Mughal Empire

Masarautar Mughal, wacce aka santa da fasahar kere-kere da hadewar al'adu, ta yi mulki a yankin Indiya tun daga farkon karni na 16 har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 19, wanda ya bar tarihi mara gogewa a tarihin yankin.Babur, zuriyar Genghis Khan da Timur ne suka kafa shi, a cikin 1526, wannan daular ta fadada ikonta don rufe manyan sassan Indiya , Pakistan , Bangladesh , da Afghanistan na zamani, yana nuna zamanin wadata da ƙwararrun fasaha.Mahukuntan Mughal, wadanda aka sani da goyon bayan fasaha, sun ba da izini ga wasu fitattun gine-gine na duniya, ciki har da Taj Mahal, alamar ƙauna da abin al'ajabi na gine-gine, da kuma Red Fort, wanda ke kwatanta ƙarfin soja na zamanin Mughal da fasaha na gine-gine.A karkashin mulkinsu, daular ta zama tukunyar narke na al'adu, addinai, da al'adu daban-daban, wanda ya haifar da wani yanayi na musamman wanda ya yi tasiri ga zamantakewar al'ummar Indiyawa har zuwa yau.Bajintar da suke da ita na gudanar da mulki, da tsarin tattara kudaden shiga, da inganta harkokin kasuwanci da kasuwanci, sun taimaka matuka wajen tabbatar da daidaiton tattalin arzikin daular, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama daya daga cikin dauloli mafi arziki a zamaninta.Gadon daular Mughal na ci gaba da jan hankalin masana tarihi da masu sha'awar sha'awar tarihi, domin yana wakiltar zamanin zinare na bunƙasa al'adu da girman gine-gine, wanda tasirinsa ya yi tasiri a cikin al'adun gargajiya na Indiya da ma fiye da haka.

Babur, an haife shi Zahīr ud-Dīn Muhammad a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu 1483 a Andijan, Kwarin Fergana (Uzbekistan ta zamani), shi ne wanda ya kafa daular Mughal a cikinyankin Indiya .Wani zuriyar Timur da Genghis Khan ta hanyar mahaifinsa da mahaifiyarsa, ya hau gadon sarautar Fergana yana da shekaru 12, yana fuskantar adawa nan take.Bayan arziqi a tsakiyar Asiya, wanda ya haɗa da asarar Samarkand da sake kwato shi da kuma asarar yankunan kakanninsa ga Muhammad Shaybani Khan, Babur ya juya burinsa zuwa Indiya.Tare da goyon bayan daular Safavid da Ottoman , ya yi nasara kan Sultan Ibrahim Lodi a yakin Panipat na farko a 1526, wanda ya kafa harsashin daular Mughal.Shekarun farkon Babur sun kasance suna fama da gwagwarmayar neman mulki a tsakanin 'yan uwansa da sarakunan yankin, wanda ya kai ga mamaye birnin Kabul a shekara ta 1504. Tawaye da barazanar 'yan Uzbek sun kalubalanci mulkinsa a Kabul, amma Babur ya ci gaba da rike ikonsa a kan Kabul. birni yayin da ake sa ran fadadawa zuwa Indiya.Ya yi amfani da faduwar daular Delhi Sultanate da rugujewar daular Rajput, musamman cin nasara kan Rana Sanga a yakin Khanwa, wanda ya fi Panipat yanke hukunci ga mamayar Mughal a arewacin Indiya.A tsawon rayuwarsa, Babur ya samo asali ne daga musulmi mai kishi zuwa mai mulki mai juriya, yana ba da damar zaman tare a cikin daularsa da kuma inganta fasaha da kimiyya a kotunsa.Abubuwan tarihinsa, Baburnama, da aka rubuta a cikin Chaghatai Turkic, sun ba da cikakken bayani game da rayuwarsa da yanayin al'adu da soja na lokacin.Babur ya yi aure sau da yawa, ya haifi 'ya'ya masu daraja irin su Humayun, wanda ya gaje shi.Bayan mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1530 a Agra, an fara binne gawar Babur a can amma daga baya aka koma Kabul kamar yadda ya so.A yau, ana bikinsa a matsayin gwarzo na kasa a Uzbekistan da Kyrgyzstan, tare da wakokinsa da Baburnama suna dawwama a matsayin muhimmiyar gudummawar al'adu.

Yakin farko na Panipat a ranar 21 ga Afrilu 1526 ya nuna farkon daular Mughal aIndiya , wanda ya kawo karshen daular Delhi Sultanate .Ya shahara da yin amfani da bindigogin foda da kuma makaman fage, wanda dakarun Mughal da suka mamaye karkashin Babur suka bullo da shi.Wannan yakin ya ga Babur ya ci nasara kan Sultan Ibrahim Lodi na Delhi Sultanate ta hanyar amfani da sabbin dabarun soji, gami da bindigogi da tuhume-tuhumen dawakai, don haka ya fara mulkin Mughal wanda ya dade har zuwa 1857.Tun farko dai sha'awar Babur a Indiya ita ce fadada mulkinsa zuwa Punjab, don girmama gadon kakansa Timur .Yanayin siyasar Arewacin Indiya ya yi kyau, inda daular Lodi karkashin Ibrahim Lodi ta raunana.Daulat Khan Lodi gwamnan Punjab da Ala-ud-Din kawun Ibrahim ne suka gayyace Babur domin kalubalantar Ibrahim.Hanyar diflomasiya da ba ta yi nasara ba don neman sarautar ta kai ga matakin soja na Babur.Bayan isa Lahore a 1524 kuma ya gano Daulat Khan Lodi da sojojin Ibrahim suka kori, Babur ya ci sojojin Lodi, ya ƙone Lahore, ya koma Dipalpur, ya kafa Alam Khan a matsayin gwamna.Bayan da aka hambarar da Alam Khan, shi da Babur sun hada karfi da karfe da Daulat Khan Lodi, inda suka yi nasara a kewaye birnin Delhi.Da yake fahimtar ƙalubalen, Babur ya shirya tsaf don fuskantar ƙalubale.A Panipat, Babur ya yi amfani da dabarar "na'urar Ottoman " don tsaro da kuma amfani da bindigogin filin yadda ya kamata.Bidi'o'in dabarunsa da suka hada da dabarar tulguhma na rarraba dakarunsa da kuma amfani da araba (karatun) wajen harbin bindigogi, sune mabudin nasararsa.Rashin nasara da mutuwar Ibrahim Lodi, tare da sojojinsa 20,000, ya nuna gagarumar nasara ga Babur, wanda ya kafa harsashin kafa daular Mughal a Indiya, mulkin da zai dawwama fiye da ƙarni uku.

Yaƙin Khanwa, wanda aka yi yaƙi ranar 16 ga Maris, 1527, tsakanin sojojin Timurid na Babur da Rajput Confederation wanda Rana Sanga ya jagoranta, ya kasance wani muhimmin al'amari atarihin Indiya na Medieval.Wannan yaƙin, mai mahimmanci ga yawan amfani da foda a Arewacin Indiya, ya ƙare da gagarumin nasara ga Babur, wanda ya ƙara ƙarfafa ikon daular Mughal a arewacin Indiya.Ba kamar yakin Panipat na farko da Delhi Sultanate mai rauni ba, Khanwa ya fafata da Babur a kan babbar masarautar Mewar, wanda ke nuna daya daga cikin mafi girman fadace-fadace a yakin Mughal.Farkon da Babur ya mayar da hankali kan Punjab ya koma ga wani babban buri na samun mulki a Indiya, wanda ya sami kwarin gwiwa ta rashin jituwa tsakanin daular Lodi da gayyata daga masu adawa da Lodi.Duk da koma baya na farko da juriya daga sojojin gida, nasarar Babur, musamman a Panipat, ya kafa tushensa a Indiya.Akwai bayanai masu cin karo da juna game da kawance, tare da abubuwan tunawa da Babur suna ba da shawarar kulla kawance da Rana Sanga a kan daular Lodi, da'awar da Rajput da wasu kafofin tarihi suka fafata wanda ke nuna kokarin Babur na tabbatar da kawance da halalta mamayewarsa.Kafin Khanwa, Babur ya fuskanci barazana daga Rana Sanga da kuma gabashin Indiya na Afghanistan.Rikicin farko, gami da nasarar juriyar da Rana Sanga ta yi a Bayana, sun nuna babban kalubalen Rajputs.Hankalin dabarun Babur ya karkata zuwa ga karewa da dakarun Sanga da ke ci gaba, tare da kame muhimman yankuna don kare bayan Agra.Bajintar sojan Rajputs da kuma kawancen dabarun yaki da Babur, wanda ya hada da sojojin Rajput daban-daban da na Afghanistan, da nufin korar Babur da maido da daular Lodi.Dabarun yaƙin sun nuna shirye-shiryen tsaro na Babur, da yin amfani da miyagu da manyan bindigogi a kan zargin Rajput na gargajiya.Duk da nasarar farko da Rajputs suka samu wajen tarwatsa mukaman Mughal, cin amana na cikin gida da kuma rashin iyawar Rana Sanga daga karshe ya sauya yakin da Babur ya samu.Gina hasumiya ta kwanyar bayan nasara an yi niyya ne don tsoratar da abokan hamayya, al'adar da aka gada daga Timur.Janyewar Rana Sanga da mutuwarsa, a ƙarƙashin yanayi masu ban mamaki, sun hana duk wani ƙalubale kai tsaye ga mulkin Babur.Yakin Khanwa don haka ba wai kawai ya sake tabbatar da ikon Mughal a arewacin Indiya ba, har ma ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a yakin Indiya, yana mai jaddada tasirin makaman foda da kuma kafa fagen fadada da kuma karfafa daular Mughal.

