Halifancin Umayyawa

A zamanin jahiliyya, Banu Umayyawa ko kuma “Banu Umayya” su ne manyan zuriyar qabilar Kuraishawa ta Makka.A karshen karni na 6, Banu Umayyawa sun mamaye cibiyoyin hada-hadar kasuwanci na Kuraishawa da kasar Siriya, sannan suka kulla kawancen tattalin arziki da na soja tare da kabilun Larabawa makiyaya wadanda ke iko da fadin hamadar Larabawa ta arewa da tsakiyar kasar, wanda hakan ya baiwa dangin wani matsayi na karfin siyasa a cikin yanki.Banu Umayyawa karkashin jagorancin Abu Sufyan ibn Harb sune manyan jagororin Makka masu adawa da annabin musulunciMuhammad , amma bayan da suka kwace Makka a shekara ta 630, Abu Sufyan da Kuraishawa suka musulunta.Don sasanta ’yan kabilarsa na Kuraishawa masu tasiri, Muhammadu ya ba abokan hamayyarsa na farko, ciki har da Abu Sufyan, wani kaso a cikin sabon tsari.Abu Sufyan da Umayyawa sun koma Madina, cibiyar siyasar Musulunci, don ci gaba da samun sabon tasirin siyasar da suka samu a cikin al'ummar musulmi.Mutuwar Muhammadu a shekara ta 632 ta bar gadon shugabancin al'ummar musulmi.Muhajirun sun yi mubaya'a ga daya daga cikin su, farkon, dattijon sahabi Muhammad, Abubakar, kuma sun kawo karshen shawarwarin Ansarite.Ansar da manyan kuraishawa suna kallon Abubakar a matsayin abin yarda da shi kuma an yarda da shi a matsayin halifa (shugaban al'ummar musulmi).Ya nuna tagomashi ga Banu Umayyawa ta hanyar ba su matsayin jagoranci a yakin da musulmi suka yi a Sham .Daya daga cikin wadanda aka nada shi ne Yazid dan Abu Sufyan, wanda ya mallaki kadarori da kuma gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci a kasar Sham.Magajin Abubakar Umar (r. 634 – 644) ya rage tasirin kuraishawa masu goyon bayan Muhammadu na farko a cikin gwamnati da sojoji, amma duk da haka ya ba da damar samun gindin ‘ya’yan Abu Sufyan a Syria, wanda duk sai 638 suka ci nasara. .A lokacin da babban kwamandan Umar na lardin Abu Ubaida bn al-Jarrah ya rasu a shekara ta 639, ya nada Yazidu gwamnan lardin Damascus na kasar Sham, da Palastinu da kuma Jordan.Yazid ya rasu ba da jimawa ba Umar ya nada dan uwansa Mu'awiya a madadinsa.Wata kila irin yadda Umar ya yi wa ‘ya’yan Abu Sufyan na musamman ya samo asali ne daga mutunta iyalinsa, da alakarsu da ‘yan kabilar Banu Kalb masu karfin fada a ji a matsayin cin karo da manyan ‘yan kabilar Himyari a Homs wadanda suke kallon kansu a matsayin daidai da Kuraishawa a cikin manyan mutane ko kuma rashin samun daukaka. dan takarar da ya dace a lokacin, musamman a cikin annobar Amwas da ta riga ta kashe Abu Ubayda da Yazid.A karkashin jagorancin Mu'awiya, Siriya ta kasance cikin zaman lafiya, tsari da kariya daga tsoffin sarakunan Rumawa .

A zamanin Umar gwamnan Sham Mu'awiyah na daya ya aike da bukatar a samar da sojojin ruwa domin mamaye tsibiran tekun Mediterrenean amma Umar ya ki amincewa da shawarar saboda hadarin da sojojin ke fuskanta.Da Uthman ya zama halifa, amma ya amince da bukatar Muawiyah.A shekara ta 650 Muawiyah ya kai hari Cyprus, inda ya mamaye babban birnin kasar, Constantia, bayan wani dan lokaci kadan, amma ya sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da sarakunan yankin.A lokacin wannan balaguron, wani danginMuhammad , Umm-Haram, ya fado daga alfadarinta kusa da tafkin Gishiri a Larnaca kuma aka kashe shi.An binne ta a daidai wannan wuri, wanda ya zama wuri mai tsarki ga Musulmai da Kirista da dama na yankin, kuma a cikin 1816, Daular Usmaniyya ta gina Hala Sultan Tekke a can.Bayan kama karya yarjejeniyar, Larabawa sun sake mamaye tsibirin a cikin 654 tare da jiragen ruwa dari biyar.A wannan karon, an bar sansanin sojoji 12,000 a Cyprus, wanda hakan ya sa tsibirin ƙarƙashin ikon musulmi.Bayan sun tashi daga Cyprus, rundunar musulmi ta nufi Kreeta sannan Rhodes suka ci su ba tare da juriya ba.Daga shekara ta 652 zuwa 654, musulmi sun kaddamar da yakin ruwa a Sicily tare da kwace wani yanki mai yawa na tsibirin.Ba da daɗewa ba bayan wannan, an kashe Uthman, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen manufofinsa na faɗaɗawa, kuma Musulmai sun ja da baya daga Sicily.A shekara ta 655 Sarkin Ruma Constans na biyu ya jagoranci rundunar sojoji da kansa don kai wa musulmi hari a Phoinike (daga Lycia) amma aka ci nasara: bangarorin biyu sun sha asara mai yawa a yakin, kuma sarki da kansa ya guje wa mutuwa.

