Gabatarwa

1890

Adawa Mai Girma

1897

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov

1904

Yakin Russo-Japan

1905

Jini Lahadi

1905

1905 juyin juya halin Rasha

1905

Oktoba Manifesto

1905

Rasputin

1914

Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya ya fara

1916

An kashe Rasputin

Fabrairu

1917

Ranar Mata ta Duniya

1917

Juyin Juya Halin Fabrairu

1917

Lenin ya dawo daga gudun hijira

1917

Ranar Yuli

1917

Kornilov al'amari

1917

Lenin ya dawo

Ƙarfafa Bolshevik

1917

Juyin Juya Halin Oktoba

1917

Yakin basasar Rasha

1917

1917 Zaɓen Majalisar Mazabar Rasha

1918

Rasha ta fita yakin duniya na daya

1918

Kisa na iyali Romanov

1918

Jan Ta'addanci

1919

Kwaminisanci na kasa da kasa

1921

Sabuwar Siyasar Tattalin Arziki

1921

Yunwar Rasha na 1921-1922

1922

USSR ya kafa

Juyin Juya Halin Rasha

Juyin juya halin Rasha wani lokaci ne na juyin juya halin siyasa da zamantakewa wanda ya faru a tsohuwar daular Rasha wacce ta fara a lokacin yakin duniya na farko .Wannan lokacin ya ga Rasha ta kawar da mulkinta kuma ta rungumi tsarin mulkin gurguzu bayan juyin juya hali guda biyu a jere da yakin basasa mai zubar da jini.Har ila yau ana iya ganin juyin juya halin Rasha a matsayin madogara ga sauran juyin juya halin Turai da suka faru a lokacin yakin duniya ko bayan yakin duniya na biyu, kamar juyin juya halin Jamus na 1918.Halin da ake ciki a Rasha ya kai kololuwar juyin juya halin Oktoba, wanda shi ne yunkurin Bolshevik da makami da ma'aikata da sojoji suka yi a Petrograd wanda ya yi nasarar hambarar da gwamnatin wucin gadi, tare da mika dukkan ikonsa ga Bolshevik.A karkashin matsin lamba daga hare-haren sojojin Jamus, ba da jimawa ba 'yan Bolsheviks suka ƙaura babban birnin ƙasar zuwa Moscow.Bolsheviks wanda a yanzu ya sami babban tushe na goyon baya a cikin Soviets kuma, a matsayin babbar jam'iyya mai mulki, ya kafa nasu gwamnatin, Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Soviet ta Tarayyar Soviet (RSFSR).RSFSR ta fara aiwatar da tsarin sake tsara tsohuwar daular zuwa cikin ƙasa ta farko ta gurguzu a duniya, don aiwatar da mulkin demokraɗiyya na Soviet a cikin ƙasa da ƙasa.Alkawarin da suka yi na kawo karshen shigar Rasha a yakin duniya na farko ya cika lokacin da shugabannin Bolshevik suka rattaba hannu kan yerjejeniyar Brest-Litovsk da Jamus a watan Maris na shekara ta 1918. Don kara tabbatar da sabuwar kasar, Bolshevik sun kafa Cheka, ‘yan sandan sirri da ke aiki a matsayin jami'an tsaro na juyin juya hali don kawar da, zartarwa, ko hukunta wadanda ake ganin a matsayin "makiya mutane" a yakin da ake kira jajayen ta'addanci, wanda aka yi da sane da na juyin juya halin Faransa.Ko da yake ’yan Bolsheviks suna da goyon baya sosai a birane, suna da abokan gaba da yawa na waje da na cikin gida waɗanda suka ƙi amincewa da gwamnatinsu.A sakamakon haka, Rasha ta barke cikin yakin basasa mai zubar da jini, wanda ya hada da "Reds" (Bolsheviks), da abokan gaba na mulkin Bolshevik da ake kira White Army.Sojojin White sun ƙunshi: ƙungiyoyin 'yancin kai, masu mulkin mallaka, masu sassaucin ra'ayi, da jam'iyyun gurguzu na adawa da Bolshevik.Dangane da mayar da martani, Leon Trotsky ya fara ba da umarni ga mayakan ma'aikata masu biyayya ga Bolsheviks su fara hadewa da kafa Red Army.Yayin da yakin ya ci gaba, RSFSR ta fara kafa ikon Soviet a cikin sababbin jamhuriyoyin da suka balle daga Daular Rasha.Da farko RSFSR ta mai da hankali kan kokarinta kan sabbin jamhuriyoyin Armeniya , Azerbaijan, Belarus, Jojiya, da Ukraine .Haɗin kai lokacin yaƙi da shiga tsakani daga ƙasashen waje ya sa RSFSR ta fara haɗa waɗannan ƙasashe a ƙarƙashin tuta guda kuma ta samar da Tarayyar Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).Masana tarihi gabaɗaya suna ganin ƙarshen lokacin juyin juya hali ya kasance a cikin 1923 lokacin da yakin basasa na Rasha ya ƙare tare da shan kashi na sojojin White Army da dukkan ƙungiyoyin gurguzu masu adawa.Jam'iyyar Bolshevik mai nasara ta sake kafa kanta a cikin Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Tarayyar Soviet kuma za ta ci gaba da mulki har tsawon shekaru sittin.

Ziyarci Shago

1850 Jan 1

Gabatarwa

Russia

Abubuwan da suka haifar da juyin juya halin Rasha na iya samo asali ne daga shekaru aru-aru na zalunci na masu karamin karfi da gwamnatin Tsarist da kuma gazawar Nicholas a yakin duniya na daya .Yayin da aka 'yantar da manoman karkara daga aikin bautar a 1861, har yanzu suna jin haushin biyan kudaden fansa ga jihar, kuma sun bukaci alakar yankin da suka yi aiki.Matsalar ta kara dagulewa saboda gazawar da Sergei Witte ya yi na sake fasalin kasa a farkon karni na 20.Ƙarar tashin hankalin manoma da kuma wani lokaci ainihin tayar da zaune tsaye ya faru, tare da manufar tabbatar da mallakar ƙasar da suka yi aiki.Kasar Rasha ta kunshi matalauta manoma manoma da kuma rashin daidaito na mallakar filaye, inda kashi 1.5% na al'ummar kasar ke da kashi 25% na kasar.Saurin haɓaka masana'antu na Rasha kuma ya haifar da cunkoson jama'a a birane da ƙarancin yanayi ga ma'aikatan masana'antu na birane (kamar yadda aka ambata a sama).Tsakanin 1890 zuwa 1910, yawan al'ummar babban birnin kasar, Saint Petersburg, ya karu daga 1,033,600 zuwa 1,905,600, inda Moscow ta samu irin wannan ci gaba.Wannan ya haifar da wata sabuwar ‘kazari’ wacce saboda cunkoson jama’a a biranen, ya fi yin zanga-zanga da yajin aiki fiye da yadda manoma ke yi a lokutan baya.A wani bincike da aka yi a shekara ta 1904, an gano cewa mutane 16 ne ke raba kowane ɗaki a Saint Petersburg, tare da mutane shida a ɗaki.Haka kuma babu ruwan famfo, kuma tarin sharar mutane na barazana ga lafiyar ma’aikatan.Halin da ba shi da kyau ya kara dagula lamarin, inda yawan yajin aiki da rikice-rikicen jama'a ke karuwa cikin sauri a cikin shekaru kadan kafin yakin duniya na daya. Saboda marigayi masana'antu, ma'aikatan Rasha sun mai da hankali sosai.A 1914, 40% na ma'aikatan Rasha suna aiki a masana'antu na ma'aikata 1,000+ (32% a 1901).42% sun yi aiki a cikin masana'antun ma'aikata 100-1,000, 18% a cikin kasuwancin ma'aikata 1-100 (a cikin Amurka, 1914, alkalumman sun kasance 18, 47 da 35 bi da bi).

