sun zama sananne a cikin da'irori iri ɗaya na mendicants daga Magadha mafi girma wanda ya haifar da haɓaka ayyukan ruhaniya, da kuma sanannun ra'ayoyi a cikin duk manyan addinan Indiya kamar saṃsāra (zagayowar haihuwa da mutuwa) da moksha ('yanci daga wannan zagayowar).Al'adun Śramaṇic suna da nau'o'in imani iri-iri, kama daga yarda ko musun ra'ayin rai, kisa zuwa yancin kai, manufa ta matsananciyar son zuciya ga rayuwar iyali, renunciation, tsananin ahimsa (rashin tashin hankali) da cin ganyayyaki zuwa halatta tashin hankali. da cin nama.

An shawo kan raguwar Brahmanism ta hanyar samar da sabbin ayyuka da haɗa al'adun addinin Indo-Aryan ba na Vedic na Gabashin Ganges da al'adun addini na gida, wanda ya haifar da addinin Hindu na zamani.Tsakanin 500-200 KZ da c.300 AZ "Hindu kira" ya haɓaka, wanda ya haɗa tasirin Sramanic da Buddha da al'adar Bhakti masu tasowa a cikin rukunin Brahmanical ta hanyar adabi na smriti.Wannan haɗakarwa ta fito ne ƙarƙashin matsin nasarar addinin Buddha da Jainism.A cewar Embree, wasu al'adun addini da yawa sun kasance tare da addinin Vedic.Waɗannan addinan ƴan asalin "daga ƙarshe sun sami wani wuri a ƙarƙashin babban rigar addinin Vedic".Lokacin da Brahmanism ke raguwa kuma dole ne ya yi gasa da Buddha da Jainism, shahararrun addinan sun sami damar tabbatar da kansu.Wannan "sabon Brahmanism" ya yi kira ga masu mulki, waɗanda ke da sha'awar ikon allahntaka da kuma shawarwari masu amfani da Brahmins zai iya bayarwa, kuma ya haifar da farfadowa na tasirin Brahmanical, wanda ya mamaye al'ummar Indiya tun lokacin zamanin Hindu na gargajiya a farkon ƙarni na CE.Ana nunawa a cikin tsarin Sanskritization, wani tsari wanda "mutane daga yawancin al'umma a ko'ina cikin sassan duniya suna son daidaita rayuwarsu ta addini da zamantakewa ga ka'idodin Brahmanic".Ana nunawa a cikin halin gano gumakan gida tare da alloli na rubutun Sanskrit.

Vedanga (Sanskrit: वेदाङ्ग vedāṅga, "gabon Veda") su ne ƙarin horo shida na addinin Hindu waɗanda suka haɓaka a zamanin da kuma suna da alaƙa da nazarin Vedas.Halin Vedangas ya samo asali ne a zamanin da, kuma Brihadaranyaka Upanishad ya ambace shi a matsayin wani sashe mai mahimmanci na rubutun Brahmanas na rubutun Vedic.Waɗannan ƙarin horo na binciken sun taso tare da ƙirar Vedas a cikin Iron Age India.Ba a san lokacin da aka fara tunanin jerin Vedangas shida ba.Wataƙila Vedangas ya haɓaka zuwa ƙarshen lokacin Vedic, kusa ko bayan tsakiyar karni na 1 KZ.Rubutun farkon nau'in shine Nighantu ta Yaska, wanda aka yi kwanan watan kusan karni na 5 KZ.Waɗannan fagage na taimako na nazarin Vedic sun samo asali ne saboda yaren rubutun Vedic da aka haɗa ƙarni a baya ya girma sosai ga mutanen wancan lokacin.Vedangas ya bunƙasa a matsayin ƙarin karatu ga Vedas, amma fahimtarsa ​​game da mita, tsarin sauti da harshe, nahawu, nazarin harshe da sauran batutuwa sun yi tasiri ga karatun Vedic, zane-zane, al'adu da makarantu daban-daban na falsafar Hindu.Nazarin Kalpa Vedanga, alal misali, ya haifar da Dharma-sutras, wanda daga baya ya fadada zuwa Dharma-shastras.

Zaman bayan Vedic na Birane na Biyu ya ga raguwar Brahmanism.A ƙarshen zamanin Vedic, ma'anar kalmomin Vedas ya zama m, kuma an gane shi a matsayin "tsayayyen jerin sauti" tare da ikon sihiri, "yana nufin zuwa ƙarshe."Tare da ci gaban biranen, wanda ke barazana ga samun kudin shiga da goyon bayan Brahmins na karkara;Yunƙurin addinin Buddha ;da yakin Indiyawan Alexander the Great (327-325 KZ), fadada daular Mauryan (322-185 KZ) tare da rungumar addinin Buddah, da mamayewar Saka da mulkin arewa maso yammacin Indiya (2nd c. KZ - 4th c. CE), Brahmanism ya fuskanci babbar barazana ga wanzuwarsa.A wasu nassosi daga baya, Arewa maso Yamma-Indiya (waɗanda nassosin farko suka ɗauka a matsayin wani ɓangare na "Aryavarta") ana ma ganin su a matsayin "marasa tsarki", mai yiwuwa saboda mamayewa.Karnaparva 43.5-8 ya bayyana cewa waɗanda suke zaune a kan Sindhu da koguna biyar na Punjab najasa ne kuma dharmabahya.