Akwai kadan daga majiyoyin musulmi na farko game da mulkin Mu'awiya a Sham, cibiyar halifancinsa.Ya kafa fadarsa a Dimashƙu, ya kwashe dukiyar halifanci a can daga Kufa.Ya dogara ga sojojin kabilarsa na Syria, wadanda adadinsu ya kai 100,000, yana kara musu albashi a kashe sojojin Iraki ;haka kuma kusan sojoji 100,000 a hade.Mu'awiya ya samu karbuwa daga majiyoyin musulmi na farko da ya kafa diwans (sashen gwamnati) na wasiku (rasa'il), kansila (khatam) da hanyar gidan waya (barid).A cewar al-Tabari, bayan wani yunkurin kashe shi da Khawarijat al-Burak bn Abd Allah ya yi wa Mu'awiya a lokacin da yake addu'a a cikin masallacin Dimashku a shekara ta 661, Mu'awiya ya kafa wani halifanci haras (mai gadin kansa) da kuma shurta (zaba zabi). dakaru) da maqsura (yankin da aka kebe) a cikin masallatai.

Ko da yake Larabawa ba su ci gaba da wuce Kirnaica ba tun cikin 640s in ban da hare-hare na lokaci-lokaci, an sake sabunta balaguron yaƙi da Rumawa ta Arewacin Afirka a lokacin mulkin Mu'awiya.A cikin 665 ko 666 Ibn Hudayj ya jagoranci wata runduna wadda ta kai farmaki a Byzacena (kudancin gundumar Byzantine Afrika) da Gabes kuma ta kama Bizerte na dan lokaci kafin ya janye zuwaMasar .A shekara ta gaba Mu'awiya ya aika Fadala da Ruwayfi bn Thabit don su kai farmaki tsibirin Djerba mai daraja ta kasuwanci. A halin yanzu, a cikin 662 ko 667, Uqba ibn Nafi, wani kwamandan Kuraishawa wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kame Cyrenaica a shekara ta 641 Larabawa. , ya sake tabbatar da tasirin musulmi a yankin Fezzan, tare da kwace yankin Zawila da kuma babban birnin Garamantes na Jamus.Watakila ya kai hari kudu har zuwa Kawar a Nijar ta zamani.

Yakin farko da Larabawa suka yi wa Konstantinoful a shekara ta 674-678 shi ne babban rikici na yakin Larabawa da Byzantine, kuma shi ne karon farko na dabarun fadada daular Umayyawa zuwa ga Daular Rumawa, karkashin jagorancin Halifa Mu'awiya I. Mu'awiya, wanda ya yi nasara. ya bayyana a shekara ta 661 a matsayin mai mulkin daular larabawa musulmi bayan yakin basasa, ya sake sabonta yakin basasa da kasar Byzantium bayan wasu shekaru da suka shude da kuma fatan kaiwa ga wani mummunan hari ta hanyar kwace babban birnin Byzantine, Constantinople.Kamar yadda mai ba da labari na Byzantine Theophanes the Confessor ya ruwaito, harin Larabawa ya kasance mai dabara: a cikin 672-673 jiragen ruwa na Larabawa sun sami sansani a bakin tekun Asiya Ƙarama, sannan suka ci gaba da kafa shingen shinge a kusa da Constantinople.Sun yi amfani da tsibirin Cyzicus da ke kusa da birnin a matsayin sansanin lokacin sanyi, kuma suna komawa duk lokacin bazara don kai hare-hare a kan katangar birnin.A ƙarshe, Rumawa a ƙarƙashin Sarkin sarakuna Constantine IV, sun yi nasarar lalata sojojin ruwa na Larabawa ta hanyar amfani da wani sabon ƙirƙira, wani abu mai ƙonewa na ruwa wanda aka sani da wutar Girka.Rumawa kuma sun yi galaba a kan sojojin ƙasar Larabawa a yankin Asiya Ƙarama, wanda ya tilasta musu dage yaƙin.Nasarar da Rumawa ta samu na da matukar muhimmanci ga rayuwar kasar Rumawa, saboda barazanar Larabawa ta ja baya na wani lokaci.An rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ba da jimawa ba, kuma bayan barkewar wani yakin basasa na musulmi, Rumawa ma sun sami wani lokaci na hawan halifanci.