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Nicholas II ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).

1890 Jan 1

Adawa Mai Girma

Russia

Yawancin sassan ƙasar sun sami dalilin rashin gamsuwa da mulkin kama-karya da ake yi.Nicholas II ya kasance shugaba mai ra'ayin mazan jiya kuma ya kiyaye tsarin mulki mai tsauri.An yi tsammanin daidaikun mutane da al'umma gabaɗaya su nuna kamun kai, sadaukar da kai ga al'umma, mutunta matsayi na zamantakewa da sanin ya kamata ga ƙasa.Bangaskiya ta addini ta taimaka wajen haɗa dukan waɗannan ƙa’idodin a matsayin tushen ta’aziyya da kwanciyar hankali a cikin yanayi mai wuya da kuma hanyar ikon siyasa da malamai ke amfani da su.Watakila fiye da kowane sarki na zamani, Nicholas II ya danganta makomarsa da makomar daularsa a kan ra'ayin mai mulki a matsayin uba mai tsarki kuma ma'asumi ga mutanensa.Duk da zaluncin da ake yi a kai a kai, burin jama'a na shiga dimokuradiyya a cikin shawarwarin gwamnati ya yi karfi.Tun zamanin wayewar kai, masu ilimin Rasha sun haɓaka manufofin wayewa kamar darajar mutum da daidaitaccen wakilcin dimokiradiyya.Masu sassaucin ra'ayi na Rasha ne suka fi daukar nauyin wadannan akidu, duk da cewa masu ra'ayin jama'a, Markisanci, da 'yan mulkin kama karya su ma sun yi iƙirarin goyon bayan sauye-sauyen demokradiyya.Ƙungiyoyin adawa masu tasowa sun fara ƙalubalantar masarautar Romanov a fili da kyau kafin rikicin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya.

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Membobin kungiyar.Tsaye (hagu zuwa dama): Alexander Malchenko, P. Zaporozhets, Anatoly Vaneyev;Zaune (hagu zuwa dama): V. Starkov, Gleb Krzhizhanovsky, Vladimir Lenin, Julius Martov;1897. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).

1897 Feb 1

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov

Siberia, Novaya Ulitsa, Shushe

A ƙarshen 1893, Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, wanda aka fi sani da Vladimir Lenin , ya koma Saint Petersburg.A can, ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimaki na barrister kuma ya kai ga babban matsayi a cikin sel juyin juya halin Markisanci wanda ya kira kanta Social-Democrats bayan Marxist Social Democratic Party of Germany.Jagoran Marxism a bainar jama'a a cikin ƙungiyoyin gurguzu, ya ƙarfafa kafa ƙungiyoyin juyin juya hali a cibiyoyin masana'antu na Rasha.A ƙarshen 1894, yana jagorantar da'irar ma'aikatan Markisanci, kuma ya rufe hanyoyinsa da kyau, da sanin cewa 'yan leƙen asirin 'yan sanda sun yi ƙoƙarin kutsawa cikin motsi.Lenin ya yi fatan kulla alaka tsakanin Social-Democrats da Emancipation of Labour, wani rukuni na Rasha Marxist émigres da ke Switzerland;ya ziyarci kasar don ganawa da mambobin kungiyar Plekhanov da Pavel Axelrod.Ya tafi Paris don ganawa da surukin Marx Paul Lafargue da kuma yin bincike kan Ƙungiyar Paris ta 1871 , wanda ya ɗauki matakin farko na gwamnatin proletarian.Da ya koma Rasha da tarin littattafan juyin juya hali ba bisa ka’ida ba, ya zagaya garuruwa daban-daban yana rarraba littattafai ga ma’aikata da ke yajin aiki.Yayin da yake da hannu wajen samar da takardar labarai, Rabochee delo (Dalilin Ma'aikata), yana cikin masu fafutuka 40 da aka kama a St.A watan Fabrairun 1897, an yanke wa Lenin hukuncin zaman gudun hijira na tsawon shekaru uku a gabashin Siberiya ba tare da shari’a ba.Da yake ganin cewa ƙaramar barazana ce ga gwamnati, an kai shi gudun hijira zuwa wani bukkar manoma da ke Shushenskoye, a gundumar Minusinsky, inda 'yan sanda ke sa ido a kansa;Duk da haka ya iya yin rubutu da sauran masu juyin juya hali, wadanda da yawa daga cikinsu sun ziyarce shi, kuma suka ba da izinin tafiya tafiye-tafiye don yin iyo a cikin kogin Yenisei da farautar agwagwa da maharbi.Bayan ya yi hijira, Lenin ya zauna a Pskov a farkon shekara ta 1900. A can, ya fara tara kuɗi don wata jarida mai suna Iskra (Spark), sabuwar ƙungiyar Marxist ta Rasha, wadda yanzu ta kira kanta da RSDLP ta Rasha.A cikin Yuli 1900, Lenin ya bar Rasha zuwa Yammacin Turai;A kasar Switzerland ya gana da wasu masu ra'ayin Marxist na Rasha, kuma a wani taron Corsier sun amince da kaddamar da takardar daga Munich, inda Lenin ya koma gida a watan Satumba.Mai dauke da gudunmawa daga fitattun masu kishin Marxists na Turai, an yi fasakwaurin Iskra zuwa cikin kasar Rasha, inda ya zama littafin da ya fi samun nasara a kasar tsawon shekaru 50.

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Komawar sojojin Rasha bayan yakin Mukden ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).