Smriti, a zahiri "abin da ake tunawa" jiki ne na rubutun Hindu galibi ana danganta su ga marubuci, wanda aka rubuta a al'ada, sabanin Śrutis (littafin Vedic) wanda ake ganin ba shi da mawallafi, waɗanda aka watsa da baki a cikin tsararraki kuma an daidaita su.Smriti aiki ne na sakandare na asali kuma ana ganin ba shi da iko fiye da Sruti a addinin Hindu, sai dai a makarantar Mimamsa na falsafar Hindu.Ikon smriti da makarantun orthodox suka yarda da shi, ya samo asali ne daga na shruti, wanda aka gina shi.Adabin Smrti ginshiƙi ne na rubutu iri-iri.Wannan rukunin ya haɗa da, amma ba'a iyakance ga Vedāngas shida ba (ilimi na taimako a cikin Vedas), almara ( Mahābhārata da Rāmāyana), Dharmasūtras da Dharmaśāstras (ko Smritiśāstras), Arthasaśāstras, Purānas, wallafe-wallafen Kātical ko poe , Bhasyas mai yawa (bita da sharhi akan Shrutis da kuma rubutun Shruti), da Nibandhas (narke) da yawa waɗanda suka shafi siyasa, ɗabi'a (Nitisastras), al'adu, zane-zane da al'umma.Kowane rubutun Smriti yana wanzuwa a cikin nau'ikan da yawa, tare da karatu daban-daban.An dauki Smritis a matsayin ruwa kuma kowa ya sake rubuta shi kyauta a al'adar Hindu na da da na da.

Shaivism na ɗaya daga cikin manyan al'adun Hindu waɗanda ke bautar Shiva, Parvati, Durga da Mahakali.a matsayin Mafi Girma.Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin Hindu, ta ƙunshi al'adun gargajiya da yawa waɗanda suka fito daga tauhidi biyu na ibada kamar Shaiva Siddhanta zuwa yoga-daidaitacce ba tauhidi ba kamar Kashmiri Shaivism.Yana ɗaukar duka Vedas da nassosin Agama a matsayin mahimman tushen tiyoloji.Shaivism ya ci gaba a matsayin haɗin kai na addinan Vedic da al'adun da aka samo daga kudancin Tamil Shaiva Siddhanta hadisai da falsafa, waɗanda aka assimilated a cikin wadanda ba Vedic Shiva-al'ada.A cikin tsarin Sanskritization da samuwar addinin Hindu, farawa a cikin ƙarni na ƙarshe KZ waɗannan al'adun Vedic na farko sun kasance masu jituwa tare da Vedic allahntakar Rudra da sauran gumakan Vedic, sun haɗa al'adun Shiva waɗanda ba Vedic ba a cikin gandun Vedic-Brahmanical.Dukansu shaivism na ibada da na ɗabi'a sun zama sananne a cikin ƙarni na 1 AZ, cikin sauri ya zama al'adar addini mafi girma na yawancin masarautun Hindu.Ya isa kudu maso gabashin Asiya jim kadan bayan haka, wanda ya kai ga gina dubban gidajen ibada na Shaiva a tsibirin Indonesiya da Cambodia da Vietnam , tare da haɓaka tare da addinin Buddha a waɗannan yankuna.Tauhidin Shaivite ya bambanta daga Shiva kasancewarsa mahalicci, mai kiyayewa, kuma mai halakarwa zuwa zama iri ɗaya da Atman (Kai) cikin kansa da kowane mai rai.Yana da alaƙa da Shaktism, da kuma wasu shaivas bauta a duka Shiva da Shakti temples.Al'adar Hindu ce mafi yawan yarda da rayuwar ascetic kuma suna jaddada yoga, kuma kamar sauran al'adun Hindu suna ƙarfafa mutum ya gano kuma ya kasance tare da Shiva a ciki.Ana kiran mabiyan Shaivism "Shaivites" ko "Saivas".