Nasir al-Din Muhammad, wanda aka fi sani da Humayun (1508-1556), shi ne Sarkin Mughal na biyu, wanda ke mulki a kan yankuna da suka hada da Gabashin Afghanistan, Bangladesh , ArewacinIndiya , da Pakistan .Mulkinsa ya kasance da rashin kwanciyar hankali na farko amma ya ƙare da gagarumin gudunmawa ga faɗaɗa al'adu da yankunan daular Mughal.Humayun ya gaji mahaifinsa Babur a shekara ta 1530 yana da shekaru 22 a duniya, inda ya fuskanci kalubale nan take saboda rashin saninsa da kuma raba yankuna tsakaninsa da kaninsa Kamran Mirza.Wannan rarrabuwa, wacce ta samo asali daga al'adar Asiya ta Tsakiya wacce ta bambanta da al'adar Indiyawa ta farko, ta haifar da sabani da hamayya tsakanin 'yan'uwa.A farkon mulkinsa, Humayun ya rasa daularsa a hannun Sher Shah Suri amma ya dawo da ita a shekara ta 1555 tare da taimakon Safavid bayan ya kwashe shekaru 15 yana gudun hijira.Wannan gudun hijira, musamman a Farisa , ya yi tasiri sosai a kansa da kuma kotun Mughal, yana gabatar da al'adun Farisa, fasaha, da gine-gine zuwa ga yankin.Mulkin Humayun yana da ƙalubalen soja, ciki har da rikici da Sultan Bahadur na Gujarat da Sher Shah Suri.Duk da koma bayan da aka samu tun farko, da suka hada da asarar yankunansa ga Sher Shah da kuma gudun hijira na wucin gadi zuwa Farisa, dagewar da Humayun ya yi da goyon bayan Safavid Shah na Farisa ya ba shi damar maido da karagar mulki.Komawarsa ta kasance a matsayin shigar da sarakunan Farisa a cikin fadarsa, wanda ya yi tasiri sosai a al'ada da mulkin Mughal.Shekarun baya na mulkin Humayun sun sami karɓuwar yankunan Mughal tare da farfado da arzikin daular.Kamfen ɗin sojansa ya faɗaɗa tasirin Mughal, kuma sauye-sauyen gudanarwa nasa sun kafa tushen ci gaban mulkin ɗansa, Akbar.Gadon Humayun don haka labari ne na juriya da haɗin kai na al'adu, wanda ke tattare da haɗakar al'adun Asiya ta Tsakiya da Kudancin Asiya waɗanda za su nuna zamanin zinare na Daular Mughal.A ranar 24 ga Janairun 1556, Humayun, hannunsa cike da littattafai, yana saukowa daga bene daga ɗakin karatunsa Sher Mandal lokacin da liman ya sanar da Azaan (kiran salla).Al'adarsa ce, a duk inda kuma a duk lokacin da ya ji sammaci, ya durkusa cikin girmamawa mai tsarki.Yana ƙoƙarin durƙusa, sai ya kama ƙafarsa a cikin rigarsa, ya zame daga matakai da yawa ya bugi haikalinsa a wani gefen dutse mai kauri.Ya rasu bayan kwana uku.Bayan matashin sarki Mughal Akbar ya ci Hemu ya kashe shi a yakin Panipat na biyu.An binne gawar Humayun a kabarin Humayun da ke Delhi babban kabarin lambu na farko a cikin gine-ginen Mughal, wanda ya kafa abin koyi daga baya sai Taj Mahal da sauran abubuwan tarihi na Indiya.

A cikin 1556, Akbar ya fuskanci Hemu, wani janar na Hindu kuma mai kiran kansa sarki, wanda ya kori Mughals daga filayen Indo-Gangetic.Bairam Khan ya bukaci Akbar ya kwato Delhi bayan ya ci Hemu a yakin Panipat na biyu.Wannan nasara ta biyo bayan mamayar Agra, Punjab, Lahore, Multan, da Ajmer, wanda ya kafa ikon Mughal a yankin.Mulkin Akbar ya nuna gagarumin sauyi ga al'adu da addini, yana haɓaka muhawara tsakanin ƙungiyoyin addinai daban-daban a cikin daularsa.Sabuwar gwamnatinsa ta hada da tsarin Mansabdari, tsara sojoji da manyan mutane, da gabatar da sauye-sauyen haraji don ingantaccen shugabanci.Ƙoƙarin diflomasiyya na Akbar ya ƙara haɓaka dangantaka da Portuguese , Ottomans , Safavids , da sauran masarautu na zamani, yana mai da hankali kan kasuwanci da mutunta juna.Manufofin addini na Akbar, wanda ya nuna sha'awarsa ga Sufanci da kafa Din-i Ilahi, ya nuna kokarinsa ga tsarin imani na daidaitawa, ko da yake ba a yarda da shi ba.Ya nuna juriya da ba a taɓa ganin irinsa ba ga waɗanda ba musulmi ba, yana soke harajin jizya ga Hindu, bikin bukukuwan Hindu, da yin hulɗa tare da malaman Jain, yana nuna tsarinsa na sassaucin ra'ayi ga addinai daban-daban.Gado na gine-ginen Akbar, gami da gina Fatehpur Sikri, da kuma yadda ya yi amfani da fasahar kere-kere da adabi, sun tabbatar da sake farfado da al’adu a lokacin mulkinsa, wanda ya sa ya zama jigo a tarihin Indiya.Manufofinsa sun aza harsashi ga arziƙin al'adu da na addini waɗanda ke da alaƙa da daular Mughal, tare da gadonsa ya dawwama a matsayin wata alama ta shugabanci mai wayewa da haɗa kai.

Akbar da waliyinsa Bairam Khan wanda bayan sun sami labarin asarar Agra da Delhi, sun yi tattaki zuwa Panipat domin kwato yankunan da suka bata.Yaƙi ne da ake gwabzawa amma fa'idar kamar ta karkata ga Hemu.Duka fukafukan sojojin Mughal duka an kora su baya, Hemu kuwa ya matsar da tawagarsa ta giwaye da dawakai gaba don murkushe tsakiyarsu.A wannan lokacin ne Hemu, mai yiyuwa a kan hanyar samun nasara, ya samu rauni lokacin da wata dama ta buge shi a ido da kiban Mughal ya fadi a sume.Ganinsa yana sauka ne ya janyo firgici a cikin sojojinsa wanda suka balle suka gudu.An yi asarar yakin;Mutane 5,000 ne suka mutu a fagen fama kuma an kashe wasu da dama yayin da suke gudu.Ganima daga yakin da aka yi a Panipat ya hada da giwayen yakin Hemu guda 120 wadanda barnar da suka yi ta burge Mughal sosai, ta yadda ba da jimawa ba dabbobin suka zama wani bangare na dabarun sojan su.

A shekara ta 1559, Mughals sun ƙaddamar da tuƙi zuwa kudu zuwa Rajputana da Malwa.A shekara ta 1560, wani sojan Mughal karkashin jagorancin dan uwansa Adham Khan, da wani kwamandan Mughal, Pir Muhammad Khan, suka fara cin Mughal na Malwa.

Bayan samun rinjaye a arewacinIndiya , Akbar ya mai da hankali kan Rajputana, yana da niyyar mamaye wannan yanki mai juriya da tarihi.Mewat, Ajmer, da Nagor sun riga sun faɗi ƙarƙashin ikon Mughal.Yaƙin neman zaɓe, haɗuwa da yaƙi da diflomasiyya daga 1561, ya ga yawancin jihohin Rajput sun amince da Mughal suzerainty.Duk da haka, Mewar da Marwar, karkashin Udai Singh II da Chandrasen Rathore bi da bi, sun ƙi ci gaban Akbar.Udai Singh, zuriyar Rana Sanga wanda ke adawa da Babur, yana da kima a tsakanin Rajputs.Yakin da Akbar ya yi da Mewar, wanda ya yi niyya ga babban ginin Chittor Fort a cikin 1567, duka biyun dabaru ne kuma ƙoƙari na alama, wanda ke nuna ƙalubale kai tsaye ga ikon Rajput.Faduwar Chittorgarh a cikin Fabrairun 1568, bayan watanni na kewaye, Akbar ya sanar da shi a matsayin nasara na Musulunci, tare da lalata da kuma kisa da yawa da aka yi amfani da shi don tabbatar da ikon Mughal.Bayan Chittorgarh, Akbar ya nufi Ranthambore, tare da kama shi da sauri kuma yana ƙara ƙarfafa kasancewar Mughal a Rajputana.Duk da wannan nasarar, rashin amincewar Mewar ya ci gaba a ƙarƙashin Maharana Pratap, wanda ya ci gaba da adawa da rinjayen Mughal.An yi bikin tunawa da nasarar Akbar a Rajputana ta hanyar kafa Fatehpur Sikri, wanda ke nuna nasarar Mughal da fadada daular Akbar a cikin zuciyar Rajputana.