1904 Feb 8 - 1905 Sep 5

Yakin Russo-Japan

Yellow Sea, China

Ganin daular Rasha a matsayin abokin hamayya,Japan ta ba da damar amincewa da ikon Rasha a Manchuria don musanya don amincewa daDaular Koriya a matsayin kasancewa a cikin yankin Japan na tasiri.Rasha ta ki amincewa kuma ta bukaci kafa wani yanki na tsaka mai wuya tsakanin Rasha da Japan a Koriya, a arewacin layi na 39.Gwamnatin Jafananci ta fahimci hakan a matsayin cikas ga shirinsu na fadada yankin Asiya kuma suka zaɓi zuwa yaƙi.Bayan da tattaunawar ta wargaje a shekara ta 1904, sojojin ruwan Japan na Imperial sun bude wuta a wani harin ba-zata a kan jirgin ruwan gabashin Rasha a Port Arthur, China a ranar 9 ga Fabrairun 1904.Ko da yake Rasha ta sha kashi da dama, amma Sarkin sarakuna Nicholas II ya kasance da yakinin cewa har yanzu Rasha za ta iya yin nasara idan ta yi yaki;ya zabi ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin yakin kuma yana jiran sakamakon muhimman fadace-fadacen sojojin ruwa.Yayin da fatan nasara ya watse, ya ci gaba da yakin don kare martabar Rasha ta hanyar hana "zaman lafiya mai wulakanci."Tun da farko dai Rasha ta yi watsi da aniyar Japan na amincewa da wani shiri na makamai, ta kuma yi watsi da ra'ayin shigar da karar zuwa kotun kolin din-din-din ta Hague.A ƙarshe an gama yaƙin tare da yarjejeniyar Portsmouth (5 Satumba 1905), wanda Shugaban Amurka Theodore Roosevelt ya shiga tsakani.Cikakkar nasarar da sojojin Japan suka samu ya bai wa masu lura da al'amuran kasa da kasa mamaki tare da sauya ma'auni na karfin iko a gabashin Asiya da Turai, lamarin da ya sa Japan ta zama babbar karfi da raguwar kima da tasirin daular Rasha a Turai.Rikicin da Rasha ta yi na hasarar dimbin asarar rayuka da hasarar da aka yi a dalilin da ya haifar da shan kaye na wulakanci ya taimaka wajen kara tashe-tashen hankula a cikin gida wanda ya kai ga juyin juya halin Rasha a shekara ta 1905, kuma ya yi mummunar illa ga martabar tsarin mulkin Rasha.

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1905 Jan 22

Jini Lahadi

St Petersburg, Russia

Jini Lahadi shi ne jerin abubuwan da suka faru a ranar Lahadi, 22 ga Janairu, 1905 a St Petersburg, Rasha, lokacin da masu zanga-zangar da ba sa dauke da makamai, karkashin jagorancin Fada Georgy Gapon, suka yi ta harbi da bindiga a lokacin da sojoji na Daular Guard suka yi tattaki zuwa fadar Winter don gabatar da koke ga masu zanga-zangar. Tsar Nicholas II na Rasha.Jini Lahadi ya haifar da mummunan sakamako ga tsarin mulkin Tsarist da ke mulkin Imperial Rasha: abubuwan da suka faru a St.Kisan kiyashin da aka yi a ranar Lahadin Jini ana daukarsa a matsayin farkon lokacin juyin juya halin Musulunci na 1905.

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1905 Jan 22 - 1907 Jun 16

1905 juyin juya halin Rasha

Russia

Juyin juya halin Rasha na 1905, wanda kuma aka fi sani da juyin juya halin Rasha na farko, ya faru ne a ranar 22 ga Janairun 1905, kuma ya kasance guguwar tarzomar siyasa da zamantakewar jama'a wacce ta bazu ta cikin yankuna da dama na Daular Rasha .Tashin hankalin da aka yi an yi shi ne a kan Tsar, manyan mutane, da masu mulki.Ya haɗa da yajin aikin ma'aikata, tashin hankalin manoma, da kuma kisan sojoji.Juyin juya hali na 1905 ya kasance da farko ta hanyar wulakanci na kasa da kasa sakamakon shan kashi na Rasha a yakin Russo da Japan , wanda ya ƙare a cikin wannan shekarar.Kiraye-kirayen neman sauyi sun kara tsananta sakamakon fahimtar da bangarori daban-daban na al'umma suka yi na bukatar yin garambawul.'Yan siyasa irin su Sergei Witte sun yi nasara a wani bangare na samar da masana'antu na Rasha amma sun kasa yin gyara da kuma zamanantar da Rasha a zamantakewa.Kiraye-kirayen masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun kasance a cikin juyin juya halin 1905, amma da yawa daga cikin masu juyin juya halin da suke da matsayi na jagoranci suna cikin gudun hijira ko kuma a kurkuku yayin da ya faru.Abubuwan da suka faru a cikin 1905 sun nuna mummunan matsayi wanda Tsar ya sami kansa.A sakamakon haka, Tsarist Rasha ba ta sami isasshen garambawul ba, wanda ya yi tasiri kai tsaye a fagen siyasa mai tsattsauran ra'ayi a cikin daular Rasha.Ko da yake har yanzu masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na cikin 'yan tsirarun jama'a, ƙarfinsu yana ƙaruwa.Shi kansa Vladimir Lenin, mai juyin juya hali, daga baya zai ce juyin juya halin 1905 shine "Babban Rigakafin Rigakafi", in ba tare da wanda "nasarar juyin juya halin Oktoba a 1917 ba zai yiwu ba".

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Muzaharar 17 Oktoba 1905 ta Ilya Repin (Russia Museum. St. Petersburg) ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).

1905 Oct 30

Oktoba Manifesto

Russia

Dangane da matsin lambar jama'a, Tsar Nicholas II ya kafa wasu gyare-gyaren tsarin mulki (wato Manifesto Oktoba).Manifesto na Oktoba takarda ce da ta yi aiki a matsayin mafari ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na farko na Daular Rasha, wanda aka amince da shi a shekara ta 1906. Tsar Nicholas II ne ya ba da sanarwar a ƙarƙashin rinjayar Sergei Witte, a ranar 30 ga Oktoba 1905 a matsayin martani. zuwa juyin juya halin Rasha na 1905. Nicholas ya yi tsayin daka ya bijirewa wadannan ra'ayoyin, amma ya ba da bayan zaben farko na shugabancin mulkin kama-karya na soja, Grand Duke Nicholas, ya yi barazanar harbe kansa a kai idan Tsar bai amince da shawarar Witte ba.Nicholas ya amince da jinkiri, kuma ya fitar da abin da aka fi sani da Manifesto na Oktoba, yana yin alkawalin yancin ɗan adam na asali da kuma zaɓen majalisa da ake kira Duma, ba tare da amincewarsa ba ba za a kafa wata doka a Rasha a nan gaba ba.Kamar yadda tarihinsa ya nuna, Witte bai tilasta wa Tsar sanya hannu kan Manifesto na Oktoba ba, wanda aka yi shelar a cikin duka coci-coci.Duk da halartar jama'a a Duma, majalisar ba ta iya ba da dokoki na kanta ba, kuma akai-akai suna rikici da Nicholas.Ƙarfinsa yana da iyaka kuma Nicholas ya ci gaba da rike ikon mulki.Bugu da ƙari, zai iya narkar da Duma, wanda yakan yi.

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Grigory Rasputin ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).