Tasirin Hindu ya kai tsibirin Indonesiya tun farkon ƙarni na farko.A wannan lokacin,Indiya ta fara tasiri sosai a ƙasashen kudu maso gabashin Asiya.Hanyoyin kasuwanci sun haɗa Indiya da kudancin Burma , tsakiya da kudancin Siam , ƙananan Cambodia da kudancin Vietnam kuma an kafa ƙauyuka masu yawa na bakin teku a can.Fiye da shekaru dubu, tasirin Hindu/Buddha na Indiya shine, saboda haka, babban abin da ya kawo wani matakin haɗin kan al'adu ga ƙasashe daban-daban na yankin.Harsunan Pali da Sanskrit da rubutun Indiya, tare da Theravada da Mahayana Buddhism , Brahmanism da Hindu, an watsa su daga hulɗar kai tsaye da kuma ta hanyar littattafai masu tsarki da wallafe-wallafen Indiya, irin su Ramayana da Mahabharata epics.

Purana babban nau'in adabin Indiya ne game da batutuwa da dama, musamman game da almara da sauran al'adun gargajiya.An san Puranas don rikitattun yadudduka na alamar alama da aka kwatanta a cikin labarunsu.An haɗa su da asali a cikin Sanskrit da kuma a cikin wasu harsunan Indiya, da yawa daga cikin waɗannan matani suna da sunan manyan gumakan Hindu kamar Vishnu, Shiva, Brahma da Shakti.Ana samun nau'in wallafe-wallafen Puran a cikin Hindu da Jainism.Littattafan Puranic encyclopedic ne, kuma ya haɗa da batutuwa daban-daban kamar su cosmogony, cosmology, zuriyar alloli, alloli, sarakuna, jarumai, masu hikima, da aljanu, tatsuniyoyi, hajji, temples, likitanci, ilimin taurari, nahawu, ilimin ma'adinai, ban dariya, soyayya. labarai, da kuma tauhidi da falsafa.Abubuwan da ke ciki ba su da daidaituwa sosai a cikin Puranas, kuma kowane Purana ya tsira a cikin rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce da yawa waɗanda kansu ba su da daidaituwa.Hindu Maha Puranas ana danganta su ga "Vyasa" bisa ga al'ada, amma masana da yawa sunyi la'akari da su aikin marubuta da yawa a cikin ƙarni;akasin haka, yawancin Jaina Puranas ana iya kwanan wata kuma an sanya mawallafansu.Akwai Mukhya Puranas 18 (Major Puranas) da 18 Upa Puranas (Ƙananan Puranas), tare da ayoyi sama da 400,000.Sigar farko na Puranas iri-iri da alama an haɗa su tsakanin ƙarni na 3 da 10 AZ.Puranas ba sa jin daɗin ikon nassi a cikin Hindu, amma ana ɗaukar su azaman Smritis.

Lokacin Gupta (ƙarni na 4 zuwa 6) ya ga furen guraben karatu, fitowar makarantun gargajiya na falsafar Hindu, da na adabin Sanskrit na gargajiya gabaɗaya kan batutuwan da suka kama daga likitanci, kimiyyar dabbobi, lissafi , zuwa ilmin taurari da ilmin taurari da astrophysics.Shahararrun Aryabhata da Varahamihira suna cikin wannan zamani.Gupta ta kafa gwamnatin tsakiya mai karfi wacce kuma ta ba da damar wani matakin sarrafa gida.An ba da umarnin al'ummar Gupta bisa ga imanin Hindu.Wannan ya haɗa da tsayayyen tsarin ƙabila, ko tsarin aji.Zaman lafiya da ci gaban da aka samar a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Gupta ya ba da damar bin ayyukan kimiyya da fasaha.

Pallavas (ƙarni na 4 zuwa na 9) sun kasance, tare da Guptas na Arewa, masu kula da Sanskrit a Kudancin yankin Indiya.Mulkin Pallava ya ga rubutun Sanskrit na farko a cikin rubutun da ake kira Grantha.Pallavas sun yi amfani da gine-ginen Dravidian don gina wasu muhimman haikalin Hindu da makarantun ilimi a Mahabalipuram, Kanchipuram da sauran wurare;mulkinsu ya ga tasowar manyan mawaka, wadanda suka shahara kamar Kalidasa.A lokacin farkon lokacin Pallavas, akwai alaƙa daban-daban zuwa kudu maso gabashin Asiya da sauran ƙasashe.Saboda haka, a tsakiyar zamanai, Hindu ya zama addini na gwamnati a yawancin masarautun Asiya, wanda ake kira Greater India - daga Afghanistan (Kabul) a Yamma kuma ya hada da kusan dukkanin kudu maso gabashin Asiya a Gabas ( Cambodia , Vietnam , Indonesia , Philippines ) - kuma kawai a karni na 15 ya kusa ko'ina da addinin Buddha da Islama suka maye gurbinsu.