An yi yakin Karbala ne a ranar 10 ga Oktoban shekara ta 680 Miladiyya tsakanin sojojin Khalifan Umayyawa na biyu Yazid I da wata karamar runduna karkashin jagorancin Husayn bn Ali jikan Manzon AllahMuhammad , a Karbala, Iraki ta zamani.An kashe Hussaini ne tare da mafi yawan ‘yan uwansa da sahabbansa, yayin da sauran ‘yan uwansa da suka tsira aka kama su fursuna.Yakin ya biyo bayan Fitina ta Biyu, inda a lokacin ne ‘yan Iraqi suka shirya kamfen guda biyu na daukar fansar mutuwar Hussaini;na farko na Tawwabin, dayan kuma na Mukhtar al-Thaqafi da magoya bayansa.Yakin Karbala ya zaburar da ci gaban jam’iyyar Alid (Shi’a Ali) da ke goyon bayan Alid zuwa wata mazhabar addini ta musamman wacce take da nata na ibada da tunawa da ita.Tana da matsayi na tsakiya a tarihin Shi’a da al’ada da tauhidi, kuma an yi ta maimaita ta a cikin adabin Shi’a.

Fitina ta Biyu lokaci ne na gama-gari na siyasa da na soji da yakin basasa a cikin al'ummar musulmi a zamanin khalifancin Banu Umayyawa.Hakan ya biyo bayan wafatin halifa Mu'awiya na farko na Banu Umayya a shekara ta 680 kuma ya kai kimanin shekaru goma sha biyu.Yakin ya kunshi murkushe kalubale guda biyu ga daular Umayyawa, na farko da Husain bn Ali ya yi, da kuma magoya bayansa da suka hada da Sulayman bn Surad da Mukhtar Al-Thaqafi wanda ya yi gangamin daukar fansa a Iraki , na biyu kuma na Abd Allah bn al. - Zubairu.Magoya bayan Alid na Kufa ne suka gayyaci Husain bn Ali don ya kifar da Banu Umayyawa amma an kashe shi tare da karamin kamfaninsa a kan hanyarsa ta zuwa Kufa a yakin Karbala a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 680. Sojojin Yazid sun kai farmaki kan 'yan tawaye masu adawa da gwamnati a Madina a watan Agusta 683 daga bisani. ya kewaye Makka, inda Ibn al-Zubayr ya kafa kansa yana adawa da Yazidu.Bayan da Yazid ya rasu a watan Nuwamba, sai aka yi watsi da wannan kawanya, kuma hukumar Umayyawa ta ruguje a tsawon mulkin halifanci in ban da wasu yankunan Sham;mafi yawan larduna sun amince da Ibn al-Zubayr a matsayin halifa.;Wasu jerin yunkuri na neman daukar fansa kan kisan Hussaini ne suka bayyana a Kufa da suka fara da kungiyar Penitet Ibn Surad, wadda Banu Umayyawa suka murkushe a yakin Ayn al-Warda a watan Janairun 685. .Mukhtar ya karbe Kufa.Duk da cewa dakarunsa sun fatattaki rundunar Umayyawa da dama a yakin Khazir a watan Agustan 686, Mukhtar da magoya bayansa sun kashe Zubayrid a watan Afrilun 687 bayan an gwabza fada.A karkashin jagorancin Abd al-Malik bn Marwan, Banu Umayyawa sun sake tabbatar da mulkin halifanci bayan da suka fatattaki Zubairu a yakin Maskin a Iraki tare da kashe Ibn al-Zubayr a kewayen Makka a shekara ta 692.Abubuwan da suka faru a Fitnai na Biyu sun tsananta ra’ayin mazhabobi a Musulunci kuma an samu ci gaba da koyarwa iri-iri a cikin abin da daga baya ya zama mabiyan Sunna da Shi’a na Musulunci.

Sifen Makka a watan Satumba-Nuwamba 683 na ɗaya daga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe na farko na Fitina ta Biyu.Birnin Makka ya kasance wuri mai tsarki ga Abd Allah bn Zubayr, wanda yana daga cikin fitattun masu kalubalantar sarautar daular Umayyawa Yazid I. Bayan Madina da ke kusa da shi, daya daga cikin birnin Musulunci mai tsarki shi ma ya yi tawaye ga Yazid. , Sarkin Banu Umayya ya aika da runduna ta mamaye Larabawa.Sojojin Umayyawa sun fatattaki mutanen Madina, suka kwace garin, amma Makka ta ci gaba da yin kawanya na tsawon wata guda, inda aka lalata Ka'aba da wuta.An kawo karshen wannan kawanya ne a lokacin da aka samu labarin rasuwar Yazid ba zato ba tsammani.Kwamandan Banu Umayyawa, Husayn bn Numayr al-Sakuni, bayan ya yi qoqari na banza ya sa Ibn Zubayr ya koma Sham tare da shi, aka kuma amince da shi a matsayin Halifa, sai ya tafi da dakarunsa.Ibn al-Zubayr ya kasance a Makka a tsawon yakin basasa, amma duk da haka nan da nan aka amince da shi a matsayin Halifa a mafi yawan kasashen musulmi.Sai a shekara ta 692, Banu Umayya suka samu damar sake tura wata runduna wadda suka sake kawanya suka kwace Makka, suka kawo karshen yakin basasa.