1905 Nov 1

Rasputin

Peterhof, Razvodnaya Ulitsa, S

Rasputin ya fara ganawa da sarkin ne a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 1905, a fadar Peterhof.Sarkin ya rubuta abin da ya faru a cikin littafin tarihinsa, inda ya rubuta cewa shi da Alexandra "sun san wani bawan Allah - Grigory, daga lardin Tobolsk".Rasputin ya koma Pokrovskoye jim kaɗan bayan ganawarsu ta farko kuma bai koma St. Petersburg ba har sai Yuli 1906. Da ya dawo, Rasputin ya aika wa Nicholas wayar tarho yana neman ya gabatar da sarkin tare da gunkin Saminu na Verkhoturye.Ya sadu da Nicholas da Alexandra a ranar 18 ga Yuli da kuma a watan Oktoba, lokacin da ya fara saduwa da 'ya'yansu.A wani lokaci, dangin sarki sun gamsu cewa Rasputin yana da ikon mu'ujiza don warkar da Alexei, amma masana tarihi sun yi sabani kan lokacin da: a cewar Orlando Figes, Rasputin ya fara gabatar da tsar da tsarina a matsayin mai warkarwa wanda zai iya taimaka wa ɗansu a watan Nuwamba 1905. , yayin da Joseph Fuhrmann ya yi hasashe cewa a cikin Oktoba 1906 ne aka fara neman Rasputin ya yi addu'a don lafiyar Alexei.Imani da Iyalin Imperial game da ikon warkarwa na Rasputin ya kawo masa matsayi mai girma da iko a kotu.Rasputin ya yi amfani da matsayinsa don cikakken tasiri, yana karɓar cin hanci da rashawa da jin dadin jima'i daga masu sha'awar sha'awar kuma yana aiki tukuru don fadada tasirinsa.Ba da daɗewa ba Rasputin ya zama mutum mai jayayya;Makiya sun tuhume shi da bidi’a da fyade, ana zarginsa da yin tasirin siyasa da bai dace ba a kan sarkin, har ma ana ta yayata cewa yana hulda da tsarina.

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Fursunonin Rasha da bindigogi da aka kama a Tannenberg ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).

1914 Aug 1

Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya ya fara

Central Europe

Barkewar Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya a watan Agustan 1914 da farko ya kawo dakatar da zanga-zangar zamantakewa da ta siyasa, inda ya mai da hankali kan yaƙi da abokan gaba na waje, amma wannan haɗin kai na kishin ƙasa bai daɗe ba.Yayin da yakin ke ci gaba da tafiya ba tare da cimma wata matsaya ba, gajiyawar yaki a hankali ta yi tasiri.Babban yakin farko na Rasha na yakin shine bala'i;A yakin Tannenberg na 1914, an kashe ko raunata fiye da sojojin Rasha 30,000 kuma an kama 90,000, yayin da Jamus ta sha wahala kawai 12,000.A cikin kaka na shekara ta 1915, Nicholas ya zama kwamandan sojoji kai tsaye, yana kula da babban gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Rasha da kansa, kuma ya bar matarsa Alexandra mai kishi amma maras iyawa.Rahotanni na cin hanci da rashawa da rashin iya aiki a cikin gwamnatin Imperial sun fara bayyana, kuma tasirin da Grigori Rasputin ya yi a cikin iyalin Imperial ya kasance mai ban mamaki.A cikin 1915, al'amura sun ɗauki mummunan yanayi yayin da Jamus ta mayar da hankalinta na kai hari ga Gabashin Gabas.Babban Sojojin Jamus - mafi kyawun jagoranci, mafi horarwa, kuma mafi kyawun samarwa - ya yi tasiri sosai a kan sojojin Rasha marasa kayan aiki, sun kori Rashawa daga Galicia, da kuma Poland ta Rasha yayin yaƙin neman zaɓe na Gorlice-Tarnów.A ƙarshen Oktoba na 1916, Rasha ta yi asarar sojoji tsakanin 1,600,000 da 1,800,000, tare da ƙarin fursunoni 2,000,000 na yaƙi da 1,000,000 da suka ɓace, duka sun zama kusan maza 5,000,000.Wadannan hasara masu ban mamaki sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin hare-haren ta'addanci da tawaye da suka fara faruwa.A shekara ta 1916, rahotanni sun fara yaɗuwa game da ƙulla zumunci da abokan gaba.Sojoji sun ji yunwa, ba su da takalma, da alburusai, har ma da makamai.Rashin gamsuwa ya rage karfin gwiwa, wanda kuma ya kara ruguza sakamakon cin kashi da sojoji suka yi.Sojojin sun yi sauri sun rasa bindigogi da alburusai (da kuma kayan aiki da abinci), kuma a tsakiyar 1915, an tura mazaje zuwa gaba ba su da makamai.An yi fatan za su iya samar da makaman da aka kwato daga hannun sojojin da suka mutu, na bangarorin biyu, a fagen fama.Sojojin ba su ji kamar suna da kima ba, sai dai sun ji kamar za su kashe kuɗi.Yakin bai lalata sojoji kawai ba.A ƙarshen 1915, an sami alamu da yawa da ke nuna cewa tattalin arziƙin ya durƙushe a ƙarƙashin tsananin bukatar lokacin yaƙi.Babban matsalolin sune karancin abinci da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki.Haɗin kai ya jawo raguwar kuɗin shiga cikin sauri mai ban tsoro, kuma ƙarancin ya sa mutum ya yi wahala ya ci gaba da rayuwa.Yanayi ya ƙara wahala don samun abinci da samun ta jiki.An zargi Tsar Nicholas da alhakin duk waɗannan rikice-rikice, kuma ƙaramin tallafin da ya bari ya fara rugujewa.Yayin da rashin jin daɗi ya ƙaru, Duma na Jiha ya ba da gargaɗi ga Nicholas a cikin Nuwamba 1916, yana cewa, babu makawa, mummunan bala'i zai mamaye ƙasar sai dai idan ba a kafa tsarin gwamnati ba.

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Gawar Rasputin a kasa tare da harsashi da aka gani a goshinsa. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).

1916 Dec 30

An kashe Rasputin

Moika Palace, Ulitsa Dekabrist

Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, wargaza ƴan tawaye, da tsoma bakin gwamnati duk sun ba da gudummawa ga saurin durƙushewar tattalin arzikin Rasha.Mutane da yawa sun dora laifin a kan Alexandria da Rasputin.Wani mai magana da yawun Duma, dan siyasa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya Vladimir Purishkevich, ya bayyana a cikin Nuwamba 1916 cewa ministocin tsar sun zama 'yan marine, mariionettes waɗanda Rasputin da Empress Alexandra Fyodorovna suka kama zaren su a hannu. Rasha da Tsarina… wanda ya kasance Bajamushe a kan karagar Rasha kuma baƙo ga ƙasar da mutanenta”.Kungiyar manyan mutane karkashin jagorancin Yarima Felix Yusupov, Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich, da dan siyasa na hannun dama Vladimir Purishkevich sun yanke shawarar cewa tasirin Rasputin a kan tsarina yana barazana ga daular, kuma sun shirya wani shiri don kashe shi.Ranar 30 ga Disamba, 1916, an kashe Rasputin a farkon safiya a gidan Felix Yusupov.Ya rasu ne sakamakon raunin harbin bindiga guda uku, daya daga cikin harbin da aka yi masa a kusa da goshinsa.Babu tabbas game da mutuwarsa fiye da wannan, kuma yanayin mutuwarsa ya kasance batun hasashe mai yawa.A cewar ɗan tarihi Douglas Smith, "abin da ya faru da gaske a gidan Yusupov a ranar 17 ga Disamba ba za a taɓa saninsa ba".