A wannan lokacin, ikon ya kasance a tsakiya, tare da haɓaka kasuwancin kusa da nesa, daidaita hanyoyin shari'a, da yaduwar ilimin karatu gabaɗaya.Addinin Buddha na Mahayana ya bunƙasa, amma al'adun Brahmana na orthodox sun fara haɓaka ta hanyar daular Gupta, waɗanda su ne Vaishnavas.An ƙarfafa matsayin Brahmans, haikalin Hindu na farko da aka keɓe ga gumakan gumakan Hindu, sun fito ne a lokacin marigayi Gupta.A lokacin mulkin Gupta an rubuta Puranas na farko, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don yaɗa "aƙidar addini ta yau da kullun tsakanin waɗanda suka riga sun yi karatu da kuma ƙungiyoyin kabilanci waɗanda ke fuskantar ƙira".Guptas sun ba da goyon bayan sabon addinin Puran da ya fito, suna neman halaccin daularsu.Sakamakon addinin Hindu Puranic, ya bambanta sosai da Brahmanism na farko na Dharmasastras da smritis.A cewar PS Sharma, "Lokacin Gupta da Harsha sun kasance da gaske, daga tsattsauran ra'ayi na hankali, mafi kyawun zamanin ci gaban falsafar Indiya", yayin da falsafar Hindu da Buddha suka bunƙasa tare da juna.Charvaka, makarantar 'yan jari-hujja, ta zo kan gaba a Arewacin Indiya kafin karni na 8 AD.

Brahma Sūtras rubutu ne na Sanskrit, wanda aka dangana ga sage Badarayana ko sage Vyasa, wanda aka ƙiyasta an kammala shi a cikin sifarsa mai raye kusan.400-450 AZ, yayin da asalin sigar na iya zama tsoho kuma an haɗa shi tsakanin 500 KZ da 200 KZ.Rubutun ya tsara kuma ya taƙaita ra'ayoyin falsafa da ruhaniya a cikin Upanishads.Fassarar da Sage Adi Shankara ya yi na Brahmasutra ya yi ƙoƙari ya haɗa koyarwar Upanishads iri-iri daban-daban kuma wasu lokuta a fili suna cin karo da juna ta hanyar jayayya, kamar yadda John Koller ya ce: "cewa Brahman da Atman, a wasu bangarori, daban-daban, amma, a mafi zurfi matakin, ba. daban-daban (advaita), kasancewa iri ɗaya ne."Wannan ra'ayi na Vedanta, duk da haka, ba kowa ba ne a tunanin Indic, kuma wasu masu sharhi daga baya sun yi ra'ayi daban-daban.Yana ɗaya daga cikin tushen rubutun makarantar Vedānta na falsafar Hindu.Brahma Sūtras ya ƙunshi ayoyi 555 aphoristic (sutras) a cikin surori huɗu.Waɗannan ayoyi da farko game da yanayin wanzuwar ɗan adam da sararin samaniya ne, da kuma ra'ayoyi game da ƙa'idar metaphysical na Ƙarshen Gaskiya mai suna Brahman.Babi na farko yayi magana akan metaphysics na Absolute Reality, babi na biyu yayi nazari kuma yayi magana akan ƙin yarda da ra'ayoyin gasa na makarantun falsafar Hindu kamar Nyaya, Yoga, Vaisheshika da Mimamsa da makarantun heterodox kamar Buddha da Jainism, Babi na uku yana magana ne akan ilimin kimiya na zamani da kuma hanyar samun ilimi na 'yantar da ruhi, kuma babi na karshe ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa irin wannan ilimin yake da muhimmanci ga mutum.Brahma Sūtras ɗaya ne daga cikin mahimman rubutu guda uku a cikin Vedanta tare da Principal Upanishads da Bhagavad Gita.Ya kasance mai tasiri ga makarantu daban-daban na falsafar Indiyawa, amma an fassara ta daban ta hanyar makarantar Advaita Vedanta wacce ba ta dualistic ba, da ƙayyadaddun koyarwar Vishishtadvaita da Dvaita Vedanta, da sauransu.Tafsiri da yawa akan Brahma Sūtras sun ɓace ga tarihi ko kuma har yanzu ba a same su ba;daga cikin waɗanda suka tsira, mafi kyawun sharhin tafsirin Brahma Sūtras sun haɗa da bhashya na Adi Shankara, Ramanuja, Madhvacharya, Bhaskara da sauran su.Hakanan ana kiranta da Vedanta Sutra, wanda ya samo wannan suna daga Vedanta wanda a zahiri yana nufin "maƙasudin ƙarshe na Vedas".Sauran sunaye na Brahma Sūtras shine Shariraka Sutra, a cikinsa Shariraka yana nufin "abin da ke rayuwa a cikin jiki (Sharira), ko Kai, Soul", da Bhikshu-sutra, wanda a zahiri yana nufin "Sutras ga sufaye ko masu gyara".