Sarakunan Gujarat guda biyu na ƙarshe, Ahmad Shah III da Mahmud Shah III, an ɗaukaka su a kan karagar mulki a lokacin ƙuruciyarsu, wanda ya kai ga mulkin masarautar Sarkin Musulmi.Manyan mutane, masu neman zarcewa, sun raba yankuna a tsakaninsu amma ba da dadewa ba suka shiga rikici don mallake su.Wani mutum mai daraja, yana neman ƙarfafa ikonsa, ya gayyaci Sarkin Mughal Akbar don shiga tsakani a 1572, wanda ya haifar da cin nasarar Mughal na Gujarat a 1573, ya mai da shi lardin Mughal.Rikicin cikin gida tsakanin manyan sarakunan Gujarat da kawancensu na lokaci-lokaci da sojojin waje ya raunana Sarkin Musulmi.Gayyatar zuwa Akbar ya ba shi hujjar shiga tsakani.Tattakin da Akbar ya yi daga Fatehpur Sikri zuwa Ahmedabad shine farkon kamfen, wanda ya haifar da saurin yin magana da daidaita manyan mutanen yankin zuwa ga ikon Mughal.Sojojin Akbar, bayan sun tabbatar da Ahmedabad, sun bi sauran sarakunan Gujarat da Sultan Muzaffar Shah III, inda suka kai ga gaggarumin fadace-fadace a wurare kamar Sarnal.Kame manyan garuruwa da kagara, ciki har da Surat, ya kara karfafa ikon Mughal.Musamman nasarar Akbar ta kai ga gina Buland Darwaza a Fatehpur Sikri, don tunawa da cin nasara.Kubucewar Muzaffar Shah III da mafakar da Jam Sataji na Nawanagar ya yi ya haifar da yakin Bhuchar Mori a shekara ta 1591. Duk da tsayin daka na farko, nasarar Mughal ta kasance mai ma'ana, wanda ke nuna cikakken hadewar Gujarat cikin daular Mughal, wanda hakan ya nuna dabarun Akbar da Mughal. Ƙarfin soja na Empire.

Yanzu Akbar ya yi galaba a kan mafi yawan ragowar Afganistan a Indiya.Cibiyar ikon Afghanistan daya tilo a yanzu ita ce a Bengal, inda Sulaiman Khan Karrani, wani basaraken Afghanistan wanda danginsa suka yi aiki a karkashin Sher Shah Suri, ke kan mulki.An dauki mataki na farko na cin nasara a cikin 1574 lokacin da Akbar ya aika da sojojinsa don murkushe shugabannin Afghanistan da ke mulkin Bengal.An yi wannan gagarumin yakin a Tukaroi a shekara ta 1575, inda sojojin Mughal suka yi nasara, suka kafa harsashin mulkin Mughal a yankin.Kamfen na soji da suka biyo baya sun ƙara ƙarfafa ikon Mughal, wanda ya ƙare a Yaƙin Rajmahal a 1576, wanda ya ci nasara da sojojin Bengal Sultanate.Bayan cin nasarar sojoji, Akbar ya aiwatar da sauye-sauyen gudanarwa don haɗa Bengal cikin tsarin gudanarwa na Mughal.An sake tsara tsarin kudaden shiga na filaye, kuma tsarin gudanarwa na gida ya yi daidai da ayyukan Mughal, da tabbatar da ingantaccen sarrafawa da fitar da albarkatun.Yakin ya kuma taimaka wajen yin mu'amalar al'adu da tattalin arziki, wanda ya kara habaka kaset din al'adun daular Mughal da bunkasa tattalin arzikinta.Yunkurin Mughal na Bengal ya yi tasiri sosai ga tarihin yankin, wanda ya haifar da kwanciyar hankali, wadata, da ci gaban gine-gine a ƙarƙashin ikon Mughal.Ya kafa gado mai ɗorewa wanda ya yi tasiri ga yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da al'adun yankin fiye da mulkin Akbar.

Jahangir, Sarkin Mughal na huɗu, ya yi sarauta daga 1605 zuwa 1627 kuma ya shahara da gudummawar da yake bayarwa ga fasaha, al'adu, da sake fasalin gudanarwa.An haife shi ga Sarkin sarakuna Akbar da Sarauniya Mariam-uz-Zamani a shekara ta 1569, ya hau karagar mulki a matsayin Nuruddin Muhammad Jahangir.Mulkinsa ya sami ƙalubalen cikin gida, ciki har da tawayen da 'ya'yansa Khusrau Mirza da Khurram (daga baya Shah Jahan) suka jagoranta, da gagarumin ci gaba a cikin dangantakar kasashen waje da al'adu.Tawayen da yarima Khusrau ya yi a shekara ta 1606 ya kasance farkon gwajin jagorancin Jahangir.Nasarar da Khusrau ya yi da kuma hukuncin da ya biyo baya, gami da makantar wani bangare, ya nuna irin sarkakiyar siyasar maye gurbin Mughal.Auren Jahangir da Mehr-un-Nissa, wanda daga baya aka fi sani da Empress Nur Jahan, a 1611 ya yi tasiri sosai a mulkinsa.Tasirin siyasar Nur Jahan da ba ta misaltuwa ya kai ga daukaka 'yan uwanta zuwa manyan mukamai, wanda ya haifar da rashin jin dadi a cikin kotun.Dangantakar Jahangir da Kamfanin British East India Company ta fara ne da zuwan Sir Thomas Roe, wanda ya tabbatar da haƙƙin ciniki ga Baturen, wanda ke nuna farkon kasancewar ƙasashen waje a Indiya.Wannan alakar ta kara tabbatar da budewar daular Mughal ga harkokin kasuwanci da diflomasiyya na kasa da kasa.Yaƙin Kangra Fort a 1615 ya faɗaɗa tasirin Mughal zuwa cikin Himalayas, yana nuna ƙarfin sojan Jahangir da burinsa na ƙarfafa iko akan yankuna masu dabaru.Tawayen da Yarima Khurram ya jagoranta a shekara ta 1622 kan batutuwan da suka biyo baya sun kara gwada mulkin Jahangir, wanda daga karshe ya kai ga hawan Khurram a matsayin Shah Jahan.Rashin Kandahar ga Safawiwa a 1622 ya kasance babban koma baya, wanda ke nuni da kalubalen da Jahangir ya fuskanta wajen tabbatar da iyakar yammacin daular.Duk da haka, gabatar da “Tsarkin Adalci” da Jahangir ya yi ya nuna cewa ya jajirce wajen yin adalci da samun damar gudanar da mulki, wanda hakan ya baiwa al’umma damar neman hakkinsu kai tsaye daga sarki.Haka kuma sarautar Jahangir ta yi fice saboda irin nasarorin da ya samu a al'adu da suka hada da bunkasar fasahar Mughal da gine-gine, wadanda suka ci gajiyar goyon bayansa da sha'awar fasahar.Abubuwan tarihinsa, Jahangirnama, suna ba da haske game da al'adu, siyasa, da tunanin Jahangir na lokacin.

Fasahar Mughal ta kai wani matsayi mai girma a karkashin mulkin Jahangir.Jahangir ya yi sha'awar fasaha da gine-gine.A cikin tarihin rayuwarsa, Jahangirnama, Jahangir ya rubuta abubuwan da suka faru a zamanin mulkinsa, da bayanin flora da fauna da ya ci karo da su, da sauran al’amuran rayuwar yau da kullum, ya kuma umurci masu zanen kotuna irin su Ustad Mansur da su yi zane dalla-dalla wadanda za su kasance tare da fa’idarsa ta zahiri. .A cikin jigon fassarar WM Thackston na Jahangirnama, Milo Cleveland Beach ya bayyana cewa Jahangir ya yi mulki a lokacin da aka sami kwanciyar hankali a siyasance, kuma ya sami damar ba da umarni ga masu fasaha da su ƙirƙira fasaha don rakiyar abubuwan tunawa da ya kasance "a matsayin martani ga halin yanzu na sarki. sha'awa"

Shah Jahan I, Sarkin Mughal na biyar, ya yi sarauta daga 1628 zuwa 1658, wanda ke nuna zenith na nasarorin gine-ginen Mughal da ƙawa na al'adu.An haife shi a matsayin Mirza Shahab-ud-Din Muhammad Khurram ga Sarkin sarakuna Jahangir, ya shiga yakin neman zabe akan sarakunan Rajputs da Deccan a farkon rayuwarsa.Da yake hawan karagar mulki bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa, Shah Jahan ya kawar da abokan hamayyarsa, ciki har da dan uwansa Shahryar Mirza, don karfafa mulki.Mulkinsa ya shaida yadda ake gina manyan abubuwan tarihi irin su Taj Mahal, Red Fort, da Masallacin Shah Jahan, wanda ya kunshi kololuwar gine-ginen Mughal.Manufar Shah Jahan na kasashen waje sun hada da yakin basasa a cikin Deccan, adawa da Portuguese, da yaki tare da Safavids.Ya gudanar da rikici na cikin gida, ciki har da gagarumin tawayen Sikh da kuma yunwa na Deccan na 1630-32, yana nuna kwarewar gudanarwa.Rikicin da aka yi a shekara ta 1657, wanda rashin lafiyarsa ya haifar da shi, ya haifar da yakin basasa tsakanin 'ya'yansa maza, wanda ya kai ga hawan Aurangzeb zuwa mulki.Aurangzeb ya daure Shah Jahan a gidan yari a Agra Fort, inda ya shafe shekarunsa na ƙarshe har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1666.Mulkinsa ya rabu da manufofin kakansa Akbar na sassaucin ra'ayi, tare da komawa ga addinin Islama wanda ya yi tasiri ga mulkin Mughal.Renaissance Timurid karkashin Shah Jahan ya jaddada gadonsa ta hanyar yakin basasa na soja a tsakiyar Asiya.Duk da irin waɗannan ƙoƙarin na soja, ana bikin zamanin Shah Jahan don gadon gine-gine da bunƙasa fasaha, fasaha, da al'adu, wanda ya sa Mughal Indiya ta zama cibiyar fasaha da gine-gine na duniya.Manufofinsa sun samar da kwanciyar hankali na tattalin arziki, ko da yake mulkinsa ya kuma ga fadada daular tare da karuwar bukatun al'ummarta.Adadin GDP na Daular Mughal ya tashi, wanda ke nuni da bunkasar tattalin arziki a karkashin mulkinsa.Duk da haka, mulkinsa ya fuskanci suka game da rashin haƙuri na addini, ciki har da rushe gidajen ibada na Hindu.