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1917

Fabrairu

Zanga-zangar mata don burodi da zaman lafiya, Petrograd, Rasha ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).

1917 Mar 8 10:00

Ranar Mata ta Duniya

St Petersburg, Russia

A ranar 8 ga Maris, 1917, a Petrograd, mata ma’aikatan saƙa sun fara zanga-zangar da ta mamaye dukan birnin, suna neman “Bread and Peace”—a kawo ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, ga ƙarancin abinci, da kuma zarmiya.Wannan shi ne farkon juyin juya halin Fabrairu, wanda tare da juyin Oktoba, ya zama juyin juya halin Rasha na biyu.Jagoran juyin juya halin Musulunci Leon Trotsky ya rubuta cewa, "Maris 8 ita ce ranar mata ta duniya kuma an hango tarurruka da ayyuka. Amma ba mu yi tunanin cewa wannan 'ranar mata' za ta kaddamar da juyin juya hali ba. An hango ayyukan juyin juya hali amma ba tare da kwanan wata ba. Amma da safe. duk da umarnin akasin haka, ma'aikatan masaku sun bar aikinsu a masana'antu da dama, sun kuma aike da wakilai domin neman goyon bayan yajin aikin.Bayan kwanaki bakwai, Tsar Nicholas II ya yi murabus, kuma gwamnatin wucin gadi ta ba wa mata damar kada kuri'a.

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1917 Mar 8 10:01 - Mar 16

Juyin Juya Halin Fabrairu

St Petersburg, Russia

Babban al'amuran juyin juya halin Fabrairu sun faru a ciki da kuma kusa da Petrograd (a halin yanzu Saint Petersburg), inda rashin gamsuwa da masarauta ya barke da zanga-zangar adawa da raba abinci a ranar 8 ga Maris. Bayan kwana uku Tsar Nicholas II ya yi murabus, ya kawo karshen Romanov. mulkin daular da daular Rasha .Gwamnatin wucin gadi ta Rasha karkashin Yarima Georgy Lvov ta maye gurbin Majalisar Ministocin Rasha.Ayyukan juyin juya hali sun dauki kimanin kwanaki takwas, wanda ya hada da zanga-zangar gama-gari da kuma fadace-fadacen makamai da 'yan sanda da jami'an jandarma, dakarun masu biyayya na karshe na masarautar Rasha.Gabaɗaya, an kashe mutane fiye da 1,300 a zanga-zangar da aka yi a watan Fabrairun 1917.Gwamnatin wucin gadi ta nuna rashin amincewa sosai kuma an tilasta ta raba iko biyu tare da Petrograd Soviet.Bayan kwanakin Yuli, wanda gwamnati ta kashe daruruwan masu zanga-zangar, Alexander Kerensky ya zama shugaban gwamnati.Ya kasa gyara matsalolin nan da nan na Rasha, da suka hada da karancin abinci da kuma rashin aikin yi, yayin da yake kokarin sanya Rasha ta shiga cikin yakin da ba a so.

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Lenin ya isa Petrograd ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).

1917 Apr 1

Lenin ya dawo daga gudun hijira

St Petersburg, Russia

Bayan da Tsar Nicholas II ya yi murabus, gwamnatin Duma ta karbi ragamar mulkin kasar, inda ta kafa gwamnatin wucin gadi ta Rasha tare da mayar da daular zuwa sabuwar Jamhuriyar Rasha.Lokacin da Lenin ya sami labarin haka daga sansaninsa a Switzerland, ya yi bikin tare da wasu 'yan adawa.Ya yanke shawarar komawa Rasha don jagorantar Bolshevik amma ya gano cewa an toshe mafi yawan hanyoyin shiga cikin kasar saboda rikicin da ke faruwa.Ya shirya wani shiri tare da sauran masu adawa da shi don tattaunawa da su ta hanyar Jamus, wacce a lokacin Rasha ke yaki da ita.Da yake gwamnatin Jamus ta fahimci cewa waɗannan ’yan adawa za su iya kawo matsala ga abokan gabansu na Rasha, gwamnatin Jamus ta amince da ba wa ‘yan ƙasar Rasha 32 damar tafiya ta jirgin ƙasa ta ƙasarsu, cikinsu har da Lenin da matarsa.Don dalilai na siyasa, Lenin da Jamusawa sun amince su bi wani labarin da aka rubuta cewa Lenin ya yi tafiya ta hanyar jirgin kasa da aka rufe ta cikin yankin Jamus, amma a gaskiya tafiya ba ta kasance ta hanyar jirgin kasa da aka rufe ba saboda an ba fasinjoji damar sauka zuwa, misali. Ku kwana a Frankfurt Kungiyar ta yi tattaki ne ta jirgin kasa daga Zürich zuwa Sassnitz, inda ta bi ta jirgin ruwa zuwa Trelleborg, na kasar Sweden, daga nan zuwa mashigar Haparanda-Tornio da ke kan iyaka sannan zuwa Helsinki kafin su dauki jirgin kasa na karshe zuwa Petrograd a boye.Lokacin da ya isa tashar Petrograd ta Finland a watan Afrilu, Lenin ya yi jawabi ga magoya bayan Bolshevik yana yin Allah wadai da gwamnatin wucin gadi tare da sake yin kira da a samar da juyin-juya hali na Turai baki daya.A cikin kwanaki masu zuwa, ya yi magana a tarurrukan Bolshevik, inda ya yi wa waɗanda suke son sasantawa da Menshevik lamba tare da bayyana "Afrilu Theses" nasa, bayanin tsare-tsarensa na Bolshevik, wanda ya rubuta a kan tafiya daga Switzerland.

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Petrograd (Saint Petersburg), Yuli 4, 1917 2PM.Zanga-zangar kan tituna a kan Nevsky Prospekt bayan da dakarun gwamnatin wucin gadi suka bude wuta da bindigogi. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).

1917 Apr 16 - Apr 20

Ranar Yuli

St Petersburg, Russia

Ranakun Yuli wani lokaci ne na tashin hankali a Petrograd, Rasha, tsakanin 16-20 Yuli 1917. An nuna shi da zanga-zangar da sojoji, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa, da ma'aikatan masana'antu suka yi da gwamnatin wucin gadi ta Rasha.Zanga-zangar ta fi bacin rai da tashin hankali fiye da wanda aka yi a juyin juya halin Fabrairu watannin baya.Gwamnatin wucin gadi ta zargi Bolsheviks da tashin hankalin da Kwanaki na Yuli suka kawo kuma a wani harin da aka yi wa Bolshevik Party, jam'iyyar ta wargaza, an kama yawancin shugabannin.Vladimir Lenin ya tsere zuwa Finland, yayin da Leon Trotsky na cikin wadanda aka kama.Sakamakon kwanakin Yuli yana wakiltar raguwa na wucin gadi na ci gaban ikon Bolshevik da tasiri a cikin lokacin kafin juyin juya halin Oktoba.

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Janar Lavr Kornilov na Rasha ya gaishe da jami'ansa, 1 ga Yuli 1917 ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).