Tantra su ne al'adun Hindu da Buddha waɗanda suka ci gaba aIndiya daga tsakiyar karni na 1st CE zuwa gaba.Kalmar tantra, a cikin al'adun Indiya, kuma tana nufin duk wani tsari da ya dace da "rubutu, ka'idar, tsari, hanya, kayan aiki, fasaha ko aiki".Babban fasalin waɗannan hadisai shine amfani da mantras, don haka ana kiran su da Mantramārga ("Hanyar Mantra") a cikin Hindu ko Mantrayāna ("Mantra Vehicle") da Guhyamantra ("Sirrin Mantra") a cikin addinin Buddah.Tun daga farkon ƙarni na zamanin gama gari, sabon bayyanar Tantras wanda ke kan Vishnu, Shiva ko Shakti ya fito.Akwai zuri'a masu yawa a cikin dukkan manyan nau'ikan addinin Hindu na zamani, kamar al'adar Shaiva Siddhanta, ƙungiyar Shakta ta Sri-Vidya, Kaula, da Shaivism Kashmir.A cikin addinin Buddha, al'adun Vajrayana an san su da ra'ayoyi da ayyuka na tantric, waɗanda suka dogara da Buddhist Tantras na Indiya.Sun hada da addinin Buddah na Indo-Tibet, addinin Buddah na Esoteric na kasar Sin, Buddha Shingon na Japan da kuma addinin Buddah na Newar na Nepal.Kodayake addinin Buddah na Kudancin Esoteric baya yin la'akari da tantras kai tsaye, ayyukansa da ra'ayoyinsa sun yi daidai da su.Har ila yau, al'adun Hindu da na Buddha sun rinjayi sauran al'adun addini na Gabas kamar Jainism, al'adun Tibet Bön, Daoism, da al'adun Shinto na Japan.Wasu hanyoyin bautar da ba na Vediki ba kamar Puja ana ɗaukarsu da yawa a cikin tunaninsu da al'adunsu.Gine-ginen haikalin Hindu kuma gabaɗaya ya dace da hoton tatra.Rubutun Hindu da ke kwatanta waɗannan batutuwa ana kiran su Tantras, Āgamas ko Samhitās.

Advaita Vedānta ita ce tsohuwar al'adar Vedānta, kuma ɗaya daga cikin falsafar Hindu na Orthodox (āstika) shida (darśana).Tarihinsa yana iya komawa zuwa farkon zamanin gama gari, amma yana da cikakkiyar tsari a cikin karni na 6-7 AZ, tare da ayyukan seminal na Gaudapada, Maṇḍa Miśra, da Shankara, wanda al'adar da masana Indologists na Oriental suna la'akari da su. Fitaccen ma'anar Advaita Vedānta, duk da cewa shaharar tarihi da tasirin al'adun Shankara ya karu ne kawai bayan shekaru aru-aru, musamman a zamanin mamayar musulmi da sakamakon mulkin yankin Indiya.Al'adar Advaita Vedānta mai rai a zamanin na da ta sami tasiri, kuma ta ƙunshi abubuwa daga, al'adar yogic da rubutu kamar Yoga Vasistha da Bhagavata Purana.A cikin karni na 19, saboda cudanya tsakanin ra'ayoyin yammaci da kishin kasar Indiya, Advaita ya zo a matsayin misali mai ma'ana na ruhin Hindu, duk da rinjayen lambobi na addini mai ra'ayin Bkakti.A zamanin yau, ra'ayoyinsa suna bayyana a cikin ƙungiyoyin Neo-Vedānta daban-daban.