Yunwar Deccan ta 1630-1632 ta faru a lokacin mulkin Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan kuma an yi masa alama da mummunar gazawar amfanin gona wanda ya haifar da yaduwar yunwa, cututtuka, da ƙaura a fadin yankin.Wannan mummunan bala'i ya haifar da mutuwar kusan mutane miliyan 7.4, tare da mutuwar kusan miliyan uku a Gujarat a cikin watanni goma da ya ƙare a watan Oktoba 1631, da ƙarin mutuwar miliyan a kusa da Ahmednagar.Yunwa ta kara tsananta sakamakon yakin da sojoji suka yi a Malwa da Deccan, yayin da rikici da sojojin yankin ke kawo cikas ga al'umma tare da hana samun abinci.

Taj Mahal 'Crown of the Palace', wani katafaren marmara ne na hauren giwa-fari da ke gabar kudancin kogin Yamuna a birnin Agra na Indiya.Sarkin Mughal Shah Jahan (wanda ya yi sarauta daga 1628 zuwa 1658) ya ba da izini a cikin 1630 don gina kabarin matar da ya fi so, Mumtaz Mahal;kuma yana dauke da kabarin Shah Jahan da kansa.

Aurangzeb, an haife shi Muhi al-Din Muhammad a shekara ta 1618, shi ne Sarkin Mughal na shida, wanda ya yi mulki daga 1658 har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1707. Mulkinsa ya kara fadada daular Mughal sosai, wanda ya sa ta zama mafi girma atarihin Indiya , tare da yankin da ya kunshi kusan daukacin nahiyar.An san Aurangzeb ne saboda bajintar soja, inda ya rike mukamai daban-daban na gudanarwa da na soja kafin ya hau kan karagar mulki.Mulkinsa ya ga daular Mughal ta zarce Qing China a matsayin kasa mafi karfin tattalin arziki da karfin masana'antu a duniya.Hawan Aurangzeb kan karagar mulki ya biyo bayan yakin neman gado da dan uwansa Dara Shikoh, wanda mahaifinsu Shah Jahan ya fifita.Bayan tabbatar da karagar mulki, Aurangzeb ya daure Shah Jahan kuma ya kashe abokan hamayyarsa, ciki har da Dara Shikoh.Ya kasance musulmi mai kishin addini, wanda ya shahara da goyon bayan tsarin gine-ginen addinin musulunci da ilimi, da kuma aiwatar da Fatawa 'Alamgiri a matsayin ka'idar doka ta daular, wacce ta haramta ayyukan da Musulunci ya haramta.Yaƙin neman zaɓe na soja na Aurangzeb ya yi yawa da kuma buri, da nufin ƙarfafa ikon Mughal a faɗin yankin Indiya.Ɗaya daga cikin manyan nasarorin da ya samu na soja shi ne mamaye daular Deccan Sultanates.Tun daga shekara ta 1685, Aurangzeb ya mayar da hankalinsa zuwa ga yankin Deccan mai arziki da dabaru.Bayan da aka dade ana gwabza fada da fadace-fadace, ya yi nasarar hade Bijapur a shekara ta 1686 da Golconda a shekarar 1687, inda ya mayar da yankin Deccan gaba daya karkashin ikon Mughal.Waɗannan yaƙe-yaƙe sun faɗaɗa daular Mughal zuwa mafi girman yankinta kuma sun nuna ƙudurin soja na Aurangzeb.Koyaya, manufofin Aurangzeb game da batutuwan Hindu sun kasance tushen cece-kuce.A shekara ta 1679, ya maido da harajin jizya kan wadanda ba musulmi ba, manufar da kakansa Akbar ya soke.Wannan yunkuri, tare da kokarinsa na tabbatar da dokokin Musulunci da kuma lalata wasu gidajen ibada na Hindu, an bayyana shi a matsayin shaida na rashin hakuri da addini Aurangzeb.Masu suka suna jayayya cewa waɗannan manufofin sun nisanta batutuwan Hindu kuma sun ba da gudummawa ga faduwar daular Mughal daga ƙarshe.Magoya bayansa, sun lura cewa Aurangzeb kuma ya kula da al'adun Hindu ta hanyoyi daban-daban kuma ya dauki mabiya Hindu aiki a cikin gwamnatinsa fiye da kowane magabata.Mulkin Aurangzeb kuma ya sami alamar tawaye da tashe-tashen hankula masu yawa, wanda ke nuni da ƙalubalen gudanar da mulki mai faɗi da yawa.Rikicin Maratha, wanda Shivaji da magajinsa suka jagoranta, ya kasance da damuwa musamman ga Aurangzeb.Duk da tura wani kaso mai yawa na sojojin Mughal da kuma sadaukar da sama da shekaru ashirin ga yakin, Aurangzeb ya kasa cin nasara kan Marathas.Dabarunsu na 'yan tawaye da zurfin sanin yankin yankin sun ba su damar ci gaba da adawa da ikon Mughal, wanda a ƙarshe ya kai ga kafa ƙungiyar Maratha mai ƙarfi.A cikin shekarun mulkinsa, Aurangzeb ya fuskanci adawa daga wasu kungiyoyi daban-daban, ciki har da Sikhs karkashin Guru Tegh Bahadur da Guru Gobind Singh, Pashtuns, da Jats.Wadannan rikice-rikice sun zubar da baitul malin Mughal tare da raunana karfin sojan daular.Yunkurin da Aurangzeb ya yi na sanya tsarin addinin Musulunci da fadada daularsa ta hanyar cin galaba a kan soji daga karshe ya haifar da tarzoma tare da ba da gudummawa ga raunin daular bayan mutuwarsa.Mutuwar Aurangzeb a shekara ta 1707 ita ce ƙarshen zamanin daular Mughal.Tsawon mulkin da ya yi ya kasance da gagarumin mamayar sojoji, da kokarin aiwatar da shari'ar Musulunci, da kuma cece-kuce kan yadda yake mu'amala da wadanda ba musulmi ba.Yakin maye gurbin da ya biyo bayan mutuwarsa ya kara raunana kasar Mughal, wanda ya kai ga koma bayanta a hankali a gaban masu tasowa irin su Marathas, Kamfanin British East India Company , da kuma wasu jahohin yanki daban-daban.Duk da gaurayawan kima na mulkinsa, Aurangzeb ya kasance jigo a tarihin yankin Indiya, wanda ke nuna zenith da farkon durkushewar ikon daular Mughal.

Yaƙin Anglo-Mughal, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Yaƙin Yara, shine yaƙin Anglo-Indiya na farko a yankin Indiya.Rikicin ya samo asali ne daga yunƙurin da Kamfanin Ingila na Gabashin Indiya ya yi na samun wani katafaren gata na kasuwanci na yau da kullun a cikin lardunan Mughal, wanda ya haifar da takurewar tattaunawa da kuma ƙara yawan guraben kasuwanci da Gwamnan Bengal, Shaista Khan ya sanya.A martanin da ya mayar, Sir Josiah Child ya kaddamar da munanan ayyuka da nufin kama Chittagong da kafa katafaren yanki don samun ikon ciniki da 'yanci daga ikon Mughal.Sarki James II ya aika da jiragen ruwa na yaki don tallafawa burin Kamfanin;duk da haka, balaguron soji ya ci tura.Bayan wasu muhimman ayyukan sojojin ruwa da suka hada da Siege na tashar jiragen ruwa na Bombay da kuma harin bam a Balasore, an yi yunkurin yin shawarwarin zaman lafiya.Yunkurin da Kamfanin ya yi na jayayya da karin haraji da kuma yaba wa mulkin Aurangzeb bai yi nasara ba, lamarin da ya kai ga toshe tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Mughal tare da kame jiragen ruwa dauke da alhazan Musulmi.Rikicin ya yi kamari ne yayin da Aurangzeb ya kwace masana’antar Kamfanin tare da kame mambobinsa, yayin da Kamfanin ya ci gaba da kame jiragen ruwan kasuwanci na Mughal.Daga karshe dai, Kamfanin na Ingila na Gabashin Indiya ya tilasta wa manyan sojojin daular Mughal daular Mughal, inda aka ci tarar Rupee 150,000 tare da maido da martabar kasuwancinsu da Aurangzeb ya yi bayan ya nemi afuwa.