1917 Aug 27 - Aug 30

Kornilov al'amari

St Petersburg, Russia

Al'amarin Kornilov, ko Kornilov putsch, wani yunkuri ne na juyin mulkin soja da babban kwamandan sojojin kasar Rasha, Janar Lavr Kornilov ya yi, daga 27-30 ga Agusta 1917, a kan gwamnatin wucin gadi ta Rasha karkashin jagorancin Aleksander Kerensky da kuma Petrograd Soviet na Sojoji da Wakilan Ma'aikata.Babban wanda ya ci moriyar al'amarin Kornilov ita ce jam'iyyar Bolshevik, wacce ta sami farfaɗo da goyon baya da ƙarfi a sakamakon yunkurin juyin mulkin.Kerensky ya saki Bolsheviks da aka kama a cikin Yuli Days 'yan watanni da suka gabata, lokacin da aka zargi Vladimir Lenin da kasancewa cikin albashin Jamusawa kuma daga baya ya gudu zuwa Finland.Roƙon Kerensky ga Petrograd Soviet don goyon baya ya haifar da sake dawo da Ƙungiyar Soja ta Bolshevik da kuma sakin fursunonin siyasa na Bolshevik, ciki har da Leon Trotsky.Ko da yake ba a buƙatar waɗannan makamai don yaki da sojojin Kornilov a watan Agusta, Bolsheviks sun kiyaye su kuma sun yi amfani da su a cikin juyin juya halin Oktoba na nasara.Tallafin Bolshevik a tsakanin jama'ar Rasha kuma ya karu bayan al'amarin Kornilov, sakamakon rashin gamsuwa da yadda gwamnatin wucin gadi ta tafiyar da yunkurin Kornilov na kwace mulki.Bayan juyin juya halin Oktoba, Lenin da Bolshevik suka kwace mulki kuma gwamnatin wucin gadi da Kornilov ke cikinsa ta daina wanzuwa.Guguwar gwamnatin wucin gadi ta kasance wani muhimmin karfi a yakin basasar Rasha wanda ya faru a matsayin martani ga kwace iko da Lenin.

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©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).

1917 Oct 20

Lenin ya dawo

St Petersburg, Russia

A Finland, Lenin ya yi aiki a kan littafinsa State and Revolution kuma ya ci gaba da jagorantar jam'iyyarsa, yana rubuta labaran jaridu da dokoki.A watan Oktoba, ya koma Petrograd (yanzu St. Petersburg), da sanin cewa ƙara m birnin bai ba shi wani hadari na doka da kuma damar na biyu na juyin juya hali.Da yake fahimtar ƙarfin Bolsheviks, Lenin ya fara matsa lamba don kawar da gwamnatin Kerensky da Bolsheviks nan take.Lenin na da ra'ayin cewa ya kamata a yi mulki a St. Petersburg da Moscow a lokaci guda, yana mai cewa babu wani bambanci a wane birni ne ya fara tashi, amma ya bayyana ra'ayinsa cewa Moscow na iya tashi da farko.Kwamitin tsakiya na Bolshevik ya tsara wani kuduri, yana kira ga rusa gwamnatin wucin gadi don goyon bayan Petrograd Soviet.An zartar da kudurin 10 – 2 (Lev Kamenev da Grigory Zinoviev sun nuna rashin amincewa) suna inganta juyin juya halin Oktoba.

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1917 - 1922

Ƙarfafa Bolshevik ornament

1917 Nov 7

Juyin Juya Halin Oktoba

St Petersburg, Russia

A ranar 23 ga Oktoban 1917, Tarayyar Soviet ta Petrograd, karkashin jagorancin Trotsky, ta kada kuri'ar goyon bayan wani boren soja.A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, gwamnati ta rufe jaridu da yawa tare da rufe birnin Petrograd a wani yunƙuri na hana juyin juya hali;kananan rigingimun dauke da makamai sun barke.Washegari wani gagarumin tashin hankali ya barke yayin da rundunar sojojin ruwa na Bolshevik suka shiga tashar jiragen ruwa kuma dubun dubatar sojoji suka tashi don nuna goyon bayansu ga Bolshevik.Sojojin Bolshevik Red Guards karkashin Kwamitin Soja-Revolutionary sun fara mamaye gine-ginen gwamnati a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, 1917. Harin karshe da aka yi wa fadar lokacin sanyi—a kan jami’an tsaro 3,000, jami’ai, ‘yan kwale-kwale, da sojoji mata—ba a yi gaba da su da karfi ba.'Yan Bolsheviks sun jinkirta harin saboda sun kasa samun makaman yaki da ke aiki da karfe 6:15 na yamma, gungun 'yan bindiga masu yawa sun yi watsi da fadar, suka dauki makamansu.Karfe 8:00 na dare ’yan iska 200 suka bar fada suka koma bariki.Yayin da majalisar ministocin gwamnatin wucin gadi a cikin fadar ke muhawara kan matakin da za su dauka, Bolsheviks sun ba da wa'adin mika wuya.Ma'aikata da sojoji sun mamaye na karshe na tashoshin telegraph, inda suka katse hanyoyin sadarwa na majalisar ministocin da dakarun soji masu aminci a wajen birnin.Da dare ya yi, sai ga dimbin mahara sun yi wa fadar kawanya, da dama kuma suka kutsa cikin fadar.Da karfe 9:45 na dare, jirgin ruwa mai saukar ungulu Aurora ya harba wani harbi daga tashar jiragen ruwa.Wasu daga cikin masu juyin juya hali sun shiga fadar ne da karfe 10:25 na dare kuma an samu shigowar jama'a bayan sa'o'i 3.Da karfe 2:10 na safe ranar 26 ga Oktoba, sojojin Bolshevik sun sami iko.Kadet da masu aikin sa kai 140 na bataliya ta mata sun mika wuya maimakon yin tir da kakkausar murya mai karfi 40,000.Bayan harbe-harbe na lokaci-lokaci a ko'ina cikin ginin, majalisar ministocin gwamnatin wucin gadi ta mika wuya, kuma an tsare su a gidan kurkukun Peter da Paul Fortress.Memba kawai wanda ba a kama shi ne Kerensky kansa, wanda ya riga ya bar fadar.Tare da Petrograd Soviet a yanzu ke iko da gwamnati, garrison, da proletariat, Majalisar Tarayyar Soviet ta biyu ta gudanar da taronta na farko a ranar, yayin da Trotsky ya kori Menshevik masu adawa da Socialist Revolutionaries (SR) daga Majalisa.

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Anti-Bolshevik Army Volunteer a Kudancin Rasha, Janairu 1918 ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).