Nyāya Sūtras tsohon rubutu ne na Sanskrit na Indiya wanda Akṣapāda Gautama ya haɗa, da kuma rubutun tushe na makarantar Nyaya na falsafar Hindu.Kwanan lokacin da aka rubuta rubutun, da tarihin marubucin ba a san shi ba, amma an ƙiyasta dabam-dabam tsakanin ƙarni na 6 KZ da na 2 AD.Wataƙila mawallafi fiye da ɗaya ne suka shirya rubutun, a cikin wani ɗan lokaci.Rubutun ya ƙunshi littattafai biyar, tare da surori biyu a kowane littafi, tare da jimlar 528 aphoristic sutras, game da ƙa'idodin hankali, dabaru, ilimin kimiya da fasaha.Nyāya Sūtras nassi ne na Hindu, sananne don mai da hankali kan ilimi da tunani, kuma bai ambaci al'adun Vedic ba.An tsara littafin farko a matsayin gabaɗaya gabatarwa da tebur na abubuwan da ke cikin nau'ikan ilimi goma sha shida.Littafi na biyu yana magana ne game da pramana (epistemology), littafi na uku yana magana ne akan prameya ko abubuwan ilimi, kuma rubutun yayi magana akan yanayin ilimi a cikin sauran littattafai.Ya kafa tushe ga al'adar Nyaya na ka'idar tabbataccen inganci da gaskiya, yana adawa da kiraye-kirayen da ba su dace ba ga fahimta ko ikon nassi.Sutras na Nyaya sun ƙunshi batutuwa da dama, ciki har da Tarka-Vidyā, kimiyyar muhawara ko Vāda-Vidyā, kimiyyar tattaunawa.Nyāya Sutras suna da alaƙa amma suna faɗaɗa tsarin ilimin kimiya na Vaiśeṣika da metaphysical.Daga baya sharhin ya faɗaɗa, ya bayyana kuma sun tattauna Nyaya sutras, tafsirin da suka tsira a baya shine Vātsyāyana (c.450-500 CE), sannan Nyāyavārttika na Uddyotakāra (c. 6th – 7th century), Vācaspati Miśra's Tātparyatīkā (ƙarni na 9) Tātparyapariśuddhi (ƙarni na 10), da Nyāyamañjarī na Jayanta (ƙarni na 10).

Ƙungiyar Bhakti wata ƙungiya ce mai mahimmanci ta addini a addinin Hindu na tsakiyar zamani wanda ya nemi kawo sauye-sauye na addini ga kowane bangare na al'umma ta hanyar yin amfani da hanyar sadaukarwa don samun ceto.Ya shahara tun karni na 7 a kudancin Indiya, kuma ya bazu zuwa arewa.Ya zarce gabas da arewacin Indiya tun daga karni na 15 zuwa gaba, ya kai matsayinsa tsakanin karni na 15 zuwa na 17 AZ.Ƙungiyar Bhakti ta yanki ta haɓaka a kusa da alloli da alloli daban-daban, kuma wasu ƙananan ƙungiyoyi sune Vaishnavism (Vishnu), Shaivism (Shiva), Shaktism (Shakti alloli), da Smartism.Ƙungiyar Bhakti ta yi wa'azi ta amfani da harsunan gida don saƙon ya isa ga jama'a.Wannan yunkuri ya samu kwarin guiwa daga mawaka-waliyyai da yawa, wadanda suka jajirce akan matsayi iri-iri na falsafa tun daga dualism na Dvaita zuwa cikakken monicin Advaita Vedanta.A al'adance ana ɗaukar wannan motsi a matsayin wani canji na zamantakewa mai tasiri a cikin addinin Hindu ta yadda ya samar da wata hanyar da ta mai da hankali kan mutum zuwa ga ruhi ba tare da la'akari da haihuwar mutum ko jinsi ba.Malaman zamani suna tambaya ko ƙungiyar Bhakti ta kasance wani gyara ko tawaye kowace iri ce.Suna ba da shawarar ƙungiyar Bhakti farfaɗowa ne, sake yin aiki, da sake fasalin al'adun Vedic na d ¯ a.Bhakti yana nufin sadaukarwa (ga abin bautawa).Nassosin motsin Bhakti sun haɗa da Bhagavad Gita, Bhagavata Purana da Padma Purana.

Duk da cewa Musulunci ya zo yankin Indiya a farkon karni na 7 tare da zuwan 'yan kasuwa Larabawa, ya fara tasiri a addinan Indiya bayan karni na 10, musamman bayan karni na 12 tare da kafuwa sannan kuma fadada mulkin Musulunci.Will Durant ya kira mamayar da musulmi suka yi wa Indiya "watakila labari mafi zubar da jini a tarihi".A wannan lokacin, addinin Buddha ya ragu da sauri yayin da Hindu ta fuskanci tashin hankali na addini da jagorancin soja da Sultanates.Akwai yaɗuwar al'adar kai hari, kamawa da bautar da iyalan Hindu, waɗanda daga nan ake sayar da su a biranen Sultanate ko kuma a kai su zuwa tsakiyar Asiya.Wasu matani sun nuna cewa an tilastawa wasu mabiya addinin Hindu shiga Musulunci.An fara daga karni na 13, na tsawon shekaru 500, nassosi kadan ne, daga cikin adadi da yawa da malaman tarihi na kotunan musulmi suka rubuta, sun ambaci duk wani “musuluntar Hindu da son rai zuwa Musulunci”, wanda ke nuna rashin muhimmanci da watakila karancin irin wannan tuba.Yawanci 'yan Hindu masu bautar sun koma Musulunci don samun 'yanci.Akwai keɓanta lokaci-lokaci ga tashin hankalin addini akan addinin Hindu.Akbar, alal misali, ya fahimci addinin Hindu, ya hana bautar da iyalan waɗanda aka kama yaƙin Hindu, ya kare haikalin Hindu, kuma ya kawar da nuna bambanci Jizya (haraji) ga Hindu.Duk da haka, da yawa daga cikin sarakunan musulmi na Delhi Sultanate da Mughal Empire , kafin da kuma bayan Akbar, daga karni na 12 zuwa 18, sun lalata gidajen ibada na Hindu tare da tsananta wa wadanda ba musulmi ba.