Daular Umayyad ce ta fara ginin Dome na Dutse bisa umarnin Abd al-Malik a lokacin Fitina ta Biyu a shekara ta 691-692, kuma tun daga nan tana kan saman wurin Haikalin Yahudawa na biyu (wanda aka gina a ciki). c. 516 KZ don maye gurbin Haikalin Sulemanu da aka lalata), wanda Romawa suka lalata a shekara ta 70 AZ.Dome na Dutse yana cikin ainihinsa ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin ayyukan gine-gine na Musulunci.An tsara tsarin gine-ginen gine-ginen da mosaics bayan majami'u na Byzantine da manyan fadoji na kusa, kodayake bayyanarsa ta waje ta canza sosai a lokacin Ottoman da kuma a cikin zamani, musamman tare da ƙari na rufin da aka yi da zinari, a cikin 1959-61 da kuma a cikin 1993. .

Yakin Maskin, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Yaƙin Dayr al-Jathaliq daga wani gidan sufi na Nestorian da ke kusa, ya kasance yaƙin Fitna ta Biyu (680s-690s).An yi yakin ne a tsakiyar watan Oktoba na shekara ta 691 a kusa da birnin Bagadaza na yau a gabar yammacin kogin Tigris, tsakanin sojojin halifan Umayyawa Abdul-Malik bn Marwan da dakarun Mus'ab bn al-Zubayr gwamnan Iraki. ga dan uwansa, abokin hamayyarsa na Makka, halifa Abd Allah bn al-Zubayr.A farkon yakin, yawancin dakarun Mus'ab sun ki yin yaki, bayan da suka yi mubaya'a ga Abdul-Malik a asirce, kuma an kashe babban kwamandan Mus'ab, Ibrahim bn al-Ashtar a wani mataki.An kashe Mus'ab ba da dadewa ba, wanda hakan ya haifar da nasarar da Umayyawa suka samu tare da kwato kasar Iraki, wanda hakan ya bude hanyar da Umayyawa ta kwato Hejaz (yammacin Larabawa) a karshen shekara ta 692.

A shekara ta 695-698 kwamanda Hassan bn al-Nu'man al-Ghassani ya maido da ikon Umayyawa a kan Ifrikiya bayan ya ci nasara akan Rumawa da Berber a can.An kama Carthage kuma an lalata shi a cikin 698, yana nuna "ƙarshe, ƙarshen ikon Romawa a Afirka", a cewar Kennedy.An tabbatar da Kairouan a matsayin tambarin kaddamar da mamaya daga baya, yayin da aka kafa garin Tunis mai tashar jiragen ruwa tare da sanye da kayan yaki bisa umarnin Abd al-Malik na kafa rundunar jiragen ruwa na Larabawa.Hassan al-Nu’man ya ci gaba da yakar ‘ya’yan Berber, inda ya yi nasara a kan su, ya kuma kashe shugabansu, jaruma sarauniya al-Kahina, a tsakanin shekara ta 698 zuwa 703. Magajinsa a Ifriqiya, Musa bn Nusayr, ya mallake Berber na Hawwara, Zenata da Ƙungiyoyin Kutama kuma suka ci gaba zuwa cikin Maghreb (yammacin Arewacin Afirka), sun ci Tangier da Sus a 708/09.

Domin yawancin rabin na biyu na karni na 7, kasancewar Larabawa da iko a Armeniya ya kasance kadan.Larabawa sun dauki Armeniya a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta, amma tana da 'yancin cin gashin kanta , wanda yarjejeniyar da aka rattabawa tsakanin Rhstuni da Mu'awiya ta tsara.Al’amura sun canza a zamanin halifa Abd al-Malik (r. 685-705).Tun daga shekara ta 700, kanin Halifa kuma gwamnan Arran, Muhammad ibn Marwan, ya mamaye kasar a jerin gwano.Ko da yake Armeniyawa sun yi tawaye a shekara ta 703 kuma suka sami taimakon Rumawa, Muhammad ibn Marwan ya ci su kuma ya rufe gazawar tawayen ta hanyar kashe sarakunan tawaye a shekara ta 705. Armeniya, tare da sarakunan Caucasian Albania da Iberia (Georgia ta zamani) ta kasance cikin rukuni ɗaya. lardi mai girman gaske da ake kira al-Arminiya (الارمينيا), mai hedkwatarsa ​​a Dvin (Larabci Dabil), wanda Larabawa suka sake gina shi kuma ya zama wurin zama na gwamna (ostikan) da kuma sansanin Larabawa.Yawancin sauran zamanin Umayyawa, Arminiya yawanci ana haɗa su tare da Arran da Jazira (Upper Mesopotamiya ) a ƙarƙashin gwamna ɗaya zuwa lardi na wucin gadi.