Azam Shah ya yi sarauta a matsayin sarki na Mughal na bakwai daga 14 ga Maris zuwa 20 ga Yuni 1707, bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa, Aurangzeb.An nada shi magaji a shekara ta 1681, Azam ya yi fice wajen aikin soja, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakinsa a larduna daban-daban.Duk da an nada shi a matsayin magajin Aurangzeb, mulkinsa bai daɗe ba saboda rikicin da ya biyo baya da babban ɗan'uwansa Shah Alam, wanda daga baya aka fi sani da Bahadur Shah I.A yunƙurin gujewa yaƙin maye, Aurangzeb ya raba 'ya'yansa maza, ya aika Azam zuwa Malwa da ɗan'uwansa Kam Baksh zuwa Bijapur.Bayan mutuwar Aurangzeb, Azam, wanda ya dade a wajen Ahmednagar, ya koma neman sarautar kuma ya binne mahaifinsa a Daulatabad.Duk da haka, an yi fafatawa da da'awarsa a yakin Jajau, inda shi da dansa, Yarima Bidar Bakht, suka sha kaye a hannun Shah Alam, suka kashe shi a ranar 20 ga watan Yunin 1707.Mutuwar Azam Shah ta kawo ƙarshen mulkinsa na ɗan gajeren lokaci, kuma an yi imanin cewa an harbe shi ne sakamakon harbin bindiga daga Isha Khan Main, wani mai fili daga Lahore.An binne shi da matarsa ​​a rukunin dargah na Sufi waliyyi Sheikh Zainuddin da ke Khuldabad kusa da Aurangabad, kusa da kabarin Aurangzeb.

Mutuwar Aurangzeb a shekara ta 1707 ta haifar da rikici tsakanin 'ya'yansa maza, tare da Mu'azzam, Muhammad Kam Bakhsh, da Muhammad Azam Shah suna neman kujerar sarauta.Mu'azzam ya ci Azam Shah a yakin Jajau, yana mai da'awar sarauta a matsayin Bahadur Shah I. Daga baya ya ci Kam Bakhsh a kusa da Hyderabad a shekara ta 1708 ya kuma kashe shi. da kalubale na waje.An zarge shi da mugunyar mu'amala da 'yan adawa kuma daga karshe Bahadur Shah I ya ci shi, ya mutu a fursuna bayan tawayen da ya gaza.Bahadur Shah Na nemi ingantacciyar ikon Mughal, tare da mamaye yankunan Rajput kamar Amber da fuskantar juriya a Jodhpur da Udaipur.Mulkinsa ya ga tawayen Rajput, wanda aka kashe ta hanyar tattaunawa, maido da Ajit Singh da Jai ​​Singh zuwa sabis na Mughal.Tawayen Sikh karkashin Banda Bahadur ya haifar da gagarumin kalubale, inda suka kame yankuna tare da yin yaki da sojojin Mughal.Duk da nasarorin farko da aka samu, Banda Bahadur ya fuskanci shan kashi da ci gaba da turjiya, daga karshe ya gudu zuwa tsaunuka.Ƙoƙarin Bahadur Shah I na murkushe tashe tashen hankula daban-daban sun haɗa da tattaunawa, yaƙin neman zaɓe na soja, da ƙoƙarin kama Banda Bahadur.Ya fuskanci adawa da cece-kuce, ciki har da rikicin addini kan khutba a birnin Lahore, wanda ya haifar da cece-kuce da gyare-gyare a harkokin addini.Bahadur Shah I ya rasu a shekara ta 1712, dansa Jahandar Shah ya gaje shi.A zamanin mulkinsa ya kasance da yunkurin daidaita daular ta hanyar soji da diflomasiyya, tare da fuskantar kalubale daga ciki da wajen yankunan Mughal.

Yayin da lafiyar Bahadur Shah I ta ragu a shekara ta 1712, yaƙin maye ya kunno kai a tsakanin 'ya'yansa maza, wanda mai girma Zulfiqar Khan ya yi tasiri sosai.Sabanin rigingimun magajin Mughal da suka gabata, sakamakon wannan yaƙin ya kasance da dabara ta hanyar ƙawancen da Zulfiqar Khan ya kafa, inda suka fifita Jahandar Shah akan 'yan uwansa, wanda ya kai ga cin Azim-us-Shan da cin amana da kuma kawar da abokan Jahandar Shah daga baya.Mulkin Jahandar Shah, wanda ya fara a ranar 29 ga Maris 1712, ya kasance alama ce ta dogaro da Zulfiqar Khan, wanda ya ɗauki gagarumin iko a matsayin wazirin daular.Wannan sauyi yana wakiltar tashi daga ƙa'idodin Mughal, inda aka tattara iko a cikin daular.Mulkin Jahandar Shah dai ya kasance da yunƙurin tabbatar da mulki, wanda ya haɗa da aiwatar da hukuncin kisa na masu adawa da juna, da kuma nuna kyama ga matarsa, Lal Kunwar, wanda, tare da tabarbarewar siyasa da tabarbarewar kuɗi, ya taimaka wajen raunana daular.Zulfiqar Khan ya yi ƙoƙari ya daidaita daular ta hanyar haɓaka dangantaka ta lumana da manyan yankuna kamar Rajputs, Sikhs, da Marathas.Sai dai rashin gudanar da mulkin Jahandar Shah da makircin siyasar da ke kewaye da shi ya haifar da tarzoma da rashin gamsuwa, wanda hakan ya sanya shi yin faduwa.Da yake kalubalantar yayansa Farrukhsiyar, wanda ’yan uwa masu fada a ji na Sayyid suka goyi bayan Jahandar Shah ya fuskanci shan kashi a kusa da Agra a farkon shekara ta 1713. An kama shi da cin amana daga abokansa da ya taba amincewa da shi, an kashe shi a ranar 11 ga Fabrairu 1713, wanda ke nuna rashin jin dadi ga takaitaccen hali da tashin hankali. mulki.Rasuwar tasa ta nuna irin zurfin tsarin bangaranci da kuma sauye-sauyen daidaiton iko a cikin daular Mughal, wanda ke nuna wani lokaci na raguwa da rashin zaman lafiya.

Bayan da Jahandar Shah ya sha kashi, Farrukhsiyar ya hau karagar mulki tare da goyon bayan 'yan uwa Sayyid, wanda ya kai ga gudanar da gagarumin yakin siyasa da yakin soji da nufin tabbatar da mulkinsa da magance tashe-tashen hankula da kalubale daban-daban a fadin daular Mughal.Duk da rashin jituwar da aka samu a farko kan mukamai a cikin gwamnati, Farrukhsiyar ya nada Abdullah Khan a matsayin waziri da Hussain Ali Khan a matsayin Mir Bakhshi, wanda hakan ya sa su zama masu mulkin daular.Damar da suke da ita a kan sojoji da kuma kawancen dabaru ya haifar da farkon shekarun mulkin Farrukhsiyar, amma zato da gwagwarmayar mulki daga karshe ya haifar da tashin hankali a cikin kotun.Yakin Soja da Ƙoƙarin ƘarfafawaYaƙin da Ajmer ya yi: Mulkin Farrukhsiyar ya ga ƙoƙarin sake tabbatar da ikon Mughal a Rajasthan, tare da Hussain Ali Khan ya jagoranci yaƙin neman zaɓe kan Maharaja Ajit Singh na Ajmer.Duk da tsayin daka na farko, Ajit Singh ya mika wuya, ya maido da tasirin Mughal a yankin kuma ya amince da kawancen aure da Farrukhsiyar.Yaƙin neman zaɓe na yaƙi da Jats: Haɓakar sarakunan gida kamar Jats, biyo bayan tsawaita kamfen na Aurangzeb a cikin Deccan, ya ƙalubalanci ikon Mughal.Yunkurin Farrukhsiyar na murƙushe shugaban Jat Churaman ya haɗa da yaƙin neman zaɓe na soja karkashin jagorancin Raja Jai ​​Singh II, wanda ya haifar da tsawaita kawanya da tattaunawa wanda a ƙarshe ya ƙarfafa ikon Mughal.Gangamin yaƙi da Ƙungiyar Sikh: Tawayen Sikh a ƙarƙashin Banda Singh Bahadur ya wakilci babban ƙalubale.Martanin Farrukhsiyar ya haɗa da wani gagarumin yaƙin neman zaɓe na soji wanda ya haifar da kama Banda Singh Bahadur tare da kashe shi, wani mugun yunƙuri na murkushe tawayen da kuma dakile juriyar Sikh.Yaƙin neman zaɓe na yaƙi da 'yan tawaye a kogin Indus: Farrukhsiyar ya kai hari ga 'yan tawaye daban-daban, ciki har da ƙungiyoyin da Shah Inayat ke jagoranta a Sindh, da nufin sake kafa iko kan tawayen manoma da sake rarraba ƙasa.Mulkin Farrukhsiyar kuma ya shahara ga manufofin gudanarwa da kasafin kuɗi, gami da sake shigar da Jizyah da ba da rangwamen ciniki ga Kamfanin British East India Company .Waɗannan yanke shawara sun nuna sarƙaƙƙiyar tsarin mulkin Mughal, tare da daidaita al'adun Musulunci na gargajiya tare da ƙawance na zahiri da ƙasashen waje don daidaita kuɗin daular.Dangantaka tsakanin Farrukhsiyar da ’yan uwa Sayyid ta tabarbare a tsawon lokaci, wanda ya kai ga fafatawar karshe ta neman mulki.Burin ’yan uwa Sayyid da yunkurin Farrukhsiyar na dakile tasirinsu ya kai ga wata arangama da ta sauya fasalin siyasar Mughal.Yarjejeniyar ’yan’uwa da shugaban Maratha Shahu I, da aka yi ba tare da amincewar Farrukhsiyar ba, ta yi nuni da raguwar hukunce-hukunce na tsakiya da kuma karuwar ‘yancin cin gashin kai na yankuna.Taimakon Ajit Singh da Marathas, Sayyid Brothers sun makanta, an tsare su, kuma a ƙarshe sun kashe Farrukhsiyar a 1719.