A cewar Nicholson, riga tsakanin karni na 12 da 16, "wasu masu tunani sun fara bi da koyarwar falsafa iri-iri na Upanishads, epics, Puranas, da kuma makarantun da aka sani a baya a matsayin 'tsari shida' (saddarsana) na falsafar Hindu ta al'ada."Michaels ya lura cewa tarihi ya fito wanda ya riga ya wuce kishin kasa, yana bayyana ra'ayoyin da suka daukaka addinin Hindu da kuma baya.Malamai da yawa sun ba da shawarar cewa shaharar tarihi da tasirin al'adu na Shankara da Advaita Vedanta an kafa shi da gangan a wannan lokacin.Vidyaranya (14th c.), wanda aka fi sani da Madhava kuma mabiyin Shankara, ya kirkiro tatsuniyoyi don juya Shankara, wanda falsafarsa mai girma ba ta da wani kira don samun shahararsa, a cikin "jarumin jama'a na allahntaka wanda ya yada koyarwarsa ta wurin digvijaya (" cin nasara na duniya") a duk faɗin Indiya kamar mai nasara mai nasara."A cikin Savadarsanasamgraha ("Taƙaitaccen ra'ayi") Vidyaranya ya gabatar da koyarwar Shankara a matsayin koli na dukan darsanas, yana mai gabatar da sauran darsanas a matsayin gaskiya mai ban sha'awa wanda ya haɗu a cikin koyarwar Shankara.Vidyaranya ya ji daɗin goyon bayan sarauta, kuma tallafinsa da ƙoƙarinsa na tsari sun taimaka wajen tabbatar da Shankara a matsayin alama ta ɗabi'u, yada tasirin tarihi da al'adu na falsafar Vedānta ta Shankara, da kafa gidajen ibada (mathas) don faɗaɗa tasirin al'adu na Shankara da Advaita Vedānta.

Gabashin Ganga da Surya sune mulkin Hindu, waɗanda suka mallaki yawancin Odisha na yau (wanda aka fi sani da Kalinga) daga karni na 11 har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 16 AD.A cikin ƙarni na 13 da na 14, lokacin da manyan sassa naIndiya ke ƙarƙashin ikon musulmi, Kalinga mai zaman kansa ya zama ƙaƙƙarfar addinin Hindu, falsafa, fasaha, da gine-gine.Sarakunan Ganga na Gabas sun kasance manyan majiɓintan addini da fasaha, kuma ana ɗaukar haikalin da suka gina a cikin fitattun gine-ginen Hindu.

Sarakunan Vijayanagara sun kasance masu jure wa duk addinai da ƙungiyoyi, kamar yadda rubuce-rubucen baƙi na ƙasashen waje suka nuna.Sarakunan sun yi amfani da laƙabi irin su Gobrahamana Pratipalanacharya (a zahiri, "majiɓin shanu da Brahmins") da Hindurayasuratrana (lit. "mai ɗaukan bangaskiyar Hindu") waɗanda suka shaida niyyarsu ta kare addinin Hindu kuma duk da haka sun kasance a lokaci guda masu tsattsauran ra'ayin Islama a cikin su. bukukuwan kotu da sutura.Wadanda suka kafa daular, Harihara I da Bukka Raya I, sun kasance masu ibada Shaivas (masu bautar Shiva), amma sun ba da tallafi ga tsarin Vaishnava na Sringeri tare da Vidyaranya a matsayin majiɓincin su, kuma suka sanya Varaha (boar, avatar na Vishnu) a matsayin su. alamar.Faduwar daular Vijayanagara ga sarakunan musulmi ya nuna ƙarshen kariyar daular Hindu a cikin Deccan.

Addinin hukuma na Mughal India shine Musulunci, tare da fifikon fikihu na Madhhab Hanafi (Mazhab).Hindu ta kasance cikin damuwa a zamanin Babur da Humanyun.Sher Shah Suri, mai mulkin Afghanistan na Arewacin Indiya ba shi da danniya.Addinin Hindu ya samo asali ne a cikin shekaru uku na mulkin Hindu Hemu Vikramaditya a cikin 1553-1556 lokacin da ya ci Akbar a Agra da Delhi kuma ya karbi mulki daga Delhi a matsayin 'Vikramaditya' Hindu bayan 'Rajyabhishake' ko nadin sarauta a Purana Quila in Delhi.Duk da haka, a tarihin Mughal, a wasu lokuta, batutuwa suna da 'yancin yin kowane addini da suka zaɓa, ko da yake kafirai mazan da suke da kudin shiga sun wajaba su biya jizya, wanda ke nuna matsayinsu na dhimmis.