Yakin Umayyawa na Hispania , wanda kuma aka fi sani da mamayar musulmi na yankin Iberian ko kuma mamayar daular Umayyawa na daular Visigothic, shine farkon fadada daular Umayyad akan Hispania (a cikin yankin Iberian Peninsula) daga 711 zuwa 718. Cin nasara ya haifar da hakan. lalata daular Visigotic da kafa Umayyad Wilaya na Al-Andalus.A lokacin halifancin halifan Umayyawa Al-Walid na daya, dakarun da Tariq bn Ziyad ya jagoranta sun sauka a farkon shekara ta 711 a Gibraltar a karkashin jagorancin rundunar da ta kunshi Berbers daga arewacin Afirka.Bayan ya kayar da Sarkin Visigothic Roderic a gagarumin yakin Guadalete, Tariq ya samu karfafuwa da rundunar Larabawa karkashin jagorancin babbansa walinsa Musa bn Nusayr ya ci gaba da zuwa arewa.A shekara ta 717, haɗin gwiwar Larabawa-Berber sun ketare Pyrenees zuwa Septimania.Sun ci gaba da zama a Gaul har zuwa 759.

Yakin Guadalete shi ne babban yaki na farko da Umayyawa suka mamaye Hispania, wanda aka gwabza a shekara ta 711 a wani wuri da ba a san ko wanene ba a yankin kudancin Spain tsakanin mabiya addinin Kirista na Visigoth karkashin sarkinsu, Roderic, da kuma sojojin mamaya na Musulmi Umayyad Khalifanci, wadanda suka hada da. galibin Berbers da kuma Larabawa karkashin kwamanda Ṭāriq ibn Ziyad.Yaƙin ya kasance mai mahimmanci a matsayin ƙarshen jerin hare-haren Berber da farkon mamayewar Umayyawa na Hispania.An kashe Roderic a yakin, tare da yawancin mambobi na Visigothic nobility, wanda ya bude hanya don kama babban birnin Visigothic na Toledo.

A farkon rabin karni na 8 AD, an yi jerin fadace-fadace tsakanin daular Umayyawa da masarautunIndiya a gabashin kogin Indus.Bayan da Larabawa suka mamaye Sindh a Pakistan a yau a shekara ta 712 AZ, sojojin Larabawa sun shiga masarautu gabas da Indus.A tsakanin shekara ta 724 zuwa 810 CE, an yi jerin gwano tsakanin Larabawa da Sarki Nagabhata na daya na daular Pratihara, da Sarki Vikramaditya na biyu na daular Chalukya, da sauran kananan masarautun Indiya.A arewa, Nagabhata na daular Pratihara ya ci nasara a wani babban balaguron balaguron Larabawa a Malwa.Daga Kudu, Vikramaditya II ya aika da Janar Avanijanashraya Pulakeshin, wanda ya ci Larabawa a Gujarat.Daga baya a shekara ta 776 AZ, wani balaguron sojan ruwa da Larabawa suka yi ya sha kaye a hannun rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Saindhava karkashin Aguka I.Yunkurin Larabawa ya kai ga kawo ƙarshen faɗaɗa gabas ɗinsu, daga baya kuma ya bayyana ta hanyar hambarar da sarakunan Larabawa a Sindh kanta da kafa daular Musulmi Rajput na asali (Soomras da Sammas) a can. Farawa Larabawa mamaye Indiya balaguro ne ta ruwa. don cin nasara da Thana kusa da Mumbai a farkon 636 AZ.An fatattaki sojojin larabawa da tsautsayi suka koma kasar Oman sannan aka yi galaba a kai farmakin farko da Larabawa suka kai Indiya.Hakam, ɗan'uwan Usman ya aika da yaƙin ruwa na biyu don ci Barwas ko Barauz (Broach) a bakin tekun kudancin Gujarat.Shi ma wannan harin an fatattaki Larabawa kuma an yi nasara a baya.

Daga karshe shugaban Umayyawa Qutayba ibn Muslim ya ci babban yankin Transoxiana a mulkin al-Walid I (r. 705-715).Amincewar al'ummar Iran da Turkawa na asali na Transoxiana da na 'yan mulkin mallaka na cikin gida sun kasance abin tambaya, kamar yadda aka nuna a shekara ta 719, lokacin da sarakunan Transoxiania suka aika da koke ga Sinawa da masu mulkin Turgesh don taimakon soja a kan gwamnonin Halifanci.