Bengal ya balle daga mulkin Mughal a farkon karni na 18.Mulkin daular Mughal a kan Bengal ya yi rauni sosai a wannan lokacin saboda dalilai daban-daban, ciki har da rikice-rikice na cikin gida, raunin jagoranci na tsakiya, da kuma bullar gwamnonin yankuna masu karfi.A shekara ta 1717, gwamnan Bengal, Murshid Quli Khan, ya ayyana yancin kai daga daular Mughal yayin da har yanzu yake amincewa da mulkin mallaka na Mughal.Ya kafa Bengal Subah a matsayin ƙungiya mai cin gashin kanta, ta yadda ta rabu da ikon Mughal kai tsaye.Wannan matakin ya nuna farkon samun 'yancin kai na Bengal daga Daular Mughal, kodayake ba a san shi a hukumance ba sai daga baya.

Mirza Rafi ud-Darajat, Sarkin Mughal na sha daya, kuma karamin dan Rafi-ush-Shan, ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 1719 a matsayin wani dan tsana a karkashin 'yan uwa Sayyid, bayan dagewa, makanta, dauri, da kisa da aka yi wa sarki Farrukhsiyar tare da goyon baya. daga Maharaja Ajit Singh da Marathas.Mulkinsa, gajere da tashin hankali, ya kasance alamar rikici na cikin gida.A cikin kasa da watanni uku da hawansa, kawunsa, Nekusiyar, ya ayyana kansa a matsayin sarki a Agra Fort, yana da'awar cancanta.’Yan’uwan Sayyid, suna kare zaben sarki da suka zaba, suka yi gaggawar kwato kagara suka kwace Nekusiyar.Mulkin Rafi ud-Darajat ya ƙare da mutuwarsa a ranar 6 ga watan Yunin 1719, a ƙarƙashin yanayin da ake kyautata zaton na tarin fuka ne ko kuma kisa, bayan ya yi mulki na fiye da watanni uku.Nan take Rafi ud-Daulah ya gaje shi, wanda ya zama sarki Shah Jahan II.

Shah Jahan II ya rike sarautar Mughal na sha biyu a takaice a shekara ta 1719. 'Yan uwa Sayyid suka zabe shi kuma ya gaji sarki mai suna Rafi-ud-Darajat a ranar 6 ga Yuni, 1719. Shah Jahan na II, kamar wanda ya gabace shi, hakika shi ne sarki. sarkin tsana a karkashin ikon ‘yan uwa Sayyid.Mulkinsa bai daɗe ba yayin da ya kamu da cutar tarin fuka kuma ya rasu a ranar 17 ga Satumba, 1719. Shah Jahan II ya hau gadon sarauta bayan rasuwar ƙanensa Rafi ud-Darajat, wanda shi ma ya kamu da cutar tarin fuka.Saboda rashin iya mulki na zahiri da na tunani, ba shi da wani iko na gaske a zamaninsa na sarki.

Muhammad Shah, mai suna Abu Al-Fatah Nasir-ud-Din Roshan Akhtar Muhammad Shah, ya hau gadon sarautar Mughal a ranar 29 ga Satumbar 1719, ya gaji Shah Jahan II, tare da nadin sarautarsa ​​a Red Fort.A farkon mulkinsa, ‘yan uwa Sayyid, Syed Hassan Ali Khan Barha da Syed Hussain Ali Khan Barha, sun yi gagarumin karfi, bayan da suka yi yunkurin dora Muhammad Shah a kan karagar mulki.Sai dai kuma tasirinsu ya ragu bayan sun fahimci makircin da Asaf Jah I da wasunsu suka yi musu, wanda hakan ya haifar da rikicin da ya kai ga cin galaba a kan 'yan uwa Sayyid da kuma karfafa ikon Muhammad Shah.Mulkin Muhammad Shah ya kasance mai cike da kalubale na soji da na siyasa, ciki har da yunkurin sarrafa Deccan ta hanyar aika Asaf Jah I, wanda daga baya aka nada sannan ya yi murabus a matsayin Grand Vizier.Ƙoƙarin Asaf Jah I a cikin Deccan daga ƙarshe ya kai ga kafa Jihar Hyderabad a 1725, wanda ke nuna gagarumin canji a cikin iko daga tsakiyar Mughal.Yaƙe-yaƙe na Mughal- Maratha sun raunana daular Mughal sosai, tare da Marathas karkashin shugabanni irin su Bajirao I suna amfani da raunin daular, wanda ya haifar da asarar yanki da tasiri a cikin Deccan da kuma bayansa.Mulkin Muhammad Shah kuma ya ga goyon bayan fasaha, inda Urdu ya zama yaren kotu da haɓaka kiɗa, zane-zane, da ci gaban kimiyya kamar Zij-i Muhammad Shahi na Jai ​​Singh II.Sai dai kuma babban abin da ya fi muni a zamanin mulkinsa shi ne mamayewar Nader Shah a shekara ta 1739, wanda ya kai ga korar Delhi daga mukaminsa, tare da yi wa Daular Mughal rauni mai kima da kudi.Wannan mamayewa ya nuna raunin daular Mughal tare da kafa matakin ci gaba da raguwa, ciki har da hare-haren Marathas da kuma mamayar Afganistan da Ahmad Shah Durrani ya jagoranta a shekara ta 1748.Mulkin Muhammad Shah ya ƙare da mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1748, lokacin da aka sami gagarumin hasarar yankuna, haɓakar manyan yankuna kamar Marathas, da farkon burin turawan mulkin mallaka a Indiya.Sau da yawa ana kallon zamaninsa a matsayin wani sauyi da ya kai ga rugujewar daular Mughal ta tsakiya da kuma samun bunkasuwar kasashe masu cin gashin kai da kuma mamayar turawa a yankin Indiya.

Ahmad Shah Bahadur ya hau gadon sarautar Mughal a shekara ta 1748, bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa, Muhammad Shah.Nan take aka kalubalanci mulkinsa daga barazanar waje, musamman daga Ahmad Shah Durrani (Abdali), wanda ya kaddamar da mamayewa da yawa aIndiya .Gamuwa ta farko da Durrani ta faru ne jim kaɗan bayan hawan Ahmad Shah Bahadur, wanda ke nuna wani lokaci na rigingimu wanda ya fallasa raunin daular Mughal.Waɗannan hare-hare sun kasance da ganima da yawa kuma sun haifar da sauye-sauye masu yawa a cikin ƙarfin ikon yankin, wanda ya ƙara dagula ikon Mughal da ke kan yankunansa.A lokacin mulkinsa, Ahmad Shah Bahadur shi ma ya fuskanci kalubale na cikin gida, ciki har da karfin daular Maratha .Rikicin Mughal-Maratha ya tsananta, inda Marathas suka yi niyyar faɗaɗa yankunansu tare da lalata mulkin Mughal.Wannan lokacin ya ga fafatawa da yawa tsakanin sojojin Mughal da sojojin Maratha, wanda ke nuna canjin ma'auni na iko a Indiya.Marathas, karkashin jagorancin mutane kamar Peshwas, sun yi amfani da dabarun da suka kara rage ikon Mughal a yankuna masu yawa, musamman a arewaci da tsakiyar Indiya.Mulkin Ahmad Shah Bahadur ya zo daidai da yakin Carnatic na Farko (1746-1748), wani bangare na gwagwarmayar da ke tsakanin Turawan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya da Faransa a Indiya.Ko da yake wannan rikici ya shafi manyan kasashen Turai ne, yana da matukar tasiri ga Daular Mughal da kuma yanayin yanayin siyasar yankin Indiya.Yakin ya nuna yadda manyan kasashen turai ke da karfi da kuma kara rugujewar ikon Mughal, yayin da kasashen Birtaniya da Faransa suka nemi kawance da sarakunan yankin don karfafa matsayinsu a Indiya.Mamayewar da Ahmad Shah Durrani ya yi akai-akai wani bangare ne na mulkin Ahmad Shah Bahadur, wanda ya kawo karshe a yakin Panipat na uku a shekara ta 1761. Ko da yake wannan yakin ya faru ne jim kadan bayan da aka hambarar da Ahmad Shah Bahadur a shekara ta 1754, amma sakamakon manufofi ne kai tsaye. kalubalen soja a lokacin mulkinsa.Yakin, daya daga cikin mafi girma da aka gwabza a karni na 18, ya gwabza da Masarautar Maratha da Daular Durrani, wanda ya kawo karshe cikin mummunan kaye ga Marathas.Wannan taron ya sauya fasalin siyasar yankin Indiya sosai, wanda ya haifar da koma bayan daular Maratha da share fagen fadada mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya.Kasawar Ahmad Shah Bahadur wajen tafiyar da mulkin daular ta yadda ya kamata da kuma magance barazanar waje da kuma na cikin gida ya sa aka ajiye shi a shekara ta 1754. A zamanin mulkinsa ya fuskanci ci gaba da shan kashi na soji, da asarar yankuna, da raguwar martabar daular Mughal.A lokacin mulkinsa ya nuna irin raunin da daular ke da shi ga mamayewa daga waje da kuma tawaye na cikin gida, inda ya kafa matakin rugujewar gwamnatin Mughal daga karshe da kuma bullowar masu rike da madafun iko a yankin, wanda zai sake fasalin tsarin siyasa da zamantakewar yankin Indiya.