Maratha Hindu ya dade yana zaune a yankin Desh da ke kusa da Satara, a yammacin yankin tudun Deccan, inda tudun ya hadu da gangaren gabas na tsaunukan yammacin Ghats.Sun yi tir da kutsen da sarakunan Mughal musulmi na arewacin Indiya suka yi a yankin.A karkashin shugabansu mai kishin kasa Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, Maratha sun 'yantar da kansu daga sarakunan musulmi na Bijapur zuwa kudu maso gabas.Daga bisani, a karkashin jagorancin Firayim Minista Brahmin (Peshwas), daular Maratha ta kai matsayinta;Pune, wurin zama na Peshwas, ya yi fure a matsayin cibiyar koyo da al'adun Hindu.

Sarki Prithvi Narayan Shah, sarkin Gorkhali na ƙarshe, ya ayyana sabuwar Masarautar Nepal a matsayin Asal Hindustan ("Ƙasar Hindu ta Haƙiƙa") saboda Arewacin Indiya da sarakunan Mughal na Islama ke mulka.An yi shelar ne don tilasta tsarin zamantakewar Hindu Dharmashastra a kan mulkinsa da kuma nuna kasarsa a matsayin mazaunin Hindu.Ya kuma kira Arewacin Indiya a matsayin Mughlan (Ƙasar Mughals) kuma ya kira yankin da baƙi musulmi suka shiga.Bayan nasarar Gorkhali na kwarin Kathmandu, Sarki Prithvi Narayan Shah ya kori Kirista Capuchin mishan daga Patan kuma ya sake fasalin Nepal a matsayin Asal Hindustan ("ƙasar Hindu ta gaske").Hindu Tagadharis, wata ƙungiya ce ta addinin Hindu na zamantakewa da addini ta Nepal, an ba su matsayi a babban birnin Nepal daga baya.Tun daga nan Hinduisation ta zama muhimmiyar manufar masarautar Nepal.Farfesa Harka Gurung ya yi hasashen cewa kasancewar mulkin Mughal na Musulunci da kuma mulkin Kiristanci na Birtaniya a Indiya ne ya tilasta kafuwar Cotodoks na Brahmin a Nepal saboda manufar gina wata mafaka ga mabiya addinin Hindu a Masarautar Nepal.

Da farkon British Raj, mulkin mallaka naIndiya da Burtaniya ta yi, an kuma fara Renaissance na Hindu a cikin karni na 19, wanda ya canza fahimtar addinin Hindu a Indiya da yamma.Indology a matsayin horo na ilimi na nazarin al'adun Indiya ta hanyar Turai an kafa shi a karni na 19, wanda masana irin su Max Müller da John Woodroffe suka jagoranta.Sun kawo littattafan Vedic, Puranic da Tantric da falsafa zuwa Turai da Amurka .Masoyan Gabashin Yamma sun nemo "jigon" addinan Indiyawa, suna fahimtar wannan a cikin Vedas, kuma a halin yanzu suna haifar da ra'ayi na "Hinduism" a matsayin ƙungiya mai haɗin kai na addini da kuma shahararren hoton 'Indiya mai asiri'.Wannan ra'ayi na ainihin Vedic ƙungiyoyin gyare-gyare na Hindu ne suka ɗauke shi a matsayin Brahmo Samaj, wanda Ikilisiyar Unitarian ta goyi bayan wani ɗan lokaci, tare da ra'ayoyin Universalism da Perennialism, ra'ayin cewa duk addinai suna da tushe guda ɗaya.Wannan "hanzari na Hindu", tare da masu goyon baya kamar Vivekananda, Aurobindo da Radhakrishnan, sun zama tsakiya a cikin sanannen fahimtar Hindu.

Hindutva (fassarar Hindu) ita ce mafi girman nau'in kishin Hindu a Indiya.A matsayin akidar siyasa, kalmar Hindutva ta bayyana ta Vinayak Damodar Savarkar a cikin 1923. Kungiyar Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP), Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) da sauran kungiyoyi, ke amfani da ita gaba ɗaya. mai suna Sangh Parivar.An kwatanta motsin Hindutva a matsayin bambance-bambancen "tsattsauran ra'ayi na dama" kuma a matsayin "kusan farkisanci a ma'anar al'ada", yana manne da ra'ayi na rinjaye masu kama da al'adu.Wasu manazarta suna jayayya akan gano Hindutva tare da farkisanci, kuma suna ba da shawarar Hindutva wani matsananci nau'in ra'ayin mazan jiya ne ko "kabilanci absolutism".