An gwabza yakin Aksu ne tsakanin Larabawa na Daular Umayyawa da abokansu na Turgesh da Daular Tibet a kan Daular Tang ta kasar Sin.A shekara ta 717 AZ, Larabawa, karkashin jagorancin abokansu na Turgesh, sun kewaye Buat-ɦuɑn (Aksu) da Uqturpan a yankin Aksu na Xinjiang.Dakarun Tang da ke samun goyon bayan dakarunsu a yankin sun kai hari tare da fatattakar Larabawa da suka yi wa kawanya inda suka tilasta musu ja da baya.Sakamakon yakin, an kori Larabawa daga Arewacin Transoxiana.Turgesh sun mika wuya ga Tang kuma daga baya sun kai hari ga Larabawa a Ferghana.Domin amincinsu, sarkin Tang ya ba wa Turgesh khagan Suluk mukaman sarauta kuma ya ba shi birnin Suyab.Tare da goyon bayan kasar Sin, Turgesh sun kaddamar da hare-haren azabtarwa a cikin yankunan Larabawa daga bisani suka kwace dukkan Ferghana daga Larabawa ban da wasu 'yan garu.

Kawayen Larabawa na biyu na Konstantinoful a shekara ta 717-718 wani hari ne na kasa da ruwa hade da larabawan musulmi na khalifancin Umayyawa a kan babban birnin daular Byzantine, Konstantinoful.Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya kawo ƙarshen hare-hare na shekaru ashirin da mamayar Larabawa na ci gaba da mamaye iyakokin Byzantine, yayin da ƙarfin Byzantine ya lalace saboda tsawaita cikin gida.A shekara ta 716, bayan shekaru na shirye-shirye, Larabawa karkashin jagorancin Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik, suka mamaye yankin Bizantine a Asiya Karama.Da farko Larabawa sun yi fatan za su yi amfani da rikicin cikin gida na Byzantine kuma sun kafa dalili na gama gari tare da Janar Leo III na Isaurian, wanda ya tashi a kan sarki Theodosius na uku.Leo, duk da haka, ya yaudare su kuma ya amince wa kansa kursiyin Byzantine.Halifanci ya kai matsayin al-Mas'udi da lissafin Theophanes da aka ambata a kan Siege na Konstantinoful ya kafa dakaru karkashin jagorancin Sulaiman ibn Mu'adh al-Antaki manya-manyan jiragen ruwa 1,800 dauke da dakaru 120,000, da injuna da kewaye. kayan wuta (naphtha) da aka tara.Jirgin kasan da aka ba da shi kadai an ce ya kai maza 12,000, rakuma 6,000 da jakuna 6,000, yayin da masanin tarihi Bar Hebraeus na karni na 13, sojojin sun hada da masu aikin sa kai 30,000 (mutawa) don yaki mai tsarki.Bayan da aka yi sanyi a yammacin gabar tekun Asiya Ƙarama, sojojin Larabawa sun tsallaka zuwa Thrace a farkon lokacin rani na shekara ta 717 kuma suka gina layukan da za su kewaye birnin, wanda katangar Theodosian mai girma ke kiyaye shi.Tawagar larabawa da ke tare da sojojin kasa da nufin kammala shingen da birnin ya yi ta teku, jim kadan bayan isowarsu ta hanyar amfani da gobarar Girka ta yi amfani da karfin tuwo.Wannan ya ba da damar Constantinople ya sami wadata ta ruwa, yayin da sojojin Larabawa suka gurgunta saboda yunwa da cututtuka a lokacin hunturu mai tsanani da ya biyo baya.A cikin bazara na shekara ta 718, Rumawa sun lalata wasu jiragen ruwa biyu na Larabawa da aka aika a matsayin ƙarfafawa bayan da ma'aikatansu na Kirista suka tsere, kuma an yi musu kwanton bauna kuma an ci su da ƙarin sojojin da aka aika a kan ƙasa ta Asiya Ƙarama.Tare da hare-haren da ' yan Bulgars suka kai a baya, Larabawa sun tilasta wa Larabawa su janye yakin a ranar 15 ga Agusta 718. A kan tafiya ta dawowa, jiragen ruwa na Larabawa sun kusan halakar da bala'o'i.