1917 Nov 8 - 1923 Jun 16

Yakin basasar Rasha

Russia

Yaƙin basasa na Rasha , wanda ya barke a cikin 1918 jim kaɗan bayan juyin juya halin Oktoba, ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar miliyoyin mutane da wahala ba tare da la’akari da yanayin siyasarsu ba.Yakin da aka yi yaƙi yafi tsakanin Red Army ("Reds"), kunsha na tashin mafi rinjaye jagorancin Bolshevik 'yan tsiraru, da kuma "Whites" - sojoji da kuma cossacks, da "bourgeoisie", da kuma siyasa kungiyoyin jere daga nisa Dama. , zuwa ga 'yan gurguzu na juyin juya halin gurguzu waɗanda suka yi adawa da tsattsauran gyare-gyaren da Bolshevik suka yi bayan rushewar gwamnatin wucin gadi, ga Soviets (a ƙarƙashin ikon Bolshevik).Fararen fata sun sami goyon baya daga wasu ƙasashe irin su Burtaniya , Faransa , Amurka , daJapan , yayin da Reds ke da goyon baya na cikin gida, wanda ke nuna ya fi tasiri.Ko da yake al'ummar Allied, ta yin amfani da tsangwama daga waje, sun ba da taimakon soja ga sojojin anti-Bolshevik da aka saƙa, an ci su a ƙarshe.Da farko Bolsheviks sun karbi iko a Petrograd, suna fadada mulkinsu a waje.A ƙarshe sun isa gabar gabashin Siberiya na Rasha a Vladivostok, shekaru huɗu bayan fara yaƙin, wani mamaya da aka yi imanin ya kawo ƙarshen yaƙin neman zaɓe a ƙasar.Kasa da shekara guda bayan haka, yankin na karshe da sojojin White Army ke iko da shi, gundumar Ayano-Maysky, kai tsaye zuwa arewacin yankin da ke dauke da Vladivostok, an ba da shi lokacin da Janar Anatoly Pepelyayev ya kama hannun a 1923.

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Fadar Tauride inda aka yi taro. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).

1917 Nov 25

1917 Zaɓen Majalisar Mazabar Rasha

Russia

A ranar 25 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 1917 ne aka gudanar da zaben majalisar dokokin kasar Rasha, duk da cewa wasu gundumomi na da rumfunan zabe a wasu kwanaki daban-daban, kimanin watanni biyu bayan da aka fara gudanar da zaben, sakamakon abubuwan da suka faru a juyin juya halin Fabrairu.Gabaɗaya an amince da su a matsayin zaɓe na farko na 'yanci a tarihin Rasha.Nazarin ilimi daban-daban sun ba da sakamako na dabam.Duk da haka, duk a fili yana nuna cewa Bolsheviks sun kasance masu nasara a cikin birane, kuma sun dauki kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na kuri'un sojoji a yammacin Front.Duk da haka, jam'iyyar Socialist-Revolutionary ita ce ta zo kan gaba a zaben, inda ta samu kujeru masu yawa (babu wata jam'iyya da ta samu rinjaye) bisa karfin goyon bayan da manoman karkara na kasar suka samu, wadanda galibin masu kada kuri'a ne guda daya, lamarin shi ne sake fasalin kasa. .Duk da haka, zaben bai samar da gwamnatin da aka zaba ta hanyar dimokradiyya ba.Majalisar Zartarwar ta taru ne kawai na kwana guda a watan Janairu kafin ’yan Bolsheviks su rushe.Daga karshe an dakatar da dukkan jam'iyyun adawa, kuma Bolsheviks sun mulki kasar a matsayin kasa mai jam'iyya daya.

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A ranar 15 ga Disamba, 1917 aka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tsakanin Rasha da Jamus ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).

1918 Mar 3

Rasha ta fita yakin duniya na daya

Litovsk, Belarus

Yarjejeniyar Brest-Litovsk wata yarjejeniya ce ta zaman lafiya ta daban da aka sanya hannu a ranar 3 ga Maris 1918 tsakanin Rasha da Manyan Mahukuntan Tsakiya ( Jamus , Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria , da Daular Ottoman ), wanda ya kawo karshen shigar Rasha a yakin duniya na daya .Rashawa sun amince da wannan yerjejeniyar don dakatar da ci gaba da mamayewa.Sakamakon wannan yerjejeniyar, Tarayyar Soviet ta yi watsi da dukkan alkawurran da daular Rasha ta yi wa kawancen, kuma kasashe goma sha daya suka samu 'yancin kai a gabashin Turai da yammacin Asiya.A karkashin yarjejeniyar, Rasha ta rasa dukkan Ukraine da mafi yawan Belarus, da kuma Jamhuriyar Baltic guda uku na Lithuania, Latvia, da Estonia (wanda ake kira Baltic Governors a cikin Daular Rasha ), kuma waɗannan yankuna uku sun zama jahohin Jamus a ƙarƙashin Jamus. sarakunan sarauta.Ita ma kasar Rasha ta mika lardin Kars da ke Kudancin Kaucasus ga daular Usmaniyya.Rundunar sojojin kasar ta soke yarjejeniyar a ranar 11 ga Nuwamban 1918, lokacin da Jamus ta mika wuya ga kasashen yammacin turai.Duk da haka, a halin yanzu ya ba da taimako ga Bolsheviks, wanda ya riga ya yakar yakin basasar Rasha (1917-1922) bayan juyin juya halin Rasha na 1917, ta hanyar watsi da ikirarin Rasha akan Poland , Belarus, Ukraine , Finland, Estonia, Latvia. , da kuma Lithuania.

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Daga sama: dangin Romanov, Ivan Kharitonov, Alexei Trupp, Anna Demidova, da Eugene Botkin ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).

1918 Jul 16

Kisa na iyali Romanov

Yekaterinburg, Russia

Bayan juyin juya halin Fabrairu a shekara ta 1917, an tsare dangin Romanov da bayinsu a gidan kurkuku a fadar Alexander kafin a kai su Tobolsk, Siberiya bayan juyin juya halin Oktoba.Daga baya aka koma wani gida a Yekaterinburg, kusa da tsaunin Ural.A daren 16-17 ga Yuli 1918, 'yan juyin juya halin Bolshevik a karkashin Yakov Yurovsky sun harbe dangin Imperial Romanov kuma suka kashe su bisa umarnin Ural Regional Soviet a Yekaterinburg.Yawancin masana tarihi sun danganta umarnin kisa ga gwamnati a Moscow, musamman Vladimir Lenin da Yakov Sverdlov, waɗanda ke son hana ceton dangin Imperial ta ƙungiyar Czechoslovak da ke gabatowa a lokacin yakin basasa na Rasha .Wannan yana samun goyan bayan wani nassi a cikin littafin diary na Leon Trotsky.Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2011 ya kammala cewa, duk da bude wuraren adana bayanai na kasa a cikin shekarun bayan Tarayyar Soviet, ba a sami rubutaccen takarda da ke tabbatar da Lenin ko Sverdlov ya ba da umarnin aiwatar da hukuncin kisa ba;duk da haka, sun amince da kisan bayan sun faru.Wasu majiyoyi suna jayayya cewa Lenin da gwamnatin tsakiyar Soviet sun so su gudanar da shari'ar Romanovs, tare da Trotsky a matsayin mai gabatar da kara, amma Ural Soviet na gida, a karkashin matsin lamba daga hagu Socialist-Revolutionaries da Anarchists, sun aiwatar da hukuncin kisa da kansu. saboda kusancin Czechoslovaks.

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Masu gadi a kabarin Moisei Uritsky.Petrograd.Fassarar banner: "Mutuwa ga bourgeois da mataimakan su. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).