Alamgir na biyu shi ne sarki Mughal na goma sha biyar daga 1754 zuwa 1759. Sarautarsa ​​ta kasance da wani yunƙuri na daidaita daular Mughal da ta tabarbare a cikin mamayewar waje da rigingimu na cikin gida.Bayan nadin sarautarsa, ya karɓi sunan sarauta Alamgir, yana fatan yin koyi da Aurangzeb (Alamgir I).A lokacin da ya hau mulki, yana da shekaru 55 kuma ba ya da kwarewar gudanarwa da aikin soja saboda ya shafe yawancin rayuwarsa a gidan yari.An bayyana shi a matsayin sarki mai rauni, wazirinsa Imad-ul-Mulk ya riƙe ragamar mulki.Daya daga cikin muhimman manufofinsa na siyasa shine kulla kawance da Masarautar Durrani, karkashin jagorancin Ahmad Shah Durrani.Wannan ƙawance an yi shi ne don ƙarfafa iko da kuma tinkarar tasirin dakaru na waje, musamman Birtaniya da Marathas , a cikinyankin Indiya .Alamgir na biyu ya nemi goyon baya daga Masarautar Durrani domin karfafa raunana karfin daular Mughal da kuma kwato yankunan da suka bata.Duk da haka, haɗin gwiwa tare da Masarautar Durrani ba zai iya hana Siege na Delhi a 1757 da sojojin Maratha suka yi ba.Wannan lamari dai ya kasance mai matukar muhimmanci ga martabar daular Mughal da kuma iko da yankunanta.Marathas, da suka zama masu rinjaye a yankin Indiya, sun nemi fadada tasirinsu ta hanyar kwace babban birnin Mughal.Sifen ya jaddada raunin daular da kuma raguwar tasirin kawancenta wajen dakile ta'addanci daga manyan rundunonin yankin.A lokacin mulkin Alamgir na biyu, Yaƙin Carnatic na Uku (1756–1763) ya buɗe, wanda ya zama wani ɓangare na rikicin duniya tsakanin Biritaniya da Faransa da aka sani da Yaƙin Shekaru Bakwai .Ko da yake an yi Yaƙin Carnatic da farko a kudancin yankin Indiya, sun yi tasiri sosai ga Daular Mughal.Wadannan tashe-tashen hankula sun kara nuna irin yadda kasashen Turai ke kara tsunduma cikin harkokin Indiya da kuma yadda suke dada karfi kan harkokin kasuwanci da yankuna, wanda ke taimakawa wajen raunana ikon Mughal da sake fasalin karfin ikon yankin.Haka kuma mulkin Alamgir II ya fuskanci kalubalantar rashin amincewar cikin gida da rugujewar mulki.Rashin ikon daular wajen gudanar da manyan yankunanta da kuma yadda ya kamata wajen tunkarar barazanar waje da cin hanci da rashawa na cikin gida ya haifar da koma baya.Yunkurin da Alamgir na biyu ya yi na farfado da daular da dawo da martabarta a da, ya samu cikas ne sakamakon makircin siyasa, cin amana, da manyan kalubalen da masu tasowa ke haifarwa a ciki da wajen Indiya.Mulkin Alamgir na biyu ya zo karshe a shekara ta 1759 lokacin da aka kashe shi a wata makarkashiyar da wazirinsa Ghazi-ud-Din ya shirya, wanda ya nemi ya mallaki ragowar daular.Wannan taron ya nuna gagarumin sauyi, wanda ya haifar da ƙarin rashin zaman lafiya da rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin Daular Mughal.Don haka, mulkin Alamgir na biyu ya kebanta da wani lokaci na ci gaba da koma baya, wanda ke da nasaba da yunkurin sake dawo da mulki da bai yi nasara ba, da tasirin rikice-rikicen da duniya ke fama da shi a yankin Indiya, da jujjuyawar mulki daga daular Mughal zuwa manyan yankuna da na Turai, lamarin da ya kafa matakin. don mulkin mallaka na ƙarshe na daular Burtaniya a Indiya.

Shah Jahan III shine sarki Mughal na goma sha shida, duk da cewa mulkinsa bai dade ba.An haife shi a shekara ta 1711 kuma ya wuce a shekara ta 1772, shi ne zuriyar Muhi us-Sunnat, babban zuriyar Muhammad Kam Bakhsh, wanda shi ne auta a Aurangzeb.Hawan sa kan karagar Mughal a watan Disamba 1759 ya samu sauki ta hanyar dabarun siyasa a Delhi, wanda Imad-ul-Mulk ya yi tasiri sosai.Duk da haka, wa'adinsa na sarki ya ragu lokacin da shugabannin Mughal, masu ba da shawara ga Sarkin Mughal mai hijira Shah Alam II, suka shirya nasa.

Shah Alam II (Ali Gohar), Sarkin Mughal na goma sha bakwai, ya hau kan karagar mulki a cikin rugujewar daular Mughal, da karfinsa ya ragu har ya haifar da cewa, "Daular Shah Alam daga Delhi ce zuwa Palam."Mulkinsa ya fuskanci mamayewa, musamman ta Ahmed Shah Abdali, wanda ya kai ga gagarumin yakin Panipat na uku a 1761 a kan Marathas , wadanda a lokacin sune sarakunan Delhi.A cikin 1760, Marathas ya nada Shah Alam II a matsayin sarki na gaskiya bayan sun kori sojojin Abdali tare da korar Shah Jahan III.Yunkurin da Shah Alam II yayi na kwato ikon Mughal ya gan shi yana shiga cikin rikice-rikice daban-daban, ciki har da yakin Buxar a 1764 da Kamfanin British East India Company , wanda ya haifar da shan kashi da kuma kariya daga baya a karkashin Birtaniya ta hanyar yarjejeniyar Allahabad.Wannan yarjejeniya ta rage girman ikon Mughal ta hanyar baiwa Diwani na Bengal, Bihar, da Odisha ga Burtaniya, wanda ke nuna gagarumin sauyi a cikin iko.Tashin hankalin Jat kan ikon Mughal, wanda rashin haƙurin addini na Aurangzeb ya haifar, ya ga masarautar Bharatpur Jat tana ƙalubalantar mulkin Mughal, gami da gagarumin yaƙin neman zaɓe a yankuna kamar Agra.Suraj Mal, wanda ke jagorantar Jats, ya kama Agra a cikin 1761, yana washe garin har ma ya narke kofofin azurfa na Taj Mahal.Ɗansa, Jawahar Singh, ya faɗaɗa ikon Jat a Arewacin Indiya, yana riƙe da wurare masu mahimmanci har zuwa 1774.A lokaci guda, mabiya addinin Sikh, wadanda suka fusata da zaluncin Mughal, musamman kisan gillar da aka yi wa Guru Teg Bahadur, ya tsananta tsayin daka, inda ya kai ga kama Sirhind a shekara ta 1764. Wannan lokaci na sake dawowar Sikh ya ga ci gaba da kai hare-hare a cikin yankunan Mughal, wanda ya kara raunana ikon Mughal a yankin.Rugujewar daular Mughal ta bayyana sarai a lokacin Shah Alam II, wanda ya shaida wargaza mulkin Mughal, wanda ya kai ga cin amanar Ghulam Qadir.Mummunar mulkin Qadir, wanda sarki ke nuna makanta da wulakanci da dangin sarki, ya ƙare da shiga tsakani na Mahadaji Shinde a shekara ta 1788, ya maido da Shah Alam II amma ya bar daular ta zama inuwar tsohuwarta, galibi tana cikin Delhi.Duk da waɗannan wahalhalu, Shah Alam II ya gudanar da wani kamannin ikon mallaka, musamman a lokacin 1783 Sikh kewaye na Delhi.An kawo karshen wannan kawanya tare da wata yarjejeniya da Mahadaji Shinde ya taimaka, ta baiwa mabiya addinin Sikh wasu hakkoki da wani kaso na kudaden shiga na Delhi, wanda ke nuna sarkakiya na karfin iko na lokacin.Shekaru na ƙarshe na sarautar Shah Alam na biyu suna ƙarƙashin kulawar Birtaniyya, bayan yaƙin Delhi a shekara ta 1803. Sarkin Mughal wanda ya taɓa zama maɗaukaki a dā, wanda a yanzu ɗan Biritaniya ne, ya shaida yadda tasirin Mughal ya ci gaba har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1806. Duk da waɗannan ƙalubalen. Shah Alam II ya kasance majibincin fasaha, yana ba da gudummawa ga adabin Urdu da wakoki a ƙarƙashin sunan alkalami Aftab.