Umar bn Abdil-Aziz shi ne halifan Umayyawa na takwas.Ya bayar da gagarumar gudunmawa da gyara ga al’umma, kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin “Mafi tsoron Allah da ibada” a cikin sarakunan Banu Umayyawa kuma ana kiransa da Mujaddadi na farko kuma khalifan Musulunci na shida. Shi ma dan uwan ​​na farko ne. khalifa, kasancewarsa dan kanin Abdul-Malik, Abd al-Aziz.Kuma ya kasance jikan halifa na biyu Umar bn Al-Khattab.An kewaye shi da manyan malamai, an ba shi umarni da tattara hadisai na farko a hukumance da kwadaitar da ilimi ga kowa da kowa.Ya kuma aike da jakadu zuwa kasashen Sin da Tibet, inda ya gayyaci sarakunansu da su karbi Musulunci.Haka nan kuma ya kasance mai hakuri da ‘yan kasa wadanda ba musulmi ba.A cewar Nazeer Ahmed, a zamanin Umar bn Abdil-Aziz ne addinin Musulunci ya samo asali kuma ya samu karbuwa a wajen dimbin al'ummar Farisa daMasar .A bangaren soja, wani lokaci ana ganin Umar a matsayin mai son zaman lafiya, tun da ya ba da umarnin janye sojojin musulmi a wurare irin su Konstantinoful, Asiya ta tsakiya da kuma Septimania duk da kasancewarsa shugaban soja nagari.Duk da haka, a ƙarƙashin mulkinsa Umayyawa sun ci yankuna da yawa daga masarautun Kirista a Spain .

Daga sansanonin khalifanci na arewa-maso-yammacin Afirka, jerin hare-hare a yankunan bakin teku na Masarautar Visigothic sun share hanyar zama dindindin na yawancin Iberia ta hannun Umayyawa (farawa a 711), zuwa kudu maso Gabashin Gaul (matsayi na ƙarshe na ƙarshe). a Narbonne a cikin 759).An yi yakin yawon bude ido ne a ranar 10 ga Oktoban 732, kuma ya kasance muhimmin yaki a lokacin mamayar Banu Umayya na Gaul.Hakan ya haifar da nasara ga sojojin Faransa da na Aquitaniya, karkashin jagorancin Charles Martel, a kan sojojin mamaya na Khalifancin Umayyawa, karkashin jagorancin Abdul Rahman Al-Ghafiqi, gwamnan al-Andalus.Musamman ma, da alama sojojin Faransa sun yi yaƙi ba tare da manyan sojojin dawakai ba.An kashe Al-Ghafiqi a fafatawar, kuma sojojin Umayyawa sun ja baya bayan yaqin.Yaƙin ya taimaka wajen kafa harsashin daular Carolingian da mamayar Faransawa na yammacin Turai na ƙarni na gaba.

Tawayen Berber na shekara ta 740-743 ya faru ne a zamanin Khalifan Banu Umayyawa Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik kuma ya nuna nasarar ficewar farko daga khalifancin larabawa (wanda aka yi mulki daga Damascus).Masu wa'azin tsarkaka na Kharijite ne suka kone su, Berber sun yi tawaye ga sarakunan Larabawa Umayyawa a Tangiers a cikin 740, kuma Maysara al-Matghari ya jagoranta da farko.Ba da daɗewa ba tawayen ya bazu a cikin sauran yankunan Magrib (Arewacin Afirka) da kuma ta mashigin Al-Andalus.Banu Umayyawa sun yi ta gwabzawa tare da yin nasarar hana ginshikin Ifriqiya (Tunisiya, Gabas-Algeria da Yamma-Libya) da al-Andalus (Spain da Portugal ) fadawa hannun 'yan tawaye.Amma sauran Magrib ba a taba samun su ba.Bayan da suka kasa kwace babban birnin lardin Umayyawa na Kairouan, sojojin 'yan tawayen Berber sun wargaje, sannan yammacin Maghreb ya wargaje zuwa wasu kananan hukumomin Berber, wadanda sarakunan kabilu da limaman Khawarijawa suka mulki.Tawayen Berber wata kila ita ce koma bayan soja mafi girma a zamanin Halifa Hisham.Daga cikinta ne aka samu wasu daga cikin jahohin musulmi na farko a wajen Halifanci.

Kungiyar Hashimiyya (wani bangare na ‘yan Shi’a Kaysaniyawa), karkashin jagorancin iyalan Abbasiyawa ne suka kifar da daular Umayyawa.Abbasiyawa ’yan kabilar Hashim ne, abokan hamayyar Banu Umayyawa, amma da alama kalmar Hashimiyya tana nufin Abu Hashim jikan Ali kuma dan Muhammad bn al-Hanafiyya.A wajajen shekara ta 746 Abu Muslim ya zama shugaban Hashimiyya a Khurasan.A shekara ta 747, ya yi nasarar kaddamar da wata babbar bore ga mulkin Umayyawa, wanda aka yi a karkashin alamar bakar tuta.Ba da jimawa ba ya kafa iko da Khurasan, inda ya kori gwamnanta na Umayyawa Nasr bn Sayyar, ya tura dakaru zuwa yamma.Kufa ta fada hannun Hashimiyya a shekara ta 749, tungar Banu Umayyawa ta karshe a Iraki , Wasit, ta kasance karkashin kawanya, kuma a watan Nuwamba na wannan shekarar aka amince da Abul Abbas as-Saffah a matsayin sabon halifa a masallacin Kufa.