1918 Aug 1 - 1922 Feb

Jan Ta'addanci

Russia

Red Terror wani yaƙin neman zaɓe ne na danniya na siyasa da kisa da Bolsheviks suka yi, musamman ta hanyar Cheka, 'yan sandan sirri na Bolshevik.An fara ne a karshen watan Agustan 1918 bayan yakin basasar Rasha ya dade har zuwa shekara ta 1922. Tashi bayan yunkurin kashe Vladimir Lenin da shugaban Petrograd Cheka Moisei Uritsky, wanda karshensa ya yi nasara, an tsara Red Terror a kan Mulkin Ta'addanci. na juyin juya halin Faransa, kuma ya nemi kawar da rashin amincewar siyasa, adawa, da duk wata barazana ga ikon Bolshevik.Fiye da yawa, kalmar yawanci ana amfani da ita ga Bolshevik danniya na siyasa a duk lokacin yakin basasa (1917-1922), kamar yadda aka bambanta da Farin Terror da White Army (Rukunin Rasha da wadanda ba na Rasha ba suka yi adawa da mulkin Bolshevik) a kan abokan gaba na siyasa. , ciki har da Bolsheviks.Ƙididdiga na jimlar adadin waɗanda abin ya shafa na danniya na Bolshevik ya bambanta da yawa a lambobi da iyaka.Wata majiya ta ba da kiyasin kisa 28,000 a kowace shekara daga Disamba 1917 zuwa Fabrairu 1922. Kididdigar adadin mutanen da aka harbe a farkon lokacin jajayen ta'addanci ya kai akalla 10,000.Kiyasi na tsawon lokacin yana tafiya ƙasa da 50,000 zuwa sama na 140,000 da 200,000 da aka kashe.Ƙididdiga mafi aminci ga adadin kisa gabaɗaya ya sanya adadin ya kai kusan 100,000.

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1919 Mar 2

Kwaminisanci na kasa da kasa

Russia

Kungiyar Kwaminisanci ta kasa da kasa (Comintern), wacce aka fi sani da International International, kungiya ce ta kasa da kasa da ke karkashin ikon Tarayyar Soviet wacce aka kafa a 1919 wacce ke ba da shawarar kwaminisanci na duniya.Comintern ta yanke shawara a taronta na biyu don "gwagwarmayar ta kowace hanya, gami da karfin makamai, don hambarar da 'yan burguji na kasa da kasa da kuma samar da jamhuriyar Soviet ta kasa da kasa a matsayin matakin mika mulki ga cikakken kawar da gwamnati".An riga an gabatar da Comintern da rugujewar Ƙasa ta Biyu ta 1916.Comintern ya gudanar da babban taro na duniya guda bakwai a birnin Moscow tsakanin 1919 zuwa 1935. A wannan lokacin, ta kuma gudanar da manyan ayyuka goma sha uku na kwamitin zartarwa na gudanarwa, wanda ke da aiki iri daya da na 'yan majalisa masu girma da girma.Joseph Stalin, shugaban Tarayyar Soviet , ya narkar da Comintern a shekara ta 1943 don kaucewa adawa da abokansa a shekarun baya na yakin duniya na biyu , Amurka da Birtaniya .Cominform ya gaje shi a cikin 1947.

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1921 Jan 1

Sabuwar Siyasar Tattalin Arziki

Russia

A shekara ta 1921, yayin da yakin basasa ke gabatowa, Lenin ya ba da shawarar sabon tsarin tattalin arziki (NEP), tsarin jari-hujja na jihohi wanda ya fara tsarin masana'antu da farfadowa bayan yakin.Hukumar ta NEP ta kawo karshen wani ɗan gajeren lokaci na babban rabon da ake kira "kwaminisanci na yaki" kuma ya fara lokacin tattalin arzikin kasuwa a ƙarƙashin tsarin gurguzu.Bolsheviks sun yi imani a wannan lokacin cewa Rasha, kasancewa daya daga cikin kasashen da ba su ci gaba da bunkasa tattalin arziki ba a Turai, har yanzu ba su kai ga yanayin da ake bukata na ci gaba ba don zamantakewar zamantakewa don zama wani abu mai amfani kuma wannan zai jira har sai irin wannan yanayi ya isa. karkashin ci gaban jari hujja kamar yadda aka samu a kasashe masu ci gaba kamar Ingila da Jamus.NEP ta wakilci tsarin tattalin arziki mai mahimmanci na kasuwa (wanda ake ganin ya zama dole bayan yakin basasa na Rasha na 1918 zuwa 1922) don bunkasa tattalin arzikin kasar, wanda ya sha wahala mai tsanani tun 1915. Hukumomin Soviet sun soke wani ɓangare na cikakken ba da izinin masana'antu (wanda aka kafa). a zamanin mulkin kwaminisanci na 1918 zuwa 1921) da kuma bullo da tsarin tattalin arziki mai gauraya wanda ya baiwa masu zaman kansu damar mallakar kanana da matsakaitan masana'antu, yayin da jihar ke ci gaba da sarrafa manyan masana'antu, bankuna da kasuwancin waje.

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1921 Apr 1 - 1918

Yunwar Rasha na 1921-1922

Russia

Yunwar Rasha ta 1921-1922 ta kasance mummunar yunwa a Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Soviet ta Tarayyar Soviet wadda ta fara a farkon bazara na 1921 kuma ta ci gaba har zuwa 1922. Yunwar ta samo asali ne daga hadewar tasirin tattalin arziki saboda juyin juya halin Rasha da yakin basasa na Rasha . , manufofin gwamnati na yaƙin kwaminisanci (musamman prodrazvyorstka), wanda ya tsananta da tsarin dogo wanda ba zai iya rarraba abinci yadda ya kamata ba.Wannan yunwa ta kashe kimanin mutane miliyan 5, wanda ya shafi yankunan Volga da Ural River, kuma manoma sun koma cin nama.Yunwa ta yi tsanani sosai har da alama za a ci iri-iri maimakon shuka.A wani lokaci, hukumomin agaji sun ba da abinci ga ma'aikatan jirgin don a kwashe kayansu.

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Lenin, Trotsky da Kamenev suna bikin cika shekaru biyu na juyin juya halin Oktoba ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).

1922 Dec 30

USSR ya kafa

Russia

A ranar 30 ga Disamba 1922, SFSR ta Rasha ta shiga tsoffin yankuna na daular Rasha don kafa Tarayyar Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), wanda Lenin ya zama shugabanta.A ranar 9 ga Maris, 1923, Lenin ya yi fama da bugun jini, wanda ya hana shi aiki kuma ya kawo karshen rawar da ya taka a gwamnati.Ya mutu a ranar 21 ga Janairu 1924, watanni goma sha uku kacal bayan kafuwar Tarayyar Soviet , wanda za a dauke shi a matsayin uban kafa.

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Characters

Russian Mystic

Marxist Theoretician

Chairman of the Third Duma

Russian Revolutionary

Russian Revolutionary

Prime Minister of the Russian Empire

Russian Revolutionary

Russian Provisional Government Leader

Leader of the Mensheviks

Last Emperor of Russia

Russian Revolutionary

Russian Revolutionary

Last Empress of Russia

Russian Revolutionary

Bolshevik Party Administrator

Russian Conservative Monarchist

Russian General

References

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