Mirza Mahmud Shah Bahadur, wanda aka fi sani da Shah Jahan IV, shi ne sarki Mughal na goma sha takwas a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin 1788 a lokacin tashin hankali da makircin Ghulam Qadir, wani jigon Rohilla.Dan tsohon Sarkin Mughal Ahmad Shah Bahadur, mulkin Mahmud Shah ya kasance karkashin inuwar Ghulam Qadir, bayan tsige shi da makanta Shah Alam II.An naɗa shi a matsayin ɗan tsana, lokacin Mahmud Shah na sarki yana da alaƙa da sace-sacen fadar Red Fort da cin zarafi da yawa a kan gidan sarautar Timurid, ciki har da tsohuwar Empress Badshah Begum.Azzalumar Ghulam Qadir ta kai har ta kai ga yin barazana ga hukuncin kisa kan Mahmud Shah da sauran 'yan uwa na Masarautar, wanda ya kai ga shiga tsaka mai wuya daga dakarun Mahadji Shinde.Wannan shiga tsakani ya tilastawa Ghulam Qadir gudu, inda ya bar fursunonin, ciki har da Mahmud Shah, wanda daga bisani aka cire shi don maido da sarautar Shah Alam na biyu a watan Oktoban 1788. Bayan da sojojin Shinde suka sake kama shi a Mirat, Mahmud Shah ya sake daure shi a gidan yari. .A shekara ta 1790, rayuwar Mahmud Shah ta zo karshe mai ban tausayi, wanda ake zargi da umarnin Shah Alam na biyu, a matsayin ramuwar gayya saboda rashin shiga cikin abubuwan da suka faru na 1788 da kuma fahimtar cin amanar daular Mughal.Mutuwar sa ta kawo karshen mulkin takaitaccen lokaci da tashin hankali, inda ya bar ‘ya’ya mata biyu da kuma gado mai cike da rugujewar daular Mughal da rigingimun cikin gida a cikin matsi na waje.

Akbar II, wanda aka fi sani da Akbar Shah II, ya yi sarauta a matsayin Sarkin Mughal na sha tara daga 1806 zuwa 1837. An haife shi a ranar 22 ga Afrilu, 1760, kuma ya wuce 28 ga Satumba, 1837, shi ne ɗa na biyu ga Shah Alam II kuma mahaifin Masarautar Masarautar. Sarkin Mughal na karshe, Bahadur Shah II.Mulkinsa yana da ƙayyadaddun iko na ainihi a cikin faɗaɗa ikon Birtaniyya a Indiya ta Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya.Mulkinsa ya ga al'adu suna bunƙasa a cikin Delhi, kodayake ikon mallakarsa babban alama ne, yana iyakance ga Red Fort.Dangantakar Akbar II da ’yan Birtaniyya, musamman da Lord Hastings, ta yi tsami ne saboda dagewar da ya yi na a dauke shi a matsayin mai mulki maimakon wani dan kasa, wanda hakan ya sa Birtaniyya ta takaita ikonsa sosai.A shekara ta 1835, an rage lakabinsa zuwa "Sarkin Delhi," kuma an cire sunansa daga tsabar kudi na Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya, wanda ya canza daga Farisa zuwa Turanci, yana nuna alamar tasirin Mughal.Tasirin sarki ya kara dagulewa yayin da turawan ingila suka karfafawa shuwagabannin yankin irinsu Nawab na Oudh da Nizam na Hyderabad kwarin gwiwar daukar mukaman sarauta, kai tsaye suna kalubalantar daukakar Mughal.A wani yunƙuri na hana matsayinsa na raguwa, Akbar II ya nada Ram Mohan Roy a matsayin manzon Mughal a Ingila, tare da ba shi lakabin Raja.Duk da irin wakilcin da Roy yake da shi a Ingila, kokarin da ya yi na neman hakkin sarkin Mughal ya ci tura.

Bahadur Shah II, wanda aka fi sani da Bahadur Shah Zafar, shine sarki Mughal na ashirin kuma na ƙarshe, wanda ya yi mulki daga 1806 har zuwa 1837, kuma ƙwararren mawaƙin Urdu.Mulkinsa ya kasance na musamman, tare da ainihin ikon da Kamfanin British East India Company ke amfani da shi.Mulkin Zafar ya keɓe ne a birnin Old Delhi mai katanga (Shahjahanbad), kuma ya zama alamar Tawayen Indiyawa na 1857 ga mulkin Birtaniya.Bayan tawayen, Birtaniya sun kore shi kuma suka yi hijira zuwa Rangoon, Burma , wanda ke nuna ƙarshen daular Mughal.Zafar ya hau kan karagar mulki a matsayin dan Akbar II na biyu, a cikin rigingimun cikin gida na gado.Mulkinsa yana ganin Delhi a matsayin cibiyar al'adu, duk da raguwar iko da yankin da daular.Turawan Ingila, suna kallonsa a matsayin mai karbar fansho, sun takaita ikonsa, wanda hakan ya haifar da tashin hankali.Kin amincewa da Zafar da turawan Ingila, musamman Lord Hastings ya yi, da kuma dagewarsa kan mutunta ‘yancin kai, sun nuna irin sarkakiyar tsarin mulkin mallaka.Taimakon sarki a lokacin tawaye na 1857 ya kasance mai jinkiri amma yana da mahimmanci, kamar yadda 'yan tawaye masu tawaye suka ayyana shi a matsayin jagora na alama.Duk da takaitacciyar rawar da ya taka, turawan Ingila sun dora shi alhakin tada kayar bayan da ya kai ga yi masa shari’a da gudun hijira.Gudunmawar Zafar ga waƙar Urdu da kuma goyon bayansa na masu fasaha kamar Mirza Ghalib da Daagh Dehlvi sun haɓaka gadon al'adun Mughal.Shari’ar da turawan Ingila suka yi masa kan zargin taimakawa ‘yan tawaye da kuma daukar ‘yancin kai ya bayyana hanyoyin da doka ta tanada don halasta ikon mulkin mallaka.Duk da karancin sa hannun sa, shari'ar Zafar da gudun hijira na baya-bayan nan ya jaddada kawo karshen mulkin Mughal da kuma farkon ikon Birtaniyya kan Indiya.Zafar ya mutu a gudun hijira a shekara ta 1862, an binne shi a Rangoon, mai nisa da ƙasarsa.Kabarinsa, wanda aka dade ana mantawa da shi, daga baya an sake gano shi, yana zama abin tunatarwa game da mummunan ƙarshen sarkin Mughal na ƙarshe da kuma mutuwar ɗaya daga cikin manyan dauloli na tarihi.Rayuwarsa da mulkinsa sun haɗa da sarƙaƙƙiyar juriya da mulkin mallaka, gwagwarmayar neman mulki, da kuma dawwamammen gado na goyon bayan al'adu a cikin koma bayan siyasa.

Daular Mughal, wadda ta taso daga farkon karni na 16 zuwa tsakiyar karni na 19, ta nuna wani babi na zinari a cikin tarihin Indiya da na duniya, wanda ke nuni da zamanin sabbin gine-ginen da ba su misaltuwa, hadewar al'adu, da ingancin gudanarwa.A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan dauloli da ke wanzuwa a cikin yankin Indiya, ba za a iya ƙididdige muhimmancinsa ba, yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga fasahar fasaha, al'adu, da mulki.Mughals sun taka rawa wajen kafa harsashin ginin Indiya na zamani, tare da gabatar da sauye-sauye masu nisa a cikin kudaden shiga da kuma gudanar da mulki wanda ke ci gaba da faruwa a tsawon shekaru.A siyasance, Mughals sun gabatar da gwamnatin tsakiya wacce ta zama abin koyi ga gwamnatocin da suka biyo baya, gami da Raj na Burtaniya.Tunaninsu na kasa mai cin gashin kai, tare da manufofin Sarkin sarakuna Akbar na Sulh-e-Kul, na haɓaka juriya na addini, wani mataki ne na farko don samun tsarin mulki.A al'adance, daular Mughal ta kasance wani yanki na fasaha, gine-gine, da ci gaban adabi.Shahararren Taj Mahal, abin koyi na gine-ginen Mughal, yana nuna alamar fasahar fasahar wannan zamanin kuma yana ci gaba da bazuwar duniya.Hotunan Mughal, tare da cikakkun bayanansu da jigogi masu ɗorewa, suna wakiltar haɗuwar salon Farisa da Indiyawa, suna ba da gudummawa sosai ga faifan al'adu na lokacin.Bugu da ƙari, daular ta kasance kayan aiki ga juyin halittar harshen Urdu, wanda ya wadatar da adabi da wakoki na Indiya.Duk da haka, daular ma tana da nata nakasu.Karkashin mulkin sarakunan Mughal daga baya da kau da kai daga talakawa ya taimaka wajen durkushewar daular.Rashin zamanantar da tsarin soji da gudanarwa ta fuskar manyan kasashen turai, musamman na Biritaniya, ya kai ga rugujewar daular daga karshe.Bugu da ƙari, wasu manufofi, kamar ka'idar addini ta Aurangzeb, sun sauya salon haƙuri na farko, suna haifar da tashin hankali na zamantakewa da siyasa.Shekarun baya sun ga raguwar rikice-rikice na cikin gida, cin hanci da rashawa, da rashin iya daidaita yanayin siyasa, wanda ya kai ga durkushewa daga karshe.Ta hanyar haɗakar nasarori da ƙalubale, daular Mughal tana ba da darussa masu kima akan ƙarfin iko, al'adu, da wayewa wajen tsara tarihin duniya.