Yakin Zab, wanda kuma ake magana a kai a fagen ilimi a matsayin Yakin Babban Kogin Zab, ya faru ne a ranar 25 ga Janairu, 750, a gabar kogin Zab a kasar Iraki ta zamani.Ya lissafta karshen Khalifancin Umayyawa da hawan Abbasiyawa , daular da za ta kasance daga 750 zuwa 1258 wacce ta kasu kashi biyu: zamanin Abbasiyawa na farko (750-940) da kuma lokacin Abbasiyawa (940-1258).

A tsakiyar shekara ta 750 AZ, wuraren daular Umayyad ta kasance a cikin kagararsu a ko'ina cikin Levant.Amma, kamar yadda tarihin Abbasiyawa ya nuna, ƙwaƙƙwaran ɗabi'a sun koma baya lokacin da aka zo ƙarfafa ƙarfi don haka aka ƙirƙiri makircin 'Bikin Jinin'.Ko da yake ba a san takamammen wannan al'amari mai ban tausayi ba, amma ana kyautata zaton cewa an gayyaci 'yan uwa Umayyawa sama da 80 zuwa wani gagarumin buki da sunan sulhu.Bisa la'akari da halin da suke ciki da kuma sha'awar samun kyakykyawan yanayin mika wuya, ga dukkan alamu dukkan wadanda aka gayyata sun yi hanyarsu ta zuwa kauyen abu-Futrus na Falasdinu.Duk da haka, da zarar an gama liyafa da shagulgulan, kusan dukkanin sarakunan Abbasiyawa sun yi wa ’yan uwa kisan gilla ba tare da jin ƙai ba, don haka ya kawo ƙarshen ra’ayin Banu Umayyawa maido da ikon halifanci.

Abd al-Rahman I, basarake na gidan sarautar Umayyawa da aka hambare, ya ƙi amincewa da ikon Khalifancin Abbasiyawa kuma ya zama sarki mai cin gashin kansa na Cordoba.Ya shafe shekaru shida yana gudun hijira bayan da Umayyawa suka rasa mukamin halifa a Damascus a shekara ta 750 a hannun Abbasiyawa.Da nufin ya dawo kan karagar mulki, sai ya yi galaba a kan sarakunan musulmin da ke yankin wadanda suka yi wa mulkin Umayyawa baya tare da hada kan kananan hukumomi daban-daban suka zama masarautu.Duk da haka, wannan haɗin kai na farko na al-Andalus karkashin Abd al-Rahman har yanzu ya ɗauki fiye da shekaru ashirin da biyar (Toledo, Zaragoza, Pamplona, ​​Barcelona).

Mahimmin Bincike:Mu'awiya na daya daga cikin wadanda suka fara fahimtar muhimmancin samun sojojin ruwaHalifancin Banu Umayyawa ya kasance yana da alamar faɗaɗa yankuna da kuma matsalolin gudanarwa da al'adu waɗanda irin wannan faɗaɗawa ya haifar.A lokacin Umayyawa, Larabci ya zama harshen gudanarwa kuma an fara aiwatar da aikin Larabci a cikin Levant, Mesopotamiya , Arewacin Afirka, da Iberia.An fitar da takardun gwamnati da kudin kasar cikin harshen Larabci.A bisa wani ra'ayi na kowa, Banu Umayya sun canza halifanci daga cibiyar addini (a zamanin khalifancin Rashidun ) zuwa na daula.Kishin kasa na Larabawa na zamani yana kallon zamanin Banu Umayya a matsayin wani bangare na Zamanin Zinare na Larabawa wanda take neman yin koyi da shi da dawo da shi.A duk fadin kasar Levant,Masar da Arewacin Afirka, Banu Umayya sun gina manya-manyan masallatai na jam'i da fadojin hamada, da kuma garuruwa daban-daban (amsar) don karfafa iyakokinsu kamar Fustat, Kairouan, Kufa, Basra da Mansura.Yawancin waɗannan gine-gine sun ƙunshi fasalin salon Byzantine da na gine-gine, irin su mosaics na Romawa da ginshiƙan Koranti.Banu Umayyawa daya tilo da majiyoyin Ahlus-Sunnah ke yabonsa gabaki daya saboda takawa da adalci shi ne Umar bn Abdil-Aziz.Littattafan da aka rubuta daga baya a zamanin Abbasiyawa a Iran sun fi adawa da Umayyawa.Mai yiyuwa ne an gabatar da motar ban ruwa na sakia ko na dabba zuwa Musulunci Spain a farkon zamanin Umayyawa (a karni na 8)